Struts2框架中核心组件就是Action、拦截器等，Struts2框架使用包来管理Action和拦截器等。每个包就是多个Action、多个拦截器、多个拦截器引用的集合。

java.io.File is the central class in working with files and directories. Files and directories are both represented by File objects. When a File object is created, the system doesn't test to see if a corresponding file/directory actually exists; you must call exists() to check. See Example - FileTest.java.

Exceptional C++: 47 Engineering Puzzles, Programming Problems, and Solutions。Exceptional C++ shows by example how to go about sound software engineering in standard C++. Do you enjoy solving thorny C++ problems and puzzles? Do you relish writing robust and extensible code? Then take a few minutes and challenge yourself with some tough C++ design and programming problems.

《UNIX网络编程》(第1卷)(套接口API第3版)第1版和第2版由已故UNIX网络专家W. Richard Stevens博士独自编写。《UNIX网络编程》(第1卷)(套接口API第3版)是3版，由世界著名网络专家Bill Fenner和Andrew M. Rudoff执笔，根据近几年网络技术的发展，对上一版进行全面修订，增添了IPv6的更新过的信息、SCTP协议和密钥管理套接口的内容，删除了X/Open传输接口的内容。<br> 《UNIX网络编程》(第1卷)(套接口API第3版)内容详尽且具权威性，几乎每章都提供精选的习题，是计算机和网络专业高年级本科生和研究生的首选教材，《UNIX网络编程》(第1卷)(套接口API第3版)也可作为网络研究和开发人员的自学教材和参考书。

Microsoft Windows Command-Line Administrator's Pocket Consultant。This guide offers step-by-step instructions for a many time-saving techniques using the Windows command line, covering such topics as running commands, using event-logging tools, maintaining network printers, and configuring TCP/IP networking services.

1）客户端发出请求 （2）Web容器将JSP转译成Servlet的源代码 （3）Web容器将产生的源代码经过编译 （4）Web容器加载编译后的代码并执行 （5）把执行结果响应至客户端 可以看出JSP的实质就是一个Servlet。在转换和编译JSP页面之后，会创建一个Servlet。此时开始Servlet的生命周期。在Servlet的生命周期中，JSP引擎（Web容器）会加载和创建Servlet类的实例。调用jpsInit方法以初始化Servlet类。JSP引擎调用jspService方法，并将请求和响应对象传递给jspService方法。

在一个jvm实例的内部，类型信息被存储在一个称为方法区的内存 逻辑区中。类型信息是由类加载器在类加载时从类文件中提取出来 的。类(静态)变量也存储在方法区中。<br> jvm实现的设计者决定了类型信息的内部表现形式。如，多字节变量 在类文件是以big-endian存储的，但在加载到方法区后，其存放 形式由jvm根据不同的平台来具体定义。<br> jvm在运行应用时要大量使用存储在方法区中的类型信息。在类型信息 的表示上，设计者除了要尽可能提高应用的运行效率外，还要考虑空间 问题。根据不同的需求，jvm的实现者可以在时间和空间上追求一种平 衡。

V8 JavaScript引擎,一个 C++ 类库. 用于和JavaScript进行交互的接口。创建对象, 调用函数等. 文档大部分在这里： v8.h 头文件 (deps/v8/include/v8.h在Node源代码目录里), 也有可用的线上文档 线上. （译者：想要学习c++的addons插件编写，必须先了解v8的接口） libuv, C语言编写的事件循环类库。任何时候需要等待一个文件描述符变为可读状态，等待一个定时器，或者等待一个接受信号都需要使用libuv类库的接口。也就是说，如果你执行任何I/O操作，libuv类库将会被用到。

Python总体架构 在最高的层次上，Python的整体架构可以分为四个主要的部分，整个架构如图1所示。在左边，是Python提供的大量的模块，库以及用户自定义的模块。比如在执行import os时，这个os就是Python内建的模块，当然用户还可以通过自定义模块来扩展Python系统。在本系列文章中，我们不会对这一部分进行过多的考察。

This popular tutorial introduction to standard C++ has been completely updated, reorganized, and rewritten to help programmers learn the language faster and use it in a more modern, effective way.Just as C++ has evolved since the last edition, so has the authors' approach to teaching it. They now introduce the C++ standard library from the beginning, giving readers the means to write useful programs without first having to master every language detail.

Oracle预编译器是Oracle公司提供的一整套预编译开发工具，这些预编译开发工具包括Pro*C/C++、Pro*COBOL、Pro*Fortran、Pro*Ada，它们使得开发人员可以在应用开发语言C/C++、COBOL、Fortran和Ada中直接内嵌SQL语句和PL/SQL块，从而降低了应用开发难度。<br> 　　 C/C++是目前最流行的程序开发语言之一，当使用C/C++语言开发Oracle数据库应用程序时，开发人员可以选择两种开发方法：一种是使用OCI(Oracle Call Interface)函数；一种是使用Pro*C/C++。当使用OCI函数开发应用时，开发人员除了需要掌握C/C++、SQL和PL/SQL外，还必须掌握大量OCI函数的作用及使用方法，而当使用Pro*C/C++开发应用程序时，开发人员只需掌握C/C++、SQL和PL/SQL。

ApachePOI是Apache软件基金会的开放源码函式库，POI提供API给Java程序对MicrosoftOffice格式档案读和写的功能。 结构： HSSF－提供读写MicrosoftExcel格式档案的功能。 XSSF－提供读写MicrosoftExcelOOXML格式档案的功能。 HWPF－提供读写MicrosoftWord格式档案的功能。 HSLF－提供读写MicrosoftPowerPoint格式档案的功能。 HDGF－提供读写MicrosoftVisio格式档案的功能。 创建Excel文档

PDFBox（一个BSD许可下的源码开放项目）是一个为开发人员读取和创建PDF文档而准备的纯Java类库。它提供如下特性： 提取文本，包括Unicode字符。和Jakarta Lucene等文本搜索引擎的整合过程十分简单。加密/解密PDF文档。从PDF和XFDF格式中导入或导出表单数据。向已有PDF文档中追加内容。将一个PDF文档切分为多个文档。覆盖PDF文档。

This book is a reference manual for the core JavaScript language for version 1.5. JavaScript is Netscape's cross-platform, object-based scripting language. Core JavaScript can be extended for a variety of purposes by supplementing it with additional objects.

J2EE developers have an extraordinary array of powerful options for securing their Web services, Web applications, EJB components and RMI objects. Now, expert Java architect Pankaj Kumar helps developers make sense of Java's increasingly rich security APIs, tools, patterns, and best practices-showing how to use each of them in the right place, at the right time, and in the right way.

THIS is really two books in one: a tutorial and a reference manual for JDBC, the application programming interface that makes it possible for programmers to access databases from Java. The goal is to be useful to a wide range of readers, from database novices to database experts. Therefore, we have arranged the book so that information needed only by experts is separated out from the basic material. We hope that driver developers as well as application programmers and MIS administrators will find what they need.

Java is a modern, object-oriented language based on C++. For the moment, C++ remains the more popular language, but Java is rapidly gaining ground. Someday soon, you may hear C++ described as the "middle-aged and overweight father" of Java. Already, experienced Java programmers are earning higher wages than experienced C++ programmers (though how a programmer can be "experienced" in using a language that has been publicly available for barely two years is not at all clear).

Java Data Objects is a standardized Java API for object persistence. It facilitates the storage and retrieval of complex object models with various storage mechanisms, including both object and relational databases. Analysts agree that JDO's transparent persistence will accelerate software development and yield more flexible applications and object models.

System administrators around the country, and in fact around the world, are seeking to solve their management’s desire to have an intranet and also have their companies involved on the Internet (read “World Wide Web”) for commercial reasons. They find that their key problem is hardware and software integration. The expected general technical goals of this enterprise network are: <br> <br>• Interoperability <br>• Portability <br>• Reusability <br>A possible scheme for achieving these goals is the use of the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) and Java internetworking.

On x86-based systems, a hardware component that forces the A20 address line on the bus to zero, regardless of the actual setting of the A20 address line on the processor. This component is in place to support legacy systems, but the QNX OS doesn't require any such hardware. Note that some processors, such as the 386EX, have the A20 gate hardware built right into the processor itself -- the QNX IPL will disable the A20 gate as soon as possible after startup.