Android 电池电量监控初步
fmms
12年前
<p>引言</p> ，学习了包括Activity、Service、AppWidget、Broadcast、Intent、Notification、XML布局、XML配置等基础知识之后，尝试着做一个小玩意儿——电池监控，期间也是阻挠多多，现在基本完成了，所以把自己的经验分享给大家，希望能通过我的文章让还不会的朋友少走弯路，也算是这个小玩意儿的一点贡献。 <p></p> 假设读者已经具备并能基本使用上述基础知识，本文将只描述如何利用上述知识构建一个监控Android电池电量的小程序（若有相关知识不甚清楚，请查询Android SDK自带的document，官方文档是我们学习Android的一大利器），若有任何疑问或建议，欢迎留言提出，bill会很高兴和大家一起学习进步！ <p></p> <h1>开发环境及Android平台版本</h1> <p></p> <p></p> Android SDK 1.6及以上Android X86 虚拟机或真机 <p></p> <h1>功能描述</h1> 自带的系统电池图标并不能显示当前电量，给不少用户带来了不便，所以本程序将对此进行改进，简单实现对Android手机电量的实时监控，并在左上角状态栏显示实时电池电量的通知图标，若正在充电，则显示充电状态。为方便起见，还为本程序制作了一个AppWidget，成为一个简单的桌面小工具。 <h1>效果预览</h1> <p>充电效果<br /> <img title="Android电池电量监控初步" border="0" alt="Android电池电量监控初步" src="https://simg.open-open.com/show/850bcb19c8cb20907433b49e102bc1a4.jpg" width="329" height="530" /></p> <h1>整体思路概览</h1> <p>①由于要显示电池图标，因此需要一组对应的小icon，程序算出当前电量之后，就在状态栏上显示对应的icon即可。本程序用到的icon已经提供在附件，下载后将里面的icons直接复制到res\drawable-hdpi中即可。</p> <p>②由于电池更新是一个长期存在的过程，因此需要将我们的程序注册为系统服务，以便长期生存于Android系统中。</p> <p>③服务不会自行启动，因此我们需要为自己的服务创建一个Activity，在第一次启动本程序的Activity时创建并启动我们的监控服务，之后的事便交由服务处理，Activity暂时未有太大作用（之后还可以在Activity中显示电池当前的各种基本属性等等，本文不作介绍），当然，我们也可以不要Activity，直接将我们的服务设置为开机启动即可，关于开机启动的事项已在<a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959517576702229178" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">【</a><a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959517576702229178" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Android开机启动Activity或Service</a><a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959517576702229178" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">的方法】</a>一文中详细描述，恕不赘述。</p> <p>④为了方便起见，应该制作本程序的桌面小工具，也就用到了AppWidget方面的知识，稍后一一道来。</p> <p> </p> <p></p> <h1>分而治之</h1> <h2>小麻雀的心脏——电池监控服务MonitorService</h2> ACTION_BATTERY_CHANGED <p></p> 的完整代码，我会在可能费解的地方批注，希望能帮助大家理解。 <p></p> <pre class="brush:java; toolbar: true; auto-links: false;"> package com.billhoo.study; import android.app.Notification; //通知，即显示在屏幕左上角的小图标 import android.app.NotificationManager; import android.app.PendingIntent; import android.app.Service; import android.content.BroadcastReceiver; import android.content.Context; import android.content.Intent; import android.content.IntentFilter; import android.os.BatteryManager; import android.os.IBinder; public class MonitorService extends Service { @Override public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) { return null; } @Override public void onStart(Intent intent, int startId) { // 定义电池电量更新广播的过滤器,只接受带有ACTION_BATTERRY_CHANGED事件的Intent IntentFilter batteryChangedReceiverFilter = new IntentFilter(); batteryChangedReceiverFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_BATTERY_CHANGED); // 向系统注册batteryChangedReceiver接收器，本接收器的实现见代码字段处 registerReceiver(batteryChangedReceiver, batteryChangedReceiverFilter); // 实例化Notification通知的管理器，即字段notification manager notifyManager = (NotificationManager) getSystemService(NOTIFICATION_SERVICE); // 由于初始化本服务时系统可能没有发出ACTION_BATTERY_CHANGED广播，那么刚才注册的那个接收器将不会在本服务启动时被激活，这种情况下就无法显示当前电量，因此在这里添加一个匿名广播接收器。 new BroadcastReceiver() { @Override public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) { int level = intent.getIntExtra("level", 0); //电池电量等级 int scale = intent.getIntExtra("scale", 100); //电池满时百分比 int status = intent.getIntExtra("status", 0); //电池状态 // 若正在充电 if (status == BatteryManager.BATTERY_STATUS_CHARGING) notification = getNotification(getChargingIcon(level * 100 / scale), "电池监控", System.currentTimeMillis(), "电池电量", "正在充电"); else notification = getNotification(getStateIcon(level * 100 / scale), "电池监控", System.currentTimeMillis(), "电池电量", "请及时充电"); //向系统发送此通知，为方便起见，通知ID简单设为0 notifyManager.notify(0, notification); } }; } @Override public void onDestroy() { //当本服务终止时，通过通知ID注销左上角的通知 notifyManager.cancel(0); } // --------------------------------------私有方法------------------------------ // 获得一个notification private Notification getNotification(int notificationIcon, String tickerText, long when, String contentTitle, String contentText) { // 定义该notification的扩展文本和intent Notification notification = new Notification(notificationIcon, tickerText, when); Context context = getApplicationContext(); Intent notificationIntent = new Intent(context, BatteryInfo.class); PendingIntent contentIntent = PendingIntent.getActivity(this, 0, notificationIntent, 0); notification.setLatestEventInfo(context, contentTitle, contentText, contentIntent); // 设置本状态出现在“正在进行”而非“通知”栏目，不允许用户清除状态图标 notification.flags |= Notification.FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT; return notification; } // 获得对应的电池状态图标 private int getStateIcon(int batteryHealth) { if (batteryHealth >= 0 || batteryHealth <= 100) return batteryStateIcons[batteryHealth]; //这里是为了方便起见而硬编码的资源数组，直接从R.java文件中提取的十六进制资源ID return R.drawable.stat_sys_battery_unknown; } // 获得对应的充电状态图标 private int getChargingIcon(int batteryHealth) { if (batteryHealth >= 0 && batteryHealth < 5) return R.drawable.stat_sys_battery_charge_anim0; if (batteryHealth >= 5 && batteryHealth < 10) return R.drawable.stat_sys_battery_charge_anim01; if (batteryHealth >= 10 && batteryHealth < 15) return R.drawable.stat_sys_battery_charge_anim02; if (batteryHealth >= 15 && batteryHealth < 20) return R.drawable.stat_sys_battery_charge_anim03; if (batteryHealth >= 20 && batteryHealth < 25) return R.drawable.stat_sys_battery_charge_anim04; if (batteryHealth >= 25 && batteryHealth < 30) return R.drawable.stat_sys_battery_charge_anim05; if (batteryHealth >= 30 && batteryHealth < 35) return R.drawable.stat_sys_battery_charge_anim06; if (batteryHealth >= 35 && batteryHealth < 40) return R.drawable.stat_sys_battery_charge_anim07; if (batteryHealth >= 40 && batteryHealth < 45) return R.drawable.stat_sys_battery_charge_anim08; if (batteryHealth >= 45 && batteryHealth < 50) return R.drawable.stat_sys_battery_charge_anim09; if (batteryHealth >= 50 && batteryHealth < 55) return R.drawable.stat_sys_battery_charge_anim10; if (batteryHealth >= 55 && batteryHealth < 60) return R.drawable.stat_sys_battery_charge_anim11; if (batteryHealth >= 60 && batteryHealth < 65) return R.drawable.stat_sys_battery_charge_anim12; if (batteryHealth >= 65 && batteryHealth < 70) return R.drawable.stat_sys_battery_charge_anim13; if (batteryHealth >= 70 && batteryHealth < 75) return R.drawable.stat_sys_battery_charge_anim14; if (batteryHealth >= 75 && batteryHealth < 80) return R.drawable.stat_sys_battery_charge_anim15; if (batteryHealth >= 80 && batteryHealth < 85) return R.drawable.stat_sys_battery_charge_anim16; if (batteryHealth >= 85 && batteryHealth < 90) return R.drawable.stat_sys_battery_charge_anim17; if (batteryHealth >= 90 && batteryHealth < 95) return R.drawable.stat_sys_battery_charge_anim18; if (batteryHealth >= 95 && batteryHealth < 100) return R.drawable.stat_sys_battery_charge_anim19; if (batteryHealth == 100) return R.drawable.stat_sys_battery_charge_animfull; return R.drawable.stat_sys_battery_unknown; } // -------------------------------私有字段-------------------------------------- private NotificationManager notifyManager = null; private Notification notification = null; //这里是为了方便起见而硬编码的icon资源数组，直接从R.java文件中提取的十六进制资源ID，本数组的0号元素0x7f020002表示资源stat_sys_battery_0.png（见附件），以后累加。不同配置的ID可能不同，请读者自行修改。 private int batteryStateIcons[] = { 0x7f020002, 0x7f020003, 0x7f020004, 0x7f020005, 0x7f020006, 0x7f020007, 0x7f020008, 0x7f020009, 0x7f02000a, 0x7f02000b, 0x7f02000c, 0x7f02000d, 0x7f02000e, 0x7f02000f, 0x7f020010, 0x7f020011, 0x7f020012, 0x7f020013, 0x7f020014, 0x7f020015, 0x7f020016, 0x7f020017, 0x7f020018, 0x7f020019, 0x7f02001a, 0x7f02001b, 0x7f02001c, 0x7f02001d, 0x7f02001e, 0x7f02001f, 0x7f020020, 0x7f020021, 0x7f020022, 0x7f020023, 0x7f020024, 0x7f020025, 0x7f020026, 0x7f020027, 0x7f020028, 0x7f020029, 0x7f02002a, 0x7f02002b, 0x7f02002c, 0x7f02002d, 0x7f02002e, 0x7f02002f, 0x7f020030, 0x7f020031, 0x7f020032, 0x7f020033, 0x7f020034, 0x7f020035, 0x7f020036, 0x7f020037, 0x7f020038, 0x7f020039, 0x7f02003a, 0x7f02003b, 0x7f02003c, 0x7f02003d, 0x7f02003e, 0x7f02003f, 0x7f020040, 0x7f020041, 0x7f020042, 0x7f020043, 0x7f020044, 0x7f020045, 0x7f020046, 0x7f020047, 0x7f020048, 0x7f020049, 0x7f02004a, 0x7f02004b, 0x7f02004c, 0x7f02004d, 0x7f02004e, 0x7f02004f, 0x7f020050, 0x7f020051, 0x7f020052, 0x7f020053, 0x7f020054, 0x7f020055, 0x7f020056, 0x7f020057, 0x7f020058, 0x7f020059, 0x7f02005a, 0x7f02005b, 0x7f02005c, 0x7f02005d, 0x7f02005e, 0x7f02005f, 0x7f020060, 0x7f020061, 0x7f020062, 0x7f020063, 0x7f020064, 0x7f020065, 0x7f02007b }; // 接受电池信息更新的广播 private BroadcastReceiver batteryChangedReceiver = new BroadcastReceiver() { public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) { int level = intent.getIntExtra("level", 0); int scale = intent.getIntExtra("scale", 100); int status = intent.getIntExtra("status", 0); // 若正在充电 if (status == BatteryManager.BATTERY_STATUS_CHARGING) notification = getNotification(getChargingIcon(level * 100 / scale), "Battery Monitor", System.currentTimeMillis(), "电池电量", "正在充电"); else notification = getNotification(getStateIcon(level * 100 / scale), "Battery Monitor", System.currentTimeMillis(), "电池电量", "请及时充电"); notifyManager.notify(0, notification); } }; } </pre> <p></p> <h2>光有心，不跳怎么行？——BatteryMonitor</h2> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><span style="font-family:宋体;">服务在系统配置文件中进行注册。</span></p> <pre class="brush:xml; toolbar: true; auto-links: false;"> <!-- service --> <service android:name=".MonitorService" android:enabled="true" /> </pre> <p></p> <span style="font-family:'宋体';font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:'yes';">Bill</span>的另一篇文章【Android开机启动Activity或Service的方法】），下面，我们将在一个Activity中启动MonitorService服务。 <p></p> 在AndroidManifest.xml中进行注册 <p></p> <pre class="brush:xml; toolbar: true; auto-links: false;"> <!-- activity --> <activity android:name=".BatteryMonitor" android:label="@string/battery_monitor_name"> <intent-filter> <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" /> <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" /> </intent-filter> </activity> </pre> <p></p> <span style="font-family:'宋体';font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:'yes';"><span style="font-family:宋体;">中编码启动我们的</span>MonitorService</span>服务即可 <pre class="brush:java; toolbar: true; auto-links: false;"> package com.billhoo.study; import android.app.Activity; import android.content.Intent; import android.os.Bundle; public class BatteryMonitor extends Activity { /** Called when the activity is first created. */ @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.main); //启动电池监控服务 startService(new Intent(this, MonitorService.class)); } } </pre> <p></p> <span style="font-family:'宋体';font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:'yes';"><span style="font-family:宋体;">，看看左上角是不是出现了一个小电池图标，并显示着当前电量？</span></span> <p></p> <p></p> <p> </p> 麻雀虽小，五脏俱全——MonitorWidgetProvider <span style="font-family:黑体;">，</span>为麻雀穿上衣服 <h2></h2> 用户会将自己喜爱的小程序放在桌面以便快速启动，当然我们就不能放过这个机会！ <p></p> 还做不到这一点，难道我们应该期望用户在他的程序列表中长按我们的Activity，然后使出吃奶的劲儿把它扔在桌面上吗？不，他们通常长按桌面，然后轻点一个自己中意的Widget插件便能满足他们的需求。 <p></p> ，一来方便用户查看电池状态（仅凭左上角的通知有时候并不能满足用户的需求），二来方便用户随时启动本程序附带的电池详细数据报告（本功能并未在本文中实现）。 <p></p> <p></p> 本身就是一个广播接收器（BroadcastReceiver），因此我们最初企图直接用这个Widget接受ACTION_BATTERY_CHANGED广播并作出反应，但却发现这个接收器并不会接受电池更新的广播（不论我们在配置文件中配置与否）。所以只能另寻出路，我们想到，可以使用一个单独的为本Widget服务的Service，该Service检测到电池电量更新后就更新桌面的Widget显示。于是便有以下Widget及其配套Service的实现。 <p></p> 创建一个配置文件，用于描述本Widget在桌面显示时是个什么样子。 <p></p> <pre class="brush:xml; toolbar: true; auto-links: false;"> <!-- 项目路径\res\layout\monitor_widget_layout.xml --> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="72dip" android:layout_height="72dip"> <ImageView android:id="@+id/monitor_widget_view" android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="fill_parent" android:src="@drawable/vertical_battery_unknown" /> </LinearLayout> </pre> <p></p> <pre class="brush:xml; toolbar: true; auto-links: false;"> <!-- 项目路径\res\xml\monitor_widget_info.xml （xml文件夹是自行创建的）--> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <appwidget-providerxmlns:androidappwidget-providerxmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" android:initialLayout="@layout/monitor_widget_layout" android:minWidth="72dip" android:minHeight="72dip" /> </pre> <span style="font-family:宋体;">配置文件中注册我们的</span>Widget <p></p> <pre class="brush:xml; toolbar: true; auto-links: false;"> <receiver android:name=".MonitorWidgetProvider"> <intent-filter> <action android:name="android.appwidget.action.APPWIDGET_UPDATE" /> <action android:name="android.intent.action.BATTERY_CHANGED" /> </intent-filter> <meta-data android:name="android.appwidget.provider" android:resource="@xml/monitor_widget_info" /> </receiver> </pre> <p></p> <span style="font-family:'宋体';font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:'yes';"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:'yes';"><span style="font-family:宋体;">的实现代码<pre class="brush:java; toolbar: true; auto-links: false;"> package com.billhoo.study; import android.appwidget.AppWidgetManager; import android.appwidget.AppWidgetProvider; import android.content.Context; import android.content.Intent; public class MonitorWidgetProvider extends AppWidgetProvider { //当Widget第一次被启动时，启动配套服务 @Override public void onEnabled(Context context) { context.startService(new Intent(context, WidgetUpdateService.class)); } //当Widget更新时，启动配套服务 @Override public void onUpdate(Context context, AppWidgetManager appWidgetManager, int appWidgetIds[]) { super.onUpdate(context, appWidgetManager, appWidgetIds); context.startService(new Intent(context, WidgetUpdateService.class)); } // 当桌面上这个widget的所有实体都被删除后，停止配套服务 @Override public void onDisabled(Context context) { context.stopService(new Intent(context, WidgetUpdateService.class)); } } </pre> <p></p> <span style="font-family:'宋体';font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:'yes';"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:'yes';"><span style="text-align:left;margin-top:0pt;font-family:宋体;margin-bottom:0pt;">编写配套的</span>Service。</span></span> <p></p> <p>中注册这个服务。</p> <pre class="brush:xml; toolbar: true; auto-links: false;"><service android:name=".WidgetUpdateService" android:enabled="true" /></pre> <p></p> <p><span style="font-family:'宋体';font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:'yes';"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:'yes';"><span style="font-family:宋体;"><span style="font-family:'宋体';font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:'yes';"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:'yes';"><span style="font-family:宋体;">然后编写Java 代码：</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <pre class="brush:java; toolbar: true; auto-links: false;"> package com.billhoo.study; import android.app.Service; import android.appwidget.AppWidgetManager; import android.content.BroadcastReceiver; import android.content.ComponentName; import android.content.Context; import android.content.Intent; import android.content.IntentFilter; import android.os.BatteryManager; import android.os.IBinder; import android.widget.RemoteViews; //用以根据电池电量更新而刷新桌面Widget的服务 public class WidgetUpdateService extends Service { @Override public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) { return null; } @Override public void onStart(Intent intent, int startId) { // 向系统注册电池电量更新广播,只接受带有ACTION_BATTERRY_CHANGED事件的Intent registerReceiver(this.bCR, new IntentFilter(Intent.ACTION_BATTERY_CHANGED)); bCR = new BroadcastReceiver() { @Override public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) { int level = intent.getIntExtra("level", 0); int scale = intent.getIntExtra("scale", 100); int status = intent.getIntExtra("status", 0); int batteryHealth = level * 100 / scale; int icon = 0; AppWidgetManager widgetManager = AppWidgetManager.getInstance(context); RemoteViews widgetView = new RemoteViews(context.getPackageName(), R.layout.monitor_widget_layout); // 若正在充电 if (status == BatteryManager.BATTERY_STATUS_CHARGING) { icon = getChargingIcon(batteryHealth); widgetView.setImageViewResource(R.id.monitor_widget_view, icon ); } else widgetView.setImageViewResource(R.id.monitor_widget_view, getStateIcon(batteryHealth)); widgetManager.updateAppWidget(new ComponentName(context, MonitorWidgetProvider.class), widgetView); } }; } private BroadcastReceiver bCR = null; // 获取电池状态图标 private int getStateIcon(int batteryHealth) { if (batteryHealth >= 0 || batteryHealth <= 100) return batteryStateIcon[batteryHealth / 5]; return R.drawable.vertical_battery_unknown; } // 获得对应的充电状态图标 private int getChargingIcon(int batteryHealth) { if (batteryHealth >= 0 && batteryHealth < 5) return R.drawable.vertical_charging_00; if (batteryHealth >= 5 && batteryHealth < 10) return R.drawable.vertical_charging_01; if (batteryHealth >= 10 && batteryHealth < 15) return R.drawable.vertical_charging_02; if (batteryHealth >= 15 && batteryHealth < 20) return R.drawable.vertical_charging_03; if (batteryHealth >= 20 && batteryHealth < 25) return R.drawable.vertical_charging_04; if (batteryHealth >= 25 && batteryHealth < 30) return R.drawable.vertical_charging_05; if (batteryHealth >= 30 && batteryHealth < 35) return R.drawable.vertical_charging_06; if (batteryHealth >= 35 && batteryHealth < 40) return R.drawable.vertical_charging_07; if (batteryHealth >= 40 && batteryHealth < 45) return R.drawable.vertical_charging_08; if (batteryHealth >= 45 && batteryHealth < 50) return R.drawable.vertical_charging_09; if (batteryHealth >= 50 && batteryHealth < 55) return R.drawable.vertical_charging_10; if (batteryHealth >= 55 && batteryHealth < 60) return R.drawable.vertical_charging_11; if (batteryHealth >= 60 && batteryHealth < 65) return R.drawable.vertical_charging_12; if (batteryHealth >= 65 && batteryHealth < 70) return R.drawable.vertical_charging_13; if (batteryHealth >= 70 && batteryHealth < 75) return R.drawable.vertical_charging_14; if (batteryHealth >= 75 && batteryHealth < 80) return R.drawable.vertical_charging_15; if (batteryHealth >= 80 && batteryHealth < 85) return R.drawable.vertical_charging_16; if (batteryHealth >= 85 && batteryHealth < 90) return R.drawable.vertical_charging_17; if (batteryHealth >= 90 && batteryHealth < 95) return R.drawable.vertical_charging_18; if (batteryHealth >= 95 && batteryHealth < 100) return R.drawable.vertical_charging_19; if (batteryHealth == 100) return R.drawable.vertical_battery_full; return R.drawable.stat_sys_battery_unknown; } private int batteryStateIcon[] = { 0x7f02007d, 0x7f02007e, 0x7f02007f, 0x7f020080, 0x7f020081, 0x7f020082, 0x7f020083, 0x7f020084, 0x7f020085, 0x7f020086, 0x7f020087, 0x7f020088, 0x7f020089, 0x7f02008a, 0x7f02008b, 0x7f02008c, 0x7f02008d, 0x7f02008e, 0x7f02008f, 0x7f020090, 0x7f020091 }; } </pre> <p></p> </span></span></span> <p><span style="font-family:'宋体';font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:'yes';"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:'yes';"><span style="font-family:宋体;"><span style="font-family:'宋体';font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:'yes';"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:'yes';"><span style="font-family:宋体;">自带的电池图标了，何乐不为？</span></span> </span></span></span></span></p> <p></p> <h2>让麻雀自食其力——开机启动</h2> 已经在 <a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959517576702229178" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">【</a> <a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959517576702229178" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Android</a> <a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959517576702229178" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">开机启动</a> <a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959517576702229178" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Activity</a> <a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959517576702229178" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">或</a> <a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959517576702229178" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Service</a> <a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959517576702229178" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">的方法】</a>一文中详述，故恕我不再赘述。 <p></p> <h1>写在最后</h1> 电池监控程序来不断完善自己的小玩意儿，在完善的过程中，就是一次对自己的历练。 <p></p> <p></p> http://billhoo.blog.51cto.com/2337751/762776 <p></p>