android：ToolBar详解

youyinet 10年前

来源 http://blog.mosil.biz/2014/10/android-toolbar/

这篇文章因为是台湾人写的，语言风格很别致。本文在原文的基础上做了一些微调（主要是繁体字的问题）。

今年(2014) 的 google i/o 发表令多数人为之一亮的 material design，而 google 也从「google i/o 2014」 开始，大家也陆陆续续地看到其更新的 android app 皆套用了这个设计介面。当然，这个设计介面著实让大家感到惊艳外，更让 android 开发者开始担心未来 app 的界面处理了。

不过，所幸有着之前 actionbar 的经验后，android 也很快地在 support library 里面提供了相对应的 api 给开发者使用，本篇就为各位介绍 – toolbar，这是用来取代过去 actionbar 的控件，而现在于 material design 中也对之有一个统一名称：app bar，在未来的 android app 中，就以 toolbar 这个元件来实作之。

1. 概述

Android 3.0  Android 推了 ActionBar 这个控件，而到了2013 年 Google 开始大力地推动所谓的 android style，想要逐渐改善过去 android 纷乱的界面设计，希望让终端使用者尽可能在 android 手机有个一致的操作体验。ActionBar 过去最多人使用的两大套件就是 ActionBarSherlock 以及官方提供在 support library v 7 里的 AppCompat。

既然会有本篇跟各位介绍的 Toolbar，也意味着官方在某些程度上认为 ActionBar 限制了 android app 的开发与设计的弹性，而在 material design 也对之做了名称的定义：App bar。接下来将为各位分成几个阶段进行说明，如何在 android app 中用 toolbar 这个控件来做出一个基本的 app bar 喽。

本篇所使用到的程序请到 Github 取得。

2. 基础套用

这个阶段从 toolbar_demo_checkpoint0 开始，分成下列三个部份：

风格 (style)
界面 (layout)
程序 (java)

2.1 风格(style)

风格要调整的地方有二

一在 res/values/styles.xml中

二在 /res/values-v21/styles.xml中

为了之后设定方便，我们先在 res/values/styles.xml 里增加一个名为 AppTheme.Base 的风格

</tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div>

因为此范例只使用 Toolbar，所以我们要将让原本的 ActionBar 隐藏起来，然后将原本 AppTheme 的 parent 属性 改为上面的AppTheme.Base，代码如下：

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</td>
<style name= "AppTheme.Base"  parent= "Theme.AppCompat" >
   <item name= "windowActionBar" > false </item>
   <item name= "android:windowNoTitle" > true </item>
</style>
</tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div>

再来调整Android 5.0的style：  /res/values-v21/styles.xml，也将其 parent 属性改为  AppTheme.Base：

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<resources>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
   <!-- Base application theme. -->
   <style name= "AppTheme"  parent= "AppTheme.Base" >
   </style>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
   <style name= "AppTheme.Base"  parent= "Theme.AppCompat" >
     <item name= "windowActionBar" > false </item>
     <item name= "android:windowNoTitle" > true </item>
   </style>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
</resources>
</tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div>
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</td>
<?xml version= "1.0"  encoding= "utf-8" ?>
<resources>
     <style name= "AppTheme"  parent= "AppTheme.Base" >
     </style>
</resources>
</tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div>

2.2  界面(Layout)

在 activity_main.xml 里面添加 Toolbar 控件：

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</td>
<br>
</tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div>

请记得用 support v7 里的 toolbar，不然然只有 API Level 21 也就是 Android 5.0 以上的版本才能使用。

这里需注意，要将 RelatvieLayout 里的四个方向的padding 属性去掉，并记得将原本的 Hello World 设为 layout_below="@+id/toolbar" ，否则会看到像下面这样的错误画面。

2.3 程序 (Java)

在 MainActivity.java 中加入 Toolbar 的声明：

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</td>
<android.support.v7.widget.Toolbar
   android:id= "@+id/toolbar"
   android:layout_height= "wrap_content"
   android:layout_width= "match_parent"
   android:minHeight= "?attr/actionBarSize" >
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
</android.support.v7.widget.Toolbar>
</tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div>

声明后，再将之用 setSupportActionBar 设定，Toolbar即能取代原本的 actionbar 了，此阶段完成画面如下：

完整代码见：toolbar_demo_checkpoint1


3. 自定义颜色(Customization color)

这个阶段将从 toolbar_demo_checkpoint1 接着往下进行：


上图是将本阶段要完成的结果画面做了标示，结合下面的描述希望大家能明白。

  1. colorPrimaryDark（状态栏底色）：在风格 (styles) 或是主题 (themes) 里进行设定。

  2. App bar 底色

    这个设定分为二，若你的 android app 仍是使用 actionbar ，则直接在风格 (styles) 或是主题 (themes) 里进行设定 colorPrimary 参数即可；
    可若是采用 toolbar 的话，则要在界面 (layout) 里面设定 toolbar 控件的 background 属性。

  3. navigationBarColor（导航栏底色）：

仅能在 API v21 也就是 Android 5 以后的版本中使用， 因此要将之设定在 res/values-v21/styles.xml 里面。

  1. 主视窗底色：windowBackground

也因此在这个阶段，我们需要设定的地方有三，一是 style中(res/values/styles.xml)

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</td>
Toolbar toolbar = (Toolbar) findViewById(R.id.toolbar);
setSupportActionBar(toolbar);
</tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div>

再来是 v21 的style中 (res/values-v21/styles.xml)

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</td>
<style name= "AppTheme.Base"  parent= "Theme.AppCompat" >
   <item name= "windowActionBar" > false </item>
   <item name= "android:windowNoTitle" > true </item>
   <!-- Actionbar color -->
   <item name= "colorPrimary" >@color/accent_material_dark</item>
   <!--Status bar color-->
   <item name= "colorPrimaryDark" >@color/accent_material_light</item>
   <!--Window color-->
   <item name= "android:windowBackground" >@color/dim_foreground_material_dark</item>
</style>
</tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div>

最后，就是为了本篇的主角 – Toolbar 的 background 进行设定。

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</td>
<style name= "AppTheme"  parent= "AppTheme.Base" >
   <!--Navigation bar color-->
   <item name= "android:navigationBarColor" >@color/accent_material_light</item>
</style>
</tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div>


在本范例中，toolbar 是设定来在 activity_main.xml，对其设定 background 属性： android:background="?attr/colorPrimary" ，这样就可以使之延用 Actionbar 的颜色设定喽。

最后，再来看一下结果画面。

完整代码见： toolbar_demo_checkpoint2

4. 控件 (component)

本阶段将从 toolbar_demo_checkpoint2 接续，在还未于 <android.support.v7.widget.Toolbar/>  标签中，自行添加元件的 toolbar 有几个大家常用的元素可以使用，请先见下图：


大抵来说，预设常用的几个元素就如图中所示，接着就依序来说明之：

  1. setNavigationIcon
    即设定 up button 的图标，因为 Material 的介面，在 Toolbar这里的 up button样式也就有別于过去的 ActionBar 哦。

  1. setLogo
    APP 的图标。

  2. setTitle
    主标题。

  3. setSubtitle
    副标题。

  4. setOnMenuItemClickListener
    设定菜单各按鈕的动作。

先來看到菜单外的代码，在 MainActivity.java 中：

先来看到

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</td>
<android.support.v7.widget.Toolbar
   android:id= "@+id/toolbar"
   android:layout_height= "wrap_content"
   android:layout_width= "match_parent"
   android:background= "?attr/colorPrimary"
   android:minHeight= "?attr/actionBarSize" >
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
</android.support.v7.widget.Toolbar>
</tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div>

这边要留意的是setNavigationIcon需要放在 setSupportActionBar之后才会生效。

菜单部分，需要先在res/menu/menu_main.xml左定义：

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</td>
Toolbar toolbar = (Toolbar) findViewById(R.id.toolbar);
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
// App Logo
toolbar.setLogo(R.drawable.ic_launcher);
// Title
toolbar.setTitle( "My Title" );
// Sub Title
toolbar.setSubtitle( "Sub title" );
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
setSupportActionBar(toolbar);
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
// Navigation Icon 要設定在 setSupoortActionBar 才有作用
// 否則會出現 back button
toolbar.setNavigationIcon(R.drawable.ab_android);
</tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div>

再回到MainActivity.java 中加入OnMenuItemClickListener 的监听者：

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</td>
<menu xmlns:android= "http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
       xmlns:app= "http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
       xmlns:tools= "http://schemas.android.com/tools"
       tools:context= ".MainActivity" >
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
   <item android:id= "@+id/action_edit"
         android:title= "@string/action_edit"
         android:orderInCategory= "80"
         android:icon= "@drawable/ab_edit"
         app:showAsAction= "ifRoom"  />
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
   <item android:id= "@+id/action_share"
         android:title= "@string/action_edit"
         android:orderInCategory= "90"
         android:icon= "@drawable/ab_share"
         app:showAsAction= "ifRoom"  />
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
   <item android:id= "@+id/action_settings"
         android:title= "@string/action_settings"
         android:orderInCategory= "100"
         app:showAsAction= "never" />
</menu>
</tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div>

将onMenuItemClick监听者设置给toolbar

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</td>
private Toolbar.OnMenuItemClickListener onMenuItemClick =  new  Toolbar.OnMenuItemClickListener() {
   @Override
   public boolean onMenuItemClick(MenuItem menuItem) {
     String msg =  "" ;
     switch  (menuItem.getItemId()) {
       case  R.id.action_edit:
         msg +=  "Click edit" ;
         break ;
       case  R.id.action_share:
         msg +=  "Click share" ;
         break ;
       case  R.id.action_settings:
         msg +=  "Click setting" ;
         break ;
     }
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
     if (!msg.equals( "" )) {
       Toast.makeText(MainActivity. this , msg, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
     }
     return  true ;
   }
};
</tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div>

和 setNavigationIcon 一样，需要將之设定在 setSupportActionBar 之后才有作用。执行上面的代码便会得到下面的界面。

完完整程序见：toolbar_demo_checkpoint3

5. 总结

在这样的架构设计下，ToolBar直接成了Layout中可以控制的东西，相对于过去的actionbar来说，设计与可操控性大幅提升。

本文上面的解释中用到的完成代码：toolbar demo check point 0 ~ 4，请到Github 取得。

最后再附上一个界面上常用的属性说明图：

这里按照图中从上到下的顺序做个简单的说明：

  • colorPrimaryDark


    • 状态栏背景色。

    • 在 style 的属性中设置。

    </li>

  • textColorPrimary


    • App bar 上的标题与更多菜单中的文字颜色。

    • 在 style 的属性中设置。

      • </ul> </li>

    • App bar 的背景色


      • Actionbar 的背景色设定在 style 中的 colorPrimary。

      • Toolbar 的背景色在layout文件中设置background属性。

        • </ul> </li>

      • colorAccent


        • 各控制元件(如：check box、switch 或是 radoi) 被勾选 (checked) 或是选定 (selected) 的颜色。

        • 在 style 的属性中设置。

          • </ul> </li>

        • colorControlNormal


          • 各控制元件的预设颜色。

          • 在 style 的属性中设置

            • </ul> </li>

          • windowBackground


            • App 的背景色。

            • 在 style 的属性中设置

              • </ul> </li>

            • navigationBarColor


              • 导航栏的背景色，但只能用在 API Level 21 (Android 5) 以上的版本

              • 在 style 的属性中设置

                • </ul>


                </li> </ul>

                最后需要注意的是：使用material主题的时候，必须设定targetSdkVersion = 21，否则界面看起来是模糊的          

                </div> </div>

                相关经验

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</td>
setSupportActionBar(toolbar);
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
// Menu item click 的監聽事件一樣要設定在 setSupportActionBar 才有作用
toolbar.setOnMenuItemClickListener(onMenuItemClick);