ZZZROGOLQX[RUJ ZZZSOLQX[RUJ JRKLJK#JPDLOFRP JRKLJK#VKQHW =KDR-LRQJ 䎥⛟ ˄5HYLVLRQ˅ ؞↓⡸ /LQX[9HUVLRQ $+HDYLO\&RPPHQWHG/LQX[.HUQHO6RXUFH&RGH 䠀⌞ޞLQX[ Ṯ ᇂ/ .© 2002 - 2007 䎥⛟ ⡸ᵳᡰᴹ © 2002 - 2007 by Zhao Jiong ᆖ䲒䇑㇇ᵪ㌫˄⊏ᔪភᮉᦸ᭦˅ˈᡆᵪỠ⭥ᆀᐕ〻⹄ウᡰ˄䎥⛟᭦˅˄к⎧ഋᒣ䐟 1239 ਧ,䛞㕆:200092˅DŽ ৽侸ؑਟԕ䙊䗷⭥ᆀ䛞Ԧਁ㔉ᡁ˖ gohigh@sh163.net ᡆ gohigh@gmail.comˈҏਟⴤ᧕ᶕؑ㠣˖к⎧਼⍾བྷᆖ ⭥ؑᐕ〻 ҾⴞࡽᵜҖӽ❦༴Ҿнᯝ᭩䘋䱦⇥ˈഐ↔ަѝ㛟ᇊ䘈ᆈ൘аӋ䭉䈟઼н䏣ѻ༴DŽᐼᵋ䈫㘵㜭䐺䏳㔉Ҹᢩ䇴ᤷ↓ᡆ㢟ྭᔪ䇞DŽ 䜘઼䜘࠶ㄐ㢲Ⲵᇩ,ն䴰㾱⌘᰾ࠪ༴.⭡ޘ⮉ᵜ⭥ᆀҖ㉽Ⲵ؞᭩઼↓ᔿࠪ⡸Ⲵᡰᴹᵳ࡙.䈫㘵ਟԕ㠚⭡ՐᵜҖ؍㘵 ⡸ᵳ䈤᰾ ᔿ㌫㔏Ⲵ৲㘳Җ֯⭘DŽޕⲴ㠚ᆖ৲㘳Җ㉽ˈ䘈ਟа㡜ᢰᵟӪઈѪᔰਁ፼ ᵜҖ䘲ਸѪ儈ṑ䇑㇇ᵪуъᆖ⭏ᆖҐ㌫㔏䈮〻Ⲵ䖵઼ࣙᇎ䐥ᮉᶀˈҏ䘲ਸ Linux ⡡ྭ㘵ѪᆖҐṨᐕ⨶ 〻ᒿ൷ਟӾᵜҖ䝽྇㖁ㄉ˄www.oldlinux.org˅кл䖭DŽޣ֯⭘Ⲵ 㓽ㅹ䜘࠶䙀↕ኅᔰDŽѪҶ࣐␡䈫㘵ሩṨᐕ⨶Ⲵ⨶䀓ˈҖѝᴰਾаㄐ㔉ࠪҶത㔅 Linux 0.11 ㌫㔏Ⲵཊњ䈅傼DŽ䈅傼ѝᡰ 䍴ᯉӻޣԓ⸱⌘䟺Ⲵㄐ㢲ᆹᧂสᵜк䜭࠶Ѫާփ⹄ウሩ䊑Ⲵᾲ䘠ǃ⇿њ᮷ԦⲴ࣏㜭ӻ㓽ǃԓ⸱⌘䟺ǃԓ⸱ѝ䳮⛩৺ޣᴹ ᧕⵰ᡁԜ䈖㓶ӻ㓽Ҷ Linux ṨⓀԓ⸱ⴞᖅṁ㓴㓷㔃ᶴˈᒦᦞ䈕㓴㓷㔃ᶴሩᡰᴹṨ〻ᒿ઼᮷Ԧ䘋㹼Ҷ⌘䟺઼䈖㓶䈤᰾DŽ ᣔ⁑ᔿл䘀㹼Ⲵ㕆〻ᯩ⌅DŽ؍⺜Ԧ㓴ᡀ㔃ᶴǃ㕆ࡦṨ֯⭘Ⲵ≷㕆䈝䀰઼ C 䈝䀰ᢙኅ䜘࠶ˈᒦф䟽⛩䈤᰾Ҷ 80X86 ༴⨶ಘ൘ ˄0.95˅⡸ṨⓀԓ⸱Ѫ⹄ウሩ䊑ⲴഐDŽ❦ਾ൘↓ᔿᔰ᧿䘠ṨⓀԓ⸱ѻࡽˈᾲ㾱ӻ㓽Ҷ䘀㹼 Linux ㌫㔏Ⲵ PC ᵪⲴ ᾲ㾱㘼ᴹ䏓ൠӻ㓽Ҷ Linux ㌫㔏Ⲵਁኅশਢˈ਼ᰦ⵰䟽䈤᰾ҶњṨ⡸ᵜѻ䰤Ⲵѫ㾱४઼࡛᭩䘋ᯩ䶒ˈ㔉ࠪҶ䘹ᤙ 0.11 ն䈕Ṩᐢ㜭ཏ↓ᑨ㕆䈁䘀㹼ˈᒦфަѝᐢवᤜҶ LINUX ᐕ⨶Ⲵ㋮儃DŽҖѝ俆ݸԕ Linux Ⓚԓ⸱⡸ᵜⲴਈ䗱Ѫѫ㓯ˈ 䶒㘼␡Ⲵ⨶䀓ˈѪ䘋а↕ᆖҐ઼⹄ウ Linux ㌫㔏ᢃлඊᇎⲴสDŽ㲭❦ᡰ䘹ᤙⲴ⡸ᵜ䖳վˈޘ䰤ሩ Linux Ⲵᐕᵪ⨶㧧ᗇ 䶒Ⲵ⌘䟺઼䈤᰾ˈᰘ൘䇙䈫㘵㜭ཏ൘ቭ䟿⸝Ⲵᰦޘ䜘ԓ⸱᮷Ԧ䘋㹼Ҷ䈖㓶ޘ˅ᵜҖሩᰙᵏ Linux ㌫㔏Ṩ˄v0.11 ᇩㆰӻ Ā57)6&̢5HDG7KH) NLQJ6RXUFH&RGH-ā ̢/LQXV%HQHGLFW7RUYDOGV 9.7 FLOPPY.C 〻ᒿ................................................... 390 9.6 RAMDISK.C 〻ᒿ................................................ 384 9.5 LL_RW_BLK.C 〻ᒿ ........................................... 378 9.4 HD.C 〻ᒿ.......................................................... 355 9.3 BLK.H ᮷Ԧ........................................................ 351 9.2 MAKEFILE ᮷Ԧ................................................. 349 9.1 ᙫփ࣏㜭.......................................................... 346 ㅜ 9 ㄐ ඇ䇮༷傡ࣘ〻ᒿ(BLOCK DRIVER)......... 345 8.15 ᵜㄐሿ㔃........................................................ 343 8.14 PANIC.C 〻ᒿ ................................................... 342 8.13 PRINTK.C 〻ᒿ................................................. 341 8.12 VSPRINTF.C 〻ᒿ.............................................. 333 8.11 SYS.C 〻ᒿ....................................................... 326 8.10 FORK.C 〻ᒿ.................................................... 318 8.9 EXIT.C 〻ᒿ ....................................................... 311 8.8 SIGNAL.C 〻ᒿ................................................... 300 8.7 SCHED.C 〻ᒿ.................................................... 281 8.6 MKTIME.C 〻ᒿ.................................................. 279 8.5 SYSTEM_CALL.S 〻ᒿ........................................ 267 8.4 TRAPS.C 〻ᒿ..................................................... 262 8.3 ASM.S 〻ᒿ........................................................ 256 8.2 MAKEFILE ᮷Ԧ................................................. 254 8.1 ᙫփ࣏㜭.......................................................... 251 ㅜ 8 ㄐ Ṩԓ⸱(KERNEL)................................... 251 7.3 ᵜㄐሿ㔃.......................................................... 249 7.2 ⧟ຳࡍॆᐕ.............................................. 247 7.1 MAIN.C 〻ᒿ...................................................... 235 ㅜ 7 ㄐ ࡍॆ〻ᒿ(INIT) ....................................... 235 6.5 ᵜㄐሿ㔃.......................................................... 234 6.4 HEAD.S 〻ᒿ...................................................... 221 6.3 SETUP.S 〻ᒿ ..................................................... 203 6.2 BOOTSECT.S 〻ᒿ............................................... 193 6.1 ᙫփ࣏㜭.......................................................... 191 ㅜ 6 ㄐ ᕅሬࣘ〻ᒿ˄BOOT˅........................... 191 5.13 ᵜㄐሿ㔃........................................................ 189 5.12 LINUX/MAKEFILE ᮷Ԧ.................................... 184 ㌫........................ 184ޣ5.11 Ṩ㌫㔏оᓄ⭘〻ᒿⲴ 5.10 LINUX ṨⓀԓ⸱Ⲵⴞᖅ㔃ᶴ ..................... 177 5.9 LINUX 0.11 䟷⭘Ⲵ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏............................ 176 5.8 LINUX ㌫㔏ѝึḸⲴ֯⭘ᯩ⌅ ....................... 172 5.7 LINUX 䘋〻᧗ࡦ ............................................... 164 5.6 ㌫㔏ᰦ䰤઼ᇊᰦ.............................................. 162 5.5 LINUX Ⲵ㌫㔏䈳⭘ ........................................... 160 5.4 ѝᯝᵪࡦ ......................................................... 157 5.3 LINUX ṨሩᆈⲴ㇑⨶઼֯⭘ ................... 144 5.2 LINUX Ṩ㌫㔏փ㌫㔃ᶴ ............................... 142 5.1 LINUX Ṩ⁑ᔿ............................................... 141 ㅜ 5 ㄐ LINUX Ṩփ㌫㔃ᶴ ................................ 141 4.9 ањㆰঅⲴཊԫ࣑Ṩᇎֻ.......................... 131 ᣔ⁑ᔿ㕆〻ࡍॆ...................................... 128؍ 4.8 4.7 ԫ࣑㇑⨶ ......................................................... 120 4.6 ѝᯝ઼ᔲᑨ༴⨶.............................................. 110 ᣔ ................................................................... 99؍ 4.5 4.4 ࠶亥ᵪࡦ ........................................................... 96 4.3 ࠶⇥ᵪࡦ ........................................................... 85 ᣔ⁑ᔿᆈ㇑⨶............................................ 81؍ 4.2 4.1 80X86 ㌫㔏ᇴᆈಘ઼㌫㔏ᤷԔ........................ 75 ᣔ⁑ᔿ৺ަ㕆〻 ............................ 75؍ ㅜ 4 ㄐ 80X86 3.6 MAKE 〻ᒿ઼ MAKEFILE ᮷Ԧ........................... 72 3.5 LINUX 0.11 ⴞḷ᮷ԦṬᔿ ................................. 63 3.4 C о≷㕆〻ᒿⲴӂ䈳⭘................................. 55 3.3 C 䈝䀰〻ᒿ......................................................... 48 3.2 GNU AS ≷㕆...................................................... 38 3.1 AS86 ≷㕆ಘ ....................................................... 32 ㅜ 3 ㄐ Ṩ㕆〻䈝䀰઼⧟ຳ .................................... 32 2.5 ᵜㄐሿ㔃 ........................................................... 31 2.4 ᧗ࡦಘ઼᧗ࡦ................................................ 23 2.3 ѫᆈۘಘǃBIOS ઼ CMOS ᆈۘಘ ................ 21 2.2 I/O ㄟਓራ൰઼䇯䰞᧗ࡦᯩᔿ .......................... 19 2.1 ᗞර䇑㇇ᵪ㓴ᡀ⨶........................................ 17 ㅜ 2 ㄐ ᗞර䇑㇇ᵪ㓴ᡀ㔃ᶴ .................................... 17 1.3 ᵜㄐሿ㔃 ........................................................... 16 1.2 ᇩ㔬䘠 ........................................................... 12 1.1 LINUX Ⲵ䈎⭏઼ਁኅ........................................... 5 ㅜ 1 ㄐ ᾲ䘠.................................................................. 5 EXT2 ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏о MINIX ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏......................... 4 ֯⭘ᰙᵏ⡸ᵜᱟ䗷ᰦ˛ ........................................ 4 䰵䈫ᵜҖ䴰ާ༷Ⲵส⸕䇶 .................................... 3 ྲօ䘹ᤙ㾱䰵䈫ⲴṨԓ⸱⡸ᵜ ............................ 3 䰵䈫ᆼᮤⓀԓ⸱Ⲵ䟽㾱ᙗ઼ᗵ㾱ᙗ ........................ 2 䰵䈫ᰙᵏṨⲴަԆྭ༴ ........................................ 2 ⧠ᴹҖ㉽н䏣ѻ༴.................................................... 1 ᵜҖⲴѫ㾱ⴞḷ........................................................ 1 ᒿ䀰................................................................................ 1 ⴞᖅ , ⴞᖅ 17.9 ൘ REDHAT 9 ㌫㔏л㕆䈁 LINUX 0.11 Ṩ.. 835 17.8 ൘ LINUX 0.11 ㌫㔏к㕆䈁 0.11 Ṩ........... 834 17.7 ࡦṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏............................................ 827 ᮷Ԧ........................................ 824ۿ17.6 ࡋᔪ⻱ⴈ᱐ 17.5 ࡙⭘ BOCHS 䈳䈅Ṩ................................... 817 17.4 㕆䈁䘀㹼ㆰঅṨ⽪ֻ〻ᒿ........................ 815 ᮷ԦѝⲴؑ........................ 813ۿ17.3 䇯䰞⻱ⴈ᱐ 17.2 ൘ BOCHS ѝ䘀㹼 LINUX 0.11 ㌫㔏............... 806 17.1 BOCHS ԯⵏ㌫㔏 ............................................ 802 ㅜ 17 ㄐ ᇎ傼⧟ຳ䇮㖞о֯⭘ᯩ⌅ ........................ 802 16.1 BUILD.C 〻ᒿ................................................... 795 ㅜ 16 ㄐ ᔪ䙐ᐕާ(TOOLS) .................................... 795 15.13 WRITE.C 〻ᒿ ................................................ 792 15.12 WAIT.C 〻ᒿ................................................... 791 15.11 STRING.C 〻ᒿ................................................ 791 15.10 SETSID.C 〻ᒿ................................................ 790 15.9 OPEN.C 〻ᒿ .................................................... 789 15.8 MALLOC.C 〻ᒿ............................................... 780 15.7 EXECVE.C 〻ᒿ................................................ 779 15.6 ERRNO.C 〻ᒿ.................................................. 779 15.5 DUP.C 〻ᒿ ...................................................... 778 15.4 CTYPE.C 〻ᒿ .................................................. 777 15.3 CLOSE.C 〻ᒿ .................................................. 777 15.2 _EXIT.C 〻ᒿ ................................................... 776 15.1 MAKEFILE ᮷Ԧ............................................... 774 ㅜ 15 ㄐ ᓃ᮷Ԧ(LIB)............................................... 773 14.36 WAIT.H ᮷Ԧ................................................... 770 14.35 UTSNAME.H ᮷Ԧ........................................... 769 14.34 TYPES.H ᮷Ԧ................................................. 768 14.33 TIMES.H ᮷Ԧ................................................. 767 14.32 STAT.H ᮷Ԧ ................................................... 766 14.31 INCLUDE/SYS/ⴞᖅѝⲴ᮷Ԧ......................... 766 14.30 TTY.H ᮷Ԧ..................................................... 763 14.29 SYS.H ᮷Ԧ .................................................... 761 14.28 SCHED.H ᮷Ԧ................................................ 754 14.27 MM.H ᮷Ԧ..................................................... 754 14.26 KERNEL.H ᮷Ԧ.............................................. 753 14.25 HEAD.H ᮷Ԧ ................................................. 752 14.24 HDREG.H ᮷Ԧ................................................ 749 14.23 FS.H ᮷Ԧ....................................................... 744 14.22 FDREG.H ཤ᮷Ԧ ............................................ 741 14.21 CONFIG.H ᮷Ԧ............................................... 739 14.20 INCLUDE/LINUX/ⴞᖅлⲴ᮷Ԧ .................... 739 14.19 SYSTEM.H ᮷Ԧ.............................................. 735 14.18 SEGMENT.H ᮷Ԧ............................................ 733 14.17 MEMORY.H ᮷Ԧ............................................. 732 14.16 IO.H ᮷Ԧ....................................................... 731 14.15 INCLUDE/ASM/ⴞᖅлⲴ᮷Ԧ ....................... 731 14.14 UTIME.H ᮷Ԧ ................................................ 729 14.13 UNISTD.H ᮷Ԧ............................................... 724 14.12 TIME.H ᮷Ԧ................................................... 722 14.11 TERMIOS.H ᮷Ԧ ............................................ 715 14.10 STRING.H ᮷Ԧ............................................... 705 14.9 STDDEF.H ᮷Ԧ ................................................ 704 14.8 STDARG.H ᮷Ԧ................................................ 703 14.7 SIGNAL.H ᮷Ԧ ................................................ 701 14.6 FCNTL.H ᮷Ԧ.................................................. 699 14.5 ERRNO.H ᮷Ԧ ................................................. 697 14.4 CTYPE.H ᮷Ԧ.................................................. 695 14.3 CONST.H ᮷Ԧ.................................................. 695 14.2 A.OUT.H ᮷Ԧ................................................... 684 14.1 INCLUDE/ⴞᖅлⲴ᮷Ԧ ................................. 683 ㅜ 14 ㄐ ཤ᮷Ԧ(INCLUDE) ................................... 683 13.4 PAGE.S 〻ᒿ..................................................... 679 13.3 MEMORY.C 〻ᒿ............................................... 662 13.2 MAKEFILE ᮷Ԧ............................................... 661 13.1 ᙫփ࣏㜭 ....................................................... 655 ㅜ 13 ㄐ ᆈ㇑⨶(MM).......................................... 655 12.19 IOCTL.C 〻ᒿ................................................. 652 12.18 FCNTL.C 〻ᒿ ................................................ 649 12.17 STAT.C 〻ᒿ ................................................... 647 12.16 EXEC.C 〻ᒿ.................................................. 627 12.15 OPEN.C 〻ᒿ.................................................. 621 12.14 READ_WRITE.C 〻ᒿ...................................... 615 12.13 CHAR_DEV.C 〻ᒿ ......................................... 612 12.12 PIPE.C 〻ᒿ.................................................... 608 12.11 FILE_DEV.C 〻ᒿ............................................ 605 12.10 BLOCK_DEV.C 〻ᒿ ....................................... 601 12.9 FILE_TABLE.C 〻ᒿ.......................................... 601 12.8 NAMEI.C 〻ᒿ.................................................. 577 12.7 SUPER.C 〻ᒿ .................................................. 567 12.6 INODE.C 〻ᒿ .................................................. 555 12.5 TRUNCTE.C 〻ᒿ.............................................. 553 12.4 BITMAP.C 〻ᒿ................................................. 547 12.3 BUFFER.C 〻ᒿ ................................................ 530 12.2 MAKEFILE ᮷Ԧ............................................... 527 12.1 ᙫփ࣏㜭 ....................................................... 511 ㅜ 12 ㄐ ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏(FS)............................................. 511 11.2 MATH-EMULATION.C 〻ᒿ................................ 509 11.1 MAKEFILE ᮷Ԧ............................................... 507 ㅜ 11 ㄐ ᮠᆖॿ༴⨶ಘ(MATH).............................. 507 10.8 TTY_IOCTL.C 〻ᒿ........................................... 499 10.7 TTY_IO.C 〻ᒿ................................................. 487 10.6 RS_IO.S 〻ᒿ ................................................... 483 10.5 SERIAL.C 〻ᒿ ................................................. 474 10.4 CONSOLE.C 〻ᒿ.............................................. 448 10.3 KEYBOARD.S 〻ᒿ .......................................... 429 10.2 MAKEFILE ᮷Ԧ............................................... 427 10.1 ᙫփ࣏㜭 ....................................................... 417 ㅜ 10 ㄐ ᆇㅖ䇮༷傡ࣘ〻ᒿ(CHAR DRIVER) ..... 417 ,, ⴞᖅ ⴞᖅ ,,, 17.10 Ṩᕅሬࣘ+ṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏㓴ᡀⲴ䳶ᡀⴈ 838 17.11 Ӿ⺜ⴈࣘ˖࡙⭘ SHOELACE ᕅሬ䖟Ԧ.... 843 17.12 ࡙⭘ GDB ઼ BOCHS 䈳䈅ṨⓀԓ⸱ ...... 846 ৲㘳᮷⥞.................................................................... 853 䱴ᖅ............................................................................ 855 䱴ᖅ 1 Ṩᮠᦞ㔃ᶴ............................................ 855 䱴ᖅ 2 ASCII ⸱㺘 ................................................. 863 䱴ᖅ 3 ᑨ⭘ C0ǃC1 ᧗ࡦᆇㅖ㺘......................... 864 䱴ᖅ 4 ᑨ⭘䖜ѹᒿࡇ઼᧗ࡦᒿࡇ........................ 865 䱴ᖅ 5 ㅜ 1 ྇䭞ⴈᢛ᧿⸱䳶................................ 868 ㍒ᕅ ............................................................................ 869 ␡⨶ᰦˈṨⲴᮤփ䘀㔃ᶴᒦн㜭Რൠ൘㝁⎧ѝᖒᡀDŽ䘉൘ᵜӪཊᒤⲴ Linux ṨᆖҐ䗷〻ѝҏ Ⲵᮤփᾲᘥˈቔަᱟሩ䛓Ӌ Linux ㌫㔏ࡍᆖ㘵ᡆࡊᆖՊྲօ֯⭘ Linux ㌫㔏ⲴӪ൘֯⭘䛓ӋҖᆖҐṨ ൘֯⭘䘉ӋҖ㉽䘋㹼ᆖҐᰦՊᴹа⿽ĀⴢӪ᪨䊑āⲴᝏ㿹ˈн㜭ⵏ↓⨶䀓 Linux Ṩ㌫㔏ާփᇎ⧠ ᆖҐ䈕Җѻਾˈᒦн㜭ᖸ亪࡙ൠণ⵰䘋а↕ᆖҐ䖳ᯠⲴ Linux ṨⓀԓ⸱ᇎ⧠DŽ 䈕Җᡰਉ䘠Ⲵ MINIX ㌫㔏ᱟа⿽สҾ⎸Ր䙂ⲴṨᇎ⧠ᵪࡦˈо Linux ṨⲴᇎ⧠ᴹᡰ४࡛DŽഐ↔൘ 䰘Җ㉽ˈնޕ㌫㔏Ṩᇎ⧠ᖸྭⲴޣ A.S.Tanenbaum ⲴҖlj㌫㔏˖䇮䇑оᇎ⧠NJᱟаᵜᴹ ⲴⓀԓ⸱ᰦቡՊ䙷ࡠ䖳བྷⲴഠ䳮DŽޣⲴ≷㕆䈝䀰㕆ࡦⲴˈഐ↔൘䰵䈫઼⨶䀓о⺜Ԧ䜘࠶ ྭⲴҖ㉽ˈնᱟ⭡Ҿަ䟷⭘Ⲵᱟ UNIX V6 ⡸ˈަѝ㌫㔏䈳⭘ㅹ䜘࠶ԓ⸱ᱟ⭘ᰙᐢᓏᔳⲴ PDP-11 ㌫ࡇᵪ John Lions 㪇Ⲵlj㧡ᰲ∿ UNIX Ⓚԓ⸱࠶᷀NJаҖ㲭❦ᱟаᵜᆖҐ UNIX ㊫㌫㔏ṨⓀԓ⸱ᖸ ᮠӪ䜭᭮ᔳҶDŽ ࣍䈤ᆖ⭏䍝ѻ䰵䈫ˈ㘼൘Ҽњᴸਾ䈳ḕ䰵䈫ᆖҐᛵߥᰦˈสᵜ䜭ᆈ൘ⴻнл৫ᡆн㜭⨶䀓ㅹ䰞仈ˈབྷཊ ⸱ˈҏн㜭ⵏ↓ਲ਼䘿ṨⲴᇎ䱵ᇎ⧠ᯩᔿˈഐ㘼ᖰᖰࡊᔰ䰵䈫ቡ᭮ᔳҶDŽ䈕Җࡊ䶒ᐲᰦˈᵜӪᴮᶱ࣋ 䖳儈 Linux ㌫㔏ᓄ⭘≤ᒣⲴ䇑㇇ᵪᵜ、儈ᒤ㓗ᆖ⭏ˈ⭡Ҿ䈕Җㇷᑵ䰞仈ԕ৺ӵӵ䘹ᤙᙗൠ䇢䀓ṨⓀԓ ⎉⊏བྷᆖࠪ⡸ⲴljLinux ṨⓀԓ⸱ᛵᲟ࠶᷀NJаҖˈҏสᵜᴹ䘉Ӌн䏣ѻ༴DŽ⭊㠣ሩҾаӋާᴹ 䈤䰵䈫䈕ҖᴹӋഠ䳮DŽ ᮷ԦⲴᐕާ〻ᒿǃњ make ᮷ԦⲴ⭘઼ᇎ⧠ㅹ൷⋑ᴹ⎹৺DŽഐ↔ሩҾ༴Ҿࡍѝ㓗≤ᒣѻ䰤Ⲵ䈫㘵ᶕ ۿԓ⸱䘋㹼⌘䟺ˈ⮕৫ҶᖸཊṨᇎ⧠㓶㢲ˈֻྲަѝṨѝ֯⭘Ⲵњཤ᮷Ԧ(*.h)ǃ⭏ᡀṨԓ⸱᱐ 䀓DŽ㘼фਟ㜭ᱟ⭡Ҿㇷᑵᡰ䲀ˈ䈕Җᒦ⋑ᴹሩᡰᴹ Linux Ṩ⨶ޘ䶒Ⲵส⸕䇶㜭ᆼޘ㘵ˈ䴰㾱䖳Ѫ Scott Maxwell 㪇ⲴаҖljLinux ṨⓀԓ⸱࠶᷀NJ˄䱶ѭ၌ㅹ䈁˅สᵜкᱟ䶒ሩ Linux ѝ㓗≤ᒣⲴ䈫 ᙗൠ䈤᰾ˈ䇨ཊ㌫㔏ᇎ⧠㓶㢲㻛ᘭ⮕DŽഐ↔ᒦн㜭㔉Ҹ䈫㘵ሩᇎ䱵 Linux ṨᴹᲠ㘼ᆼᮤⲴ⨶䀓DŽ ˄ֻྲ 2.2.20 ⡸ቡᐢާᴹ 268 з㹼ԓ⸱ʽ˅ˈഐ↔䘉ӋҖ㉽ӵ㜭ሩ Linux ṨⓀԓ⸱䘋㹼䘹ᤙᙗൠᡆ⨶ Fedora Core 4 ֯⭘ 2.6.11 っᇊ⡸ㅹ˅䘋㹼᧿䘠ˈն⭡Ҿⴞࡽ Linux ṨᮤњⓀԓ⸱Ⲵབྷሿᐢ㓿䶎ᑨᗇབྷ ⴞࡽᐢᴹⲴ᧿䘠 Linux ṨⲴҖ㉽ˈ൷ቭ䟿䘹⭘ᴰᯠ Linux Ṩ⡸ᵜ˄ֻྲ Redhat 7.0 ֯⭘ 2.2.16ǃ ⧦ᴿҜ㊃у䏩ҁ༺ ྭ㘵ѝᡰঐⲴ∄ֻᱟᖸ儈Ⲵˈ㘼䶒ੁ䘉䜘࠶䈫㘵ԕ∄䖳᱃៲઼ᴹ᭸Ⲵ⇥䇢䀓ṨⲴҖ㉽䍴ᯉнཊDŽ ⸱ᇎ⧠Ⲵ⡡ྭ㘵DŽ䘉䜘࠶䈫㘵Ⲵ≤ᒣᓄ䈕⭼Ҿࡍ㓗оѝ㓗≤ᒣѻ䰤DŽⴞࡽˈ䘉䜘࠶䈫㘵Ӫᮠ൘ Linux ⡡ ⴞࡽᴰᯠṨⓀԓ⸱Ⲵส⸕䇶ˈ৸ᙕ࠷ᐼᵋ㜭ཏ䘋а↕⨶䀓 UNIX ㊫㌫㔏Ṩᐕ⨶઼ᇎ䱵ԓ ᵜҖ䈫㘵㗔ⲴᇊսᱟаӋ⸕ᲃ Linux ㌫㔏Ⲵа㡜֯⭘ᯩ⌅ᡆާᴹаᇊⲴ㕆〻สˈն∄䖳㕪ѿ䰵䈫 䰘DŽޕ䀓ˈሩ linux ㌫㔏Ⲵสᵜᐕ⨶ⵏ↓⨶䀓઼ ࡠሩ linux Ṩᴹањᆼᮤ㘼␡Ⲵ⨶ڊᯩսⲴ⨶䀓DŽޘᵏሩ㌫㔏Ⲵสᵜ࣏㜭઼ᇎ䱵ᇎ⧠ᯩᔿ㧧ᗇ ᵜҖⲴѫ㾱ⴞḷᱟ֯⭘ቭ䟿ቁⲴㇷᑵᡆ൘ᴹ䲀ⲴㇷᑵˈሩᆼᮤⲴ Linux ṨⓀԓ⸱䘋㹼䀓ࢆˈԕ ᵢҜⲺѱ㾷ⴤḽ 䰘䈫⢙DŽޕLinux ㌫㔏Ṩสᵜᐕ⨶Ⲵ ޣᵜҖᱟаᵜᴹ ᒿ䀰 ᒿ䀰 ROGOLQX[RUJ/LQXV ᮷ਟ৲㿱˖KWWS ᘭ⮕ I/Oˈަᇎˈࡽ㘵䙊ᑨн䏣а亥ԓ⸱ˈ㘼ਾ㘵ᖰᖰ㾱ঐࡠᮤњޘᓖ㇇⌅㙇䍩བྷ䟿Ⲵᰦ䰤઼ㇷᑵ㘼ᆼ 䀓ӽнᱟᖸᲠDŽ↓ྲ AST ᡰ䈤ⲴˈĀ䇨ཊ㌫㔏ᮉᶀ䜭ᱟ䟽⨶䇪㘼䖫ᇎ䐥āˈĀཊᮠҖ㉽઼䈮〻Ѫ䈳 ㌫ᇎ⧠Ⲵ⨶ޣ㊫㌫㔏Ⲵᐕ⨶ᴹаӋ⨶䇪кⲴᤷሬ⭘ˈնᇎ䱵кሩ㌫㔏Ⲵⵏ↓㓴ᡀ઼䜘 㲭❦䙊䗷䰵䈫аӋ㌫㔏⨶㓿ިҖ㉽˄ֻྲ M.J.Bach ⲴljUNIX ㌫㔏䇮䇑NJ˅㜭ཏሩ UNIX 䱵㌫㔏Ⲵᇎ⧠ᯩ⌅઼⇥DŽ н䟽㾱Ⲵ㓶㢲ᆈ൘ˈնᱟ㤕ᘭ⮕䘉Ӌ㓶㢲ˈቡՊሩᮤњ㌫㔏Ⲵ⨶䀓ᑖᶕഠ䳮ˈᒦфн㜭ⵏ↓Ҷ䀓ањᇎ 㾱䰵䈫ަⓀԓ⸱˄RTFSC – Read The Fucking Source Code˅DŽ㌫㔏ᵜ䓛ᱟањᆼᮤⲴᮤփˈާᴹᖸཊⴻլ ↓ྲ Linux ㌫㔏ⲴࡋӪ൘аㇷᯠ䰫㓴ᣅはкᡰ䈤Ⲵˈ㾱⨶䀓ањ䖟Ԧ㌫㔏Ⲵⵏ↓䘀㹼ᵪࡦˈаᇊ 䰻䈱ᇂ᮪Ⓠԙ⸷Ⲻ䠃㾷ᙝૂᗻ㾷ᙝ ѻаDŽ䙊䗷ᆖҐᵜҖˈਟԕѪ䘋а↕ᆖҐ䘉Ӌ儈㓗ᇩᢃлᇎⲴสDŽ 䰘ᮉᶀˈഐ↔䘉ҏ↓ᱟ䘹ᤙᰙᵏṨ⡸ᵜⲴՈ⛩ޕ䈤᰾DŽն⭡ҾᵜҖᱟѪ Linux Ṩᐕᵪ⨶ᇎ⧠Ⲵ Ԧ㌫㔏 VFS Ⲵ᭟ᤱǃሩ㖁㔌㌫㔏Ⲵ᭟ᤱǃӵ᭟ᤱ a.out ᢗ㹼᮷Ԧ઼ሩަԆаӋ⧠ᴹṨѝ༽ᵲᆀ㌫㔏Ⲵ ᖃ❦ˈ֯⭘ᰙᵏṨѪᆖҐⲴሩ䊑ҏᴹн䏣ѻ༴DŽᡰ䘹⭘Ⲵ Linux ᰙᵏṨ⡸ᵜнवਜ਼ሩ㲊ᤏ᮷ ⭏а⿽オѝᾬ䰱Ⲵᝏ㿹ˈഐ↔ҏᴹᗵ㾱䰵䈫ṨⓀԓ⸱DŽ ሩҾ䛓Ӌᐢ㓿∄䖳⟏ᚹṨᐕ⨶ⲴӪˈѪҶ㜭䇙㠚ᐡ൘ᇎ䱵ᐕѝሩ㌫㔏Ⲵᇎ䱵䘀䖜ᵪࡦнӗ ṨⲴสᵜᐕ⨶DŽ 䀓 Linux ⨶ޕ␡䰘㘵ᶕ䈤ˈᱟᴰ⨶ᜣⲴ䘹ᤙѻаDŽ㜭ཏ൘ቭਟ㜭⸝Ⲵᰦ䰤ޕ䘉ሩ Linux ṨᆖҐⲴ ᙗˈ৸㜭䘿ᖫൠ䈤᰾䰞仈DŽ䘉䟼䘹ᤙ Linux ⲴᰙᵏṨ⡸ᵜѪᆖҐሩ䊑ˈަᤷሬᙍᜣо Leland Ⲵа㠤DŽ অᤷԔ䇑㇇ᵪ(SIC)㌫㔏ᶕ䈤᰾ᡰᴹ㌫㔏〻ᒿⲴ䇮䇑઼ᇎ⧠⨶ˈӾ㘼ᰒ䚯ݽҶᇎ䱵䇑㇇ᵪ㌫㔏Ⲵ༽ᵲ Ҷа⿽ᶱަㆰॆⲴㆰޕ㕆〻ሬ䇪NJаҖⲴ㘵 Leland L. Beck ൘ӻ㓽㌫㔏〻ᒿԕ৺㌫㔏䇮䇑ᰦˈᕅ ањ㋮ㆰ⡸ᵜDŽަѝᐢ㓿वᤜҶⴞࡽᯠ⡸ᵜѝࠐѾᡰᴹⲴสᵜ࣏㜭⨶ⲴᇩDŽ↓ྲlj㌫㔏䖟Ԧ˖㌫㔏 ൘ሩᰙᵏṨⓀԓ⸱Ⲵ⌘䟺䗷〻ѝˈ㘵ਁ⧠ˈᰙᵏṨⓀԓ⸱ࠐѾቡᱟⴞࡽᡰ֯⭘Ⲵ䖳ᯠṨⲴ ᔿ㌫㔏ҏᴹᖸབྷⲴᑞࣙDŽ ޕᰙᵏṨ⡸ᵜⲴⓀԓ⸱ˈⲴ⺞ᱟᆖҐ Linux ㌫㔏Ⲵа⿽㹼ѻᴹ᭸Ⲵ䙄ᖴˈᒦфሩ⹄ウ઼ᓄ⭘ Linux ፼ Ⓚԓ⸱ᆖҐⲴྭ༴ˈⴞࡽഭҏᐢ㓿ᴹӪ↓൘㓴㓷Ӫ࣋⌘䟺ࠪ⡸㊫լᵜ᮷ⲴҖ㉽DŽഐ↔ˈ䙊䗷䰵䈫 Linux ㌫㔏ǃUclinux ㅹ˄൘ www.linux.org кᴹу䰘ⴞᖅ˅ˈц⭼кҏᴹ䇨ཊӪ䇔䇶ࡠ䙊䗷ᰙᵏ Linux Ṩ ᔿ㌫㔏ⲴṨ⡸ᵜˈྲ DJJ Ⲵ x86ޕⴞࡽˈᐢ㓿ࠪ⧠нቁสҾ Linux ᰙᵏṨ㘼ᔰਁⲴу䰘⭘Ҿ፼ 䰻䈱ᰟᵕṮⲺެԌླ༺ 䰘DŽޕṨᴹањᆼᮤ㘼␡Ⲵ⨶䀓ˈሩ Linux ㌫㔏Ⲵสᵜᐕ⨶ⵏ↓⨶䀓઼ ࡠሩ Linux ڊᯩսⲴ⨶䀓DŽޘ䶒䀓ࢆˈԕᵏሩ㌫㔏Ⲵสᵜ࣏㜭઼ᇎ䱵ᇎ⧠ᯩᔿ㧧ᗇޘⓀԓ⸱䘋㹼 ѪҶປ㺕䘉њオ㕪ˈᵜҖⲴѫ㾱ⴞḷᱟ֯⭘ቭ䟿ቁⲴㇷᑵᡆ൘ᴹ䲀ⲴㇷᑵˈሩᆼᮤⲴ Linux Ṩ Linux ᰙᵏṨ⡸ᵜ߉ᵜҖⲴࣘᵪѻаDŽ 䰘ᆖҐ䎧⛩DŽ䘉ҏᱟ㘵สҾޕ㌫㔏ᴤѪᓎབྷ઼༽ᵲˈഐ↔਼ṧҏᐢ㓿н䘲ਸѪ㌫㔏ࡍᆖ㘵Ⲵ ᷌ᔰਁࠪᶕቡᐢ㓿ᱮᗇཚᓎབྷ㘼н䘲ਸᆖҐ઼⨶䀓DŽ”㘼⧠Ӻ⍱㹼Ⲵ Linux ㌫㔏㾱∄ᖃᒤ GNU Ⲵ Hurd 䛓Ӌ㌫㔏⡡ྭ㘵઼䇑㇇ᵪ、ᆖ㌫Ⲵᆖ⭏֯⭘ǃᆖҐ઼ၡҀāDŽĀ㠚⭡䖟Ԧส䠁ՊⲴ GNU Hurd ㌫㔏ྲ ᨀࡠҶ਼ṧⲴ䰞仈DŽ൘䘉ㇷ仈ѪĀLINUX--a free unix-386 kernelā1Ⲵ᮷ㄐѝˈԆ䈤˖Āᔰਁ Linux ᱟѪҶ ᴹփՊDŽ൘ 1991 ᒤ 10 ᴸԭˈLinux ⲴࡋӪ Linus Torvalds ൘ᔰਁࠪ Linux 0.03 ⡸ਾ߉Ⲵаㇷ᮷ㄐѝҏ ᒿ䀰 ᔿ≷㕆Ⲵᵳေؑ䜭वਜ਼൘ GNU gcc 㕆䈁ಘѝDŽᡁԜҏਟԕӾ Internetޕ፼ޣ≷㕆䈝䀰Ⲵ䍴ᯉDŽᴹ ᔿޕⲴ≷㕆䈝䀰ᮉᶀDŽਖཆ䘈䴰㾱аӋ፼ޣ㘼≷㕆䈝䀰Ⲵ䍴ᯉࡉਟԕ৲㘳ԫаᵜ䇢䀓о Intel CPU Ⲵ৲㘳䍴ᯉӽ❦ᱟ Brain W. Kernighan ઼ Dennis M. Ritchie 㕆߉ⲴljThe C Programming LanguageNJа Җ DŽ C 䈝䀰ᴰ֣ ޣ൘䰵䈫ᵜҖᰦˈ䈫㘵ᗵ享ާ༷аӋสᵜⲴ C 䈝䀰⸕䇶઼ Intel CPU ≷㕆䈝䀰⸕䇶DŽᴹ 䰻䈱ᵢҜ䴶ޭ༽Ⲻะ⸛䇼 㲊ᤏ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏 VFSǃext2 ᡆ ext3 ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ǃ㖁㔌ᆀ㌫㔏ǃᯠⲴ༽ᵲⲴᆈ㇑⨶ᵪࡦㅹ˅DŽ ਖཆˈ֯⭘䈕⡸ᵜਟԕ䚯ݽ֯⭘⧠ᴹ䖳ᯠṨ⡸ᵜѝᐢ㓿ਈᗇ䎺ᶕ䎺༽ᵲᗇᆀ㌫㔏䜘࠶Ⲵ⹄ウ˄ྲ аӋㆰঅⲴᔰਁᐕDŽڊ㕆䈁⧟ຳˈഐ↔֯⭘䈕㌫㔏ҏ㜭 ࣐␡ሩ⨶Ⲵ⨶䀓ˈ㘵䘈у䰘䟽ᔪҶสҾ䈕ṨⲴਟ䘀㹼Ⲵ Linux 0.11 ㌫㔏DŽ⭡Ҿަѝਜ਼ᴹ GNU gcc DŽѪҶሩᡰ⹄ウⲴ㌫㔏ᴹᝏᙗⲴҶ䀓ˈᒦ㜭࡙⭘ᇎ傼ᶕޘءаᵜҖѝ䀓䟺઼⌘䟺ᾊDŽ哫䳰㲭ሿˈӄ㜿 ਟԕ൘ޘ䟺઼䈤᰾ࠐѾᱟнਟ㜭ⲴDŽ㘼 0.11 ⡸Ṩн䎵䗷 2 з㹼ԓ⸱䟿ˈഐ↔ᆼ⌘ޘሩ䘉Ӌ⡸ᵜ䘋㹼ᆼ ⴞࡽⲴ Linux ṨⓀԓ⸱䟿䜭൘ࠐⲮз㹼Ⲵᮠ䟿кˈ2.6.0 ⡸Ṩԓ⸱㹼ᮠ㓖Ѫ 592 з㹼ˈᶱަᓎབྷˈ з㹼 অս 㹼ᮠ Ṩ⡸ᵜਧ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 D 9 9 9 9 9 9 /LQX[Ṩ⡸ᵜⓀԓ⸱㹼ᮠ Ṩ⡸ᵜ㹼ᮠⲴ㔏䇑DŽ 䰘ᆖҐⲴᴰ֣⡸ᵜDŽлമᱟሩаӋѫ㾱 LinuxޕṨสᵜ࣏㜭䖳Ѫ䘁ˈ৸䶎ᑨ⸝ሿⲴ 0.11 ⡸ṨѪ ᵜ䘋㹼ᆖҐˈᨀ儈ᆖҐⲴ᭸⦷˛㘵䙊䗷ሩབྷ䟿Ṩ⡸ᵜ䘋㹼∄䖳઼䘹ᤙਾˈᴰ㓸䘹ᤙҶоⴞࡽ Linux 䛓Ѹˈྲօ䘹ᤙᰒ㜭䗮ࡠк䘠㾱≲ˈ৸н㻛ཚཊⲴᇩ㘼ᩎҡཤ㝁ˈ䘹ᤙањ䘲ਸⲴ Linux Ṩ⡸ ྸ䘿㾷䰻䈱ⲺṮԙ⸷⡾ᵢ 仈ˈสᵜк䜭㜭亪࡙ൠ⨶䀓ᯠԓ⸱ⲴᇩDŽ ᮤњ㌫㔏Ⲵ䘀䗷〻ᴹ␡Ⲵ⨶䀓DŽԕਾ䘹ᤙᴰᯠⲴᡆ䖳ᯠṨⓀԓ⸱䘋㹼ᆖҐᰦˈҏнՊ⻠ࡠབྷ䰞 㔏ᇎ⧠Ⲵྕ࿉ᡰ൘DŽਚᴹ൘䈖㓶䰵䈫䗷ᆼᮤⲴṨⓀԓ⸱ѻਾˈՊሩ㌫㔏ᴹа⿽䉱❦ᔰᵇⲴᝏ㿹ˈሩ ㌫㔏й࠶ѻаⲴԓ⸱ᙫ䟿DŽāṨѝབྷ䟿Ⲵ䟽㾱㓶㢲൷ᵚᨀࡠDŽഐ↔ᒦн㜭䇙䈫㘵⨶䀓ањⵏ↓Ⲵ㌫ ᒿ䀰 . 2007.6 䎥⛟ ঊ༛ ਼⍾བྷᆖ ↔ᰦˈᛘᓄ䈕ᴹॱ࠶Ⲵᢺᨑ৫䘋а↕ᆖҐᴰᯠ Linux Ṩѝ䜘࠶Ⲵᐕ⨶઼䗷〻ҶDŽ 䰘ҶʽāDŽޕ൘ᆼᮤ䰵䈫ᆼᵜҖѻਾˈؑᛘᇊՊਁࠪ䘉ṧⲴᝏ˖ĀሩҾ Linux Ṩ㌫㔏ˈᡁ⧠൘㓸Ҿ 㔏Ⲵᇎ䱵㓴ᡀ઼ᐕ⨶ᐢ㓿䏣ཏDŽ䘉ҏᱟ䘹ᤙ Linux ᰙᵏṨ⡸ᵜ䘋㹼ᆖҐⲴѫ㾱ഐѻаDŽ Linux Ṩ 0.11 ⡸кᖃᰦӵवਜ਼ᴰѪㆰঅⲴ MINIX 1.0 ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ˈሩҾ⨶䀓ањ㌫㔏ѝ᮷Ԧ㌫ ㌫㔏Ⲵ䜘࠶ԓ⸱ᇩ㜭䈤᰾ᇎ䱵ᐕ⨶ˈቡ䎺ㆰঅ䎺ྭDŽ 䀓ˈᒦф㜭н㻛ަѝᆀ㌫㔏ѝ༽ᵲ઼䗷ཊⲴ㓶㢲ᡰௗᇮཪѫˈ൘䘹ᤙᆖҐࢆ᷀⭘ⲴṨ⡸ᵜᰦˈਚ㾱 䰘ᆖҐᡰ֯⭘Ⲵ䜘࠶ˈࡉкᱟ䎺㋮ㆰ䎺ྭDŽѪҶ䗮ࡠሩањ㌫㔏ᴹᆼᮤⲴ⨶ޕ⨶㌫㔏ᆼᮤᐕ ᒦфᙗ㜭ҏ䶎ᑨᆼᮤ઼っപˈᱟⴞࡽ Linux ㌫㔏к唈䇔Ⲵḷ߶᮷Ԧ㌫㔏DŽնᱟˈѪሩ Linux ⴞࡽ Linux ㌫㔏кᡰ֯⭘Ⲵ Ext2˄ᡆᴰᯠⲴ Ext3˅᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ᱟ൘Ṩ 1.x ѻਾᔰਁⲴDŽަ࣏㜭䈖ቭ Ext2 ᮽԬ㌱㔕ф MINIX ᮽԬ㌱㔕 䜘࠶ˈ㘼н䴰㾱৫୳䈫ԓ⸱䟿ᐘབྷⲴᯠṨѝᆼᮤⲴⓀԓ⸱DŽ ᴹањ䶎ᑨᆼᮤ㘼ᇎ䱵Ⲵᾲᘥˈ䘉⿽ᆼᮤᾲᘥ㜭֯Ӫᖸᇩ᱃ൠ䘋а↕䘹ᤙ઼ᆖҐᯠṨⓀԓ⸱ѝⲴԫօ 㔗㔝䘋а↕䘹ᤙᯠṨ䜘࠶Ⓚԓ⸱ⲴᆖҐᢃлඊᇎⲴสDŽ൘ᆖҐᆼᵜҖѻਾˈሶሩ㌫㔏Ⲵ䘀⨶ 䰘DŽᒦфሩޕࡠһॺ࣏ؽˈᘛ䙏ڊṨˈ⭡ҾṨⓀԓ⸱䟿⸝ሿ㘼㋮ᒢˈഐ↔Պᴹᶱ儈ⲴᆖҐ᭸⦷ˈ㜭ཏ ᐢ㓿䗷ᰦⲴ˄Linux is obsolete˅ᜣ⌅аṧˈն䙊䗷ᆖҐᵜҖᇩˈቡՊਁ⧠ˈ࡙⭘ᵜҖᆖҐ Linux ᐳᰦ Tanenbaum ቡ䇔Ѫަޜ㺘䶒ⴻᶕᵜҖሩ Linux ᰙᵏṨ⡸ᵜ⌘䟺Ⲵᇩ⣩ྲ Linux ㌫㔏ࡊ ֵ⭞ᰟᵕ⡾ᵢᱥੜ䗽ᰬϋ ㌫㔏ᇎ⧠ⲴᇩDŽ а㡜㌫㔏ᐕ⨶ㄐ㢲઼᮷ԦޣӔᦒ˅ˈ䘉 о Linux ṨⲴᐕᵪࡦнаṧDŽഐ↔ਟԕӵ৲㘳ަѝᴹ ާᴹ䖳བྷⲴ৲㘳ԧ٬DŽն Tanenbaum ⲴҖ᧿䘠Ⲵᱟа⿽สҾ⎸Ր䙂൘Ṩ⁑ඇѻ䰤䘋㹼䙊ؑ˄ؑ ➗ᩜҶ MINIX 1.0 ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏DŽഐ↔ˈ൘䰵䈫ᵜҖᰦˈA.S.Tanenbaum ⲴҖlj㌫㔏˖䇮䇑оᇎ⧠NJҏ ޘ Linus ൘ᴰࡍᔰਁ Linux ㌫㔏ᰦˈ৲➗Ҷ MINIX ㌫㔏DŽֻྲˈᴰࡍⲴ Linux Ṩ⡸ᵜᆼ 䀓ṨⓀԓ⸱DŽ ਁⲴˈⓀԓ⸱ѝ䇨ཊਈ䟿ᡆ࠭ᮠⲴ〠䜭ᶕ㠚䈕Җˈഐ↔൘䰵䈫ᵜҖᰦ㤕㜭䘲ᖃ৲㘳䈕ҖˈՊᴤ᱃Ҿ⨶ ਖཆˈ⭡Ҿ Linux ㌫㔏Ṩᇎ⧠ᴰᰙᱟṩᦞ M.J.Bach ⲴljUNIX ㌫㔏䇮䇑NJаҖⲴสᵜ⨶ᔰ ަй䘈ᓄާ༷ࡍ㓗֯⭘ Linux ㌫㔏Ⲵㆰঅᢰ㜭DŽ 䘉ᯩ䶒Ⲵ䍴ᯉᖸཊ˗ޣ80x86 ⺜Ԧփ㌫㔃ᶴ઼᧕ਓ㕆〻Ⲵ⸕䇶ᡆ䍴ᯉDŽᴹ ޣReference Manual˅˗ަҼᱟᴹ ⨶ಘ㔃ᶴ઼㕆〻Ⲵ⸕䇶ᡆ䍴ᯉDŽֻྲਟԕӾ㖁кл䖭Ⲵ 80x86 㕆〻˄INTEL 80386 Programmer's 80x86 ༴ ޣⲴ৲㘳Җ㉽൘䓛䗩DŽަаᱟᴹޣ䲔↔ѻཆˈ䘈ᐼᵋ䈫㘵ާ༷ԕлаӋส⸕䇶ᡆ㘵ᴹ 5.5 㢲〻ᒿࡇ㺘ਾ˅DŽ 㕆สᵜⲴ䈝⌅䈤᰾˄ㅜ≶ޕᔿ≷㕆∄䖳ᴹԧ٬Ⲵ⸝᮷DŽᵜҖѝҏवਜ਼ҶаӋ፼ޕ፼ޣ㖁кᩌ㍒ࡠаӋᴹ ᒿ䀰 ᴹєњ⡸ᵜ൘֯⭘˖1.5 ⡸઼ 2.0 ⡸DŽᖃᰦ䈕㌫㔏൘བྷᆖ֯⭘ᱟݽ䍩ⲴˈնަԆ⭘䙄ࡉнᱟDŽᖃ❦ⴞ MINIX ᱟԆ 1987 ᒤ㕆ࡦⲴˈѫ㾱⭘Ҿᆖ⭏ᆖҐ㌫㔏⨶DŽࡠ 1991 ᒤᰦ⡸ᵜᱟ 1.5DŽⴞࡽѫ㾱 ᐲˈնሩҾ AST ᶕ䈤ˈ䘉ᴰྭн䗷ҶˈഐѪ൘䘉ṧⲴ⧟ຳлԆቡਟԕ㓿ᑨᖵ൘ᇦѝ᩶ᔴԆⲴ䇑㇇ᵪҶDŽ 俆䜭 Amsterdam ᱟњᑨᒤ䱤䴘㔥㔥ⲴޠᇦґаⴤᴹᶕᖰDŽਾᶕቡ൘ Vrije བྷᆖᔰᮉҖǃᑖ⹄ウ⭏DŽ㦧 DŽӾ↔ቡоޠкⲴབྷᆖǃ࣐⍢བྷᆖ Berkeley ࠶ṑᘥⲴঊ༛ᆖսDŽ⭡Ҿ䈫ঊ༛ਾⲴ㕈᭵ˈԆᶕࡠҶᇦґ㦧 ᒤԆⲴ⾆䖸ᶕࡠ㖾ഭ)DŽԆ൘㓭㓖кⲴѝᆖǃM.I.T 1914)≁טޠ AST 㲭ࠪ⭏൘㖾ഭ㓭㓖ˈնতᱟ㦧 Ҷ 100 ཊㇷ᮷ㄐˈ5 ᵜ䇑㇇ᵪҖ㉽DŽ 㺘ਁޡц⭼ҏਚᴹᖸቁӪᱟєՊⲴ䍴␡Պઈ)DŽޘ)о䇑㇇ᵪ、ᆖ㌫㔏ᐕˈᱟ ACM ઼ IEEE Ⲵ䍴␡Պઈ Amsterdam Ⲵ Vrije བྷᆖᮠᆖ ޠ MINIX ㌫㔏ᱟ⭡ Andrew S. Tanenbaum˄AST˅ᔰਁⲴDŽAST ᱟ൘㦧 1.1.2 MINIX ᬃ֒㌱㔕 䈝䀰䘋㹼Ҷ᭩߉ˈ֯ᗇ UNIX ㌫㔏൘བྷу䲒ṑᗇࡠҶ᧘ᒯDŽ රDŽᖃᰦ֯⭘Ⲵᱟ BCPL 䈝䀰˄สᵜ㓴ਸ㕆〻䈝䀰˅ˈਾ㓿 Dennis Ritchie Ҿ 1972 ᒤ⭘〫ἽᙗᖸᕪⲴ C ᵏ䰤ˈ൘ањᴸᔰਁࠪҶ UNIX ㌫㔏ⲴٷᠿˈҾᱟ൘ 1969 ᒤ༿ཙ҈ԆཛӪഎᇦґ࣐࡙⾿ቬӊ Ken Thompson ѪҶ㜭൘䰢㖞н⭘Ⲵ PDP-7 䇑㇇ᵪк䘀㹼Ԇ䶎ᑨௌ⅒Ⲵᱏ䱵㹼˄Space travel˅⑨ Ken.Thompson ઼ Dennis Ritchie Ҿ 1969 ᒤ༿൘ DEC PDP-7 ሿර䇑㇇ᵪкᔰਁⲴањ࠶ᰦ㌫㔏DŽ Linux ㌫㔏ᱟ UNIX ㌫㔏Ⲵањݻ䲶⡸ᵜDŽUNIX ㌫㔏ᱟ㖾ഭ䍍ቄᇎ傼ᇔⲴ 1.1.1 UNIX ᬃ֒㌱㔕Ⲻ䈔⭕ Ⲵа㡜ਁኅਢˈ䇨ཊ᮷ㄐ઼Җ㉽䜭ᴹӻ㓽ˈ䘉䟼ቡн䟽༽DŽ 䇱㌫㔏Ⲵっᇊᙗ˅DŽሩҾ Linux؍2.6.12 ⡸Ṩ˄ަѝㅜ 2 њᮠᆇ㤕ᱟཷᮠࡉ㺘⽪ᱟ↓൘ᔰਁⲴ⡸ᵜˈн㜭 ᖃ❦ˈⴞࡽ Linux Ṩ⡸ᵜᐢ㓿ᔰਁࡠҶ 2.6.x ⡸DŽ㘼བྷཊᮠ Linux ㌫㔏ѝᡰ⭘ࡠⲴṨᱟっᇊⲴ ⡸ᵜ䘉⇥ᰦ䰤Ⲵਁኅ㓿䗷ˈҏণሩ Linux Ⲵᰙᵏਁኅশਢ䘋㹼䈖㓶ӻ㓽DŽ ц⭼ hacker Ⲵᑞࣙлᴰਾ᧘ࠪ∄䖳ᆼழⲴ 1.0ޘᐳԕ৺Ӿ↔ྲօ㢠䳮ൠа↕ањ㝊ঠൠ൘ޜ⡸ Ṩ 0.01 䏓㘼㠚ᆖ䇑㇇ᵪ⸕䇶ǃࡠᗳ䟼ᔰ䞍䞯㕆ࡦањ㠚ᐡⲴ㌫㔏ǃࡠᴰࡍ LinuxޤTorvalds Ӿሩ䇑㇇ᵪᝏ ᆳⲴ䞍䞯䗷〻ԕ৺ᴰࡍⲴਁኅ㓿শDŽ俆ݸ࠶࡛ӻ㓽ަѝⲴഋњสᵜ㾱㍐ˈ❦ਾṩᦞ Linux ⲴࡋӪ Linus ㌫㔏ǃGNU 䇑ࡂǃPOSIX ḷ߶઼ Internet 㖁㔌DŽл䶒ṩᦞ䘉ӄњสᵜ㓯㍒ᶕ䘭ራал Linux Ⲵᔰਁশ〻ǃ Linux ㌫㔏Ⲵ䈎⭏ǃਁኅ઼ᡀ䮯䗷〻䎆Ҿԕлӄњ䟽㾱᭟ḡ˖UNIX ㌫㔏ǃMINIX Ӻц⭼к֯⭘ᴰཊⲴа⿽ UNIX ㊫㌫㔏ˈᒦф֯⭘Ӫᮠ䘈൘䗵⥋໎䮯DŽ ࣚ࣋ˈ⧠ᐢᡀѪᖃ਼ޡц⭼ൠ䇑㇇ᵪ⡡ྭ㘵ⲴޘᐳⲴᰦ䰤˅DŽ↔ਾُࣙҾ Internet 㖁㔌ˈ㓿䗷ޜᔿੁཆ Linux ㌫㔏ᱟ UNIX ㌫㔏Ⲵа⿽ݻ䲶㌫㔏DŽᆳ䈎⭏Ҿ 1991 ᒤⲴ 10 ᴸ 5 ᰕ˄䘉ᱟㅜа⅑↓ 1.1 Linux Ⲻ䈔⭕ૂਇኋ 䏣ѻ༴ԕ৺ྲօᔰ䘋а↕ᆖҐDŽᴰਾሩㄐⲴᇩ䘋㹼Ҷㆰ㾱ӻ㓽DŽ ㌫㔏ᰙᵏ⡸ᵜѪᆖҐሩ䊑ⲴаӋഐDŽ❦ਾާփ䈤᰾Ҷ䘹ᤙᰙᵏ Linux Ṩ⡸ᵜ䘋㹼ᆖҐⲴՈ⛩઼н ᵜㄐ俆ݸഎ亮Ҷ Linux ㌫㔏䈎⭏ǃᔰਁ઼ᡀ䮯Ⲵ䗷〻ˈ⭡↔ਟԕ⨶䀓ᵜҖѪӰѸՊ䘹ᤙ Linux ㅜ1ㄐᾲ䘠 LQX[ Ⲵ䈎⭏઼ਁኅ/ ㅁˈնᡁ↓൘⵰⹄ウᆳāDŽ POSXI ḷ߶㾱≲Ⲵㅖਧᑨᮠˈ㘼ф Linus ൘⌘䟺ѝᐢ߉䚃˖ĀOKˈ䘉ҏ䇨ᱟњ⧙ ޣቡᐢ㓿ᇊѹҶࠐњᴹ Ҷ߶༷ᐕDŽ൘ Linux 0.01 ⡸ṨⲴ/include/unistd.h ᮷Ԧѝྭڊᐢ㓿Ѫ Linux ㌫㔏о POSIX ḷ߶Ⲵެᇩ 㹼ᔰਁˈᒦ㜭ཏо㔍བྷཊᮠ UNIX ㌫㔏ެᇩDŽ൘ᴰࡍⲴ Linux ṨⓀԓ⸱ѝ˄0.01 ⡸ǃ0.11 ⡸˅ቡ 䘉њ UNIX ḷ߶Ѫ Linux ᨀҶᶱѪ䟽㾱Ⲵؑˈ֯ᗇ Linux 㜭ཏ൘ḷ߶Ⲵᤷሬл䘋ˈىࡊࡊ䎧↕Ⲵᰦ 䛓ᱟ 1991-1993 ᒤ䰤DŽ↔ᰦ↓ᱟ Linuxˈى൘ 90 ᒤԓࡍˈPOSIX ḷ߶Ⲵࡦᇊ↓༴൘ᴰਾᣅ⾘ᮢᇊⲴᰦ њᐕ㓴৲оҶ䘋ᶕDŽо↔਼ᰦˈ䘈ᴹаӋ㓴㓷ҏ൘ࡦᇊ㊫լⲴḷ߶ˈྲ X/OpenˈAT&TˈOSF ㅹDŽ ⌅ḷ߶˄POSIX.3˅ǃᇎᰦ API˄POSIX.4˅ㅹDŽࡠҶ 1990 ᒤкॺᒤᐢ㓿ᴹ 25 њ䇑ࡂ൘䘋㹼ˈᒦфᴹ 16 ࡂ൘䘋㹼ˈᴹ䘁 300 ཊӪ৲࣐⇿ᆓᓖѪᵏаઘⲴՊ䇞DŽ⵰ⲴᐕᴹભԔоᐕާḷ߶(POSIX.2)ǃ⍻䈅ᯩ ᵏᵋሩ㌫㔏ⲴަԆ࣏㜭ҏࡦᇊࠪḷ߶DŽ䘉ṧ IEEE POSIX ⲴᐕቡᔰኅᔰҶDŽࡊᔰᴹॱњᢩ߶Ⲵ䇑 POSIX.1 ӵ㿴ᇊҶ㌫㔏ᴽ࣑ᓄ⭘〻ᒿ㕆〻᧕ਓ˄API˅ˈӵᾲᤜҶสᵜⲴ㌫㔏ᴽ࣑ḷ߶DŽഐ↔ᐕ㓴 9945-1:1990 ḷ߶DŽ ᒤˈPOSIX.1 оᐢ㓿䙊䗷Ⲵ C 䈝䀰ḷ߶㚄ਸˈ↓ᔿᢩ߶Ѫ IEEE 1003.1-1990˄ҏᱟ ANSI ḷ߶˅઼ ISO/IEC ࡠ 1989 ᒤˈPOSIX Ⲵᐕ㻛䖜〫㠣 ISO/IEC ⽮ഒˈᒦ⭡ 15 ᐕ㓴㔗㔝ሶަࡦᇊᡀ ISO ḷ߶DŽࡠ 1990 POSIX.1 ḷ߶DŽ Ҷ䈅⭘ḷ߶DŽㅜањ↓ᔿḷ߶ᱟ൘ 1988 ᒤ 9 ᴸԭᢩ߶Ⲵ˄IEEE 1003.1-1988˅ˈҏᰒԕਾ㓿ᑨᨀࡠⲴ 〻ᒿⓀԓ⸱ਟ〫Ἵᙗ㌫㔏ᴽ࣑᧕ਓ↓ᔿḷ߶DŽࡠҶ 1986 ᒤ 4 ᴸˈIEEE ࡦᇊࠪޣḷ߶ငઈՊࡦᇊᴹ 1985 ᒤˈIEEE ㌫㔏ᢰᵟငઈՊḷ߶ሿ㓴ငઈՊ˄TCOS-SS˅ᔰ൘ ANSI Ⲵ᭟ᤱл䍓ᡀ IEEE CSRG Ⲵ BSD ㌫㔏Ⲵ䈳⭘᧕ਓѻ䰤Ⲵ४࡛䟽ᯠ䈳઼䳶ᡀDŽᒦҾ 1984 ᒤᇊࡦࠪҶ/usr/group ḷ߶DŽ (usr/group)ⲴᰙᵏᐕสкਆᗇⲴDŽ䈕 UNIX ⭘ᡧ㓴ᶕ䈅മሶ AT&T Ⲵ System V ㌫㔏઼ Berkeley ⭘〻ᒿਟԕ൘Ⓚԓ⸱а㓗к൘ཊ⿽㌫㔏к〫Ἵ઼䘀㹼DŽᆳᱟ൘ 1980 ᒤᰙᵏањ UNIX ⭘ᡧ㓴 䇱㕆ࡦⲴᓄ؍㈷ḷ߶DŽ䈕ḷ߶ᱟสҾ⧠ᴹⲴ UNIX ᇎ䐥઼㓿傼ˈ᧿䘠Ҷ㌫㔏Ⲵ䈳⭘ᴽ࣑᧕ਓDŽ⭘Ҿ POSIX˄Portable Operating System Interface for Computing Systems˅ᱟ⭡ IEEE ઼ ISO/IEC ᔰਁⲴа 1.1.4 POSIX ḽ ĀGNU/Linux”㌫㔏DŽ њਸ䘲Ⲵ⧟ຳDŽ䘉ᱟ Linux 㜭ཏ䈎⭏Ⲵสѻаˈԕ㠣Ҿⴞࡽ䇨ཊӪ䜭ሶ Linux ㌫㔏〠Ѫ 㔏ǃbash shell 〻ᒿǃgcc ㌫ࡇ㕆䈁〻ᒿǃgdb 䈳䈅〻ᒿㅹㅹDŽ䘉Ӌ䖟ԦѪ Linux ㌫㔏Ⲵᔰਁࡋ䙐Ҷа ࡠкц㓚 90 ᒤԓࡍˈGNU 亩ⴞᐢ㓿ᔰਁࠪ䇨ཊ儈䍘䟿Ⲵݽ䍩䖟ԦˈަѝवᤜᴹⲴ emacs 㕆䗁㌫ 㔏DŽ ⭘DŽ㲭❦䘉Ӌ㌫㔏䙊ᑨ㻛〠"Linux"ˈնᱟ Stallman 䇔ѪˈѕṬൠ䈤ˈᆳԜᓄ䈕㻛〠Ѫ GNU/Linux ㌫ Unix"Ⲵ䙂ᖂ㕙߉ˈᆳⲴਁ丣Ѫ"guh-NEW"˅DŽ⿽֯⭘ Linux ѪṨᗳⲴ GNU ㌫㔏↓൘㻛ᒯ⌋Ⲵ֯ ࡋ࣎ⲴDŽᰘ൘ᔰਁањ㊫լ UNIX ᒦфᱟ㠚⭡䖟ԦⲴᆼᮤ㌫㔏˖GNU ㌫㔏˄GNU ᱟ"GNU's Not GNU 䇑ࡂ઼㠚⭡䖟Ԧส䠁Պ FSF(the Free Software Foundation)ᱟ⭡ Richard M. Stallman Ҿ 1984 ᒤа 1.1.3 GNU 䇗ࡈ аⴤሿᗳᆸᣔ⵰Ⲵ〈ᇶDŽ 䘉ᱟㅜа⅑֯ᗇᴹᣡ䍏Ⲵ〻ᒿઈᡆ hacker 㜭ཏ䰵䈫㌫㔏ⲴⓀԓ⸱DŽ൘ᖃᰦˈ䘉⿽Ⓚԓ⸱ᱟ䖟Ԧ୶Ԝ Ѫањ㌫㔏ˈMINIX ᒦнᱟՈ⿰㘵ˈնᆳ਼ᰦᨀҶ⭘ C 䈝䀰઼≷㕆䈝䀰㕆߉Ⲵ㌫㔏Ⓚԓ⸱DŽ Ⲵᢙኅ㾱≲DŽഐ↔൘䘉ṧⲴࡽᨀл◰ਁҶ Linus 㕆߉ Linux ㌫㔏DŽᖃ❦ Linus ҏ↓ྭᣃտҶ䘉њྭᰦᵪDŽ ц⭼䇨ཊӪሩ MINIXޘᤱ MINIX Ⲵሿරॆˈ㜭䇙ᆖ⭏൘ањᆖᵏቡ㜭ᆖᆼˈഐ㘼⋑ᴹ᧕㓣؍ԆѪҶ ሩҾ Linux ㌫㔏ˈԆਾᶕᴮ㺘⽪ሩަᔰਁ㘵 Linus Ⲵ〠䎎DŽնԆ䇔Ѫ Linux Ⲵਁኅᖸབྷഐᱟ⭡Ҿ ࡽ MINIX ㌫㔏ᐢ㓿ᱟݽ䍩ⲴˈਟԕӾ䇨ཊ FTP кл䖭DŽ LQX[ Ⲵ䈎⭏઼ਁኅ/ 哫䳰䓛кⲴаṩ㗭∋DŽ ѝⴱ⮕Ҷ䇨ཊ᷍㢲ˈ㘼䘉Ӌ᷍㢲䰞仈㲭❦⋑ᴹཚཊⲴ⨶䇪ਜ਼䟿ˈնতᱟањ㌫㔏ᗵ㾱Ⲵ㓴ᡀ䜘࠶ˈቡ䊑 ៲ᗇ㌫㔏Ⲵᐕสᵜ⨶ˈ䘈䴰㾱㔃ਸᇎ䱵㌫㔏ˈᆖҐᇎ䱵㌫㔏Ⲵᇎ⧠ᯩ⌅DŽഐѪ⨶䇪∅ㄏᱟ⨶䇪ˈަ F**ing Source Code :-)”˅DŽԆ䇔ѪㆄṸቡ൘Ⓚ〻ᒿѝDŽ䘉ҏ䈤᰾ҶሩҾᆖҐ㌫㔏䖟Ԧᶕ䈤ˈᡁԜнݹ䴰㾱 Ԇ൘എㆄᴹӪᨀࠪ MINIX кⲴањ䰞仈ᰦˈᡰ䈤Ⲵㅜаਕ䈍ቡᱟĀ䰵䈫Ⓚԓ⸱ā˄“RTFSC (Read the 䘉њᜣ⌅䙀↕╄ਈᡀᜣ䟽ᯠ䇮䇑ањสҾ Intel 80386 փ㌫㔃ᶴⲴᯠ㌫㔏ⲴᶴᙍDŽ ⹄ウҶ MINIX ㌫㔏ˈᒦ൘䘉⇥ᰦ䰤ᴹҶ᭩䘋 MINIX ㌫㔏ⲴᙍᜣDŽ൘䘋а↕ᆖҐ MINIX ㌫㔏ѻਾˈ ޕ␡Evans ᭩䘋Ⲵ࡙⭘ Intel 386 ⢩ᙗⲴ 32 ս MINIX ㌫㔏˅DŽ⭡↔ਟ⸕ˈLinus ൘ 1991 ᒤࡍᵏቡᐢ㓿ᔰ gcc 㕆䈁ಘ൘ MINIX-386 ㌫㔏к䘀㹼ՈॆⲴ䰞仈˄MINIX-386 ᱟањ⭡ Bruce ޣdoesn't optimize”,ᱟᴹ Linus ㅜ 1 ⅑ੁ comp.os.minix ᣅ䙂⎸ᱟ൘ 1991 ᒤ 3 ᴸ 29 ᰕDŽᡰਁᑆᆀⲴ仈ⴞᱟĀgcc on minix-386 Ґ MINIX ㌫㔏䱦⇥ਁኅࡠᔰਁ㠚ᐡⲴ Linux ㌫㔏Ⲵ䗷〻DŽ ᭩ਈҶࡍ㺧DŽṩᦞ Linus ൘ comp.os.minix ᯠ䰫㓴кਁᐳⲴ⎸ˈᡁԜਟԕ⸕䚃Ԇ䙀↕ӾᆖޘⲴਁኅতᆼ ᣔ⁑ᔿ䘀㹼ᯩᔿлⲴ㕆〻ᢰᵟDŽնਾᶕ Linux؍ᔰˈԆⲴⴞⲴᖸㆰঅˈਚᱟѪҶᆖҐ Intel 386 փ㌫㔃ᶴ Ӿ 1991 ᒤ 4 ᴸԭ䎧ˈԆ䙊䗷؞᭩㓸ㄟԯⵏ〻ᒿ઼⺜Ԧ傡ࣘ〻ᒿˈᔰ㕆ࡦ䎧㠚ᐡⲴ㌫㔏ᶕDŽࡊ ↓൘ᔰਁѝDŽն Linus ᐢ㓿ㅹнᙕҶDŽ ࡂᐢ㓿ᔰਁࠪ䇨ཊᐕާ䖟ԦˈަѝᴰਇᵏⲴ GNU C 㕆䈁ಘᐢ㓿ࠪ⧠DŽ㲭❦ GNU Ⲵݽ䍩㌫㔏 HURD ㊫լҾ㌫㔏⺜Ԧ䇮༷傡ࣘ〻ᒿⲴԓ⸱ˈҾᱟԆᔰᴹҶ㕆ࡦањᯠ㌫㔏Ⲵᜣ⌅DŽ↔ᰦ GNU 䇑 ҾᮉᆖⴞⲴㆰঅ㌫㔏ˈ㘼нᱟањᕪᴹ࣋Ⲵᇎ⭘㌫㔏˅ˈ㘼ф䙊䗷к䘠ᇎ䐥 Linus ᐢ㓿ᴹҶаӋ 䙊䗷㕆〻ᇎ䐥ˈᒦ൘ᆖҐ䗷〻ѝ䇔䇶ࡠ MINIX ㌫㔏Ⲵ䈨ཊ䲀ࡦ˄MINIX 㲭❦ᖸྭˈնਚᱟањ⭘ ⭥㝁кˈԆ䘈Ѫ䖟ⴈ傡ࣘಘǃ䭞ⴈㅹ⺜Ԧ䇮༷㕆ࡦࠪᓄⲴ傡ࣘ〻ᒿDŽ ⭘ 80386 CPU Ⲵཊԫ࣑⢩ᙗ㕆ࡦࠪањ㓸ㄟԯⵏ〻ᒿDŽ↔ਾѪҶሶ㠚ᐡаਠ㘱ᔿ⭥㝁кⲴ䖟Ԧ༽ࡦࡠᯠ Intel 80386 Ⲵ⺜Ԧ⸕䇶DŽѪҶ㜭䙊䗷 Modem ᤘਧ䘎᧕ࡠᆖṑⲴѫᵪкˈԆ֯⭘≷㕆䈝䀰ᒦ࡙ ޣҐҶᴹ аਠ 386 ެᇩ⭥㝁ˈᒦӾ㖾ഭ䛞䍝Ҷа྇ MINIX ㌫㔏䖟ԦDŽቡ൘ㅹᖵ MINIX 䖟Ԧᵏ䰤ˈLinus 䇔ⵏᆖ 䏓-˅ˈLinus ֯⭘䈎㢲Ⲵ䫡઼䍧Ⅾ䍝ҠҶޤѪҶ㜭ᴤྭൠᆖҐ䇑㇇ᵪ⸕䇶˄ᡆ䇨ҏਚᱟѪҶ 㜭ᗇࡠⓀԓ⸱DŽ㲭❦ GNU Ⲵ㌫㔏 HURD аⴤ൘ᔰਁѻѝˈն൘ᖃᰦⴻᶕн㜭൘ࠐᒤᆼᡀDŽ 䘈⋑ᴹᔰਁࠪݽ䍩Ⲵ GNU ㌫㔏DŽণ֯ᱟᮉᆖ֯⭘Ⲵ MINIX ㌫㔏ҏᔰᴹҶ⡸ᵳˈ䴰㾱䍝Ҡ ൘਼аᒤ䰤ˈGNU 䇑ࡂᐢ㓿ᔰਁࠪҶ䇨ཊᐕާ䖟ԦDŽަѝᴰਇᵏⲴ GNU C 㕆䈁ಘᐢ㓿ࠪ⧠ˈն 㕪ѿⲴቡᱟањуъ㓗Ⲵ㌫㔏DŽ ᒤ䖫Ӫௌ⅒啃ᦓԆⲴ䇑㇇ᵪˈ⍻䈅䇑㇇ᵪⲴᙗ㜭઼䲀ࡦDŽնᖃᰦԆᡰޠⲴ䇑㇇ᵪ hackerDŽ䘉 њ 21 Ⲵ㣜 ᖃᰦ(1991 ᒤ)ˈLinus Benedict Torvalds ᱟ䎛ቄ䗋สབྷᆖ䇑㇇ᵪ、ᆖ㌫ⲴҼᒤ㓗ᆖ⭏ˈҏᱟањ㠚ᆖ ⨶䀓㌫㔏Ⲵᐕ⨶DŽަѝҏवᤜ Linux ㌫㔏Ⲵࡋ㘵 Linus Benedict TorvaldsDŽ ц⭼Ⲵ䇑㇇ᵪ⡡ྭ㘵䜭ᔰⴻ䘉ᵜҖˈԕᵏ㜭ޘ䘉ᵜҖ߉Ⲵ䶎ᑨ䈖㓶ˈᒦфਉ䘠ᗇᴹᶑᴹ⨶ˈҾᱟࠐѾ ↓൘↔ᰦˈࠪ⧠Ҷ MINIX ㌫㔏ˈᒦфᴹаᵜ᧿䘠ަ䇮䇑ᇎ⧠⨶ⲴҖ਼ᰦਁ㹼DŽ⭡Ҿ AST Ⲵ Ԧ㹼ъⲴབྷරᓄ୶Ԝ㓸⋑ᴹ㔉ࠪᴹ᭸Ⲵ䀓ߣ䘉њ䰞仈Ⲵ⇥DŽ ᔰDŽሩҾᒯབྷⲴ PC ⭘ᡧˈ䖟ޜ䇨ਟ㘼㜭൘བྷᆖѝ⭘ҾᮉᆖⲴ UNIX Ⓚԓ⸱ҏаⴤ㻛ሿᗳൠᆸছ⵰н䇨 ѪҶራ≲儈࡙⏖⦷ˈUNIX 㓿䬰୶ԜᢺԧṬᣜᗇᶱ儈ˈPC ሿ⭘ᡧṩᵜн㜭䶐䘁ᆳDŽᴮ㓿аᓖ᭦ࡠ Bell Labs ᖃᰦⲴਖањ䇑㇇ᵪᢰᵟ䱥㩕ቡᱟ UNIX ц⭼DŽնᱟ UNIX ㌫㔏ቡнӵᱟԧṬᰲ䍥Ⲵ䰞仈ҶDŽ ᖃᰦ Apple Ⲵ MACs ㌫㔏ਟԕ䈤ᱟᙗ㜭ᴰྭⲴˈնᱟަཙԧ֯ᗇ⋑Ӫ㜭ཏ䖫᱃䶐䘁DŽ 㔏аⴤᱟᗞර䇑㇇ᵪ㌫㔏ⲴѫᇠDŽ↔ᰦ䇑㇇ᵪ⺜ԦԧṬ㲭❦䙀ᒤл䱽ˈն䖟ԦԧṬӽ❦ት儈нлDŽ Ⲵᗞර䇑㇇ᵪ IBM PCDŽ൘ 1981-1991 ᒤ䰤ˈMS-DOS ㌫⨳ޘਨ᧘ࠪҶӛ䂹ޜ ൘ 1981 ᒤˈIBM 1.1.5 Linux ᬃ֒㌱㔕Ⲻ䈔⭕ ҶԆ↓൘⵰ањ㌫㔏Ⲵᔰਁˈᒦф൘ᔰਁѻࡍᐢ㓿ᜣࡠ㾱ᇎ⧠о POSIX ެᇩⲴ䰞仈ҶDŽ 1991 ᒤ 7 ᴸ 3 ᰕ൘ comp.os.minix кਁᐳⲴ post кቡᐢ㓿ᨀࡠҶ↓൘ᩌ䳶 POSIX Ⲵ䍴ᯉDŽަѝ䘿䵢 LQX[ Ⲵ䈎⭏઼ਁኅ/ 㜭DŽ᭩ழҶ䖟ⴈ傡ࣘ〻ᒿ઼᮷Ԧ㌫㔏Ⲵᙗ㜭DŽ᭩ਈҶ⺜ⴈભ઼㕆ਧᯩᔿDŽ 㲊ᤏ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏᭟ᤱˈն䘈ᱟਚवਜ਼ањ MINIX ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏DŽ໎࣐Ҷⲫᖅ࣏ޕ1992.3.8 ࣐ (ণ 0.13) 0.95.x Ԧㅖਧ䬮᧕઼㲊ᤏᆈሩᦒ˄swapping˅࣏㜭DŽ 0.12 1992.1.15 ѫ㾱໎࣐Ҷᮠᆖॿ༴⨶ಘⲴ䖟Ԧ⁑ᤏ〻ᒿDŽ໎࣐Ҷъ᧗ࡦǃ㲊ᤏ᧗ࡦਠǃ᮷ 0.11 1991.12.8 สᵜਟԕ↓ᑨ䘀㹼ⲴṨ⡸ᵜDŽ᭟ᤱ⺜ⴈ઼䖟傡䇮༷ԕ৺Ѣ㹼䙊ؑDŽ ᴹањᢺ as86 ≷㕆䈝⌅䖜ᦒᡀ gas ≷㕆䈝⌅Ⲵ㝊ᵜ〻ᒿDŽ 0.10 1991.10 ⭡ Ted Ts’o ਁᐳⲴ Linux Ṩ⡸ᵜDŽ໎࣐Ҷᆈ࠶䝽ᓃ࠭ᮠDŽ൘ boot ⴞᖅѝਜ਼ 0.02 1991.10.5 䈕⡸ᵜԕ৺ 0.03 ⡸ᱟ䜘⡸ᵜˈⴞࡽᐢ㓿ᰐ⌅ࡠDŽ⢩⛩਼кDŽ ⨶DŽ䘈нवਜ਼䖟ⴈ傡ࣘ〻ᒿDŽ ᐳⲴ Linux Ṩ⡸ᵜDŽཊ㓯〻᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ǃ࠶⇥઼࠶亥ᆈ㇑ޜ0.01 1991.9.17 ㅜањ↓ᔿੁཆ 0.00 1991.2-4 єњ䘋〻ˈ࠶࡛൘ቿᒅкᱮ⽪’AAA...’઼’BBB...’DŽ ˄⌘˖⋑ᴹਁᐳ˅ ⡸ᵜਧ ਁᐳ/㕆ࡦᰕᵏ 䈤᰾ 㺞 ā ṮⲺѱ㾷⡾ᵢ ṨⓀԓ⸱㻛ൿђཡDŽ 䭞ⴈDŽҏਚ᭟ᤱ 8MB ⢙⨶ᆈDŽ⭡Ҿ Linus а⅑ཡ䈟ˈሬ㠤䲿ਾⲴ 0.02ǃ0.03 ⡸ޠഐ↔ҏਚ᭟ᤱ㣜 䈝ԓ⸱ˈޠⲴ include/string.h ᮷Ԧѝࠪ⧠а⅑⡸ᵳᡰᴹؑDŽ䈕⡸ᵜṨⲴ䭞ⴈ傡ࣘ〻ᒿӵ⺜㕆⸱䘋㣜 ᵜDŽLinux 0.01 ⡸ṨᱟҾ 1991 ᒤ 9 ᴸ 17 ᰕ㕆ࡦᆼᡀDŽնᱟ Linus 䘈ṩᵜ⋑ᴹ⡸ᵳ䇶ˈᡰԕӵ൘䈕⡸ єњԫ࣑ӂ࠷ᦒ䘀㹼ᰦˈ൘Ḁ⿽〻ᓖкᴤ໎ᕪҶԆᔰਁ㠚ᐡ㌫㔏Ⲵᜣ⌅DŽഐ↔ᡁԜҏࡇѪањ⡸ Linux ㌫㔏ᒦ⋑ᴹ 0.00 䘉њ⡸ᵜˈնᱟ㠚Ӿ Linus ൘㠚ᐡⲴ 80386 ެᇩᵪкᇎ傼ᡀ࣏൘ᰦ䫏ѝᯝ᧗ࡦл ᒤ 9 ᴸԭᔰᆖҐ֯⭘⡸ᵜ㇑⨶ᐕާ BitKeeper ᰦ৸ᢺԕк䘉Ӌ 1.0 ѻࡽⲴᡰᴹ⡸ᵜ⍿㿸Ҷа䗩DŽᇎ䱵кˈ ᐳҶ㺘 1̢1 ѝᡰ⽪ⲴаӋѫ㾱⡸ᵜDŽLinus ൘ 2003ਁޡˈ⧠ Linux ㌫㔏Ӿ䈎⭏ࡠ 1.0 ⡸↓ᔿࠪ 1.1.6 Linux ᬃ֒㌱㔕⡾ᵢⲺ䗷 ⲴDŽ❦ڦਨ䘹ᤙ䘉њᰕᆀਁᐳᆳⲴᯠ㌫㔏ҏнᱟޜ 䘉њᰕᆀDŽᡰԕ RedHat Ѫ⍱ՐDŽഐ↔ 10 ᴸ 5 ᰕሩ Linux ⽮४ᶕ䈤ᱟањ⢩↺Ⲵᰕᆀˈ䇨ཊਾᶕ Linux Ⲵᯠ⡸ᵜਁᐳᰦ䜭䘹ᤙҶ 㔏Ⲵ䈎⭏˄Free minix-like kernel sources for 386-AT˅DŽ䘉⇥⎸ਟԕ〠Ѫ Linux Ⲵ䈎⭏ᇓ䀰ˈᒦфаⴤᒯ ࡠҶ 1991 ᒤⲴ 10 ᴸ 5 ᰕˈLinus ൘ comp.os.minix ᯠ䰫㓴кਁᐳ⎸ˈ↓ᔿੁཆᇓᐳ Linux Ṩ㌫ Linus ᖃᰦᒦ⋑ᴹ㘳㲁DŽնᱟⴞࡽ Linux ࠐѾਟԕ䘀㹼൘ԫօа⿽⺜Ԧփ㌫㔃ᶴкDŽ ᦒ⢩ᙗˈᡰԕ䈕㌫㔏нྭ〫Ἵ˄⋑ᴹਟ〫Ἵᙗ˅ˈᒦфਚ㜭֯⭘ AT ⺜ⴈDŽሩҾ Linux Ⲵ〫Ἵᙗ䰞仈ˈ ᴰਾˈLinus ༠᰾ԆᔰਁⲴ㌫㔏⋑ᴹ֯⭘а㹼 MINIX ⲴⓀԓ⸱˗㘼ф⭡Ҿ֯⭘Ҷ 386 Ⲵԫ࣑࠷ bash(1.08 ⡸)઼ gcc(1.40 ⡸)〫ἽࡠҶᯠ㌫㔏кˈ㘼ф൘䗷ࠐњᴸቡਟԕᇎ⭘ҶDŽ ӋഐˈᯠᔰਁⲴ㌫㔏ࡊᔰо MINIX ᖸ䊑˄ᒦф֯⭘Ҷ MINIX Ⲵ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏˅DŽᒦфᐢ㓿ᡀ࣏ൠሶ ъDŽᐼᵋབྷᇦ৽侸аӋሩҾ MINIX ㌫㔏ѝௌ⅒ଚӋ⢩㢢нௌ⅒ӰѸㅹؑˈᒦф䈤᰾⭡Ҿᇎ䱵઼ަԆа 䏓㘼ᐢˈԓ⸱нՊᖸབྷˈҏнՊ䊑 GNU Ⲵ䛓ṧуޤ൘ᔰਁањ(ݽ䍩Ⲵ)386(486)㌫㔏ˈᒦф䈤ਚᱟ ᜣ൘ MINIX ㌫㔏ѝ㿱ࡠӰѸ˛”(ĀWhat would you like to see in minix?ā)ˈ൘䈕⎸ѝԆ俆⅑䘿䵢ࠪ↓ ൘ Linus ਖањਁᐳⲴ⎸ѝ(1991 ᒤ 8 ᴸ 25 ᰕ comp.os.minix)ˈԆੁᡰᴹ MINIX ⭘ᡧ䈒䰞Āᴰ ᔲᜣཙᔰㅹ˅DŽަѝ䘿䵢ҶԆ↓൘䘋㹼 Linux ㌫㔏Ⲵᔰਁˈᒦфᐢ㓿ᜣࡠ㾱ᇎ⧠о POSIX ެᇩⲴ䰞仈ҶDŽ Linux 䘉њ〠ˈᖃᰦ Linus 㝁ᆀ䟼ᜣⲴ〠ਟ㜭ᱟ FREAX -ˈFREAX Ⲵ㤡᮷ਜ਼ѹᱟᙚ䈎Ⲵǃᙚ⢙ǃ Ⲵ⎸ᱟ൘ 1991 ᒤ 7 ᴸ 3 ᰕ൘ comp.os.minix кਁᐳⲴ˄ᖃ❦ˈ䛓ᰦ䘈нᆈ൘ޣㅜањо Linux ᴹ 䈤㠚ᐡᐢ㓿ᡀ࣏ൠሶ bash 〫ἽࡠҶ MINIX кˈ㘼фᐢ㓿⡡н䟺ǃн㜭ᔰ䘉њ shell 䖟ԦҶDŽ ቍ䈅⵰〫Ἵ GNU Ⲵ䖟Ԧࡠ䈕㌫㔏к(GNU gccǃbashǃgdb ㅹ)DŽᒦҾ 4 ᴸ 13 ᰕ൘ comp.os.minix кਁᐳ 䜘ᰦ䰤⹄ウ MINIX-386 ㌫㔏(Hacking the kernel)ˈᒦфޘӾ 1991 ᒤ 4 ᴸԭᔰˈLinus ࠐѾ㣡䍩Ҷ LQX[ Ⲵ䈎⭏઼ਁኅ/ 0.95a ⡸ˈᒦ൘ 1 њᴸਾ˄4 ᴸ 9 ᰕ˅৸ਁᐳҶ 0.95c+⡸ᵜDŽ䈕⡸ᵜⲴᴰབྷ᭩䘋ѻ༴ᱟᔰ䟷⭘㲊ᤏ᮷Ԧ 3 ᴸ 8 ᰕਁᐳㅜ 1 њ 0.95 ⡸ᰦ䙷ࡠҶаӋ䰞仈ˈഐ↔↔ਾнࡠ 10 ཙ˄3 ᴸ 17 ᰕ˅ቡ・ਁᐳҶਖањ 0.95 ⡸ᱟㅜањ֯⭘ GNU GPL ⡸ᵳⲴ Linux Ṩ⡸ᵜDŽ䈕⡸ᵜᇎ䱵кᴹ 3 њᆀ⡸ᵜˈ⭡Ҿ 1992 ᒤ ԯⵏԓ⸱ㅹDŽ ᡀˈնᱟ MINIX ত⋑ᴹ䟷㓣䘉Ӌ㺕б〻ᒿ˗Ŀਟ䟽ᯠᢗ㹼Ⲵ㌫㔏䈳⭘˗ŀLinus 㕆ࡦᆼᡀᮠᆖॿ༴⨶ಘ 㜌аㆩ˗ľᇎ⧠ሩ select()࠭ᮠ᭟ᤱˈ䘉ᱟ Peter MacDonald ṩᦞаӋӪѪ MINIX ᨀⲴ㺕б〻ᒿ؞᭩㘼 ᖅ㌫㔏䈳⭘˗ĽPeter MacDonald ᇎ⧠Ҷ㲊ᤏ㓸ㄟ᭟ᤱˈ֯ᗇ Linux 㾱∄ᖃᰦⲴḀӋ୶ъ⡸ UNIX 䘈㾱ᴤ ӛᓃⲴ᭟ᤱˈ㢲ⴱҶᆈ֯⭘䟿˗Ļㅖਧ䘎᧕༴⨶˗ļࡐ䲔ⴞޡ᮷Ԧ IO ᕅ䎧ⲴㄎҹᶑԦ˗ĺ໎࣐Ҷሩ Ĺ᭩↓Ҷањ˗ѻ༴ᴹ˖ķTed Ts'o ࣐Ҷሩ㓸ㄟؑਧ༴⨶᭟ᤱ˗ĸࣘᰦਟԕ᭩ਈ֯⭘Ⲵቿᒅ㹼ࡇ٬ ᐳࠪᶕDŽ0.12 ⡸ṨⲴѫ㾱ਈॆޜᰦˈԆ䜭Պ㓿䗷ᴤઘᇶⲴ⍻䈅ˈᒦф䇙ࠐњྭᴻ৻ݸ䈅⭘ਾՊ↓ᔿ ᖃᰦ Linus 㿹ᗇቡྭ䊑䙷ࡠҶањབྷ⚮䳮DŽн䗷↔ਾԆ᧕ਇҶ䘉⅑Ⲵᮉ䇝ˈԕਾ⇿⅑ਁᐳᯠⲴṨ⡸ᵜ ѝ䘈वਜ਼䖳ཊ䭉䈟ˈഐ↔ 0.95 ⡸ࡊਁᐳᰦᴮᴹ䖳ཊ Linux ⡡ྭ㘵൘֯⭘ѝ䙷ࡠ䰞仈DŽަˈ׳ਁᐳᗇཚԃ Ⲵਖањᙍᱟ䇙བྷᇦн㾱㿹ᗇ 1.0 ⡸䘈ᖸ䚕䘌DŽնᱟ⭡Ҿ 0.95 ⡸ڊ⡸˅ᨀॷѪ 0.95 ⡸DŽLinus 䘉ṧ њ⡸ᵜ䇙 Linus 㿹ᗇਁᐳ 1.0 Ṩ⡸ᵜᐢ㓿нᱟӰѸ䚕䚕ᰐᵏⲴһҶˈഐ↔Ԇ・ᢺлањ⡸ᵜ˄0.13 ࡦᆼᡀҶ㲊ᤏᆈ㇑⨶ԓ⸱ˈӾ㘼ਟԕ൘ਚᴹ 2MB ᆈⲴᵪಘкҏ㜭֯⭘䊑 gcc 䘉⿽Āབྷරā䖟ԦDŽ䘉 Linux 0.12 ᱟ Linus ∄䖳┑ⲴṨ⡸ᵜˈҏᱟањᴤっᇊⲴṨDŽ൘ 1991 ᒤⲴ䈎㢲ᵏ䰤ˈԆ㕆 呓ਛ࣏㜭઼ KILL ᆇㅖ˗ĽᨀҶሩཊ⿽䈝䀰䭞ⴈⲴ᭟ᤱDŽ ⸱˗ĻGalen Hunt ࣐Ҷሩཊ⿽ᱮ⽪᭟ᤱ˗ļJohn T Kohl ؞᭩Ҷ kernel/console.c 〻ᒿˈ֯᧗ࡦਠ᭟ᤱ /etc/rc ࡍ᮷Ԧ˗Ĺᔪ・䎧ᮠᆖॿ༴⨶ಘԯⵏ〻ᒿṶᷦ〻ᒿ㔃ᶴ˗ĺTed Ts'o ໎࣐Ҷሩ㝊ᵜ〻ᒿⲴ༴⨶ԓ ަԆӪઈᔰ৲оṨᔰਁDŽ䘉њ⡸ᵜѝѫ㾱໎Ⲵ࣏㜭ᴹ˖ķᢗ㹼〻ᒿⲴ䴰≲࣐䖭˗ĸࣘᰦਟᢗ㹼 ሩ 0.10 ⡸ᶕ䈤ˈLinux 0.11 ⡸Ⲵ᭩ࣘ䖳ሿDŽն䘉њ⡸ᵜҏᱟㅜањ∄䖳っᇊⲴ⡸ᵜˈᒦфᔰᴹ ༷˗ļ䟽߉Ҷ kernel/signal.c ԓ⸱ˈ࣐Ҷሩ sigaction()Ⲵ᭟ᤱㅹDŽ ࡛ᔪ・Ҷ㠚ᐡⲴᆀⴞᖅ˗Ĺ໎࣐Ҷ䖟ⴈ傡ࣘ〻ᒿ˗ĺ᭟ᤱ᮷Ԧ亴䈫˗Ļ᭟ᤱ dev/port ઼ dev/null 䇮 boot/bootsect.s ઼ boot/setup.s єњ〻ᒿ˗ķᴰཊ᭟ᤱ 16MB ⢙⨶ᆈ˗ĸѪ傡ࣘ〻ᒿ઼ᆈ㇑⨶〻ᒿ࠶ "(C) 1991 Linus Torvalds"DŽ䈕⡸ᵜⲴަԆаӋਈॆ䘈वᤜ˖ᢺᶕᕅሬ〻ᒿ boot/boot.s ࠶ࢢᡀ 䖭/ন䖭˄mount/umount˅᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ⲴDŽӾ䘉њṨ⡸ᵜᔰˈLinus Ѫ⇿њ᮷Ԧ䜭࣐Ҷ⡸ᵳؑ˖ ࡽࠐњ⡸ᵜᴹᖸབྷⲴ䘋↕ˈ൘䘉њ⡸ᵜṨⲴ㌫㔏кᐢ㓿㜭ཏ֯⭘ GNU gcc 㕆䈁Ṩˈᒦфᔰ᭟ᤱ࣐ ᆈлᶕⲴ⡸ᵜˈLinus 㠚ᐡⲴҏᐢ㓿ђཡDŽ䘉њ⡸ᵜ㾱∄؍⧠ᆈⲴ 0.10 ⡸Ṩԓ⸱ᱟ Ted Ts'o ᖃᰦ 1.0 1994.3.14 ᧘ࠪㅜањ↓ᔿ⡸DŽ 㔌ԓ⸱DŽNFS ᭟ᤱDŽ 0.99.x 1992.12.13 䟽ᯠ䇮䇑䘋〻ሩᆈⲴ֯⭘࠶䝽ˈ⇿њ䘋〻ᴹ 4G 㓯ᙗオ䰤DŽнᯝൠ൘᭩䘋㖁 ањᆈ亥䶒DŽ њ䘋〻ਟ਼ᰦᢃᔰ 256 њ᮷Ԧ˄ᶕᱟ 32 њ˅ˈᒦф䘋〻ⲴṨึḸ⤜・֯⭘ ࠶˄mm˅ˈ⇿њ䘋〻ᴹ 4GB 䙫䗁ൠ൰オ䰤˄Ṩঐ⭘ 1GB˅DŽӾ 0.98.4 ᔰ⇿ ᭩ழሩ TCP/IP˄0.8.1˅㖁㔌Ⲵ᭟ᤱˈ㓐↓Ҷ extfs Ⲵ䭉䈟DŽ䟽߉Ҷᆈ㇑⨶䜘 0.98.x 1992.9.28 㔏᭟ᤱ˗ᙫ㓯啐ḷ傡ࣘ〻ᒿDŽṨ㻛᱐ሴࡠ㓯ᙗൠ൰ 3GB ᔰ༴DŽ 0.97.x 1992.8.1 ໎࣐ҶሩᯠⲴ SCSI 傡ࣘ〻ᒿⲴ᭟ᤱ˗ࣘᘱ儈䙏㕃ߢ࣏㜭˗msdos ઼ ext ᮷Ԧ㌫ ࡦⲴ䭞ⴈ傡ࣘ〻ᒿᐢ⭘䟽ᯠ C 䟽߉DŽо 0.95 Ṩԓ⸱∄䖳ᴹᖸབྷⲴ؞᭩DŽ ㇑⨶Ⲵᙗ㜭ˈ᭟ᤱࣘᘱ䬮᧕ᓃˈᒦᔰ㜭䘀㹼 X-Windows 〻ᒿDŽ≷㕆䈝䀰㕆 ṨDŽ䖟ⴈ㊫ර㠚ࣘ䇶࡛DŽ᭩ழҶѢ㹼傡ࣘǃ儈䙏㕃ߢǃᆈޕ〻ᒿ㻛↓ᔿ࣐ UNIX Socket ᭟ᤱDŽ໎࣐Ҷ ext ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏 alpha ⍻䈅〻ᒿDŽSCSI 傡ࣘ ޕᔰ࣐ 0.96.x 1992.5.12 CDROMDŽ ભᯩᔿо MINIX ㌫㔏Ⲵ਼ˈ↔ᰦ᭩ᡀо⧠൘ Linux ㌫㔏Ⲵ਼DŽ᭟ᤱ LQX[ Ⲵ䈎⭏઼ਁኅ/ /LQXV7RUYDOGVlj-XVWIRUIXQNJㅜ 亥DŽ Linux ൘ц⭼㤳തⲴ⍱㹼ҏᴹԆᖸབྷⲴ࣏ࣣDŽᰙ൘ Linux ㌫㔏ࡊ䰞цᰦˈԆቡᘰ⵰ᶱབྷⲴ✝ ǃ䬰઼⹄ウ㘵ᔰ᭮ഒփ IETF ᡀઈDŽ ௌ⅒䎧ъ։ᰐ㓯⭥ᣕ䘀ࣘDŽⴞࡽԆ൘ IBM ᐕӾһ㌫㔏㕆〻৺ަԆ䟽㾱һ࣑DŽԆ䘈ᱟഭ䱵㖁㔌䇮䇑ǃ ࣐ᆖṑѝѮ࣎Ⲵ⿽ᆖ⭏⍫ࣘDŽԆௌ⅒✩侚ǃ僁㠚㹼䖖ˈᖃ❦䘈ᴹቡᱟ Hacking on LinuxDŽਾᶕԆᔰ ઈѻаቡᱟ Theodore Ts'o (Ted Ts'o)DŽԆҾ 1990 ᒤ∅ъҾ MIT 䇑㇇ᵪ、ᆖуъDŽ൘བྷᆖᰦԓԆቡ〟ᶱ৲ Ӿ Linux ᰙᵏⓀԓ⸱ѝਟԕⴻࠪˈLinux ㌫㔏Ⲵᰙᵏѫ㾱ᔰਁӪઈ䲔Ҷ Linus ᵜӪԕཆˈᴰ㪇ⲴӪ 1.1.8 ᰟᵕ Linux ㌱㔕ᔶਇⲺѱ㾷䍗⥤㘻 Ⲵ䘉ṧDŽāڊᆇˈ㘼фԕਾѪ䘉һᡁᙫ㜭䈤ᴽ࡛Ӫˈቡ䊑ᡁ⧠൘ ਟԕݹ᰾↓བྷൠ䈤ᡁᒦн㠚䍏ˈᡆ㘵䜘࠶ඖⲭൠ䈤ᡁᒦ⋑ᴹᵜսѫѹᙍᜣDŽնᡁᜣྭˈ䘉ҏᱟњྭ ᆇDŽԆඊᤱ㾱⭘⧠൘䘉њᆇ(Linux)ˈᡁ䇔ᖃᰦᡁᒦ⋑ᴹ䐏Ԇཊҹ䇪DŽն䘉䜭ᱟԆਆⲴᆇDŽᡰԕᡁ Ā㘼 Ari LemkeˈԆඊᤱ㾱⭘㠚ᐡⲴᯩᔿሶṨԓ⸱᭮ࡠ ftp ㄉ⛩кˈᒦф䶎ᑨнௌ⅒ Freax 䘉њ ㌫ˈ൘ᖃᰦ䘈н䴰㾱ањᆇˈഐѪᡁ䘈⋑ᴹੁԫօӪਁᐳ䗷Ṩԓ⸱DŽāޣ䘉ҏ⋑ӰѸ ᧿䘠ྲօ㕆䈁Ⓚԓ⸱Ⲵ᮷Ԧ - ᮷Ԧѝቡᐢ㓿वਜ਼ᴹĀFreax”䘉њᆇҶˈབྷ㓖ᆈ൘ҶॺᒤᐖਣDŽնަᇎ 䍏ҶDŽ㘼ᡁѪᴰ㓸ਁᐳ⡸߶༷ⲴᱟӰѸᆇ˛FreaxDŽᇎ䱵кˈṨԓ⸱ѝḀӋᰙᵏⲴ Makefile - ⭘Ҿ Āඖⲭൠ䈤ˈᡁӾᶕ⋑ᴹᜣࡠ䗷㾱⭘ Linux 䘉њ〠ᶕਁᐳ䘉њ㌫㔏ˈഐѪ䘉њᆇᴹӋཚ㠚 ൘ Linus Ⲵ㠚ՐljJust for FunNJаҖѝˈLinus 䀓䟺䈤2˖ Linux 䘉њ〠ቡᔰ⍱ՐлᶕDŽ ᖸнௌ⅒䘉њ〠DŽԆ䇔Ѫᰒ❦ᱟ Linus Ⲵ㌫㔏ቡਆަ䉀丣 Linux Ѫ䈕㌫㔏ⲴⴞᖅˈҾᱟ ᙚ䈎Ⲵǃᙚ⢙ǃᔲᜣཙᔰㅹᙍDŽ൘ԆሶᯠⲴ㌫㔏к䖭ࡠ ftp.funet.fi ᴽ࣑ಘкᰦˈ㇑⨶ઈ Ari Lemke Linux ㌫㔏ࡊᔰᰦᒦ⋑ᴹ㻛〠 LinuxˈLinus 㔉ԆⲴ㌫㔏ਆѪ FREAXˈަ㤡᮷ਜ਼ѹᱟ 1.1.7 Linux 〦Ⲻ⭧ᶛ 2.6.14 2005.11.9 47 MB 2.4.31 2005.6.1 37 MB 2.2.26 2004.2.25 19 MB 2.0.40 2004.2.8 7.2 MB Ṩ⡸ᵜਧ ਁᐳᰕᵏ Ⓚԓ⸱བྷሿ(㓿 gz 㕙ਾ) 㺞 ̢ ᯦ṮⓆԙ⸷ᆍ㢸ᮦ њѫ㾱っᇊ⡸ᵜⲴᴰᯠ⡸㿱㺘 1–2 ᡰ⽪DŽ ᐳⲴ 2.6.14 ⡸DŽަѝवᤜབྷ㓖 16000 њ᮷Ԧˈ֯⭘ gz 㕙ਾⓀԓ⸱䖟Ԧवҏᴹ 47MB ᐖਣʽޜ11 ᴸ 9 ᰕ 㾱ԫ࣑ᔰਈᡀሩṨⲴ㔤ᣔ઼ߣᇊᱟ䟷⭘Ḁњ㺕б〻ᒿDŽࡠ⧠൘Ѫ→ˈᴰᯠⲴṨ⡸ᵜᱟ 2005 ᒤ ਖཆˈӾ 0.95 ⡸ᔰˈሩṨⲴ䇨ཊ᭩䘋ᐕ˄ᨀ㺕б〻ᒿ˅൷ԕަԆӪѪѫҶˈ㘼 Linus Ⲵѫ ҶᴰࡍⲴᒦ㹼ਓ傡ࣘ〻ᒿㅹDŽ ᤱ䙂ᖂㅖਧ䬮᧕˗Ľ᭟ᤱ 4 њѢ㹼ㄟਓ˗ľ᭟ᤱ⺜ⴈ࠶४˗Ŀ᭟ᤱᴤཊ⿽㊫䭞ⴈ˗ŀJames Wiegand 㕆ࡦ 䱫ຎ㇑䚃᮷Ԧ˗Ļ㌫㔏䟽˄Ctrl-Alt-Del˅˗swapon()㌫㔏䈳⭘ˈӾ㘼ਟԕᇎᰦ䘹ᤙӔᦒ䇮༷˗ļ᭟ ਈॆ䜘࠶ᴹ˖ķ໎࣐Ҷⲫᖅ⭼䶒˗ĸRoss Biro ࣐Ҷ䈳䈅ԓ⸱˄ptrace˅˗Ĺ䖟ⴈ傡ࣘಘ⻱䚃㕃ߢ˗ĺ䶎 MINIX ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏Ⲵԓ⸱㻛᭮䘋Ҷঅ⤜ањ MINIX ᆀⴞᖅѝDŽ0.95 ⡸ṨⲴަԆаӋ ޣབྷ㤳ത䈳ᮤDŽᴹ ㌫㔏 VFS 㔃ᶴDŽ㲭❦ᖃᰦӽ❦ਚ᭟ᤱ MINIX ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ˈնᱟ〻ᒿ㔃ᶴᐢ㓿Ѫ᭟ᤱཊ⿽᮷Ԧ㌫㔏䘋㹼Ҷ LQX[ Ⲵ䈎⭏઼ਁኅ/ POSIX ḷ߶ -- 䈕ḷ߶൘᧘ࣘ Linux ㌫㔏ԕਾᵍ⵰↓㿴䐟кਁኅ䎧⵰䟽㾱Ⲵ⭘DŽᱟ Linux ࡽ ਚᱟ㌫㔏ⲴањṨˈ⋑ᴹ GNU 䖟Ԧ⧟ຳ(∄ྲ䈤 bash shell)ˈࡉ Linux ሶረ↕䳮㹼DŽ GNU 䇑ࡂ-- ᔰਁ Linux ㌫㔏ˈԕ৺ Linux кᡰ⭘བྷཊᮠ䖟Ԧสᵜк䜭ࠪ㠚 GNU 䇑ࡂDŽLinux ⭼Ⲵབྷᆖѝ࡞䎧ҶᆖҐ UNIX ㌫㔏仾DŽLinux ࡊᔰቡᱟ৲➗ MINIX ㌫㔏Ҿ 1991 ᒤᔰᔰਁDŽ цޘAndrew S. Tanenbaum ᔰਁᆼᡀDŽ⭡Ҿ MINIX ㌫㔏Ⲵࠪ⧠ᒦфᨀⓀԓ⸱(ਚ㜭ݽ䍩⭘Ҿབྷᆖ)൘ MINIX ㌫㔏 -- MINIX ㌫㔏ҏᱟ UNIX Ⲵа⿽ݻ䲶㌫㔏ˈᆳҾ 1987 ᒤ⭡㪇䇑㇇ᵪᮉᦸ Ⲵ䟽㾱ᙗቡн⭘ཊ䈤ҶDŽ UNIX ㌫㔏 -- UNIX Ҿ 1969 ᒤ䈎⭏൘ Bell ᇎ傼ᇔDŽLinux ቡᱟ UNIX Ⲵа⿽ݻ䲶㌫㔏DŽUNIX 䙊䗷к䘠䈤᰾ˈᡁԜਟԕሩк䘠 Linux Ⲵӄབྷ᭟ḡᖂ㓣ྲл˖ ൰ǃѫ亥ԕ৺ѫ㾱䍑⥞һ䘩ㅹؑDŽ ࠪ䖳བྷ䍑⥞Ⲵ䘁 400 ӪⲴঅࡇ㺘ˈवᤜԆԜⲴ email ൠ൰઼䙊ؑൠڊ ަѝԕᆇ⇽亪ᒿࡇࠪҶሩ Linux ࠪҶᶱབྷⲴ䍑⥞ˈ䘉䟼ቡнааࡇѮҶDŽѫ㾱䍑⥞㘵Ⲵާփঅਟ৲㿱 Linux ṨѝⲴ CREDITS ᮷Ԧˈ ڊ Linux ㌫㔏ᒦнᱟӵᴹ䘉Ӌѝඊ࣋䟿ቡ㜭ਁኅᡀӺཙ䘉њṧᆀⲴˈ䘈ᴹ䇨ཊ䇑㇇ᵪ儈ሩ Linux ਨᐕDŽޜ 䎧㘵ѻаDŽᴮ㓿൘ Linux Journal ᵲᘇ⽮ᐕˈ⧠൘ RedHat Linux ㌫㔏ⲴӪѻа(Ӿ 0.97 ⡸)DŽԆ䘈ᱟ㪇 Linux ᮷ẓ䇑ࡂ˄Linux Document Project - LDP˅Ⲵਁ ljṨ唁ᇒNJ˄The Linux Kernel Hackers' Guide˅аҖⲴ㘵 Michael K. Johnson ҏᱟᴰᰙ᧕䀖 ⡸)DŽ Ԇ䍏䍓㔤ᣔ Linux Ṩ 2.4.x Ⲵԓ⸱DŽ㘼 Linus ѫ㾱䍏䍓ᔰਁᴰᯠᔰਁ⡸ṨⲴ⹄ࡦ(ཷᮠ⡸ˈ∄ྲ 2.5.x ਨᴮ㓿䚰䈧Ԇ࣐ⴏˈնԆতᒢ㜶ൠᤂ㔍ҶDŽӾ 2001 ᒤᔰˈޜ Linus ѻਾᴰѪ䟽㾱ⲴӪ⢙DŽԕਾ Microsoft Ҷ Linux Ⲵᔰਁ䱏ԽˈᒦᡀѪ㔤ᣔ Linux ṨⓀԓ⸱Ⲵѫ㾱䍏䍓Ӫѻаˈҏਟԕ䈤ᡀѪ Linux ⽮ഒѝ㔗 ޕᒿˈ䜭⋑ᴹ㻛 Linus 䟷㓣˅ˈᒦᡀѪ Linux ㌫㔏к TCP/IP 㖁㔌ԓ⸱Ⲵᴰᰙ֯⭘ӪѻаDŽਾᶕԆ䙀⑀࣐ Linux 0.95 ⡸ਁᐳѻਾˈԆᔰѪ Linux ㌫㔏㕆߉㺕б〻ᒿ˄؞᭩〻ᒿ˅˄䇠ᗇԆᴰᰙⲴєњ㺕б〻 Linux ᇎ⧠ᗇᐗ࿉(beautifully)DŽ Ҿ Linux অ⭘ᡧ䘀㹼⁑ᔿ䰞仈Ⲵ䇘䇪ѝˈԆ⭊㠣䎎ޣ㖁㔌ᯩ䶒Ⲵᇎ⧠DŽ൘ޣ䏓ˈቔަᱟᴹޤ㌫㔏ӗ⭏Ҷ ᮠᆖॿ༴⨶ಘⲴˈᡰԕԆᆹ㻵Ҷ Linux ㌫㔏DŽҾᱟԆᔰᆖҐᑖᴹݽ䍩Ⓚԓ⸱Ⲵ Linuxˈᒦᔰሩ Linux 䍝㖞Ҷаਠ 386SX ⭥㝁DŽ⭡Ҿ 386BSD 䴰㾱ᮠᆖॿ༴⨶ಘ᭟ᤱˈ㘼䟷⭘ Intel 386SX CPU Ⲵ⭥㝁ᱟнᑖ ㌫㔏DŽ⭡Ҿ⋑䫡ˈণ֯ᱟ MINIX ㌫㔏ԆҏҠн䎧DŽᖃ Linux 0.11 ઼ 386BSD ਁᐳᰦˈԆ㘳㲁㢟ѵᙫ㇇ 㹼⑨ᠿⲴ䙏ᓖԕ৺㖁㔌Ր䗃䙏ᓖˈԆ䴰㾱䘹ᤙањᴰѪ┑ⲴᒣਠDŽҾᱟԆᔰ᧕䀖⿽㊫රⲴ ធធൠԆᔰሩ䇑㇇ᵪ㖁㔌⵰䘧䎧ᶕDŽѪҶ⧙⑨ᠿᒦᨀ儈⭥㝁䘀ˈޣ⭡Ҿ MUD ⑨ᠿо㖁㔌ᇶ࠷ аㇷ MUD Ⲵਁኅਢ(rec.games.mud ᯠ䰫㓴ˈ1992 ᒤ 3 ᴸ 9 ᰕˈA history of MUD)DŽ ⑨ᠿ˅DŽ൘ 90 ᒤԓᰙᵏ games.mud ᯠ䰫㓴Ⲵ posts ѝਟԕࡠԆਁ㺘Ⲵབྷ䟿ᑆᆀDŽԆ⭊㠣Ѫ↔䘈߉Ҷ College)DŽࡊᔰԆ⢩࡛ௌ⅒⧙⭥㝁⑨ᠿˈቔަᱟ MUD˄Multi-User Dungeon or Dimensionˈཊ⭘ᡧ㖁㔌 Linux ⽮४ѝਖаս㪇Ӫ⢙ᱟ Alan CoxDŽԆᐕҾ㤡ഭေቄ༛ᯟᰪ㾯བྷᆖ(Swansea University Linux ḷ߶㿴㤳 LSB(Linux Standard Base)ㅹᯩ䶒ⲴᐕDŽ ޣᢰᵟѝᗳᐕˈᒦӾһ⵰ᴹ ˄2002 ᒤ 5 ᴸ˅Ⲵ Linux Journal ᵏ࠺ሶԆѪҶሱ䶒Ӫ⢙ˈᒦሩԆ䘋㹼Ҷ䟷䇯DŽⴞࡽˈԆѪ IBM Linux ৸᧘ࠪҶ ext3 ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏DŽ䈕㌫㔏བྷབྷᨀ儈Ҷ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏Ⲵっᇊᙗ઼䇯䰞᭸⦷DŽѪሩԆⲴ᧘ጷˈㅜ 97 ᵏ ѻаᱟᨀࠪᒦᇎ⧠Ҷ ext2 ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏DŽ䈕᮷Ԧ㌫㔏⧠ᐢᡀѪ Linux ц⭼ѝһᇎкⲴ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ḷ߶DŽᴰ䘁Ԇ ftp ㄉ⛩˄tsx-11.mit.edu˅ˈ㘼ф䈕ㄉ⛩㠣Ӻӽ❦Ѫᒯབྷ Linux ⭘ᡧᨀᴽ࣑DŽԆሩ Linux ࠪⲴᴰབྷ䍑⥞ ⲴᐕDŽ൘े㖾⍢ൠ४Ԇᴰᰙ䇮・Ҷ Linux Ⲵޣ〻ᒿ kmalloc.c)DŽⴤࡠⴞࡽѪ→Ԇӽ❦Ӿһ⵰о Linux ᴹ ҏᱟᴰᰙੁ Linux Ṩ࣐〻ᒿⲴӪ˄Linux Ṩ 0.10 ⡸ѝⲴ㲊ᤏⴈ傡ࣘ〻ᒿ ramdisk.c ઼Ṩᆈ࠶䝽 ࠪ䍑⥞DŽԆڊ ᛵѪ linux ⲴਁኅᨀҶ MaillistˈࠐѾᱟ൘ Linux ࡊᔰਁᐳᰦ䎧ˈԆቡаⴤ൘Ѫ Linux LQX[ Ⲵ䈎⭏઼ਁኅ/ ᐡⲴ䴰㾱䘋㹼䰵䈫DŽն൘࠶᷀ᰦ䘈ᱟᨀҶаӋᓄ⭘ᇎֻDŽ ᶏṨᔰ䈳⭘ shell 〻ᒿѪ→DŽަ։Ⲵњ〻ᒿ൷䪸ሩަ㠚䓛䘋㹼࠶᷀ˈ⋑ᴹ䘎䍟ᙗˈഐ↔ਟԕṩᦞ㠚 ᤜሩ Makefile ᮷ԦⲴ⌘䟺DŽ࠶᷀䗷〻ѫ㾱ᱟ᤹➗䇑㇇ᵪࣘ䗷〻䘋㹼ⲴDŽഐ↔࠶᷀Ⲵ䘎䍟ᙗࡠࡍॆ㔃 ᵜ᮷ѫ㾱䈖㓶࠶᷀ linux-0.11 ṨѝⲴᡰᴹⓀԓ⸱〻ᒿˈሩ⇿њⓀ〻ᒿ᮷Ԧ䜭䘋㹼Ҷ䈖㓶⌘䟺ˈव ᐕާ〻ᒿ઼ᶕਁᐳⲴаӋᆹ㻵䈤᰾䈤᰾᮷ẓDŽ http://oldlinux.org/Linux.old/Linux-0.11/ 䈕ⴞᖅѝਜ਼ᴹਟԕ൘ Linux 0.11 ㌫㔏ѝ֯⭘ⲴަԆаӋ Ⲵ Linux ㌫㔏DŽ http://oldlinux.org/Linux.old/bochs/ 䈕ⴞᖅѝਜ਼ᴹᐢ㓿䇮㖞ྭⲴ䘀㹼൘䇑㇇ᵪԯⵏ㌫㔏 bochs л 0.11 ṨⓀԓ⸱〻ᒿDŽ http://oldlinux.org/Linux.old/kernels/ 䈕ⴞᖅѝਜ਼ᴹṨⓀԓ⸱〻ᒿˈवᤜᵜҖᡰ᧿䘠Ⲵ Linux ᮷Ԧ rootimageDŽۿԦ㌫㔏᱐ ᮷Ԧ bootimage ઼ṩ᮷ۿ http://oldlinux.org/Linux.old/images/ 䈕ⴞᖅѝਜ਼ᴹᐢ㓿ࡦྭⲴṨ᱐ кл䖭DŽާփл䖭ⴞᖅս㖞ᱟ˖ ⧟ຳл֯⭘Ⲵ gcc 1.40 㕆䈁ಘˈ䝽㖞ࠪਟ⭘Ⲵᇎ傼ᔰਁ⧟ຳDŽⴞࡽˈ䘉Ӌ᮷Ԧ൷ਟԕӾ oldlinux.org 㖁ㄉ ਟԕ֯⭘Ⲵ rootimage-0.11 ṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏DŽᒦ䟽ᯠѪަ㕆䈁ࠪ㜭൘ 0.11ޘLinux 0.11 䟽ᯠࡦࠪҶањᆼ ⴞࡽ䲔ҶᶕⲴ rootimage.Z ᮷ԦˈަԆഋњ᮷Ԧ൷㜭ࡠDŽн䗷㘵ᐢ㓿࡙⭘ Internet кⲴ䍴ⓀѪ INSTALL-0.11 ᱟ Linux 0.11 ㌫㔏Ⲵㆰঅᆹ㻵䈤᰾᮷ẓDŽ as86.tar.Z ᱟ 16 ս≷㕆ಘ䬮᧕〻ᒿ䖟ԦवDŽlinux-0.11.tar.Z ᱟ㕙Ⲵ Linux 0.11 ṨⓀԓ⸱DŽ ⴈDŽ ᔰਁ〻ᒿԕ৺ᡰᴹަԆ⭘ᡧᮠᦞᡆ᮷ᵜ᮷ԦㅹDŽ䘉єњⴈਸ䎧ᶕቡᖃҾаᕐਟࣘⲴ DOS ㌫㔏 Ҿ Linux ㌫㔏ѝ֯⭘Ⲵ UNIX ㊫᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ˈަѝѫ㾱वᤜаӋ㿴ᇊⲴⴞᖅǃ䝽㖞᮷Ԧǃ䇮༷傡ࣘ〻ᒿǃ ҾੁṨᨀᴰสᵜ᭟ᤱⲴṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ˈަѝवᤜ㌫㔏ᴰ䎧⸱ⲴаӋ䝽㖞᮷Ԧ઼ભԔᢗ㹼〻ᒿDŽሩ 㓸࣐䖭〻ᒿՊᢺ᧗ࡦᵳӔ㔉Ṩԓ⸱DŽṨԓ⸱㤕㾱↓ᑨ䘀㹼ቡ䴰㾱᮷Ԧ㌫㔏Ⲵ᭟ᤱDŽrootimage ቡᱟ⭘ ᆈѝˈ❦ਾᢺ᧗ࡦᵳӔ㔉㌫㔏࣐䖭〻ᒿ৫䘋а↕߶༷ṨⲴࡍॆˈᴰޕ઼Ṩᢗ㹼ԓ⸱䈫 ᆈˈ㘼ᕅሬᡷ४ԓ⸱ࡉ䍏䍓ᢺ㌫㔏࣐䖭〻ᒿޕᒿՊᢺ唈䇔ࣘ傡ࣘಘкⲴᕅሬᡷ४ԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ䈫 ަѝѫ㾱वᤜ⻱ⴈᕅሬᡷ४ԓ⸱ǃ㌫㔏࣐䖭〻ᒿ઼Ṩᢗ㹼ԓ⸱DŽPC ᵪࣘᰦ ROM BIOS ѝⲴ〻 Image˅᮷ԦDŽbootimage ᱟᕅሬࣘ Image ᮷Ԧˈ˄ۿ bootimage.Z ઼ rootimage.Z ᱟ㕙Ⲵ䖟ⴈ᱐ ,167$//ᴤᯠ䗷Ⲵᆹ㻵ؑ᮷ԦDŽ 〻ᒿ˗ޕҼ䘋ࡦᢗ㹼᮷ԦDŽᱟ սⲴ≷㕆〻ᒿ઼㻵 DVWDU=%UXFH(YDQV .%ˈኅᔰਾҏӵᴹ .%˗ OLQX[WDU=ṨⓀԓ⸱᮷ԦDŽབྷሿѪ ᮷Ԧ˗ۿURRWLPDJH=ԕ N% 㕙Ⲵṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏᱐ ᮷Ԧ˗ۿERRWLPDJH=ާᴹ㖾ഭ䭞ⴈԓ⸱Ⲵ㕙ࣘ᱐ ᰕਁᐳⲴDŽ൘ਁᐳᰦवᤜԕл᮷Ԧ˖ ᵜ᮷ሶѫ㾱ሩ Linux ⲴᰙᵏṨ 0.11 ⡸䘋㹼䈖㓶᧿䘠઼⌘䟺DŽLinux-0.11 ⡸ᵜᱟ൘ 1991 ᒤ 12 ᴸ 8 1.2 ᇯ㔲䘦 ਚ㜭ਁኅࡠ 0.13(0.95)⡸Ⲵ≤ᒣDŽ ц⭼Ⲵᰐᮠ䇑㇇ᵪ唁ᇒⲴᰐ⿱ཹ⥞ˈ䛓Ѹ Linux ᴰཊޘ INTERNET -- ྲ᷌⋑ᴹ Intenet 㖁ˈ⋑ᴹ䙽ᐳ 䘋Ⲵ⚟ຄDŽ ᇩ㔬䘠 䜘䘋㹼䰵䈫˗ㅜй䜘࠶Ӿㅜ 8 ㄐࡠㅜ 13 ㄐᱟṨԓ⸱Ⲵѫ㾱䜘ޘ߶༷䱦⇥ˈѪᆖҐṨⲴࡍᆖ㘵ᓄ䈕 ᣔ⁑ᔿлⲴ㕆〻⨶˗ㅜҼ䜘࠶वᤜㅜ 5 ㄐ㠣ㅜ 7 ㄐˈ᧿䘠Ṩᕅሬ઼ࣘ 32 ս䘀㹼ᯩᔿⲴ؍ 80X86 䘀㹼ᵪࡦDŽ䘉䜘࠶䖳Ѫ䈖㓶ൠӻ㓽Ҷᗞර䇑㇇ᵪ⺜Ԧ㓴ᡀǃ㕆ࡦ Linux Ṩ〻ᒿ֯⭘Ⲵ㕆〻䈝䀰ԕ৺ Intel 䗷〻ˈ䛓Ѹቡ䴰㾱Ҷ䀓ᆳⲴ⺜Ԧ䘀㹼⧟ຳˈቔަᱟ༴⨶ಘཊԫ࣑ޘDŽྲ᷌ᜣᖫᓅ⨶䀓㌫㔏䘀㹼ޣ ᵜҖᇩਟԕ࠶Ѫӄњ䜘࠶DŽㅜ 1 ㄐ㠣ㅜ 4 ㄐᱟส⸕䇶䜘࠶DŽ㌫㔏оᡰ䘀㹼Ⲵ⺜Ԧ⧟ຳᇶ࠷ 0DNHILOH E\WHV WRROV PP OLE NHUQHO LQLW LQFOXGH IV ERRW *07 䈤᰾ 〠 བྷሿ ᴰਾ؞᭩ᰕᵏ ࡍ㺞 1-1 Linux/ⴤᖋ ᶴ൷ᱟԕ linux ѪᖃࡽⴞᖅDŽ Ⲵ⅑ᒿਟ৲㿱ࡽ䶒Ⲵ᮷Ԧࡇ㺘㍒ᕅDŽᮤњ Linux ṨⓀԓ⸱Ⲵⴞᖅ㔃ᶴྲлࡇ㺘 1.1 ᡰ⽪DŽᡰᴹⴞᖅ㔃 Ⓚԓ⸱Ⲵ㓴ᡀ㔃ᶴᶕ䘋㹼Ⲵˈสᵜкᱟԕ⇿њⓀԓ⸱ѝⲴⴞᖅѪаㄐᇩ䘋㹼ӻ㓽DŽӻ㓽ⲴⓀ〻ᒿ᮷Ԧ ᤱ㔃ᶴⲴᆼᮤᙗˈሩԓ⸱Ⲵ䈤᰾ᱟԕṨѝ؍ᵜ᮷ሩ Linux ṨѝᡰᴹⲴԓ⸱䜭䘋㹼Ҷ䈤᰾DŽѪҶ Ⲵสᵜ⨶ѻਾ৫࠶᷀䘉Ӌԓ⸱DŽ ㌫нᱟ䶎ᑨབྷˈഐ↔ਟԕ൘Ҷ䀓Ҷ Linux ᐕޣLinux ѝⲴ㖁㔌ԓ⸱สᵜкᱟ㠚ᡀаփⲴˈоṨᵪࡦ TCP/IP 㖁㔌ㅹᯩ䶒ⲴаӋᖃࡽ䶎ᑨ䟽㾱Ⲵԓ⸱ˈሩᆈⲴ࠶䝽઼֯⭘о⧠ӺⲴṨҏᴹᡰ४࡛DŽնྭ൘ у䰘Ⲵ䘋〻ㅹᖵ䱏ࡇǃޣ Linux 0.11 ⡸䘋㹼ᆖҐҏᴹн䏣ѻ༴DŽ∄ྲ䈕Ṩ⡸ᵜѝቊнवᤜᴹ ቡਟԕ䘋㹼↓ᑨⲴ䘀㹼ҶDŽ ᮷Ԧ(rootimage)ˈ䛓Ѹᆳۿ᮷Ԧ(bootimage)ˈਟԕ⭘ᶕ䘋㹼ᕅሬ╄⽪DŽྲ᷌䝽кㆰঅⲴṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏᱐ ۿᒿ㔃ᶴࡉо⧠൘ⲴสᵜкᱟаṧⲴDŽਖཆањഐᱟਟԕࡠ 0.11 ⡸ᰙᵏⲴᐢ㓿㕆䈁ࡦྭⲴṨ᱐ ԕ৺ሩⲫ䱶〻ᒿⲴ䈤᰾DŽᒦфަᕅሬࣘ〻ᒿⲴ㔃ᶴҏоⴞࡽⲴ⡸ᵜнཚаṧˈ㘼 0.11 ⡸Ⲵᕅሬࣘ〻 Ṩԓ⸱ᴹཚཊⲴн䏣ѻ༴ˈ⭊㠣䘈⋑ᴹवᤜሩ䖟ⴈⲴ傡ࣘ〻ᒿˈҏ⋑ᴹᖸྭൠ⎹৺ᮠᆖॿ༴⨶ಘⲴ֯⭘ ѪӰѸн࠶᷀ᴤሿⲴ Linux 0.01 ⡸ṨⓀԓ⸱˛ᆳਚᴹ 240K ᆇ㢲ᐖਣāѫ㾱ഐᱟഐѪ 0.01 ⡸Ⲵ ˈޕ䜘䜭ⴻᆼDŽҏ䇨㾱䰞Āᰒ❦㾱Ӿㆰޘᑨབྷˈᴹ 200 ݶᆇ㢲ˈণ֯㣡а⭏Ⲵ㓿শᶕ䰵䈫ҏᵚᗵ㜭 Ⓚԓ⸱ਚᴹ 325K ᆇ㢲ᐖਣˈަѝवᤜⲴᇩสᵜк䜭ᱟ Linux Ⲵ㋮儃DŽ㘼ⴞࡽᴰᯠⲴ 2.6.XX ⡸Ṩ䶎 Linux 0.11 ⡸ṨᶕĀᔰ࠰āᱟѪҶᨀ儈ᡁԜ䇔䇶 Linux 䘀㹼ᵪ⨶Ⲵ᭸⦷DŽLinux-0.11 ⡸ᮤњṨ 㘵䇔Ѫ䘉⿽䀓䈫ᯩ⌅㾱∄অ⤜ࡇࠪаㄐᇩᶕᙫփӻ㓽⺜ԦᡆަԆ⸕䇶㾱᭸⦷儈ᗇཊDŽ ᴹࣙҾ࣐␡ሩԓ⸱Ⲵ⨶䀓ˈ৸㜭ᴤྭⲴҶ䀓ᡰ⭘⺜ԦⲴ֯⭘ᯩ⌅ˈڊᒦࡇࠪ֯⭘ⲴભԔ઼ᯩ⌅DŽ䘉ṧ 䗃ࠪᰦˈሶሩ Intel ѝᯝ᧗ࡦಘ˄8259A˅㣟⡷㔉ࠪ䈖㓶Ⲵ䈤᰾ˈ/ޕ㓽˗൘䙷ࡠሩѝᯝ᧗ࡦಘ䘋㹼䗃 ྲˈ൘䰵䈫ԓ⸱ཤа⅑䙷ࡠ C 䈝䀰፼≷㕆⸱ᰦˈሶሩ GNU C 䈝䀰Ⲵ፼≷㕆䈝䀰䘋㹼䖳Ѫ䈖㓶Ⲵӻ ⸕䇶Ⲵ䈖㓶ӻ㓽DŽ∄ޣᡰᴹⲴ〻ᒿ൘࠶᷀䗷〻ѝྲ᷌䙷ࡠ㘵䇔Ѫᱟ䖳䳮⨶䀓Ⲵ䈝ਕᰦˈሶ㔉ࠪ ᇩ㔬䘠 ᣔ⁑ᔿ䘀㹼ᯩᔿᴹ䏣ཏⲴ⨶䀓ˈഐ↔൘䰵䈫ᵜㄐ〻ᒿᰦˈ䲔Ҷਟԕ৲㘳ᵜㄐ൘䘲ᖃൠᯩव؍ᗞ༴⨶ಘⲴ ㅜ 13 ㄐ䀓䈤 mm/ⴞᖅѝⲴᆈ㇑⨶〻ᒿDŽ㾱䘿ᖫൠ⨶䀓䘉ᯩ䶒ⲴᇩˈᡁԜቡ䴰㾱ሩ Intel 80X86 ㌫㔏ᱟਚ᭟ᤱ MINIX а⿽᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ˈLinux 0.11 ⡸ҏнֻཆDŽ MINIX ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏Ⲵㄐ㢲ˈഐѪᴰࡍⲴ Linux ޣAndrew S. Tanenbaum Ⲵlj㌫㔏䇮䇑оᇎ⧠NJаҖѝᴹ ал㘼৫䰵䈫ڌㅜ 12 ㄐӻ㓽ṨⓀԓ⸱ fs/ⴞᖅѝⲴ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏〻ᒿˈ൘ⴻ䘉ㄐᇩᰦᔪ䇞㜭ཏᲲ ⵏ↓ᔰ᭟ᤱॿ༴⨶ಘˈഐ↔ᵜㄐⲴᇩ䖳ቁˈҏ∄䖳ㆰঅDŽਚ䴰ᴹа㡜ᙗⲴҶ䀓ণਟDŽ ㅜ 11 ㄐӻ㓽 kernel/math/ⴞᖅѝⲴᮠᆖॿ༴⨶ಘⲴԯⵏ〻ᒿDŽ⭡ҾᵜҖᡰ⌘䟺ⲴṨ⡸ᵜˈ䘈⋑ᴹ ԦⲴҖ㉽DŽ⺜ޣⲴᇩDŽ൘䰵䈫ᰦ䴰㾱৲㘳алޣ䇮༷DŽഐ↔ᵜㄐҏਜ਼ᴹ䖳ཊо⺜Ԧᴹ ࣘ〻ᒿǃ䭞ⴈ傡ࣘ〻ᒿ઼ᱮ⽪ಘ傡ࣘ〻ᒿDŽ䘉Ӌ傡ࣘ〻ᒿᶴᡀҶ 0.11 Ṩ᭟ᤱⲴѢ㹼㓸ㄟ઼᧗ࡦਠ㓸ㄟ ㅜ 10 ㄐሩ kernel/chr_drv/ⴞᖅѝⲴᆇㅖ䇮༷傡ࣘ〻ᒿ䘋㹼⌘䟺䈤᰾DŽ䘉аㄐѝѫ㾱⎹৺Ѣ㹼㓯䐟傡 ᇩᰦ䴰৲㘳аӋ⺜Ԧ䍴ᯉDŽᴰྭ㜭俆ݸ⍿㿸ал᮷Ԧ㌫㔏Ⲵㄐ㢲DŽ ⲴᇩDŽഐ↔ˈ൘䰵䈫䘉ㄐޣ傡ࣘ〻ᒿˈѫ㾱⭘ᶕо᮷Ԧ㌫㔏઼儈䙏㕃ߢ४ᢃӔ䚃ˈਜ਼ᴹ䖳ཊо⺜Ԧ ㅜ 9 ㄐሩ kernel/blk_drv/ⴞᖅѝⲴඇ䇮༷〻ᒿ䘋㹼Ҷ⌘䟺䈤᰾DŽ䈕ㄐѫ㾱ਜ਼ᴹ⺜ⴈǃ䖟ⴈㅹඇ䇮༷Ⲵ ᔿ≷㕆䈝ਕⲴสᵜ䈝⌅䈧৲㿱ㅜ 3 ㄐⲴ䈤᰾DŽޕ፼ޣⲴ≷㕆䈝ਕDŽᴹޕՊ䙷ࡠᖸཊ C 䈝䀰〻ᒿѝ፼ ㌫㔏䈳⭘Ⲵ〻ᒿDŽ↔ᰦᓄ䈕ᐢ㓿ሩަѝⲴаӋ䟽㾱〻ᒿᴹᡰҶ䀓DŽӾᵜㄐᇩᔰˈᡁԜޣ࠭ᮠ઼ᴹ ㅜ 8 ㄐѫ㾱ӻ㓽 kenel/ⴞᖅѝⲴᡰᴹ〻ᒿDŽަѝᴰ䟽㾱Ⲵ䜘࠶ᱟ䘋〻䈳ᓖ࠭ᮠ schedule()ǃsleep_on() 㔏ǃ㌫㔏䈳⭘ǃ⿽傡ࣘ〻ᒿㅹ䘋㹼ᴤ␡а↕Ⲵ䰵䈫DŽ 䰘Ҷ-ˈն䘈䴰㾱ሩ᮷Ԧ㌫ޕ〻ᒿᰦˈᓄ䈕ᐢ㓿ሩ Linux ṨᴹҶаᇊⲴҶ䀓ˈਟԕ䈤ᐢ㓿ᴹаॺ Ⲵ࠭ᮠ൘Ṩѝ㻛ᒯ⌋֯⭘ˈഐ↔䈕ㄐᇩᓄ䈕ᴰݸ䘹䈫DŽᖃ㜭ⵏ↓ⴻ៲ⴤࡠ main.c 〻ᒿѪ→Ⲵᡰᴹ 㾱ḕⴻަᡰ䈳⭘ⲴަԆ〻ᒿˈഐ↔ሩਾ㔝ㄐ㢲Ⲵ䰵䈫ਟԕ᤹➗䘉䟼䈳⭘Ⲵ亪ᒿ䘋㹼DŽ⭡Ҿᆈ㇑⨶〻ᒿ 䭞ൠᯩDŽ൘ᆼᡀҶ㌫㔏ᡰᴹⲴࡍॆᐕਾˈࡋᔪҶ⭘Ҿ shell Ⲵ䘋〻DŽ൘ӻ㓽䈕〻ᒿᰦሶ䴰ޣᑨ䘀㹼Ⲵ ↓ޕㅜ 7 ㄐѫ㾱ӻ㓽 init/ⴞᖅѝṨ㌫㔏Ⲵࡍॆ〻ᒿ main.cDŽᆳᱟṨᆼᡀᡰᴹࡍॆᐕᒦ䘋 Ҷ߶༷DŽྭڊṨ㌫㔏ᢗ㹼䘋а↕Ⲵࡍॆᐕ ᣔ⁑ᔿ䘀㹼ѻࡽⲴᡰᴹᐕDŽѪ؍ս 32 ޕ࣐䖭ࡠᆈⲴᐕˈᒦሩ㌫㔏䝽㖞৲ᮠ䘋㹼᧒⍻ˈᆼᡀҶ䘋 ᮠⲴ setup.s ≷㕆〻ᒿ઼ 32 ս䘀㹼ࣘԓ⸱〻ᒿ head.sDŽ䘉йњ≷㕆〻ᒿᆼᡀҶᢺṨӾඇ䇮༷кᕅሬ ㅜ 6 ㄐሶ䈖㓶⌘䟺 boot/ⴞᖅлⲴйњ≷㕆〻ᒿˈަѝवᤜ⻱ⴈᕅሬ〻ᒿ bootsect.sǃ㧧 ਆ BIOS ѝ৲ Makefile ᮷ԦⲴᇩDŽ䈕᮷ԦᱟᡰᴹṨⓀ〻ᒿⲴ㕆䈁㇑⨶䝽㖞᮷Ԧˈ㕆䈁㇑⨶ᐕާ䖟Ԧ make ֯⭘DŽ ֯⭘࠶䝽DŽᴰਾᔰ⌘䟺Ṩ〻ᒿवѝ Linux/ⴞᖅлⲴᡰⴻࡠⲴㅜањ᮷ԦˈҏণṨԓ⸱Ⲵᙫփ 㠤࣏㜭DŽ䘈ӻ㓽Ҷ Linux ሩ⢙⨶ᆈⲴ֯⭘࠶䝽ᯩᔿǃṨⲴࠐ⿽ึḸ৺ަ֯⭘ᯩᔿ઼㲊ᤏ㓯ᙗൠ൰Ⲵ ㅜ 5 ㄐᾲ㾱ൠ᧿䘠Ҷ Linux ㌫㔏Ⲵփ㌫㔃ᶴǃṨⓀԓ⸱᮷Ԧ᭮㖞Ⲵ㓴㓷㔃ᶴԕ৺⇿њ᮷Ԧབྷ ѝᯝ઼ᔲᑨ༴⨶ǃԫ࣑㇑⨶ԕ৺ањㆰঅⲴཊԫ࣑Ṩ⽪ֻDŽ ᣔ⁑ᔿᆈ㇑⨶ǃ؍80X86 CPU Ⲵ Linux ṨⓀԓ⸱ᢃлᇎสDŽަѝѫ㾱वᤜ˖80X86 ส⸕䇶ǃ ᣔ⁑ᔿл㕆〻ⲴаӋส⸕䇶ˈѪ߶༷䰵䈫สҾ؍ㅜ 4 ㄐѫ㾱ᾲ㾱᧿䘠 80X86 CPU Ⲵփ㌫㔃ᶴԕ৺ Ҷ Makefile ᮷ԦⲴ֯⭘ᯩ⌅DŽ ᮠㅹᑨ⭘ C 䈝䀰ᢙኅᇩ䘋㹼䈤᰾ˈ਼ᰦ䈖㓶᧿䘠Ҷ C ઼≷㕆࠭ᮠѻ䰤Ⲵӂ䈳⭘ᵪࡦDŽᴰਾㆰঅ᧿䘠 ≷㕆〻ᒿⲴ䈝⌅઼֯⭘ᯩ⌅ˈ❦ਾሩ GNU C 䈝䀰ѝⲴ㚄≷㕆ǃ䈝ਕ㺘䗮ᔿǃᇴᆈಘਈ䟿ԕ৺㚄࠭ 0.11 ṨⓀԓ⸱ᡰ䴰㾱Ⲵ≷㕆䈝䀰઼ GNU C 䈝䀰ᢙኅ⸕䇶DŽᵜㄐ俆ݸ∄䖳䈖㓶ൠӻ㓽Ҷ as86 ઼ GNU as ㅜ 3 ㄐӻ㓽 Linux 0.11 Ṩѝ֯⭘Ⲵ㕆〻䈝䀰ǃⴞḷ᮷ԦṬᔿ઼㕆䈁⧟ຳˈѫ㾱ⴞḷᱟᨀ䰵䈫 Linux DŽؑޣ䘉ṧ㜭ཏѪ䛓Ӌ⋑ᴹᆖ䗷䇑㇇ᵪ㓴ᡀ⨶Ⲵ䈫㘵ᨀ䏣ཏⲴᴹ ㌫DŽ਼ᰦҏоⴞࡽᴰᯠᗞᵪⲴ㓴ᡀṶമㆰঅ∄䖳DŽޣᵪⲴ㓴ᡀ䜘࠶DŽӻ㓽њѫ㾱䜘࠶Ⲵ࣏㜭઼ӂ ㅜ 2 ㄐ俆ݸสҾՐ㔏ᗞᵪ㌫㔏Ⲵ⺜Ԧ㓴ᡀṶമˈѫ㾱ӻ㓽 Linux Ṩ䘀㹼ѻкⲴ IBM PC/AT386 ᗞ PC ᵪ⁑ᤏ䖟Ԧ㌫㔏 Bochs 䪸ሩ Linux 0.11 Ṩ䘋㹼⿽ᇎ傼⍫ࣘDŽ ᇩˈਟԕѪ䰵䈫ㅜй䜘࠶Ⓚԓ⸱Ⲵ৲㘳ؑDŽᴰਾа䜘࠶ӵवᤜㅜ 17 ㄐᇩˈަѝӻ㓽Ҷྲօ֯⭘ ࠶DŽަѝㅜ 8 ㄐᇩਟԕѪ䰵䈫䘉䜘࠶ਾ㔝ㄐ㢲Ⲵѫ㾱㓯㍒ᶕ䘋㹼DŽㅜ 14 ㄐࡠㅜ 16 ㄐᱟㅜഋ䜘࠶ ᇩ㔬䘠 ᵜҖᰦᴰᯠⲴ Linux Ṩᱟ 2.6.12 ⡸DŽᖃ㜭ᘛ䙏⨶䀓䘉ӋᔰਁѝⲴᴰᯠ⡸ᵜ⭊㠣㜭ᨀࠪ㠚ᐡⲴᔪ䇞઼ ᴤཊⲴⓀԓ⸱ˈᴰྭᱟᗚᒿ⑀䘋ൠӾ 1.0 ⡸ᵜᔰⴤࡠᴰᯠⲴ↓൘ᔰਁѝⲴཷᮠ㕆ਧⲴ⡸ᵜDŽ൘߉䘉 ਚᱟࡊࡊ䐿к Linux Ⲵᖱ䙄ˈާᴹҶаᇊⲴᡀѪањ Linux Ṩ儈Ⲵࡍ↕⸕䇶DŽ䘉ᰦᓄ䈕৫䰵䈫 䀓Ҷᵜ᮷ᡰ䀓䈤Ⲵа࠷ᰦˈᒦнԓ㺘ᐢ㓿ᡀѪањ Linux 㹼ᇦҶˈ⨶ޘᴰਾ㾱䈤᰾Ⲵᱟᖃᐢ㓿ᆼ 㜭ཏᯩׯⲴࡠˈ㘼ф൘㔃ਸⓀԓ⸱䰵䈫ᰦˈሩаӋสᵜᾲᘥ㜭ᴹᴤ␡Ⲵ⨶䀓DŽ ѫ㾱ᱟѪҶڊሩҾ䰵䈫ᵜҖᡰ䴰㾱ⲴаӋสᵜᾲᘥ⸕䇶Ⲵӻ㓽䜭ᮓᐳ൘њㄐ㢲ᓄⲴൠᯩˈ䘉ṧ ⸕䇶䘋㹼䈤᰾DŽྲ᷌൘ⴻᆼ䘉Ӌؑਾഎཤ⍿㿸а䙽〻ᒿˈՊᴹᴤ␡аቲⲴփՊDŽޣᯩ䶒Ⲵ Ⲵ䀓ࢆˈᒦሩԓ⸱ѝࠪ⧠ⲴаӋ䈝䀰ᡆ⺜Ԧޕ␡ㅹҏᨀҶнቁᴹ⭘ⲴؑDŽ൘ԓ⸱ѻਾᱟሩ〻ᒿᴤѪ օᯩ䶒Ⲵ᭩ࣘᡆࡐ䲔ˈഐѪ C 䈝䀰ᱟа⿽㤡䈝㊫䈝䀰ˈ〻ᒿѝᴹⲴቁ䟿㤡᮷⌘䟺ሩᑨᮠㅖਧǃਈ䟿 ㌫ˈ❦ਾࡇࠪ〻ᒿⲴᆼᮤԓ⸱ᒦ൘ަѝሩԓ⸱䘋㹼䈖㓶⌘䟺ˈ⌘䟺ᰦሩ〻ᒿԓ⸱ᡆ᮷ᆇнԫޣᒿⲴ 䗃ࠪ৲ᮠԕ৺оަԆ〻ޕ൘ሩ⇿њ〻ᒿ䘋㹼䀓䈤ᰦˈᡁԜ俆ݸㆰঅ䈤᰾〻ᒿⲴѫ㾱⭘䙄઼ⴞⲴǃ䗃 ਟԕӾ Tanenbaum ⲴҖѝ㧧ᗇDŽޘ ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏аㄐᇩᰦˈ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏Ⲵᐕ⨶ᯩ䶒Ⲵ⸕䇶ᆼޣѝҏӵ᭟ᤱ䈕᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ˈᡰԕ൘䰵䈫ᵜҖᴹ ⧠NJаҖⲴㅜ 1 ⡸DŽLinus ѫ㾱֯⭘Ҷ䈕Җѝ᧿䘠Ⲵ MINIX ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏 1.0 ⡸ˈ㘼ф൘ᰙᵏⲴ Linux Ṩ ᣔ⁑ᔿ㕆〻ᯩ⌅ⲴྭҖDŽ䘈ᴹаᵜቡᱟ Andrew S.Tanenbaum 㪇ⲴljMINIX ㌫㔏䇮䇑оᇎ؍80x86 л Ṩᐕ⨶ᯩ䶒Ⲵ৲㘳Җ㉽DŽਖаᵜᱟ John H. Crawford ㅹ㕆㪇ⲴljProgramming the 80386NJˈᱟ䇢䀓 ⌅ˈLinux ṨⓀԓ⸱ѝᖸཊ䟽㾱࠭ᮠⲴ〠䜭ਆ㠚䈕ҖDŽഐ↔ˈ൘䰵䈫ᵜҖᰦˈ䘉ᱟаᵜᗵнਟቁⲴ ㌫㔏䇮䇑NJˈ䈕Җ᧿䘠Ҷ UNIX System V ṨⲴᐕ⨶઼ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴDŽLinus ֯⭘Ҷ䈕Җѝᖸཊ࠭ᮠⲴ㇇ Linus ൘ᴰࡍᔰਁ Linux ㌫㔏Ṩᰦˈѫ㾱৲㘳Ҷ 3 ᵜҖDŽаᵜᱟ M. J. Bach 㪇ⲴljUNIX ᰾⺞ൠࡇࠪާփ䴰㾱৲㘳ଚаㇷ HOWTO ᮷ㄐˈ㘼ᒦнᱟӵӵ㔉ࠪ LDP Ⲵ㖁ㄉൠ൰ҶһDŽ 㑱ᵲҡⲴ᮷⥞ࡇ㺘DŽ∄ྲ൘ᕅ⭘ Linux ᮷ẓ亩ⴞ LDP˄Linux Document Project˅ѝⲴ᮷ԦᰦˈᡁԜՊ ᮷⥞ѝˈᡁԜӵ㔉ࠪҶ൘䰵䈫Ⓚԓ⸱ᰦਟԕ৲㘳ⲴҖ㉽ǃ᮷ㄐㅹؑˈᒦ⋑ᴹव㖇з䊑ൠ㔉ࠪаབྷึⲴ PC ᵪ⺜Ԧᯩ䶒ⲴؑDŽ൘৲㘳 ޣѪҶׯҾḕ䰵ˈ൘ᵜҖⲴ䱴ᖅѝ䘈অ⤜ࡇࠪҶṨѝ㾱⭘ࡠⲴᴹ ᔿ䘀㹼ᵪࡦⲴㆰ᰾᧿䘠DŽ ᣔ⁑؍ᴰਾᱟ䱴ᖅ઼㍒ᕅDŽ䱴ᖅѝ㔉ࠪҶ Linux ṨѝⲴаӋᑨᮠᇊѹ઼สᵜᮠᦞ㔃ᶴᇊѹˈԕ৺ Ⓚԓ⸱Ⲵ䈝⌅֯ަ㜭൘ RedHat 9 ㌫㔏л亪࡙㕆䈁ࠪ↓⺞ⲴṨᶕDŽ ԯⵏ㌫㔏л֯⭘઼㕆䈁 Linux ṨⲴᯩ⌅ԕ৺⻱ⴈ䮌䊑᮷ԦⲴࡦᯩ⌅DŽ䘈䈤᰾Ҷྲօ؞᭩ Linux 0.11 ㅜ 17 ㄐӻ㓽ҶᆖҐṨⓀԓ⸱ᰦⲴᇎ傼⧟ຳԕ৺ࣘᇎᯭ⿽ᇎ傼Ⲵᯩ⌅DŽѫ㾱ӻ㓽Ҷ൘ Bochs image˅᮷ԦDŽ kernel˄ۿԦѝˈᆳӵ⭘ҾሶṨѝⲴ⻱ⴈᕅሬ〻ᒿඇоަԆѫ㾱Ṩ⁑ඇ䘎᧕ᡀањᆼᮤⲴṨ᱐ Image˅᮷˄ۿㅜ 16 ㄐӻ㓽 tools/ⴞᖅлⲴ build.c 〻ᒿDŽ䘉њ〻ᒿᒦнՊवᤜ൘㕆䈁⭏ᡀⲴṨ᱐ ᒦнᱟᖸཊˈഐ↔ᡁԜਟԕᖸᘛൠⴻᆼDŽ䘉ҏᱟᡁԜѪӰѸ䘹ᤙ 0.11 ⡸ⲴഐѻаDŽ ㌫㔏〻ᒿᨀҶ᧕ਓ࠭ᮠˈሩԕਾ⨶䀓㌫㔏䖟ԦՊᴹ䖳བྷⲴᑞࣙDŽ⭡Ҿ䘉њ⡸ᵜ䖳վˈᡰԕ䘉䟼Ⲵᇩ ㅜ 15 ㄐӻ㓽Ҷ Linux 0.11 ⡸ṨⓀԓ⸱ lib/ⴞᖅѝⲴᡰᴹ᮷ԦDŽ䘉Ӌᓃ࠭ᮠ᮷Ԧѫ㾱ੁ㕆䈁㌫㔏ㅹ ӽ❦䴰㾱Ҷ䀓䘉Ӌཤ᮷ԦѝⲴ䇨ཊ㓶㢲DŽ ࡠDŽ㲭❦䈕ㄐᇩѫ㾱ᱟѪ䰵䈫ަԆㄐ㢲ѝⲴ〻ᒿ৲㘳֯⭘Ⲵˈնᱟ㤕ᜣᖫᓅ⨶䀓ṨⲴ䘀㹼ᵪࡦˈ Ӌ㓿ᑨ㾱⭘ࡠⲴ䟽㾱Ⲵᮠᦞ㔃ᶴ઼ਈ䟿䘋㹼Ҷᖂ㓣⌘䟺ˈն䘉Ӌᇩᇎ䱵к䜭㜭൘䘉аㄐⲴཤ᮷Ԧѝ њᇊѹǃ⇿ањᑨ䟿ᡆᮠᦞ㔃ᶴ䜭䘋㹼Ҷ䈖㓶⌘䟺DŽѪҶׯҾ൘䰵䈫ᰦ৲㘳ḕ䰵ˈᵜҖ൘䱴ᖅѝ䘈ሩа Ṩ〻ᒿᰦՊ⻠ࡠ䇨ཊ䳌⺽DŽᵜҖㅜ 14 ㄐሩ include/ⴞᖅѝⲴᡰᴹཤ᮷Ԧ䘋㹼Ҷ䈖㓶䈤᰾ˈสᵜкሩ⇿а ⧠ᴹⲴ Linux Ṩ࠶᷀Җ㉽а㡜䜭㕪ѿሩṨཤ᮷ԦⲴ᧿䘠ˈഐ↔ሩҾањࡍᆖ㘵ᶕ䇢ˈ൘䰵䈫 ᇎֻѪሩ䊑䘋㹼䀓䈤ˈഐ↔ਟԕᴤྭൠ⨶䀓ᆈ㇑⨶Ⲵᐕ⨶DŽ ᣔ⁑ᔿ䘀㹼ᯩᔿᾲ㾱䈤᰾ԕཆˈ䘈ᓄ䈕਼ᰦ৲㘳ㅜ 4 ㄐᇩDŽ⭡ҾᵜㄐԕⓀԓ⸱ѝⲴ䘀⭘؍ ਜ਼Ⲵ 80X86 ᇩ㔬䘠 ᇩDŽ Ⲵ䈎⭏䎧ࡠҶнਟᘭ㕪Ⲵ৲㘳ǃInternet ᱟ Linux ᡀ䮯઼༞བྷⲴᗵ㾱⧟ຳDŽᴰਾᵜㄐᾲ䘠ҶҖѝⲴสᵜ POSIX ḷ߶Ⲵࠪ⧠Ѫ Linux ᨀҶᇎ⧠оḷ߶ެᇩ㌫㔏Ⲵ৲㘳ᤷইǃA.S.T Ⲵ MINIX ㌫㔏Ѫ Linux ᇎ⧠Ⲵสᵜ⨶઼㇇⌅ǃRichard Stallman Ⲵ GNU 䇑ࡂѪ Linux ㌫㔏ᨀҶѠᇼфݽ䍩Ⲵ⿽ᇎ⭘ᐕާǃ 俆ݸ䱀䘠Ҷ Linux 䈎⭏઼ਁኅнਟ㕪ቁⲴӄњ᭟ḡ˖UNIX ᴰࡍⲴᔰ᭮ԓ⸱⡸ᵜѪ Linux ᨀҶ 1.3 ᵢㄖቅ㔉 㺕б˄patch˅〻ᒿᰦˈᡁҏ⭈ᤌл仾Ҷ-DŽ ᵜㄐሿ㔃 E D 㜭Ⓚ 䗃ࠪ䜘࠶ޕ䜘࠶ 䗃ࠪ䜘࠶ ༴⨶ѝᗳ 䗃ޕ༴⨶ѝᗳ䗃 㜭Ⓚ 䐟㣟⡷Ѫѫ㓴ᡀⲴ࣏㜭⭥䐟DŽֻྲˈѝᯝ᧗ࡦಘ⭡ Intel 8259A ᡆަެᇩ㣟⡷ᶴᡀ˗DMA ᧗ࡦಘ䙊ᑨ䟷⭘ മѝк䜘᧗ࡦಘ઼ᆈۘಘ᧕ਓ䙊ᑨ䜭䳶ᡀ൘䇑㇇ᵪѫᶯкˈ䘉Ӌ᧗ࡦಘ࠶࡛䜭ᱟԕаඇབྷ㿴⁑䳶ᡀ⭥ ൰オ䰤㤳തᴹ 232 ᆇ㢲ˈӾ 0 ࡠ 4GBDŽ DŽሩҾ֯⭘ 80386 CPU Ⲵ PC ᵪˈަ䜘ൠ൰㓯઼ᮠᦞ㓯䜭࠶࡛ᴹ 32 ṩˈণ䜭ᱟ 32 սⲴDŽഐ↔ൠ൰ራ ᮠᦞ㓯⭘Ҿ൘ CPU ઼ᆈᡆ I/O 䇮༷ѻ䰤ᨀᮠᦞՐ䗃Ⲵ䙊䚃ˈ㘼᧗ࡦ㓯ࡉ䍏䍓ᤷᥕᢗ㹼Ⲵާփ䈫/߉ о㌫㔏ަԆ䜘࠶䘋㹼ᮠᦞ䙊ؑDŽൠ൰㓯⭘Ҿᨀᆈᡆ I/O 䇮༷Ⲵൠ൰ˈণᤷ᰾䴰㾱䈫/߉ᮠᦞⲴާփս㖞DŽ ᡀ㔃ᶴ㿱മ 2-2 ᡰ⽪DŽަѝˈCPU 䙊䗷ൠ൰㓯ǃᮠᦞ㓯઼᧗ࡦؑਧ㓯㓴ᡀⲴᵜൠᙫ㓯˄ᡆ〠Ѫ䜘ᙫ㓯˅ ⷠⲴ䀂ᓖᶕ䈤᰾䟷⭘ 80386 ᡆԕк CPU Ⲵ PC ᵪ㌫㔏㓴ᡀ㔃ᶴDŽањՐ㔏ᗞර䇑㇇ᵪ⺜Ԧ㓴؟ᡁԜӾ 2.1 ᗤශ䇗㇍ᵰ㓺ᡆ⨼ ᡆԕк CPU Ⲵ IBM PC ৺ަެᇩᗞᵪˈ㘼 PC ࡉ⭘ᶕ⌋ᤷᡰᴹᗞᵪˈवᤜ IBM PC/XT ৺ަެᇩᗞᵪDŽ ᇩᐢสᵜ㜭ཏᔪ・䎧䰵䈫 Linux 0.11 ṨⲴ⺜ԦสDŽѪҶׯҾ䈤᰾ˈᵟ䈝 PC/AT ሶ⭘ᶕᤷ⽪ާᴹ 80386 䀓ᆳⲴ䘀㹼⺜Ԧ⧟ຳDŽᵜㄐสҾՐ㔏ᗞᵪ㌫㔏Ⲵ⺜Ԧ㓴ᡀṶമˈӻ㓽Ҷᗞᵪѝњѫ㾱䜘࠶Ⲵ࣏㜭DŽ䘉Ӌ 䗷〻ˈ䛓Ѹቡ䴰㾱ҶޘDŽྲ᷌ᜣᖫᓅ⨶䀓㌫㔏䘀㹼ޣਟ㿱ˈ㌫㔏оᡰ䘀㹼Ⲵ⺜Ԧ⧟ຳᇶ࠷ ਓоަԆ䜘࠶䘎˗㘼ሩҾ䘀㹼൘ަкⲴ䖟Ԧᯩ䶒ˈᡁԜࡉу䰘䈖㓶᧿䘠 Linux ㌫㔏ṨⲴᇎ⧠DŽ ᗞර䇑㇇ᵪ৺ަެᇩᵪⲴ⺜Ԧ㌫㔏ˈ䇑㇇ᵪⲴ CPU 㣟⡷ਟԕⴤ᧕ⴻᱟ㌫㔏Ⲵ༴⨶ѝᗳˈᆳ䙊䗷ᙫ㓯᧕ ⧠DŽ൘⺜Ԧᯩ䶒ˈᡁԜᾲ㾱䈤᰾สҾ Intel 80X86 ѝཞ༴⨶ಘ˄CPU -- Central Processing Unit˅Ⲵ IBM PC 䗃ࠪ䜘࠶Ⲵ⺜Ԧ㓴ᡀ⨶઼䖟Ԧ᧗ࡦⲴᇎ/ޕањ䇑㇇ᵪ㌫㔏Ⲵ䘀㹼ᵪࡦˈѫ㾱䈤᰾㌫㔏Ⲵ༴⨶ѝᗳ઼䗃 㔤᧗ࡦ⵰ӪփⲴᙍᜣ઼ࣘаṧˈ䖟Ԧਟԕⴻᱟ䇑㇇ᵪĀབྷ㝁āѝⲴ઼ؑᙍ㔤DŽᵜҖ᧿䘠Ⲵѫ仈ቡᱟ ᱟ䖟Ԧ䘀㹼઼ᆈۘⲴᒣਠDŽ䖟Ԧᱟа⿽᧗ࡦ⺜Ԧ઼ࣘⲴᤷԔ⍱DŽ⣩ྲᆈۘҾӪ㊫བྷ㝁ѝⲴ઼ؑᙍ 䇑㇇ᵪ㌫㔏ਟ࠶Ѫ⺜Ԧ䜘࠶઼䖟Ԧ䜘࠶ˈնє㘵ѻ䰤ӂᆈDŽ⺜Ԧ䜘࠶ᱟ䇑㇇ᵪ㌫㔏Ⲵਟ㿱䜘࠶ˈ ഴ ㌱㔕ะᵢ㓺ᡆ ⁑රᶕ᧿䘠ˈ㘼ањᆼᮤⲴ䇑㇇ᵪ㌫㔏ᮤփࡉ⭡䘉Ӌᆀ㌫㔏ᶴᡀDŽ 䊑䇑㇇ᵪᡆᖸཊ༽ᵲ㌫㔏ᶕ䈤ˈަѝњᆀ䜘࠶䜭ਟԕ⤜・ൠⴻањᆼᮤⲴᆀ㌫㔏ˈᒦфҏ㜭֯⭘䘉њ ӛ֯⭘Ⲵˈഐ↔മ 2-1 ѝ(b)ᓄ䈕ᴤ㜭ᚠᖃൠᣭ䊑㺘⽪ањ䇑㇇ᵪ㌫㔏DŽᖃ❦ˈޡ࠶ѻ䰤Ⲵ䙊䚃ᡆ᧕ਓ䜭ᱟ 䗃ࠪ䜘/ޕ䇑㇇ᵪ㌫㔏ҏнֻཆˈᆳҏѫ㾱⭡䘉ഋ䜘࠶㓴ᡀDŽн䗷൘䜘ˈ䇑㇇ᵪ㌫㔏Ⲵ༴⨶ѝᗳо䗃 䗃ࠪ䜘࠶ᡰ䴰㾱Ⲵ㜭䟿DŽ઼ޕवᤜ䗃 Ⲵؑᡆᮠᦞ˗㓿䗷༴⨶ѝᗳ࣐ᐕਾ⭡䗃ࠪ䜘࠶䘱ࠪDŽ㜭Ⓚ䜘࠶Ѫᮤњ㌫㔏ᨀ䘀㹼Ⲵ㜭Ⓚ㔉ˈ ㌫㔏ޕ䜘࠶⭘Ҿ᧕᭦䘋ޕԫօањ㌫㔏䜭ਟ䇔Ѫ⭡ഋњสᵜ䜘࠶㓴ᡀˈ㿱മ 2-1 ᡰ⽪Ⲵ⁑රDŽަѝ䗃 ㅜ2ㄐᗞර䇑㇇ᵪ㓴ᡀ㔃ᶴ ᗞර䇑㇇ᵪ㓴ᡀ⨶ ᙫ㓯 ᆈۘಘ &026 ᧗ࡦಘ 䭞ⴈ 䇑ᮠಘ ᇊᰦ ᧗ࡦಘ '0$ ᧗ࡦಘ ѝᯝ ᧗ࡦ㓯 ᮠᦞ㓯 ൠ൰㓯 ᧗ࡦ ⺜ⴈ ᧗ࡦ 䖟傡 ᧗ࡦ Ѣ㹼ਓ ᧗ࡦ ᢃঠᵪ ᧗ࡦ ᱮ⽪ಘ ᧕ਓ ᆈۘಘ &38 кㄟ˄ণൠമкⲴই䜘઼े䜘˅ս㖞ˈᒦ䎧⵰о CPU 䘋㹼䙊䚃ẕ᧕Ⲵ⭘DŽ ᐳⲴިර PC ᵪѫᶯкˈᆳԜ࠶࡛սҾѫ⡸Ⲵлㄟ઼ޜਨޜ ेāẕᶕ࠶࡛㔏〠䘉єњ㣟⡷ˈᱟ⭡Ҿ൘ Intel PCI ᙫ㓯ǃIDE ⺜ⴈ᧕ਓǃUSB ㄟਓㅹˈഐ↔ইẕ㣟⡷Ⲵ〠Ѫ ICH˄I/O Controller Hub˅DŽѻᡰԕ⭘Āইǃ Intel ᢺ䈕㣟⡷ḷਧѪ MCH˄Memory Controller Hub˅㣟⡷DŽইẕ㣟⡷⭘ᶕ㇑⨶վǃѝ䙏Ⲵ㓴Ԧˈֻྲˈ о CPUǃᆈ઼ AGP 㿶仁᧕ਓˈ䘉Ӌ᧕ਓާᴹᖸ儈ⲴՐ䗃䙏⦷DŽेẕ㣟⡷䘈䎧⵰ᆈۘಘ᧗ࡦ⭘ˈഐ↔ Ⲵ㣟⡷㓴ᡆ㣟⡷䳶˄Chipsets˅㓴ᡀ˖ेẕ˄Northbridge˅㣟⡷઼ইẕ˄Southbridge˅㣟⡷DŽेẕ㣟⡷⭘Ҿ Ⲵ㓴ᡀ㔃ᶴ䙊ᑨਟԕ֯⭘മ 2-3 ᶕ᧿䘠DŽ䲔Ҷ CPU ԕཆˈ⧠ԓ PC ᵪѫᶯѫ㾱֯⭘ 2 њ䎵བྷ㿴⁑㣟⡷ᶴᡀ ઼࣏㜭ˈᒦфѪҶ䇙㌫㔏Ⲵн਼䜘࠶䜭㜭䗮ࡠަᴰ儈Ր䗃䙏⦷ˈᙫ㓯㔃ᶴҏਁ⭏ҶᖸབྷਈॆDŽ⧠ԓ PC ᵪ ㇇ᵪѫᵪᶯкቁᮠࠐњ䎵བྷ㿴⁑䳶ᡀ⭥䐟㣟⡷ѝˈࠐњ⭊㠣ᱟањ䘉ṧⲴ㣟⡷ቡ⺞ᇊҶѫᵪᶯⲴѫ㾱⢩ᙗ 䲿⵰䇑㇇ᵪᢰᵟⲴਁኅˈᖸཊᶕ֯⭘᧗ࡦᶕᆼᡀⲴ࣏㜭˄ֻྲ⺜ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ࣏㜭˅䜭ᐢ㓿䳶ᡀ൘䇑 ᴰࡍⲴ 80386 ᵪಘкਚᴹ ISA ᙫ㓯ˈഐ↔㌫㔏оཆ䜘 I/O 䇮༷ᴰཊਚ㜭֯⭘ 16 սᮠᦞ㓯䘋㹼ᮠᦞՐ䗃DŽ 儈ǃ᧗ࡦᴤ⚥⍫Ⲵᙫ㓯᧕ਓ䘈൘нᯝ᧘ࠪˈֻྲ䟷⭘Ѣ㹼䙊ؑ⛩ሩ⛩ᢰᵟⲴ儈䙏 PCIE˄PCI Express˅ᙫ㓯DŽ ㅹDŽ䘉Ӌᙫ㓯᧕ਓⲴѫ㾱४࡛൘ҾᮠᦞՐ䗃䙏⦷઼᧗ࡦ⚥⍫ᙗᯩ䶒DŽ䲿⵰䇑㇇ᵪ⺜ԦⲴਁኅˈՐ䗃䙏⦷ᴤ PCI˄Peripheral Component Interconnect˅ᙫ㓯ǃ࣐䙏മᖒㄟਓ AGP˄Accelerated Graphics Port˅㿶仁ᙫ㓯 ISA˄Industry Standard Architecture˅ᙫ㓯ǃᢙኅᐕъḷ߶㔃ᶴᙫ㓯 EISA˄Extented ISA˅ǃཆത㓴Ԧӂ䘎 ൰ᙫ㓯ǃᮠᦞᙫ㓯઼᧗ࡦ㓯Ⲵоᢙኅ䇮༷᧗ࡦಘⲴḷ߶䘎᧕᧕ਓDŽ䘉Ӌᙫ㓯᧕ਓḷ߶䙊ᑨᴹᐕъḷ߶㔃ᶴ മѝлᯩⲴ᧗ࡦ˄ᡆ㘵〠Ѫ䘲䝽ಘ˅ࡉᱟ䙊䗷ᢙኅᨂоѫᶯк㌫㔏ᙫ㓯䘎᧕DŽᙫ㓯ᨂᱟ㌫㔏ൠ മ Ր㔏 ,%03& ৺ަެᇩ䇑㇇ᵪⲴ㓴ᡀṶമ 㣟⡷ᶕо䭞ⴈѝⲴᢛ᧿⭥䐟䘋㹼䙊ؑDŽ Intel 8237A 㣟⡷ᶴᡀ˗ᇊᰦ䇑ᮠಘⲴṨᗳࡉᱟ Intel 8253/8254 ᇊᰦ㣟⡷˗䭞ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ֯⭘Ⲵᱟ Intel 8042 ᗞර䇑㇇ᵪ㓴ᡀ⨶ $*3 ᙫ㓯 ㌫㔏ᙫ㓯 ᆈۘಘᙫ㓯 %,26 )ODVK ᧕ਓ 㖁㔌 䙊䚃 $7$ 䙊䚃 ༠仁 ,&+ ,2 ইẕ㣟⡷ ᧗ࡦಘ $*3 ᧕ਓ ᆈۘಘ 0&+ ,2 ेẕ㣟⡷ ᧕ਓ 86% &38 3&, ᢙኅ 3&, ᙫ㓯 0x000 -- 0x01F 8237A DMA ᧗ࡦಘ 1 ㄟਓൠ൰㤳ത ࠶䝽䈤᰾ 㺞 ,2 ㄥਙ൦൶࠼䞃 ᖰ䘉њᆈ४ฏᢗ㹼߉DŽ ᆈۘಘൠ൰オ䰤 0xB800 -- 0xBC00 㤳തDŽഐ↔㤕㾱䇙ањᆇㅖᱮ⽪൘ቿᒅкˈਟԕⴤ᧕֯⭘ᆈᤷԔ ਖཆˈIBM PC ᵪҏ䜘࠶ൠ֯⭘Ҷ㔏а㕆൰ᯩᔿDŽֻྲˈCGA ᱮ⽪кᱮ⽪ᆈⲴൠ൰ቡⴤ᧕ঐ⭘Ҷ Ԧᰦ䈖㓶䘋㹼䈤᰾DŽ⺜ޣ֯⭘઼㕆〻ᯩ⌅ሶ൘ਾ䶒ާփ⎹৺ Ҿ䘉ӋㄟਓⲴޣㄟਓൠ൰ਟ֯⭘DŽњ᧗ࡦಘ઼᧗ࡦᡰ唈䇔࠶䝽֯⭘Ⲵㄟਓൠ൰㤳ത㿱㺘 2-1 ᡰ⽪DŽ ಘ䘋㹼ራ൰઼䇯䰞DŽ֯⭘ ISA ᙫ㓯㔃ᶴⲴՐ㔏 PC ᵪަ I/O ൠ൰オ䰤㤳തᱟ 0x000 -- 0x3FFˈᴹ 1024 њ I/O IBM PC ৺ަެᇩᗞᵪѫ㾱֯⭘⤜・㕆൰ᯩᔿˈ䟷⭘Ҷањ⤜・Ⲵ I/O ൠ൰オ䰤ሩ᧗ࡦ䇮༷ѝⲴᇴᆈ オ䰤DŽ⇿њㄟਓᴹањ I/O ൠ൰оѻሩᓄˈᒦф֯⭘у䰘Ⲵ I/O ᤷԔᶕ䇯䰞ㄟਓDŽ ਓ⤜・㕆൰Ⲵᯩ⌅ᱟᢺ I/O ᧗ࡦಘ઼᧗ࡦⲴራ൰オ䰤অ⤜Ѫањ⤜・Ⲵൠ൰オ䰤ሩᖵˈ〠Ѫ I/O ൠ൰ 㕆൰DŽCPU 䇯䰞ањㄟਓⲴо䇯䰞ᆈⲴаṧˈҏ֯⭘䇯䰞ᆈⲴᤷԔDŽㄟۿᔿҏᡀѪᆈۘಘ᱐ ᆈۘಘራ൰ൠ൰オ䰤㤳തDŽഐ↔䘉⿽㕆൰ᯩޕㄟਓ㔏а㕆൰Ⲵ⨶ᱟᢺ I/O ᧗ࡦಘѝⲴㄟਓൠ൰ᖂ 䇯䰞᧗ࡦಘᢗ㹼⣦ᘱⲴ⣦ᘱㄟਓDŽㄟਓൠ൰Ⲵ䇮㖞ᯩ⌅а㡜ᴹє⿽˖㔏а㕆൰઼⤜・㕆൰DŽ 〠Ѫ I/O ㄟਓൠ൰ᡆ㘵ㆰ〠ㄟਓDŽ䙊ᑨањ I/O ᧗ࡦಘवਜ਼䇯䰞ᮠᦞⲴᮠᦞㄟਓǃ䗃ࠪભԔⲴભԔㄟਓ઼ CPU ѪҶ䇯䰞 I/O ᧕ਓ᧗ࡦಘᡆ᧗ࡦкⲴᮠᦞ઼⣦ᘱؑˈ䴰㾱俆ݸᤷᇊᆳԜⲴൠ൰DŽ䘉⿽ൠ൰ቡ 2.2.1 I/O ㄥਙૂሱ൶ 2.2 I/O ㄥਙሱ൶ૂ䇵䰤ᯯᕅ ᰦ䈖㓶ӻ㓽DŽ 䈤᰾മ 2-2 ѝњѫ㾱᧗ࡦಘ઼᧗ࡦⲴᐕ⨶ˈ㘼ᆳԜⲴᇎ䱵㕆〻ᯩ⌅ࡉ᧘䘏ࡠ䰵䈫ṨᓄⓀԓ⸱ ᶴѪṶᷦᶕ䇘䇪઼ᆖҐ PC Ⲵ㓴ᡀ઼㕆〻ᯩ⌅ˈᖃ❦䘉Ӌᯩ⌅ӽ❦䘲ਸҾ⧠ԓ PC ᵪ㔃ᶴDŽл䶒ᡁԜᾲ㾱 䰘ᆖҐˈᡁԜӽ❦ԕՐ㔏 PC ᵪ㔃ޕPC ᵪкDŽ䘉Ӿ Intel Ⲵᔰਁкਟԕ䇱ᇎ䘉њ㔃䇪DŽᡰԕѪҶׯҾ 䈤ˈ䘉Ӌਈॆӽ❦оՐ㔏Ⲵ PC ᵪ㔃ᶴެᇩDŽഐ↔ѪՐ㔏 PC ᵪ⺜Ԧ㔃ᶴ㕆ࡦⲴ〻ᒿӽ❦㜭䘀㹼Ҿ⧠൘Ⲵ 㲭❦ᙫ㓯᧕ਓਁ⭏Ҷᖸབྷਈॆˈ⭊㠣Ӻਾेẕ઼ইẕ㣟⡷䜭ሶՊਸҼѪаˈնᱟሩҾᡁԜ㕆〻Ӫઈᶕ ഴ ⧦ԙ 3& ᵰ㣥⡽䳼Ṽഴ ㄟਓራ൰઼䇯䰞᧗ࡦᯩᔿ 2, ,QWHO&RUS GH 3&,GHYLFH HHI XVEXKFL HHI ,QWHO&RUS G 3&,GHYLFH HHI XVEXKFL HHI ,QWHO&RUS G 3&,GHYLFH HHI YLDUKLQH GDGDII 9,$7HFKQRORJLHV,QF97>5KLQH,,@ GDGDII 3&,FRQI FIFII ,QWHO&RUS G 3&,GHYLFH I DXWR VHULDO III LGH II YJD FGI LGH DXWR VHULDO III LGH II LGH ISX III GPD FGI SLF DEI GPDSDJHUHJ I UWF I NH\ERDUG I WLPHU I SLF I GPD I [root@plinux root]# cat /proc/ioports ᧗ࡦಘᡆ䇮㖞֯⭘Ⲵ I/O ൠ൰㤳തˈ㿱ྲлᡰ⽪DŽޣ㔏л䙊䗷ḕⴻ/proc/ioports ᮷Ԧਟԕᗇࡠ ሩҾ֯⭘ EISA ᡆ PCI ㅹᙫ㓯㔃ᶴⲴ⧠ԓ PC ᵪˈᴹ 64KB Ⲵ I/O ൠ൰オ䰤ਟ֯⭘DŽ൘Პ䙊 Linux ㌫ 0x3F8 -- 0x3FF Ѣ㹼᧗ࡦಘ 1 0x3F0 -- 0x3F7 䖟ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ 0x3D0 -- 0x3DF ᖙ㢢 EGA/VGA ᱮ⽪᧗ࡦಘ 0x3C0 -- 0x3CF ᖙ㢢 CGA ᱮ⽪᧗ࡦಘ 0x3B0 -- 0x3BF অ㢢 MDA ᱮ⽪᧗ࡦಘ 0x378 -- 0x37F ᒦ㹼ᢃঠᵪㄟਓ 1 0x2F8 -- 0x2FF Ѣ㹼᧗ࡦಘ 2 0x278 -- 0x27F ᒦ㹼ᢃঠᵪㄟਓ 2 0x1F0 -- 0x1F7 IDE ⺜ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ 0 0x170 -- 0x177 IDE ⺜ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ 1 0x0F0 -- 0x0FF ॿ༴⨶ಘ䇯䰞ㄟਓ 0x0C0 -- 0x0DF 8237A DMA ᧗ࡦಘ 2 0x0A0 -- 0x0BF 8259A ਟ㕆〻ѝᯝ᧗ࡦಘ 2 0x080 -- 0x09F DMA 亥䶒ᇴᆈಘ䇯䰞ㄟਓ 0x070 -- 0x07F 䇯䰞 CMOS RAM/ᇎᰦᰦ䫏 RTC˄Real Time Clock˅ㄟਓ 0x060 -- 0x06F 8042 䭞ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ 0x040 -- 0x05F 8253/8254A ᇊᰦ䇑ᮠಘ 0x020 -- 0x03F 8259A ਟ㕆〻ѝᯝ᧗ࡦಘ 1 ㄟਓራ൰઼䇯䰞᧗ࡦᯩᔿ 2, ߢ४઼ᆈ㲊ᤏⴈҏՊঐ⭘Ṩԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞਾ䶒Ⲵа䜘࠶ᆈ४ฏˈ䈕४ฏ䙊ᑨՊ䐘䎺 640K -- 1M Ⲵ४ 1M 㤳ത⭘Ҿ儈ㄟ㌫㔏 ROM BIOS Ⲵ᱐ሴ४DŽ1M--16M ሶ㻛Ṩ⭘ҾѪਟ࠶䝽Ⲵѫᆈ४DŽਖཆ儈䙏㕃 ᔰⲴ 128K ⭘ᱮ⽪ᆈ㕃ߢ४ˈ䲿ਾ䜘࠶⭘ҾަԆ᧗ࡦⲴ ROM BIOS ᡆަ᱐ሴ४ฏˈ㘼 0xF0000 ࡠ ⮉⭘മѝᤷ᰾Ⲵ⭘䙄DŽަѝൠ൰ 0xA0000؍❦⭘ BIOS 䇮㖞Ⲵѝᯝੁ䟿㺘DŽ640K-- 1M ѻ䰤Ⲵ 384K ӽ 䛓Ѹ൘ Linux 0.1x ㌫㔏ѝˈ0--640K ሶ㻛⭘ᆈ᭮Ṩԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞDŽLinux Ṩн֯⭘ BIOS ࣏㜭ˈҏн֯ ᡁԜⲴ䇑㇇ᵪѝᴹ 16MB Ⲵ⢙⨶ᆈˈྲٷ⭘㌫㔏ᆈDŽ䘉єњ⢩ᇊ㤳ത㻛⭘Ҿ I/O 䇮઼༷ BIOS 〻ᒿDŽ 384K˅઼ 0xFFFE0000 ࡠ 0xFFFFFFFF˄4G ༴Ⲵᴰਾа 64K˅㤳തԕཆⲴᡰᴹᆈ䜭ਟ ޡ ˄640K ࡠ 1M ᖃ䇑㇇ᵪк⭥ࡍॆᰦˈ⢙⨶ᆈ㻛䇮㖞ᡀӾൠ൰ 0 ᔰⲴ䘎㔝४ฏDŽ䲔Ҷൠ൰Ӿ 0xA0000 ࡠ 0xFFFFF ԓ⸱ӽ❦Պ㻛༽ࡦࡠ䘉њ४ฏѝDŽ㿱മ 2-4 ᡰ⽪DŽ ս㖞༴ˈ㘼 BIOS ᶕᡰ൘Ⲵս㖞ሶ൘䇑㇇ᵪᔰᵪࡍॆᰦ㻛⭘ BIOS Ⲵᖡᆀ˄Shadow˅४ฏˈণ BIOS 䗃ࠪ〻ᒿ BIOS аⴤ༴Ҿ CPU 㜭ራ൰Ⲵᆈᴰ儈ㄟޕⲴ PC ᵪสᵜа㠤ˈਚᱟᶕ㌫㔏 ROM ѝⲴสᵜ䗃 ᤱоᶕ؍❦ᆈᇩ䟿˅DŽնᱟѪҶоᶕⲴ PC ᵪ൘䖟Ԧкެᇩˈ㌫㔏 1MB ԕл⢙⨶ᆈ֯⭘࠶䝽кӽ ഐ↔ CPU Ⲵ⢙⨶ᆈራ൰㤳തᐢ㓿儈䗮 4GB˄䙊䗷䟷⭘ CPU Ⲵᯠ⢩ᙗˈ㌫㔏⭊㠣ਟԕራ൰ 64GB Ⲵ⢙⨶ ㇇ᵪ䙊ᑨ䜭䝽㖞ᴹ 512MB ᡆ㘵ᴤཊⲴ⢙⨶ᆈᇩ䟿ˈᒦф䜭䟷⭘ Intel 32 ս CPUˈণ䜭ᱟ PC/AT 䇑㇇ᵪDŽ ᡆ 1MB ᆈᇩ䟿สᵜк㜭┑䏣Პ䙊ᓄ⭘〻ᒿⲴ䘀㹼DŽ䲿⵰䇑㇇ᵪ䖟Ԧ઼⺜ԦᢰᵟⲴ儈䙏ਁኅˈⴞࡽⲴ䇑 CPU ਚᴹ 20 ṩൠ൰㓯ˈഐ↔ᆈራ൰㤳തᴰ儈Ѫ 1024KB˄1MB˅DŽ൘ᖃᰦ DOS ㌫㔏⍱㹼ᒤԓˈ640K 1981 ᒤ IBM PC ᵪࡊ᧘ࠪᰦ㌫㔏ਚᑖᴹ 640KB Ⲵ RAM ѫᆈۘಘ˄ㆰ〠ᆈ˅DŽ⭡Ҿᡰ䟷⭘Ⲵ 8088/8086 2.3.1 ѱᆎ۞ಞ 2.3 ѱᆎ۞ಞȽBIOS ૂ CMOS ᆎ۞ಞ ↔᭸⦷ᖸ儈DŽ൘ Linux ㌫㔏ѝˈ䖟ⴈ傡ࣘ〻ᒿ֯⭘ѝᯝ઼ DMA ᯩᔿ䝽ਸᶕᇎ⧠ᮠᦞⲴՐ䗃ᐕDŽ ഐˈޕᮤњ䗷〻䴰㾱֯⭘у䰘Ⲵ DMA ᧗ࡦಘᶕ䘋㹼㘼ᰐ䴰 CPU ᨂDŽ⭡Ҿ൘Ր䗃䗷〻ѝᰐ享䖟Ԧӻ ⴤ᧕ᆈۘಘ䇯䰞 DMA˄Direct Memory Access˅ᯩᔿ⭘Ҿ I/O 䇮༷о㌫㔏ᆈѻ䰤䘋㹼ᢩ䟿ᮠᦞՐ䘱ˈ ᧗ࡦ䜭䟷⭘ѝᯝ༴⨶ᯩᔿDŽ ᯩᔿᰦ䴰㾱俆ݸ䇮㖞ྭѝᯝੁ䟿㺘ˈᒦ㕆ࡦྭᓄⲴѝᯝ༴⨶ᴽ࣑䗷〻DŽLinux ㌫㔏ѝབྷཊᮠ䇮༷ I/O ਓൠ൰DŽഐ↔䟷⭘ѝᯝ᧗ࡦޕ䙊䗷֯⭘ѝᯝੁ䟿㺘˄ᡆѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘˅ᶕራ൰ᓄⲴѝᯝ༴⨶ᴽ࣑䗷〻Ⲵ ѝᯝ༴⨶ᴽ࣑䗷〻ਾˈCPU ৸Պ㔗㔝ᢗ㹼ࡊ㻛ѝᯝⲴ〻ᒿDŽ൘ I/O ᧗ࡦಘᡆ䇮༷ਁࠪѝᯝ䈧≲ᰦˈCPU ࠪ༴⨶䈧≲ᰦˈCPU ՊᲲᰦѝᯝᖃࡽᢗ㹼Ⲵ〻ᒿ䖜㘼৫ᢗ㹼ᓄⲴ I/O ѝᯝ༴⨶ᴽ࣑䗷〻DŽᖃᢗ㹼ᆼ䈕 ѝᯝ༴⨶᧗ࡦᯩᔿ䴰㾱ᴹѝᯝ᧗ࡦಘⲴ᭟ᤱDŽ൘䘉⿽᧗ࡦᯩᔿлˈਚᴹᖃ I/O 䇮༷䙊䗷ѝᯝੁ CPU ᨀ ਚᴹ൘䇮༷ᡆ᧗ࡦಘ㜭ཏ・䘄എؑᰦՊ൘ᖸቁⲴࠐњൠᯩ䟷⭘䘉⿽ᯩᔿDŽ ഐ↔൘ཊԫ࣑㌫㔏ѝ䲔䶎ㅹᖵᰦ䰤ᶱ⸝ᡆᗵ享ˈࡉቡнᓄ䈕֯⭘䘉⿽ᯩᔿDŽ൘ Linux ㌫㔏ѝˈ 䘋㹼ᮠᦞӔᦒDŽ䘉⿽ᯩᔿн䴰㾱䗷ཊ⺜Ԧ᭟ᤱˈ֯⭘઼㕆〻䜭∄䖳ㆰঅˈնᱟ⢩࡛㙇䍩 CPU ᇍ䍥ᰦ䰤DŽ ᙍѹˈᗚ⧟ḕ䈒ᯩᔿᱟᤷ CPU 䙊䗷൘〻ᒿѝᗚ⧟ḕ䈒ᤷᇊ䇮༷᧗ࡦಘѝⲴ⣦ᘱᶕࡔᯝᱟਟԕо䇮༷ PC ᵪ I/O ᧕ਓᮠᦞՐ䗃᧗ࡦᯩᔿа㡜ਟ䟷⭘〻ᒿᗚ⧟ḕ䈒ᯩᔿǃѝᯝ༴⨶ᯩᔿ઼ DMA Ր䗃ᯩᔿDŽ亮 2.2.2 ਙ䇵䰤 >URRW#SOLQX[URRW@ LGH III LGH II ,QWHO&RUS GE 3&,GHYLFH III XVEXKFL HHI ,QWHO&RUS G 3&,GHYLFH HHI XVEXKFL HHI ѫᆈۘಘǃ%,26 ઼ &026 ᆈۘಘ )]ަԆ 520%,26 ަԆ %,26 ᱐ሴ४ 9*$520%,26 520%,26 520%,26᱐ሴ४ ᱮ⽪㕃ߢ४ %,26 ᮠᦞ४ ѝᯝੁ䟿㺘 [ [ [&))) [& [) [$ [ [ [)))))))) 0 * 0 . . ⺜ⴈᡆަԆඇ䇮༷ᢺ㌫㔏ᕅሬ〻ᒿ࣐䖭ࡠᆈ 0x7c00 ༴ˈᒦ䐣䖜ࡠ䘉њൠᯩ㔗㔝ᢗ㹼ᕅሬ〻ᒿDŽ ⵏ↓Ⲵᇎൠ൰⁑ᔿᐕˈ㿱മ 2-5 ᡰ⽪DŽᴰਾ BIOS ቡՊӾޕ64K ༴ˈ❦ਾ䐣䖜ࡠ䘉њൠᯩᒦф䇙 CPU 䘋 ԦỰ⍻઼ࡍॆѻਾˈቡՊᢺоᶕ PC ᵪެᇩⲴ 64KB BIOS ԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ༽ࡦࡠᆈվㄟ 1M ᵛㄟⲴ ᡀ 4G˄㘼䶎ᶕⲴ 64K˅ˈ䘉ṧቡਟԕ൘ 0 ࡠ 4G 㤳തᢗ㹼઼ᮠᦞDŽ↔ਾˈBIOS ൘ᢗ㹼ҶаӋࡇ⺜ ⸱ᡆᮠᦞˈBIOS 〻ᒿՊ俆ݸ֯⭘а⿽〠Ѫ 32 սབྷ⁑ᔿ˄Big Mode˅ᢰᵟᢺᮠᦞ⇥ᇴᆈಘⲴ䇯䰞㤳ത䇮㖞 ѝˈഐ↔ѪҶ㜭ཏᢗ㹼ᡆ䇯䰞 BIOS ѝ䎵䗷 64KB 㤳തᒦф৸䘌䘌н൘ 0--1M ൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴަԆ BIOS ԓ ᔰᢗ㹼DŽ⭡Ҿⴞࡽ PC/AT ᗞᵪѝ BIOS ᇩ䟿བྷཊᴹ 1MB ࡠ 2MBˈᒦᆈۘ൘䰚ᆈ˄Flash Memory˅ROM ᆈ᭮Ⲵս㖞DŽᒦф BIOS Պ൘䘉䟼ᆈ᭮аᶑ䐣䖜ᤷԔ JMP 䐣䖜ࡠ BIOS ԓ⸱ѝ 64KB 㤳തⲴḀаᶑᤷԔ 䪸ᤷੁ 0xFFFFFFF0 ༴ˈণ 4G オ䰤ᴰਾањ 64K Ⲵᴰਾ 16 ᆇ㢲༴DŽ⭡кമਟ⸕ˈ䘉䟼↓ᱟ㌫㔏 ROM BIOS ަ⇥สൠ൰ࡉ㻛䇮㖞Ѫ 0xFFFF0000ˈ⇥䮯ᓖ䇮㖞Ѫ 64KBDŽ㘼 IP 㻛䇮㖞Ѫ 0xFFF0ˈഐ↔↔ᰦ CPU ԓ⸱ᤷ ᖃ䇑㇇ᵪ㌫㔏к⭥ᔰᵪᡆ㘵᤹Ҷᵪ㇡кⲴ༽ս᤹䫞ᰦˈCPU Պ㠚ࣘᢺԓ⸱⇥ᇴᆈಘ CS 䇮㖞Ѫ 0xF000ˈ ԕཆˈLinux ㌫㔏൘䘀㹼ᰦᒦн֯⭘ BIOS ѝⲴ࣏㜭DŽ ަѝ〻ᒿнਟᒦਁ䘀㹼˅ˈᒦфӾ䇯䰞᭸⦷ᯩ䶒㘳㲁ˈഐ↔䲔Ҷ൘ࡍॆᰦՊ࡙⭘ BIOS ᨀаӋ㌫㔏৲ᮠ ᙗ˄ণޕᘱˈ㘼ф䘈Ѫ DOS ㅹ㌫㔏ᨀ⺜Ԧ䇮༷᧕ਓᴽ࣑DŽնᱟ⭡Ҿ BIOS ᨀⲴ䘉Ӌᴽ࣑нާ༷ਟ䟽 㾱֯⭘Ⲵ⿽䝽㖞㺘ˈֻྲѝᯝੁ䟿㺘ǃ⺜ⴈ৲ᮠ㺘DŽᒦфᢺ༴⨶ಘ઼㌫㔏ަ։䜘࠶ࡍॆࡠањᐢ⸕⣦ ᆈ᭮൘ ROM ѝⲴ㌫㔏 BIOS 〻ᒿѫ㾱⭘Ҿ䇑㇇ᵪᔰᵪᰦᢗ㹼㌫㔏䜘࠶Ⲵ㠚Ựˈᔪ・䎧㌫㔏䴰 䗉࠰ぁᓅ BIOS/ޛ2.3.2 ะᵢ䗉 ഴ 3&$7 ᵰᆎֵ⭞॰ตഴ ฏDŽ ѫᆈۘಘǃ%,26 ઼ &026 ᆈۘಘ (] . . %,266KDGRZ ༽ࡦⲴ %,26 䮯ᓖ˖.%0%DŽ )ODVK520%,26 〻ᒿˈ . [))))))) -PS ᤷԔ * 0 ༽ࡦ 䐣䖜 ⨶઼㕆〻ᯩ⌅Ⲵ䈖㓶䈤᰾䈧৲㿱ਾ㔝ㄐ㢲DŽ ѝᯝ᧗ࡦಘᐕޣՊ䈖㓶䈤᰾˅ˈഐ↔ Linux ㌫㔏൘Ṩࡍॆᵏ䰤৸䟽ᯠሩ 8259A 䘋㹼Ҷ䇮㖞DŽᴹ ਨⲴ㾱≲˄ਾ䶒ㄐ㢲ሶޜ ᔰ༴ 0x000-0xFFF ४ฏᔪ・ањѝᯝੁ䟿㺘DŽնᱟ⭡Ҿ䘉Ӌ䇮㖞䘍㛼Ҷ Intel 䝽㔉ᰦ䫏ᇊᰦಘǃ䭞ⴈǃѢ㹼ਓǃᢃঠਓǃ䖟ⴈ᧗ࡦǃॿ༴⨶ಘ઼⺜ⴈㅹ䇮༷ᡆ᧗ࡦಘ֯⭘DŽ਼ᰦ൘ᆈ ㇇ᵪࡊᔰᵪࡍॆᵏ䰤ˈROM BIOS Պ࠶࡛ሩє⡷ 8259A 㣟⡷䘋㹼ࡍॆˈᒦ࠶࡛ᢺ 15 㓗ѝᯝՈݸ㓗࠶ ⧠ I/O 䇮༷Ⲵѝᯝ᧗ࡦᮠᦞᆈਆᯩᔿˈᒦф㜭Ѫ 15 њ䇮༷ᨀ⤜・Ⲵѝᯝ᧗ࡦ࣏㜭ˈ㿱മ 2-6 ᡰ⽪DŽ൘䇑 IBM PC/AT 80X86 ެᇩᗞᵪ֯⭘є⡷㓗㚄Ⲵ 8259A ਟ㕆〻ѝᯝ᧗ࡦ㣟⡷㓴ᡀањѝᯝ᧗ࡦಘˈ⭘Ҿᇎ 2.4.1 ѣᯣಞ 2.4 ಞૂগ CMOS ᆈⲴൠ൰オ䰤൘สᵜᆈൠ൰オ䰤ѻཆˈ䴰㾱֯⭘ I/O ᤷԔᶕ䇯䰞DŽ ൘аඇ䳶ᡀඇѝDŽڊ˅ᇎᰦᰦ䫏઼ؑ㌫㔏⺜Ԧ䝽㖞ؑDŽ䘉䜘࠶ᆈ䙊ᑨ઼ᇎᰦᰦ䫏㣟⡷˄Real Time Chip 㢲˅CMOS˄Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductorˈӂ㺕䠁≗ॆ⢙ॺሬփ˅ᆈۘಘᶕᆈ᭮䇑㇇ᵪⲴ ൘ PC/AT ᵪѝˈ䲔䴰㾱֯⭘ᆈ઼ ROM BIOS ԕཆˈ䘈֯⭘ਚᴹᖸቁᆈۘᇩ䟿Ⲵ˄ਚᴹ 64 ᡆ 128 ᆇ 2.3.3 CMOS ᆎ۞ಞ ഴ )ODVK520%,26 փ㖤ૂགྷ᱖ሺ॰ต ᧗ࡦಘ઼᧗ࡦ ''ᮠᦞ &38 ,175 ൠ൰ [$[EI ⮉,54؍ ⺜ⴈ,54 ॿ༴⨶ಘ,54 36 啐ḷ,54 ⮉,54؍ ⮉,54؍ ,17$+,54 ᇎᰦ䫏 ,54 &6 $ ,5 ,5 ,5 ,5Ӿ⡷ $ ,5 ,5 ,5,17 ,5 &$6 ൠ൰ [[I ᒦ㹼ਓ ,54 䖟ⴈ,54 ᒦ㹼ਓ ,54 Ѣ㹼ਓ ,54 Ѣ㹼ਓ ,54 ᧕㚄LQW,54 䭞ⴈ,54 ᰦ䫏,54 &$6 &6 $ ,5 ,5 ,5 ,5ѫ⡷ $ ,5 ,5 ,5,17 ,5 ⮉؍˅IRQ15 0x77 ˄119 IRQ14 0x76 ˄118˅ ⺜ⴈѝᯝ IRQ13 0x75 ˄117˅ ᮠᆖॿ༴⨶ಘѝᯝ IRQ12 0x74 ˄116˅ PS/2 啐ḷਓѝᯝ ⮉˄㖁㔌᧕ਓ˅؍ ˅IRQ11 0x73 ˄115 ⮉؍˅IRQ10 0x72 ˄114 IRQ9 0x71 ˄113˅ ᭩ੁ㠣 INT 0x0A IRQ8 0x70 ˄112˅ ᇎᰦ䫏ѝᯝ IRQ7 0x0F ˄15˅ ᒦ㹼ਓ 1 IRQ6 0x0E ˄14˅ 䖟ⴈ傡ࣘಘ IRQ5 0x0D ˄13˅ ᒦ㹼ਓ 2 IRQ4 0x0C ˄12˅ Ѣ㹼ਓ 1 IRQ3 0x0B ˄11˅ Ѣ㹼ਓ 2 IRQ2 0x0A ˄10˅ ᧕䘎Ӿ㣟⡷ IRQ1 0x09 ˄9˅ 䭞ⴈѝᯝ IRQ0 0x08 ˄8˅ 8253 ਁࠪⲴ 100HZ ᰦ䫏ѝᯝ ѝᯝ䈧≲ਧ BIOS 䇮㖞Ⲵѝᯝਧ ⭘䙄 㺞 ᔶᵰᰬ 520%,26 䇴㖤Ⲻ⺢Ԭ䈭≸༺⨼ѣᯣਭ ㌫DŽޣॆᰦˈᆳՊ䟽ᯠ䇮㖞ѝᯝ䈧≲ਧоѝᯝੁ䟿ਧⲴሩᓄ ᓄѝᯝੁ䟿ਧDŽLinux ㌫㔏ᒦнⴤ᧕֯⭘䘉Ӌ PC ᵪ唈䇔䇮㖞ྭⲴѝᯝੁ䟿ਧˈᖃ Linux ㌫㔏ᢗ㹼ࡍ ᖃаਠ PC 䇑㇇ᵪࡊк⭥ᔰᵪᰦˈкമѝⲴ⺜Ԧѝᯝ䈧≲ਧՊ㻛 ROM BIOS 䇮㖞ᡀ㺘 2-2 ѝࡇࠪⲴሩ ㌱㔕 ഴ 3&$7 ᗤᵰ㓝䘔ᕅ ᧗ࡦಘ઼᧗ࡦ ⸱䳶ⲴഐDŽ ಘ䘋㹼㕆〻ᰦ䙊ᑨਚ䴰㾱Ҷ䀓ㅜа྇ᢛ᧿⸱䳶ণਟDŽ䘉ҏᱟਾ䶒⎹৺䭞ⴈ㕆〻ᇩᰦਚ㔉ࠪ XT 䭞ⴈᢛ᧿ ӽ❦Պᢺᡰᴹ᧕᭦ࡠⲴㅜҼ྇䭞ⴈᢛ᧿⸱䖜ᦒᡀㅜа྇ᢛ᧿⸱ˈ㿱മ 2-7 ᡰ⽪DŽഐ↔ˈᡁԜ൘Ѫ䭞ⴈ᧗ࡦ AT 䭞ⴈ唈䇔ਁ䘱ⲴᱟㅜҼ྇ᢛ᧿⸱䳶DŽ㲭❦ྲ↔ˈѫᵪ䭞ⴈ᧗ࡦಘѪҶо PC/XT ᵪⲴ䖟Ԧެᇩ䎧㿱ˈ ㅜй྇ᢛ᧿⸱䳶 -- PS/2 䭞ⴈᢛ᧿⸱䳶DŽ IBM ᧘ࠪ PS/2 ᗞᵪᰦ֯⭘Ⲵᢛ᧿⸱䳶ˈᐢᖸቁ֯⭘DŽ ㅜҼ྇ᢛ᧿⸱䳶 -- ⧠ԓ䭞ⴈ唈䇔֯⭘Ⲵᢛ᧿⸱䳶ˈ䙊ᑨ〠Ѫ AT 䭞ⴈᢛ᧿⸱䳶˗ ㅜа྇ᢛ᧿⸱䳶 -- XT 䭞ⴈᢛ᧿⸱䳶DŽⴞࡽⲴ䭞ⴈᐢ㓿ᖸቁਁ䘱䘉㊫ᢛ᧿⸱˗ ᵪⲴਁኅˈⴞࡽᐢᴹй྇ᢛ᧿⸱䳶ਟ֯⭘ˈᆳԜ࠶࡛ᱟ˖ ଚњ䭞DŽᮤњ䭞ⴈкᡰᴹ᤹䭞Ⲵ᧕䙊઼ᯝᔰ⸱ቡ㓴ᡀҶ䭞ⴈⲴањᢛ᧿⸱䳶˄Scan Code Set˅DŽṩᦞ䇑㇇ ᮠᦞ䱏ࡇѝDŽഐѪ⇿њ᤹䭞Ⲵ᧕䙊઼ᯝᔰ⸱䜭ᱟн਼Ⲵˈᡰԕ䭞ⴈ᧗ࡦಘṩᦞᢛ᧿⸱ቡਟԕ⺞ᇊ⭘ᡧ൘ ѫᵪ䭞ⴈ᧗ࡦಘу䰘⭘ᶕሩ᧕᭦ࡠⲴ䭞ⴈᢛ᧿⸱䘋㹼䀓⸱ˈᒦᢺ䀓⸱ਾⲴᮠᦞਁ䘱ࡠ㌫㔏Ⲵ䭞ⴈ ⸱㻛〠Ѫᯝᔰᢛ᧿⸱˄Break code˅ˈᡆㆰ〠Ѫᯝᔰ⸱DŽ 䭞ⴈਁ䘱Ⲵᢛ᧿⸱〠Ѫ᧕䙊ᢛ᧿⸱˄Make code˅ˈᡆㆰ〠Ѫ᧕䙊⸱˗ᖃањ㻛᤹лⲴ䭞᭮ᔰᰦਁ䘱Ⲵᢛ᧿ ᡰᴹ᤹䭞᤹л઼ᶮᔰⲴ⣦ᘱؑ˄ণᢛ᧿⸱˅ˈᒦਁ䘱ࡠѫᵪѫᶯк䭞ⴈ᧗ࡦಘѝDŽᖃањ䭞㻛᤹лᰦˈ ᴹ 101 ࡠ 104 њ᤹䭞DŽ䭞ⴈкᴹањ〠Ѫ䭞ⴈ㕆⸱ಘⲴ༴⨶ಘ˄Intel 8048 ᡆެᇩ㣟⡷˅у䰘⭘ᶕᢛ᧿᭦䳶 ਨҾ 1984 ᒤ PC/AT ᗞᵪⲴެᇩ䭞ⴈˈ䙊ᑨ〠Ѫ AT-PS/2 ެᇩ䭞ⴈᒦާޜ ᡁԜ⧠൘֯⭘Ⲵ䭞ⴈᱟ IBM 2.4.4 䭤ⴎಞ ԫ࣑֯⭘Ⲵ㌫㔏䍴Ⓚ䟿˄ᰦ䰤˅DŽ њ䰤䳄ᇊᰦӗ⭏Ⲵѝᯝ䈧≲ቡᱟ Linux 0.11 ṨᐕⲴ㜹ᨿˈᆳ⭘Ҿᇊᰦ࠷ᦒᖃࡽᢗ㹼Ⲵԫ઼࣑㔏䇑⇿њ 䇮㖞ˈ֯ᗇ䈕䇑ᮠಘᐕ൘ᯩᔿ 3 лˈᒦф⇿䰤䳄 10 ∛。ਁࠪањؑਧԕӗ⭏ѝᯝ䈧≲ؑਧ˄IRQ0˅DŽ䘉 ؑਧǃࣘᘱᆈ DRAM ࡧᯠᇊᰦ⭥䐟઼ѫᵪᢜ༠ಘ丣䈳ਸᡀDŽLinux 0.11 ㌫㔏ਚሩ䙊䚃 0 䘋㹼Ҷ䟽ᯠ ሩҾ PC/AT ৺ަެᇩᗞᵪ㌫㔏䟷⭘Ⲵᱟ 8254 㣟⡷DŽ3 њᇊᰦ/䇑ᮠಘ䙊䚃㻛࠶࡛⭘Ҿᰕᰦ䫏䇑ᰦѝᯝ ⭘ަѝањ䇑ᮠಘ䙊䚃䗮ࡠᡰᵏᵋⲴᔦᰦDŽ൘ᔦᰦࡠਾˈ8253/8254 ሶՊੁ CPU ਁ䘱ањѝᯝؑਧDŽ ᖸ㙇 CPU ᰦ䰤DŽ㤕ᵪಘѝ䟷⭘Ҷ 8253/8254 㣟⡷ˈ䛓Ѹ〻ᒿઈቡਟԕ䝽㖞 8253 ԕ┑䏣㠚ᐡⲴ㾱≲ᒦф֯ ڊᒦф䘉Ӌᐕᯩᔿ൷ਟԕ֯⭘䖟Ԧᶕ䇮㖞DŽ൘䖟Ԧѝ䘋㹼ᔦᰦⲴа⿽ᯩ⌅ᱟᢗ㹼ᗚ⧟䈝ਕˈն䘉ṧ ѝⲴ㋮⺞ᰦ䰤ᔦ䘏DŽ䈕㣟⡷ᨀҶ 3 њ⤜・Ⲵ 16 ս䇑ᮠಘ䙊䚃DŽ⇿њ䙊䚃ਟᐕ൘н਼Ⲵᐕᯩᔿлˈ Intel 8253/8254 ᱟањਟ㕆〻ᇊᰦ/䇑ᮠಘ˄PIT - Programmable Interval Timer˅㣟⡷ˈ⭘Ҿ༴⨶䇑㇇ᵪ 2.4.3 ᇐᰬ/䇗ᮦಞ ഐ↔㠚䴰㾱ਁ䘱є⅑DŽˈᇴᆈಘᱟ 8 սⲴˈ㘼ൠ൰઼䇑ᮠ٬ᱟ 16 ս٬ ൠ൰ᇴᆈಘㄟਓ઼ᮠᦞ䇑ᮠᇴᆈಘㄟਓDŽ⭡Ҿ DMA˅〫ٿ˄ሩйњㄟਓⲴˈ࠶࡛ᱟ亥䶒ᇴᆈಘㄟਓǃ 16 ս䙊䚃DŽ䖟ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ㻛у䰘ᤷᇊ֯⭘ DMA 䙊䚃 2DŽ൘֯⭘ањ䙊䚃ѻࡽᗵ享俆ݸሩަ䇮㖞DŽ䘉⢥⎹ࡠ ൘ PC/AT ᵪѝˈ֯⭘Ҷє⡷ 8237 㣟⡷ˈഐ↔ DMA ᧗ࡦಘᴹ 8 њ⤜・Ⲵ䙊䚃ਟ֯⭘DŽަѝਾ 4 њᱟ ԆһᛵDŽަڊՐ䗃㜭൘нਇ CPU ᧗ࡦⲴᶑԦл䘋㹼DŽഐ↔൘ᮠᦞՐ䗃ᵏ䰤ˈCPU ਟԕ ᆳ⭡ᵪಘкⲴ Intel 8237 㣟⡷ᡆަެᇩ㣟⡷ᇎ⧠DŽ䙊䗷ሩ DMA ᧗ࡦಘ䘋㹼㕆〻ˈཆ䇮оᆈѻ䰤Ⲵᮠᦞ ྲࡽᡰ䘠ˈDMA ᧗ࡦಘⲴѫ㾱࣏㜭ᱟ䙊䗷䇙ཆ䜘䇮༷ⴤ᧕оᆈՐ䗃ᮠᦞᶕ໎ᕪ㌫㔏Ⲵᙗ㜭DŽ䙊ᑨ 2.4.2 DMA ಞ ᧗ࡦಘ઼᧗ࡦ 㕆〻ㄟਓ ㅜҼ྇ᢛ᧿⸱ㅜа྇ᢛ᧿⸱ 䭞ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ ѫᵪк 䈟Ự⍻ˈ䲔Ҷᗵ㾱Ⲵᮠᦞԕཆˈ൘Ր䗃Ⲵаᑗؑѝ䘈वਜ਼䎧਼↕઼䭉䈟Ự⍻⭘Ⲵަᆳؑˈֻྲ অսⲴṬᔿDŽ䙊ᑨᡁԜ֯⭘ᵟ䈝Āᑗāᶕᖒᇩ䘉⿽ṬᔿDŽѪҶ㜭䇙䙊ؑৼᯩ⺞ᇊ᭦/ਁⲴ亪ᒿ઼䘋㹼аӋ䭉 ᡁԜᢺ䇑㇇ᵪ/䇮༷о䇑㇇ᵪ/䇮༷ѻ䰤ⲴĀ䈝䀰ā〠Ѫ䙊ؑॿ䇞DŽ䙊ؑॿ䇞㿴ᇊҶՐ䘱ањᴹ᭸ᮠᦞ䮯ᓖ єਠ䇑㇇ᵪ/䇮༷䘋㹼ᮠᦞӔᦒˈণ䙊ؑˈᗵ享䊑ӪԜሩ䈍аṧ֯⭘਼а⿽䈝䀰DŽ൘䇑㇇ᵪ䙊ؑᵟ䈝ѝˈ 1. ᔲ↕Ѣ㹼䙊ؑ⨶ 2.4.5 Ѩ㺂গ ެᇩⴞⲴ㘼⁑ᤏ 8042 㣟⡷Ⲵ࣏㜭DŽഐ↔⧠൘䭞ⴈⲴ㕆〻ӽ❦䟷⭘ 8042 Ⲵ㕆〻ᯩ⌅DŽ Ѫ 0 ࡉ⾱→ A20 ؑਧ㓯DŽ⧠ӺⲴѫᶯкᐢ㓿нवᤜ⤜・Ⲵ 8042 㣟⡷ҶˈնᱟѫᶯкަԆ䳶ᡀ⭥䐟ՊѪ ᕅ㝊⭘Ҿ᧗ࡦ A20 ؑਧ㓯ⲴᔰоDŽᖃ䈕䗃ࠪㄟਓս 1˄P21˅Ѫ 1 ᰦቡᔰ˄䘹䙊˅Ҷ A20 ؑਧ㓯ˈ ਖཆˈ䭞ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ 8042 Ⲵ䗃ࠪㄟਓ P2 ⭘ҾަԆⴞⲴDŽަ P20 ᕅ㝊⭘Ҿᇎ⧠ CPU Ⲵ༽սˈP21 ᐖ Shift 䭞 + G 䭞 0x2A, 0x22 0xAA, 0xA2 ݸ᤹ᒦфਾ䟺᭮ Shift 䭞 ਣ䗩 Ctrl 䭞 0xe0, 0x1D 0xe0, 0x9D ᢙኅ䭞 ᯩੁ䭞ੁਣ䭞 0xe0, 0x4D 0xe0, 0xCD ᢙኅ䭞 ࣏㜭䭞 F9 0x43 0xC3 䶎ᢙኅⲴᲞ䙊䭞 9 0x0A 0x8A 䶎ᢙኅⲴᲞ䙊䭞 A 0x1E 0x9E 䶎ᢙኅⲴᲞ䙊䭞 ᤹䭞 ᧕䙊ᢛ᧿⸱ ᯝᔰᢛ᧿⸱ 䈤᰾ 㺞 䭤ⴎಞ㕌ぁㄥਙ᭬ࡦⲺㅢжྍᢡᨅ⸷䳼䙐ૂᯣᔶᢡᨅ⸷⽰ׁ ѝ䘈㔉ࠪҶᆼᮤⲴㅜа྇ᢛ᧿⸱䳶DŽ 䙊⸱ 0xE0ǃ0x1DDŽሩᓄⲴᯝᔰ⸱ᱟ 0xE0ǃ0x9DDŽ㺘 2-3 ѝᱟࠐњ᧕䙊઼ᯝᔰᢛ᧿⸱ⲴֻᆀDŽਖཆˈ䱴ᖅ ᤹лᐖ䗩Ⲵ䶎ᢙኅ Ctrl 䭞ᰦՊӗ⭏ 1 ᆇ㢲᧕䙊⸱ 0x1Dˈ㘼᤹лਣ䗩Ⲵ Ctrl 䭞ᰦቡՊӗ⭏ᢙኅⲴ 2 ᆇ㢲᧕ 䭞઼ਣ䗩Ⲵ Alt 䭞ㅹ˅ˈࡉަ᧕䙊઼ᯝᔰᢛ᧿⸱䙊ᑨᴹ 2 ࡠ 4 њᆇ㢲ˈᒦфㅜ 1 њᆇ㢲аᇊᱟ 0xE0DŽֻྲˈ նᱟሩҾ䛓Ӌ PC/XT ḷ߶ 83 䭞䭞ⴈԕਾᯠ࣐Ⲵ˄ĀᢙኅⲴā˅AT 䭞ⴈкⲴ᤹䭞˄ֻྲਣ䗩Ⲵ Ctrl 㖞սᰦⲴ᧕䙊⸱DŽֻྲˈк䘠ĀAā䭞Ⲵᯝᔰ⸱ቡᱟ 0x80 + 0x1E = 0x9EDŽ ሩҾ XT 䭞ⴈ˄ণ䭞ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ㕆〻ㄟਓ᭦ࡠⲴᢛ᧿⸱˅ˈᯝᔰ⸱ᱟަ᧕䙊⸱࣐к 0x80ˈণᴰ儈ᴹ᭸ս˄ս 7˅ 䭞ĀAāⲴ᧕䙊⸱ᱟ 30˄0x1E˅DŽᖃањ᤹лⲴ䭞㻛ᶮᔰᰦˈӾ䭞ⴈ᧗ࡦಘㄟਓ᭦ࡠⲴቡᱟањᯝᔰ⸱DŽ кḀњս㖞༴Ⲵ䭞㻛᤹лˈն䘈⋑ᴹሩᓄࡠḀњᆇㅖԓ⸱кDŽ᧕䙊⸱䙊ᑨ䜭ᱟањᆇ㢲ᇭᓖDŽֻྲˈ᤹л ᖃањ䭞㻛᤹лᰦˈᡁԜਟԕӾ䭞ⴈ᧗ࡦಘㄟਓ᧕᭦ࡠањ XT 䭞ⴈ᧕䙊⸱DŽ䘉њᢛ᧿⸱ӵ㺘⽪䭞ⴈ 䈕ѝᯝ䈧≲ਾˈቡՊ䈳⭘䭞ⴈѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿᶕ䈫ਆ᧗ࡦಘѝⲴ XT 䭞ⴈᢛ᧿⸱DŽ PC/XT ḷ߶䭞ⴈެᇩⲴ㌫㔏ᢛ᧿⸱ˈ❦ਾ䙊䗷ѝᯝ᧗ࡦಘ IRQ1 ᕅ㝊ੁ CPU ਁ䘱ѝᯝ䈧≲DŽᖃ CPU ૽ᓄ սDŽ৲㿱л㢲ሩѢ㹼᧗ࡦⲴ䈤᰾DŽ䭞ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ൘᭦ࡠ 11 սⲴѢ㹼ᮠᦞਾቡሶ䭞ⴈᢛ᧿⸱䖜ᦒᡀ→ڌ Ѣ㹼ṬᔿᮠᦞDŽަѝㅜ 1 սᱟ䎧սˈㅜ 2--9 սᱟ 8 ս䭞ⴈᢛ᧿⸱ˈㅜ 10 սᱟཷṑ傼ṑ傼սˈㅜ 11 սᱟ ᡀ൘ѫᶯ㣟⡷㓴ѝˈնᱟ࣏㜭ӽ❦о֯⭘ 8042 㣟⡷Ⲵ᧗ࡦಘެᇩDŽ䭞ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ᧕᭦䭞ⴈਁ䘱ᶕⲴ 11 ս 䭞ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ䙊ᑨ䟷⭘ Intel 8042 অ⡷ᗞ༴⨶ಘ㣟⡷ᡆަެᇩ⭥䐟DŽ⧠൘Ⲵ PC ᵪ䜭ᐢ㓿ሶ䭞ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ䳶 ഴ 䭤ⴎಞሯᢡᨅ⸷䳼Ⲻ䖢ᦘ ᧗ࡦಘ઼᧗ࡦ սڦཷ 䎧ս 0$5. Րਧ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 63$&( オਧ ањᆇㅖᑗ սᮠᦞս→ڌ 䎧਼↕ؑ Ր䗃Ⲵᇎ䱵ᮠᦞ ṑ傼ㅹؑ սᰦত᭦ࡠҶオਧDŽ䙊ᑨ䙐ᡀ䘉⿽䭉䈟Ⲵᛵߥ䲔Ҷ㓯䐟ᒢᢠԕཆˈᖸਟ㜭ᱟ䙊ؑৼᯩⲴᑗṬᔿ䇮㖞Ⲵн਼DŽ →ڌ࣐ᘛਆᆇㅖ仁⦷˗ĹᑗṬᔿ䭉䈟DŽ൘㾱≲᧕᭦ⲴṬᔿؑн↓⺞ᰦՊਁ⭏䘉⿽䭉䈟DŽֻྲ൘ᓄ䈕᭦ࡠ ᯠਁ䘱䈕ᆇㅖ˗ĸ䗷䙏䭉䈟DŽ⭡Ҿ〻ᒿਆᆇㅖ䙏ᓖធҾ᧕᭦䙏ᓖˈቡՊਁ⭏䘉⿽䭉䈟DŽ↔ᰦᓄ䈕؞᭩〻ᒿ ṑ傼䭉䈟DŽ↔ᰦ〻ᒿᓄ䈕㾱≲ሩᯩ䟽ڦ൘᧕᭦аᆇㅖᑗᰦˈ᧕᭦ᯩਟ㜭ՊỰ⍻ࡠй⿽䭉䈟ѻа˖ķཷ ᆇㅖᑗਁ䘱ᆼਾਟԕ・ਁ䘱лањᆇㅖᑗˈҏਟԕᲲᰦਁ䘱ՐਧˈㅹаՊਁ䘱ᆇㅖᑗDŽ սDŽ൘ањ→ڌṑ傼սDŽᴰਾᱟڦṑ傼սˈ䛓Ѹ൘ᮠᦞՐ䗃ᆼѻਾ䘈䴰㾱᧕᭦ཷڦᦞDŽ㤕〻ᒿѝ䇮㖞Ҷཷ ݸਁ䘱ањ∄⢩ս䰤䳄ᰦ䰤Ⲵオਧ䎧սDŽ᧕᭦ᯩ᭦ࡠオਧਾˈቡᔰоਁ䘱ᯩ਼↕ˈ❦ਾ᧕᭦䲿ਾⲴᮠ ᖃᰐᮠᦞՐ䗃ᰦˈਁ䘱ᯩ༴ҾՐਧ˄MARK˅⣦ᘱˈᤱ㔝ਁ䘱 1DŽ㤕䴰㾱ਁ䘱ᮠᦞˈࡉਁ䘱ᯩ䴰㾱俆 ᔸ↛Ѩ㺂䙐ؗᆍㅜՖ䗉Ṳᕅ ഴ ᵟ䈝DŽ 㿴㤳ѝˈᢺՐ䘱 1 〠ѪՐਧ˄MARK˅ˈՐ䘱 0 〠Ѫオਧ˄SPACE˅DŽഐ↔൘л䶒᧿䘠ѝᡁԜቡ֯⭘䘉єњ սDŽ൘ᔲ↕䙊ؑ→ڌؑᔰਁ䘱ؑѻࡽˈৼᯩᗵ享䇮㖞ᡀ਼ⲴṬᔿDŽྲާᴹ਼ᮠ䟿Ⲵᮠᦞ∄⢩ս઼ սᚂѪ 1ˈਟ⭡〻ᒿ䇮ᇊѪ 1ǃ1.5 ᡆ 2 њ∄⢩սDŽ൘䙊→ڌṑ傼սਟᴹਟᰐˈ⭡〻ᒿ䇮ᇊDŽڦњ∄⢩DŽཷ ٬ᚂѪ 0DŽᮠᦞսᱟՐ䗃Ⲵᇎ䱵ᮠᦞˈণањᆇㅖⲴԓ⸱DŽަ䮯ᓖਟԕᱟ 5--8ˈᡀDŽަѝ䎧ս䎧਼↕⭘ սᶴ→ڌṑ傼ս઼ڦᔲ↕Ѣ㹼䙊ؑՐ䗃ⲴᑗṬᔿ㿱മ 2-9 ᡰ⽪DŽՐ䗃ањᆇㅖ⭡䎧սǃᮠᦞսǃཷ 2. ᔲ↕Ѣ㹼Ր䗃Ṭᔿ ࠶ѫ㾱ᱟа⿽ҐᜟᡆᜟֻкⲴࡂ࠶DŽ 䛓Ѹԕањᆇㅖ䘋㹼Ր䗃Ⲵᔲ↕Ѣ㹼䙊ؑҏਟԕⴻᱟа⿽਼↕Ր䗃䙊ؑᯩᔿDŽഐ↔ᔲ↕઼਼↕䙊ؑⲴ४ Ⲵаਕ䈍Ѫሩ䈍অսDŽਟԕⴻࠪˈᇎ䱵кྲ᷌ᡁԜᢺՐ䗃অս㕙ሿࡠањ∄⢩սᰦ˄ሩ䈍ᰦ⭘ᆇ⇽ʽ˅ˈ 亯ԫ䮯ᰦ䰤DŽ㘼਼↕䙊ؑࡉྲ਼䙊ؑৼᯩԕ䘎䍟ڌ˄word˅ањᆇൠĀ䒖āࠪᶕˈ൘䈤ࠪ⇿њᆇਾਟԕ ᦞ䘋㹼Ր䗃DŽ㤕ԕӪԜѻ䰤Ⲵሩ䈍∄௫ˈ䛓Ѹᔲ↕䙊ؑྲ਼ሩ䈍ৼᯩ䇢䈍䙏ᓖᖸធˈ䈤䈍ᰦањᆇ ањᆇㅖѪањ䙊ؑঅսᡆаᑗ䘋㹼Ր䗃ˈ㘼਼↕Ѣ㹼䙊ؑࡉԕཊњᆇㅖᡆᆇ㢲㓴ᡀⲴᒿࡇѪаᑗᮠ ↕Ѣ㹼䙊ؑє⿽㊫රDŽᆳԜѻ䰤Ⲵѫ㾱४࡛൘ҾՐ䗃ᰦ਼↕Ⲵ䙊ؑঅսᡆᑗⲴ䮯ᓖн਼DŽᔲ↕Ѣ㹼䙊ؑԕ Ѣ㹼䙊ؑᱟᤷ൘㓯䐟кԕ∄⢩սᮠᦞ⍱а⅑ањ∄⢩䘋㹼Ր䗃Ⲵ䙊ؑᯩᔿDŽѢ㹼䙊ؑਟ࠶Ѫᔲ↕઼਼ ഴ 䙐ؗᑝⲺж㡢㔉ᶺ ṑ傼ؑㅹˈ㿱മ 2-8 ᡰ⽪DŽ ൘ᔰՐ䗃ᮠᦞؑѻࡽݸਁ䘱䎧/਼↕ᡆ䙊ؑ᧗ࡦؑˈᒦф൘ਁ䘱ᆼ䴰㾱ⲴᮠᦞؑѻਾՐ䗃аӋ ᧗ࡦಘ઼᧗ࡦ $*&൘ ࡇ; ࡇⲴ᮷ᵜᆇㅖᱮ⽪ᯩᔿлˈᴹঅ㢢઼ 㢢ᖙ㢢є⿽ᱮ⽪ᯩᔿ˄%,26 ᱮ⽪ᯩᔿ ˅DŽ ᖙ㢢മᖒ䘲䝽ಘ &*$˄&RORU*UDSKLFV$GDSWHU˅᭟ᤱ ⿽ᖙ㢢઼മᖒᱮ⽪ᯩᔿ˄%,26 ᱮ⽪ᯩᔿ ˅DŽ &*$ ᱮ⽪ḷ߶ 1 1 1 1 1 1 0x77 ᱮ⽪ⲭ㢢ᯩඇDŽ Ƶ 1 1 1 0 0 0 0x70 ⲭ㢢㛼Ჟкᱮ⽪唁㢢ᆇㅖ˄৽ᱮ˅DŽ Reverse 0 0 0 0 0 1 0x01 唁㢢㛼Ჟкᱮ⽪ⲭ㢢ᑖлࡂ㓯ᆇㅖDŽ Underline 0 0 0 1 1 1 0x07 唁㢢㛼Ჟкᱮ⽪ⲭ㢢ᆇㅖ˄↓ᑨᱮ⽪˅DŽ Normal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0x00 ᆇㅖнਟ㿱DŽ ᱮ⽪᭸᷌ ⽪ֻ ᰐ䰚վӞ ᙗ٬ D2D1D0 ࡽᲟ㢢 D6D5D4 㛼Ჟ㢢 㺞 ঋ㢨ᱴ⽰ᆍㅜኔᙝᆍ㢸䇴㖤 ˄[˅઼唁㢢˄[˅DŽᆳԜⲴ㓴ਸ᭸᷌㿱㺘ᡰ⽪DŽ ' 㖞 ֯ᆇㅖ儈Ӟᓖᱮ⽪DŽᆳоമ 2-10 ѝⲴᖙ㢢᮷ᵜᆇㅖⲴᙗᆇ㢲สᵜа㠤ˈնਚᴹє⿽仌㢢˖ⲭ㢢 ൘ 0'$ অ㢢᮷ᵜᱮ⽪ᯩᔿѝˈ⇿њᆇㅖⲴᙗᆇ㢲Ṭᔿ㿱㺘 2-4 ᡰ⽪DŽަѝˈ' 㖞 Պ֯ᆇㅖ䰚⛱˗ ᙗᆇ㢲ս㖞 ᆇㅖᆇ㢲ս㖞˗ ˗ \[ ᆇㅖᆇ㢲ս㖞 [EYLGHRBQXPBFROXPV ǃ\ ༴Ⲵᆇㅖ઼ᙗ൘ᆈѝⲴս㖞ᱟ˖] ࡇᮠᱟ YLGHRBQXPBFROXPV ˈ䛓ѸսҾቿᒅࡇ㹼٬ തѝঐ⭘Ӿ [E ᔰⲴ .% オ䰤˄[E[E˅DŽྲ᷌ᱮ⽪ቿ㹼ᮠᱟ YLGHRBQXPBOLQHV ˗ ൠ൰ᆇ㢲ᆈ᭮ᆇㅖԓ⸱ˈཷൠ൰ᆇ㢲ᆈ᭮ᱮ⽪ᙗDŽ0'$ 䝽㖞ᴹ .% ᱮ⽪ᆈDŽ൘ 3& ᵪᆈራ൰㤳ڦѝ ਟᱮ⽪ њᆇㅖDŽ⇿њᆇㅖ䘈ᑖᴹ њᙗᆇ㢲ˈഐ↔ᱮ⽪аቿ˄аᑗ˅ᇩ䴰㾱ঐ .% ᆇ㢲DŽަޡ ˈ˅ \ ˗㹼ਧ ᆇㅖᱮ⽪ᯩᔿ˄%,26 ᱮ⽪ᯩᔿ ˅DŽަቿᒅᱮ⽪㿴Ṭᱟ ࡇ ; 㹼˄ࡇਧ [ অ㢢ᱮ⽪䘲䝽ಘ 0'$˄0RQRFKURPH'LVSOD\$GDSWHU˅ӵ᭟ᤱ唁ⲭє㢢ᱮ⽪DŽᒦфਚ᭟ᤱ⤜ᴹⲴ᮷ᵜ 0'$ ᱮ⽪ḷ߶ ㌫㔏ӵ֯⭘Ҷ䘉ࠐ⿽ḷ߶䜭᭟ᤱⲴ᮷ᵜᱮ⽪ᯩᔿDŽ ⽪˅㲭❦䜭ާᴹᶱ儈Ⲵമᖒ༴⨶䙏ᓖ઼Ც㜭࣐䙏༴⨶࣏㜭ˈնᆳԜ䘈ᱟ䜭᭟ᤱ䘉ࠐ⿽ḷ߶DŽ/LQX[[ ߶ᴹঅ㢢 0'$ ḷ߶઼ᖙ㢢 &*$ ḷ߶ԕ৺ (*$ ઼ 9*$ ḷ߶DŽԕਾ᧘ࠪⲴᡰᴹ儈㓗ᱮ⽪˄वᤜ⧠൘Ⲵ $*3 ᱮ ሩҾ ,%03&$7 ৺ަެᇩ䇑㇇ᵪ㘼䀰ˈਟԕ֯⭘ᖙ㢢઼অ㢢ᱮ⽪DŽ,%0 ᴰᰙ᧘ࠪⲴ 3& ᵪ㿶仁㌫㔏ḷ 2.4.6 ᱴ⽰ UART Ⲵᐕ⌒⢩⦷ǃᮠᦞսᮠԕ৺ᐕᯩᔿㅹDŽ ֯ᗇ UART 䜘ᇴᆈಘ઼᧗ࡦ䙫䗁༽սDŽ↔ਾ㤕㾱֯⭘ UART ቡ䴰㾱ሩަ䘋㹼ࡍॆ㕆〻ˈԕ䇮㖞 ᯝˈӾ㘼ਟԕ߿䖫㌫㔏઼ CPU Ⲵ䍏ᣵDŽᖃ PC ᵪк⭥ࣘᰦˈ㌫㔏 RESET ؑਧ䙊䗷 NS8250 Ⲵ MR ᕅ㝊 ⡷䘈ਖཆ᭟ᤱ FIFO Ր䗃ᯩᔿDŽ൘䘉⿽ᯩᔿлˈUART ਟԕ൘᧕᭦ᡆਁ䘱Ҷᴰཊ 16 њᆇㅖਾᕅਁа⅑ѝ ৺ަެᇩ㣟⡷ˈն䜭о NS8250/16450 㣟⡷ެᇩDŽNS8250/16450 о 16650A 㣟⡷Ⲵѫ㾱४࡛൘Ҿ 16650A 㣟 ਨⲴ NS8250 ᡆ NS16450 UART 㣟⡷ˈ⧠൘Ⲵ PC ᵪࡉ֯⭘Ҷ 16650AޜԕࡽⲴ PC ᵪ䜭֯⭘ഭᇦॺሬփ 㹼ᐕˈഐ↔ RS-232C ḷ߶㿴ᇊҶᖸཊ MODEM у⭘᧕ਓᕅ㓯DŽ ᐕDŽPC ᵪкⲴѢ㹼᧕ਓ䙊ᑨ֯⭘ 25 㣟ᡆ 9 㣟Ⲵ DB-25 ᡆ DB-9 䘎᧕ಘˈѫ㾱⭘ᶕ䘎᧕ MODEM 䇮༷䘋 ಘ᧗ࡦ㣟⡷ UART˄Universal Asyncronous Receiver/Transmitter˅㓴ᡀⲴѢ㹼᧗ࡦಘᶕ༴⨶Ѣ㹼ᮠᦞⲴ᭦ਁ Ѫᇎ⧠Ѣ㹼䙊ؑˈPC ᵪк䙊ᑨ䜭ᑖᴹ 2 њㅖਸ RS-232C ḷ߶ⲴѢ㹼᧕ਓˈᒦ֯⭘䙊⭘ᔲ↕᧕᭦/ਁ䘱 3. Ѣ㹼᧗ࡦಘ ᧗ࡦಘ઼᧗ࡦ ᱮ⽪Ѫлࡂ㓯 ሩঅ㢢ᱮ⽪ˈ ᆇㅖᙗᆇ㢲 儈Ӟᓖ䰚⛱ 㛼Ჟ㢢 ࡽᲟ㢢 %/ 5 * % , 5 * % ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' лєњ⻱ཤ൘ⴈ⡷є䶒䈫߉ᮠᦞˈⴈ⡷䖜䙏⦷བྷ㓖൘ 300 䖜/࠶䫏DŽ⺜ⴈѝ䙊ᑨ䎧⸱वᤜ 2 ᕐᡆ㘵ᴤཊᕐ 㚊䞟㮴㟌ส⡷ˈ㘼⺜ⴈ⡷ࡉ䙊ᑨ֯⭘䠁䬍ਸ䠁ส⡷DŽаᕐ䖟ⴈѝਜ਼ᴹаᕐ㚊䞟㮴㟌ശⴈ⡷ˈ֯⭘к ൘ⴈ⡷кᆈۘᮠᦞⲴสᵜᯩᔿᱟ࡙⭘ⴈ⡷㺘䶒кⲴаቲ⻱ᙗӻ䍘൘⻱ॆਾⲴ࢙⻱⣦ᘱDŽ䖟ⴈ䙊ᑨ֯⭘ ᆈۘᐕᯩᔿDŽഐ↔䘉䟼ᡁԜԕ⺜ⴈѪֻᶕㆰ㾱䈤᰾ᆳԜⲴᐕ⨶DŽ ᆈؑˈާᴹ㊫լⲴ؍ᵪѝᴰབྷᇩ䟿Ⲵཆ䜘ᆈۘ䇮༷ˈ䙊ᑨҏ㻛〠ѪཆᆈDŽ䖟ⴈ઼⺜ⴈ䜭ᱟ࡙⭘⻱ᙗӻ䍘 Ⲵ䠁ⴈ⡷പᇊ൘傡ࣘಘѝˈнਟনDŽ⭡Ҿ⺜ⴈާᴹᖸབྷⲴᆈۘᇩ䟿ˈᒦф䈫߉䙏ᓖᖸᘛˈഐ↔ᆳᱟ PC ഐ↔䮯ᵏԕᶕ䖟ⴈ傡ࣘಘᱟ PC ᵪкⲴḷ߶䝽㖞䇮༷ѻаDŽ ⺜ⴈҏᱟ⭡ⴈ⡷઼傡ࣘಘ㓴ᡀˈնᱟ䙊ᑨ⺜ⴈ PC ᵪⲴ䖟ⴈ᧗ࡦᆀ㌫㔏⭡䖟ⴈ⡷઼䖟ⴈ傡ࣘಘ㓴ᡀDŽ⭡Ҿ䖟ⴈਟԕᆈۘ〻ᒿ઼ᮠᦞᒦфᩪᑖᯩׯˈ 2.4.7 䖥ⴎૂ⺢ⴎಞ ᆈDŽ൘മᖒᯩᔿлঐ⭘Ӿ [D ᔰⲴ⢙⨶ᆈൠ൰オ䰤DŽ ެᇩⲴᱮ⽪ᯩᔿлˈঐ⭘Ⲵᆈൠ൰䎧ս㖞઼㤳ത䜭࠶਼࡛DŽն (*$9*$ 䜭ḷ䝽ᴹ䎧⸱ .% Ⲵᱮ⽪ 䲔ެᇩᡆ᭟ᤱ 0'$ ઼ &*$ Ⲵᱮ⽪ᯩᔿԕཆˈ䘈᭟ᤱަԆ൘മᖒᱮ⽪ᯩ䶒Ⲵ໎ᕪᱮ⽪ᯩᔿDŽ൘о 0'$ ઼ &*$ ໎ᕪරമᖒ䘲䝽ಘ (*$˄(QKDQFHG*USDKLFV$GDSWHU˅઼㿶仁മᖒ䱥ࡇ 9*$˄9LGHR*UDSKLFV$GDSWHU˅ (*$9*$ ᱮ⽪ḷ߶ 0 1 1 1 0x07 ⚠ⲭ˄Light grey˅ 1 1 1 1 0x0f ⲭ㢢˄White˅ 0 1 1 0 0x05 ἅ㢢˄Brown˅ 1 1 1 0 0x0e 哴㢢˄Yellow˅ 0 1 0 1 0x05 ૱㓒˄Magenta˅ 1 1 0 1 0x0d ␑૱㓒˄Light magenta˅ 0 1 0 0 0x04 㓒㢢˄Red˅ 1 1 0 0 0x0c ␑㓒˄Light red˅ 0 0 1 1 0x03 䶂㢢˄Cyan˅ 1 0 1 1 0x0b ␑䶂˄Light cyan˅ 0 0 1 0 0x02 㔯㢢˄Green˅ 1 0 1 0 0x0a ␑㔯˄Light green˅ 0 0 0 1 0x01 㬍㢢˄Blue˅ 1 0 0 1 0x09 ␑㬍˄Light blue˅ 0 0 0 0 0x00 唁㢢˄Black˅ 1 0 0 0 0x08 ␡⚠˄Dark grey˅ 仌㢢〠 ٬ 仌㢢〠 I R G B ٬ I R G B 㺞 ࢃᲥ㢨ૂ㜂Ქ㢨δᐜঀ䜞࠼ε 㓴ਸⲴ仌㢢㿱㺘 2-5 ᡰ⽪DŽ ઼ 'ǃ'ǃ' ਟԕ࠶࡛㓴ਸࠪ ⿽仌㢢DŽࡽᲟ㢢о儈Ӟᓖ∄⢩ս㓴ਸਟԕᱮ⽪ਖཆ ⿽ᆇㅖ仌㢢DŽ䘉Ӌ оঅ㢢ᱮ⽪аṧˈമѝ ' 㖞 ⭘Ҿ䇙ᱮ⽪ᆇㅖ䰚⛱˗' 㖞 䇙ᆇㅖ儈Ӟᓖᱮ⽪˗∄⢩ս 'ǃ'ǃ' ഴ ᆍㅜኔᙝṲᕅᇐѿ Ⲵᙗᆇ㢲Ṭᔿᇊѹ㿱മ 2-10 ᡰ⽪DŽ 〻ᒿѝਚ֯⭘Ҷަѝ .% ᱮ⽪ᆈ˄[E[ED˅DŽ൘ &*$ ᖙ㢢᮷ᵜᱮ⽪ᯩᔿѝˈ⇿њᱮ⽪ᆇㅖ ൠ൰ᆇ㢲ᆈ᭮ᆇㅖԓ⸱ˈཷൠ൰ᆇ㢲ᆈ᭮ᆇㅖᱮ⽪ᙗDŽն൘FRQVROHFڦˈṧˈ൘⇿аᑗ.% ᱮ⽪ᆈѝ ਟᆈ᭮ ᑗᱮ⽪ؑDŽ਼ޡḷ䝽ᴹ .% ᱮ⽪ᆈ˄ঐ⭘ᆈൠ൰㤳ത [E[EF˅ˈഐ↔ަѝ ᧗ࡦಘ઼᧗ࡦ ˅аᶑ⻱䚃˄䖜аസ ൠ൰൪ ᮠᦞ൪ *$3 ਼↕ ᆇ㢲ᮠᦞ ṑ傼 *$3਼↕ ṑ傼 *$3ᡷ४ ᡷ४ ᡷ४ Qᡷ४ Q ൠ൰ *$3 ᡷ४ ⻱ཤ ⻱䚃 њᡷ४ 㿶؟ 㹼䈫/߉ᰦˈᆳ䴰㾱ᆼᡀᮠᦞⲴ䖜ᦒ˄Ѣ--ᒦ˅ǃ㕆⸱઼ṑ傼ˈᒦфᰦⴁ㿶傡ࣘಘⲴ䘀㹼⣦ᘱDŽ ѫ㾱⭘Ҿ᧕᭦ CPU ਁࠪⲴભԔˈᒦṩᦞભԔ㾱≲ੁ傡ࣘಘ䗃ࠪ⿽⺜Ԧ᧗ࡦؑਧˈ㿱മ 2-13 ᡰ⽪DŽ൘ᢗ PC/AT ᵪѝ䖟ⴈ傡ࣘ᧗ࡦಘ FDC˄Floppy Disk Controller˅䟷⭘Ⲵᱟ NEC PD765 ᡆަެᇩ㣟⡷DŽᆳ Ѣ㹼∄⢩ᮠᦞ⍱ˈഐ↔᧗ࡦಘ䴰㾱൘ᒦ㹼ᆇ㢲ᮠᦞ઼Ѣ㹼∄⢩⍱ᮠᦞѻ䰤䘋㹼䖜ᦒDŽ Ӿᇎ䱵䈫/߉ᮠᦞѝ࠶ࠪ䘉Ӌൠ൰઼ؑаӋ㕆⸱ǃ䀓⸱ㅹ᧗ࡦؑDŽਖཆˈо傡ࣘಘѻ䰤ⲴᮠᦞՐ䗃ᱟ ⍱ᖒᔿDŽ᧗ࡦಘо傡ࣘಘѻ䰤Ր䗃Ⲵᮠᦞवᤜമ 2-12 ѝⲴᡷ४ൠ൰ؑԕ৺ᇊᰦ઼ᰦ䫏ؑDŽ᧗ࡦಘᗵ享 Ⲵ䙫䗁᧕ਓ⭥䐟ˈᆳӾ CPU ᧕᭦䈧≲ભԔˈੁ傡ࣘಘਁ䘱ራ䚃ǃ䈫/߉઼᧗ࡦؑਧˈᒦф᧗ࡦ઼䖜ᦒᮠᦞ ѪҶ䈫߉⻱ⴈ˄䖟ⴈ઼⺜ⴈ˅кⲴᮠᦞˈቡᗵ享֯⭘⻱ⴈ᧗ࡦಘDŽ⻱ⴈ᧗ࡦಘᱟ CPU о傡ࣘಘѻ䰤 ഴ ⴎ⡽䚉Ṳᕅ⽰ᝅഴ 䗷䈫ਆൠ൰൪ѝⲴൠ൰ؑቡਟԕୟаൠ⺞ᇊањᡷ४DŽ ᡷ४Ⲵḡ䶒ਧǃ⻱ཤਧ˄䶒ਧ˅઼ᡷ४ਧˈഐ↔䙊ޣᱟ 12 ᆇ㢲Ⲵ 0DŽ⇿њᡷ४ൠ൰൪Ⲵൠ൰ᆇ⇥ᆈ᭮⵰ ࠶ᒦ䈫ਆ⻱䚃кᡷ४ѝⲴᮠᦞˈ㿱മ 2-12 ᡰ⽪DŽަѝˈGAP ᱟ䰤䳄ᆇ⇥ˈ⭘Ҿ䎧䳄⭘DŽ䙊ᑨ GAP 䈫ਆⲴ⇿њ⻱䚃к䜭ᴹᆈ᭮ؑⲴ⢩ᇊṬᔿˈഐ↔䙊䗷䇶࡛ᡰ䈫∄⢩ᮠᦞ⍱ѝⲴṬᔿˈ⻱ⴈ⭥䐟ቡਟԕ४ ᯩੁҏн਼ˈഐ↔⻱ⴈк䇠ᖅ⵰Ⲵ 0 ઼ 1 ᮠᦞቡ㻛䈫ࠪˈӾ㘼ਟӾ⻱ⴈк亪ᒿ䈫ࠪ∄⢩ᮠᦞ⍱DŽ⭡Ҿ⻱ཤ ࣋㓯DŽӾ㘼൘䈫㓯സѝഐᝏᓄ㘼ӗ⭏⭥⍱DŽṩᦞ⻱ⴈ㺘䶒࢙⻱⣦ᘱᯩੁⲴн਼ˈ൘㓯സѝᝏᓄӗ⭏Ⲵ⭥⍱ Ⲵ⻱ⴈḀњս㖞кDŽ⭡Ҿ⻱ⴈ൘䖜ˈ⻱ӻ䍘ሩ⻱ཤर䙏䘀ࣘˈഐ↔⻱ཤᇎ䱵к൘࠷ࢢ⻱ӻ䍘кⲴ⻱ սҾ⻱ⴈ㺘䶒Ⲵ⻱ཤкᴹ࠶࡛ᴹањ䈫㓯സ઼߉㓯സDŽ൘䈫ᮠᦞ䗷〻ѝˈ⻱ཤ俆ݸ〫ࣘࡠ䖜⵰ ഴ ޭᴿ ᕖⴎ⡽Ⲻޮශ⺢ⴎ䜞㔉ᶺ ↔⺜ⴈᮠᦞⲴՐ䗃䙏ᓖ䙊ᑨਟ䗮ࠐॱݶ∄⢩/。DŽ ⡷Ⲵ⺜ⴈѝᴹ 8 њ䈫߉⻱ཤDŽ㿱മ 2-11 ᡰ⽪DŽ⺜ⴈ䖜䙏⦷ᖸᘛ䙊ᑨ൘ 4500 䖜/࠶䫏ࡠ 10000 䖜/࠶䫏ˈഐ 䠁ⴈ⡷ˈഐ↔ާᴹཊњ䈫߉⻱ཤDŽֻྲˈሩҾवਜ਼ 2 њⴈ⡷Ⲵ⺜ⴈѝቡާᴹ 4 њ⢙⨶⻱ཤˈਜ਼ᴹ 4 њⴈ ᧗ࡦಘ઼᧗ࡦ 㠣㌫㔏ᙫ㓯 䜘ᙫ㓯 ᧗ࡦ ᧕ਓ 傡ࣘಘ ᧗ࡦ䙫䗁 䈫߉ ᮠᦞ㕃ߢ ᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ ᮠᦞᇴᆈಘ ৲ᮠᇴᆈಘ ભԔᇴᆈಘ ѫ⣦ᘱᇴᆈಘ ⌅ᢙኅ䜘࠶ⲴᇩDŽ 㕆䈁ಘˈ਼ᰦҏӻ㓽Ҷ㕆ࡦṨ֯⭘Ⲵ GNU gcc 䈝ޣӻ㓽㕆ࡦ Linux Ṩᡰ֯⭘Ⲵє⿽≷㕆䈝䀰䈝⌅઼ ᶑԦDŽᵜㄐṩᦞՐ㔏ᗞᵪⲴ⺜Ԧ㓴ᡀ㔃ᶴˈㆰঅӻ㓽Ҷᗞᵪѝњѫ㾱䜘࠶DŽлаㄐᡁԜӾ䖟Ԧ䀂ᓖࠪਁ 䀓䘀㹼ަк㌫㔏Ⲵᗵ㾱⨶ޕ␡⺜Ԧᱟ㌫㔏䘀㹼ⲴสᒣਠDŽҶ䀓㌫㔏䘀㹼Ⲵ⺜Ԧ⧟ຳᱟ 2.5 ᵢㄖቅ㔉 䎧㘼ԓѻⲴᱟ֯⭘ᇩ䟿䖳བྷᒦфᴤᇩ᱃ᩪᑖⲴ U ⴈᆈۘಘDŽ ⭡Ҿ䖟ⴈ⡷∄䖳ᇩ᱃䚝ࡠᦏൿ˄ਁ䴹ᡆࡂՔ˅ˈഐ↔ⴞࡽ䇑㇇ᵪѝᐢ㓿䙀⑀ᔰн䝽㖞䖟ⴈ傡ࣘಘˈ DŽޕ᧗ࡦಘⲴӻ ؑਧˈഐ↔䴰㾱֯⭘ DMA ᧗ࡦಘᇎᯭᮠᦞՐ䗃DŽ㘼 AT ⺜ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ䟷⭘儈䙏ᮠᦞඇ䘋㹼Ր䗃ˈн䴰㾱 DMA Ⲵ㔃᷌ؑDŽ㠣Ҿᡷ४ᮠᦞⲴՐ䗃ˈࡉ䖟ⴈ᧗ࡦಘо PC/AT ⺜ⴈ᧗ࡦಘн਼DŽ䖟ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ⭥䐟䟷⭘ DMA ᇴᆈಘᇩˈᒦ䙊䗷ᇴᆈಘ㧧ਆޣሩ⻱ⴈ᧗ࡦಘⲴ㕆〻䗷〻ቡᱟ䙊䗷 I/O ㄟਓ䇮㖞᧗ࡦಘѝⲴ ഴ ⴎಞ䜞⽰ᝅഴ ᵜㄐሿ㔃 䘉єњ〻ᒿѝ⭘ࡠⲴаӋ≷㕆〻ᒿ䈝⌅઼≷㕆ભԔ˄≷㕆ᤷ⽪ㅖ˅Ⲵ⭘઼⭘䙄DŽ ㌫㔏ӵ֯⭘ as86 ઼ ld86 㕆䈁઼䬮᧕к䶒ᨀࡠⲴєњ 16 ս≷㕆〻ᒿ bootsect.s ઼ setup.sˈഐ↔䘉䟼ӵӻ㓽 ⧠ԓ Linux ㌫㔏кਟԕⴤ᧕ᆹ㻵वਜ਼ as86/ld86 Ⲵ RPM 䖟Ԧवˈֻྲ dev86-0.16.3-8.i386.rpmDŽ⭡Ҿ Linux 䘉њ㕆䈁ಘ઼䘎᧕ಘⲴⓀԓ⸱ਟԕӾ FTP ᴽ࣑ಘ ftp.funet.fi кᡆӾ㖁ㄉ www.oldlinux.org л䖭DŽޣᴹ ㌫DŽޣਟԕ䈤 Linux ㌫㔏Ⲵ䈎⭏о Bruce Evans ҏᴹ⵰ᇶ࠷Ⲵ ᯠᾲᘥ㌫㔏Ⲵѫ㾱ࣘ࣋ѻаDŽLinus ᴮ㓿䈤䗷˖ĀBruce ᱟᡁⲴ㤡䳴āˈഐ↔ᡁԜޘփ㌫㔃ᶴкᔰਁањ ㌫㔏Ⲵн䏣ѻ༴ҏᱟєњྭᴻ৻ӂ᧒䇘ᗇࠪⲴ㔃᷌DŽMINIXⲴ䘉Ӌ㕪⛩↓ᱟ◰ਁLinus൘Intel 80386 UNIX ㊫㌫㔏Ⲵ⸕䇶DŽMINIX ޣᱟྭ৻DŽ൘ Linux ṨᔰਁࡍᵏˈLinus Ӿ Bruce Evans 䛓䟼ᆖࡠҶнቁᴹ Bruce Evans ᱟ MINIX ㌫㔏 32 ս⡸ᵜⲴѫ㾱؞᭩㕆ࡦ㘵ѻаˈԆо Linux ⲴࡋӪ Linus Torvalds ൘ PC/IX ㌫㔏к䘋㹼 MINIX ㌫㔏ᔰਁᐕⲴDŽ 㕆ಘ䈝⌅DŽPC/IX ᱟᖸᰙԕࡽ Intel 8086 CPU к䘀㹼Ⲵањ UN*X ㊫㌫㔏ˈAndrew S. Tanenbaum ቡᱟ as86 Ⲵ䈝⌅ᱟสҾ MINIX ㌫㔏Ⲵ≷㕆䈝䀰䈝⌅ˈ㘼 MINIX ㌫㔏Ⲵ≷㕆䈝⌅ࡉᱟสҾ PC/IX ㌫㔏Ⲵ≷ 䀰䈝⌅˄ྲᮠⲴ⅑ᒿо GNU as Ⲵ৽ㅹ˅DŽ ਨⲴ Turbo ASM ઼ NASM ㅹ≷㕆ಘⲴ䈝⌅DŽ䘉Ӌ≷㕆ಘ䜭֯⭘Ҷ Intel Ⲵ≷㕆䈝ޜ 䖟Ⲵ MASMǃBorland ֻྲᆿԕ৺ᴤཊⲴ䭉䈟Ự⍻⇥DŽн䗷䈕㕆䈁ಘⲴ䈝⌅о GNU as ≷㕆㕆䈁ಘⲴ䈝⌅нެᇩ㘼ᴤ䘁լҾᗞ ࡍ䇮㖞〻ᒿ boot/setup.s ⲴҼ䘋ࡦᢗ㹼ԓ⸱DŽ䈕㕆䈁ಘᘛ䙏ሿᐗˈᒦާᴹаӋ GNU gas ᡰ⋑ᴹⲴ⢩ᙗˈ ⨶ಘ㕆ࡦ 32 սԓ⸱ˈնᱟ Linux ㌫㔏ӵ⭘ᆳᶕࡋᔪ 16 սⲴࣘᕅሬᡷ४〻ᒿ boot/bootsect.s ઼ᇎ⁑ᔿл 䬮᧕〻ᒿDŽ൘ࡊᔰᔰਁ Linux Ṩᰦ Linus ቡᐢ㓿ᢺᆳ〫ἽࡠҶ Linux ㌫㔏кDŽᆳ㲭❦ਟԕѪ 80386 ༴ as86 ઼ ld86 ᱟ⭡ MINIX-386 Ⲵѫ㾱ᔰਁ㘵ѻа Bruce Evans 㕆߉Ⲵ Intel 8086ǃ80386 ≷㕆㕆䈁〻ᒿ઼ 䟼ᡁԜ俆ݸ䈤᰾ as86 ≷㕆ಘⲴ֯⭘ᯩ⌅ˈas ≷㕆ಘⲴ֯⭘ᯩ⌅᭮൘ла㢲ѝ䘋㹼䈤᰾DŽ 䝽྇Ⲵ ld86 䬮᧕ಘ˗ਖа⿽ᱟ GNU Ⲵ≷㕆ಘ gas˄as˅ˈ֯⭘ GNU ld 䬮᧕ಘᶕ䬮᧕ӗ⭏Ⲵⴞḷ᮷ԦDŽ䘉 ൘ Linux 0.1x ㌫㔏ѝ֯⭘Ҷє⿽≷㕆ಘ˄Assembler˅DŽа⿽ᱟ㜭ӗ⭏ 16 սԓ⸱Ⲵ as86 ≷㕆ಘˈ֯⭘ 3.1 as86 ≽㕌ಞ ਾㄐ㢲ˈ൘䙷ࡠ䰞仈ᰦഎ䗷ཤᶕ৲㘳ᵜㄐᇩDŽ ᵜㄐᇩᱟ䰵䈫 Linux ṨⓀԓ⸱ᰦⲴ৲㘳ؑDŽഐ↔ਟԕݸབྷ㠤⍿㿸алᵜㄐᇩˈ❦ਾቡ䰵䈫䲿 ṬᔿDŽᴰਾㆰঅ᧿䘠Ҷ Makefile ᮷ԦⲴ֯⭘ᯩ⌅DŽ 㓽алⴞḷ᮷ԦⲴสᵜṬᔿˈᒦ൘ᵜㄐ〽ਾ䜘࠶∄䖳䈖㓶ൠ㔉ࠪ Linux 0.11 ㌫㔏ѝ֯⭘Ⲵ a.out ⴞḷ᮷Ԧ ഐѪ⨶䀓ⴞḷ᮷ԦṬᔿᱟҶ䀓≷㕆ಘྲօᐕⲴ䟽㾱ࡽᨀѻаˈᡰԕ൘ӻ㓽є⿽≷㕆䈝䀰ᰦՊ俆ݸㆰঅӻ ㅹṨⓀԓ⸱ѝᑨ⭘Ⲵ C 䈝䀰ᢙኅᇩ䘋㹼Ҷӻ㓽ˈ਼ᰦ䈖㓶᧿䘠Ҷ C ઼≷㕆࠭ᮠѻ䰤Ⲵӂ䈳⭘ᵪࡦDŽ ≷㕆〻ᒿⲴ䈝⌅઼֯⭘ᯩ⌅ˈ❦ਾሩ GNU C 䈝䀰ѝⲴ㚄≷㕆ǃ䈝ਕ㺘䗮ᔿǃᇴᆈಘਈ䟿ԕ৺㚄࠭ᮠ Linux 0.11 ṨⓀԓ⸱ᡰ䴰㾱Ⲵ≷㕆䈝䀰઼ GNU C 䈝䀰ᢙኅ⸕䇶DŽ俆ݸ∄䖳䈖㓶ൠӻ㓽Ҷ as86 ઼ GNU as ༴⨶DŽᵜㄐѫ㾱᧿䘠 Linux 0.11 Ṩѝ֯⭘Ⲵ㕆〻䈝䀰ǃⴞḷ᮷ԦṬᔿ઼㕆䈁⧟ຳˈѫ㾱ⴞḷᱟᨀ䰵䈫 ࠶ԓ⸱䙊ᑨቡՊⴤ᧕֯⭘վ㓗≷㕆䈝䀰ᶕ㕆߉ˈᡆ㘵ሩ儈㓗䈝䀰㕆䈁ӗ⭏Ⲵ≷㕆〻ᒿ䘋㹼Ӫᐕ؞᭩Ոॆ 〻DŽ䘉⿽䖜ᦒ䗷〻䙊ᑨՊӗ⭏аӋ᭸⦷нᱟᖸ儈Ⲵԓ⸱ˈᡰԕሩаӋ䘀㹼᭸⦷㾱≲儈ᡆᙗ㜭ᖡ૽䖳བྷⲴ䜘 䈝䀰㕆䈁䗷〻ቡᱟᢺӪ㊫㜭⨶䀓Ⲵ儈㓗䈝䀰䖜ᦒᡀ䇑㇇ᵪ⺜Ԧ㜭⨶䀓઼ᢗ㹼ⲴҼ䘋ࡦᵪಘᤷԔⲴ䗷 ㅜ3ㄐ Ṩ㕆〻䈝䀰઼⧟ຳ DV ≷㕆ಘ ⭘Ā४ā䘉њ〠DŽ ฏāㅹࠐ⿽DŽᵜҖ൘н㠣Ҿ⏶༴⨶ಘ⇥ᾲᘥࡽᨀлՊṩᦞᡰ䘠ᇩᢺĀVHFWLRQā〠ѪĀ⇥āǃĀ४āᡆĀ䜘࠶āˈնѫ㾱䟷 ⲴĀVHJPHQWāભDŽ䘉ҏਟԕӾ *18 ֯⭘Ⲵњ⡸ᵜਈ䗱ѝ㿲ሏࡠDŽVHFWLRQ Ⲵѝ᮷䈁⌅ᴹĀ⇥ǃ४ǃ㢲ǃ䜘࠶઼४ ㌫ˈᒦфᇩ᱃ᢺ䘉є㘵⏶䎧ᶕˈഐ↔⧠൘㤡᮷᮷⥞ѝ൷֯⭘ĀVHFWLRQāਆԓⴞḷ᮷ԦѝޣಘѝⲴ⇥ᇴᆈಘ⋑ᴹⴤ᧕ሩᓄ 䘉ᱟഐѪᰙᵏⴞḷ᮷ԦѝⲴ⇥ਟԕⴤ᧕ሩᓄࡠ䇑㇇ᵪ༴⨶ಘѝ⇥ⲴᾲᘥкDŽնᱟ⭡Ҿ⧠൘ⴞḷ᮷ԦѝⲴ⇥Ⲵᾲᘥᐢ㓿о༴⨶ ⴞḷ᮷Ԧѝᵟ䈝ĀVHFWLRQāሩᓄⲴѝ᮷〠ᴹཊ⿽DŽ൘ 81,; ㌫㔏ᰙᵏ䱦⇥ˈ䈕ᵟ䈝൘ⴞḷ᮷Ԧѝ൷〠ѪĀVHJPHQWāDŽޣᴹ WH[W↓᮷⇥˗ ተḷ䇶ㅖˈ OG 䬮᧕֯⭘˗ޘJOREOEHJWH[WEHJGDWDEHJEVVHQGWH[WHQGGDWDHQGEVV ERRWVERRWVHFWV ⲴṶᷦ〻ᒿDŽ⭘ԓ⸱ [ ᴯᦒѢ PVJ ѝ ᆇㅖˈ❦ਾ൘ቿᒅㅜ 㹼кᱮ⽪DŽ ҶᰐѹⲴㅜ 20 㹼䈝ਕDŽޕ⌅ˈ᭵࣐ 䘉њ⽪ֻᱟ bootsect.s ⲴањṶᷦ〻ᒿˈ㜭㕆䈁⭏ᡀᕅሬᡷ४ԓ⸱DŽަѝѪҶ╄⽪䈤᰾ḀӋ䈝ਕⲴ֯⭘ᯩ 㔉ࠪ㕆䈁䬮᧕઼䘀㹼ᯩ⌅ˈᴰਾ࠶࡛ࡇࠪ as86 ઼ ld86 Ⲵ֯⭘ᯩ⌅઼㕆ࡦ䘹亩DŽ⽪ֻ〻ᒿ㿱ྲлᡰ⽪DŽ л䶒ᡁԜԕањㆰঅⲴṶᷦ⽪ֻ〻ᒿ boot.s ᶕ䈤᰾ as86 ≷㕆〻ᒿⲴ㔃ᶴԕ৺〻ᒿѝ䈝ਕⲴ䈝⌅ˈ❦ਾ 3.1.2 as86 ≽㕌䈣䀶ぁᓅ ѝ࣐ԕ䈖㓶䈤᰾DŽ Ⲵ⇥DŽⴞḷ᮷ԦṬᔿሶ൘ਾ䶒Ā/LQX[ⴞḷ᮷ԦṬᔿāа㢲ޕᡁԜਟԕ֯⭘⇥᧗ࡦ՚ㅖᶕᴤ᭩߉ ⇥ᔰᆈ᭮DŽ WH[W ⸱ᡆᮠᦞⲴ䈝ਕˈ䜭Պ൘䘉йњѝⲴањ⇥ѝ⭏ᡀԓ⸱ᡆᮠᦞDŽ㕆䈁ӗ⭏Ⲵᆇ㢲ՊӾ 䜘ࡍॆѪ DŽ൘㕆䈁䗷〻ѝˈ≷㕆䈝䀰〻ᒿѝՊӗ⭏ԓޘᡀᢗ㹼〻ᒿ㻛࣐䖭ᰦ㌫㔏Պᢺ䈕⇥Ⲵᇩ ⮉オ䰤ˈն൘ⴞḷ᮷Ԧ䬮᧕؍⇥ᮠᦞ⇥ᱟањᵚࡍॆⲴ⇥DŽ䙊ᑨ≷㕆ಘӗ⭏Ⲵ䗃ࠪⴞḷ᮷ԦѝнՊѪ䈕 〻ᒿⲴᢗ㹼ԓ⸱઼ਚ䈫ᮠᦞDŽᮠᦞ⇥ҏᱟањᐢࡍॆ䗷Ⲵ⇥ˈަѝवਜ਼ᴹਟ䈫߉ⲴᮠᦞDŽ㘼ᵚࡍॆ ⇥˄GDWD˅઼ᵚࡍॆᮠᦞ⇥˄EVV˅DŽ↓᮷⇥˄ᡆ〠Ѫԓ⸱⇥˅ᱟањᐢࡍॆ䗷Ⲵ⇥ˈ䙊ᑨަѝवਜ਼ ≷㕆ಘ㕆䈁ӗ⭏Ⲵⴞḷ᮷Ԧ REMILOH 䙊ᑨ䎧⸱वਜ਼йњ⇥ᡆ४˄VHFWLRQ˅ˈণ↓᮷⇥˄WH[W˅ǃᮠᦞ њ䐣䖜ᤷԔⲴⴞḷս㖞DŽᴰਾ䘈ਟԕ䐏䲿⭘⌘䟺ㅖᔰⲴ⌘䟺䜘࠶DŽ Ԕ˅઼ᮠйњᆇ⇥㓴ᡀˈḷਧսҾаᶑᤷԔⲴㅜањᆇ⇥DŽᆳԓ㺘ަᡰ൘ս㖞Ⲵൠ൰ˈ䙊ᑨᤷ᰾а 䛓Ѹᖃࡽս㖞䇑ᮠಘⲴ٬ቡՊ䍻٬㔉䘉њḷਧDŽഐ↔аᶑ≷㕆䈝ਕ䙊ᑨ⭡ḷਧ˄ਟ䘹˅ǃᤷԔࣙ䇠ㅖ˄ᤷ 㓴ᡀDŽ൘㕆䈁䗷〻ѝˈᖃ≷㕆ಘ䙷ࡠањḷਧˈ ࡽ䜭ਟԕᴹḷਧDŽḷਧᱟ⭡ањḷ䇶ㅖਾ䐏ањ߂ਧ ᵪಘᤷԔ䈝ਕᱟਟᢗ㹼ᵪಘᤷԔⲴࣙ䇠ㅖˈᆳ⭡⸱઼ 0 њᡆཊњᮠᶴᡀDŽਖཆˈԫօ䈝ਕѻ Ⲵㅖਧˈᆳ㺘⽪㕆䈁䗷〻ѝⲴս㖞䇑ᮠಘDŽަ٬ᱟ⛩ㅖਧࠪ⧠༴ᵪಘᤷԔㅜ 1 њᆇ㢲Ⲵൠ൰DŽ ᵜ䓛ᱟањ⢩↺ ᔰDŽ⛩ᆇㅖ ᆳ⭡՚⸱઼ 0 њᡆཊњᮠ㓴ᡀDŽ⇿њ⸱䜭⭡ањ⛩ᆇㅖ 㓴ᡀˈֻྲ˖Ā%2276(* [&āDŽ՚ㅖ䈝ਕᱟ≷㕆ಘ֯⭘Ⲵᤷ⽪ㅖˈᆳ䙊ᑨᒦнՊӗ⭏ԫօԓ⸱DŽ ઼ᵪಘᤷԔ䈝ਕDŽ䍻٬䈝ਕ⭘Ҿ㔉ањㅖਧᡆḷ䇶ㅖ䍻٬DŽᆳ⭡ḷ䇶ㅖਾ䐏ањㅹҾਧˈ䐏ањ㺘䗮ᔿ 䈝ਕਟԕᱟਚवਜ਼オṬǃࡦ㺘ㅖ઼ᦒ㹼ㅖⲴオ㹼ˈҏਟԕᱟ䍻٬䈝ਕ˄ᡆᇊѹ䈝ਕ˅ǃ՚ㅖ䈝ਕ њ䈝ਕˈն䙊ᑨ൘㕆ࡦ≷㕆䈝䀰〻ᒿᰦ⇿㹼ਚवਜ਼аᶑ䈝ਕDŽ ᮷ԦDŽ䈕᮷Ԧᇩᗵ享ᱟ⭡ᦒ㹼ᆇㅖ㔃ቮⲴа㌫ࡇ᮷ᵜ㹼㓴ᡀDŽ㲭❦ *18DV ਟ֯⭘࠶ਧ൘а㹼кवਜ਼ཊ Ⲵ≷㕆䈝䀰〻ᒿ VUFILOHᱟањ᮷ᵜޕަѝ䘹亩⭘ᶕ᧗ࡦ㕆䈁䗷〻ԕӗ⭏ᤷᇊṬᔿ઼䇮㖞Ⲵⴞḷ᮷ԦDŽ䗃 DV>䘹亩@RREMILOHVUFILOH њ≷㕆䈝䀰〻ᒿ˄ֻྲ VUFILOH˅㕆䈁ᡀⴞḷ᮷Ԧ˄REMILOH˅DŽ≷㕆ⲴભԔ㹼สᵜṬᔿᱟ˖ Ⲵаޕ≷㕆ಘу䰘⭘ᶕᢺվ㓗≷㕆䈝䀰〻ᒿ㕆䈁ᡀਜ਼ᵪಘ⸱ⲴҼ䘋ࡦ〻ᒿᡆⴞḷ᮷ԦDŽ≷㕆ಘՊᢺ䗃 3.1.1 as86 ≽㕌䈣䀶䈣⌋ DV ≷㕆ಘ њ⇥ѝᇊѹањḷਧˈᴰਾ࠷ᦒࡠ WH[W ⇥ᔰ㕆߉䲿ਾⲴԓ⸱DŽ䘉䟼ᢺйњ⇥䜭ᇊѹ൘਼а䟽ਐൠ൰ ࡉ⭘Ҿḷ䇶ањᵚࡍॆᮠᦞ⇥Ⲵᔰˈᒦᢺᖃࡽ⇥᭩ਈᡀ EEV ⇥DŽഐ↔㹼 ⭘Ҿ൘⇿ EEV ⇥˗㘼 ⭘Ҿḷ䇶ᮠᦞ⇥Ⲵᔰս㖞ˈᒦᢺᖃࡽ⇥࠷ᦒࡠ GDWD GDWD ḷ䇶↓᮷⇥Ⲵᔰս㖞ˈᒦᢺ࠷ᦒࡠ WH[W ⇥˗ ⭘Ҿ WH[W Ԝ࠶࡛ሩᓄ≷㕆〻ᒿ㕆䈁ӗ⭏ⴞḷ᮷ԦѝⲴ њ⇥ˈণ↓᮷⇥ǃᮠᦞ⇥઼ᵚࡍॆᮠᦞ⇥DŽ DŽᆳ EEV ǃ GDWD ǃ WH[W ㅜ 5 㹼ࡠㅜ 11 㹼к䲔ᇊѹҶ 3 њḷਧཆˈ䘈ᇊѹҶ 3 њ՚ㅖ˖ DŽޕተⲴˈᒦфণ֯н֯⭘ҏᕪࡦᕅޘ՚ㅖ⭘Ҿᇊѹ䲿ਾⲴḷਧḷ䇶ㅖᱟཆ䜘Ⲵᡆ JOREO 䈝䀰〻ᒿ⭘ࡠⲴ઼аӋᑨ⭘Ⲵ DV ՚ㅖDŽ 䙊ᑨањ≷㕆ಘ䜭᭟ᤱᖸཊн਼Ⲵ՚ㅖˈնᱟл䶒ӵ䈤᰾ Linux ㌫㔏 ERRWVHFWV ઼ VHWXSV ≷㕆 DŽնᱟ൘ᕅ⭘ањḷਧᰦᰐ享ᑖ߂ਧDŽ EHJWH[W ᮠDŽḷਧᱟਾ䶒ᑖ߂ਧⲴḷ䇶ㅖˈֻྲㅜ 6 㹼кⲴ ㅹḷਧቡᱟᆳⲴ EHJWH[WEHJGDWDEHJEVV ᱟањ՚⸱ˈ㘼ަਾ䶒Ⲵḷਧ JOREO ㅜ 4 㹼кⲴ ᔰˈᒦфнՊ൘㕆䈁ᰦӗ⭏ԫօԓ⸱DŽ≷㕆ᤷ⽪ㅖ⭡ањ՚⸱ˈਾ䐏 0 њᡆཊњᮠ㓴ᡀDŽֻྲ ᱟ≷㕆ᤷ⽪ㅖ˄ᡆ〠Ѫ≷㕆՚ᤷԔǃ՚ㅖ˅DŽ≷㕆ᤷ⽪ㅖ൷ԕањᆇㅖ JOREO ㅜ 4 㹼кⲴ 䶒൷Ѫ⌘䟺᮷ᆇDŽ⌘䟺䈝ਕਟԕ᭮൘ԫօ䈝ਕⲴਾ䶒ˈҏਟԕӾањᯠ㹼ᔰDŽ ᔰⲴ䈝ਕަਾ ᡆ࠶ਧ 䈕〻ᒿᔰⲴ 3 㹼ᱟ⌘䟺䈝ਕDŽ൘ as86 ≷㕆䈝䀰〻ᒿѝˈࠑᱟԕᝏਧ ㅜ 5 ࡇ༴ᱮ⽪ࠪ㓒㢢ᆇㅖѢ"/RDGLQJV\VWHP"ˈᒦфݹḷл〫а㹼DŽ❦ਾ〻ᒿቡ൘ㅜ 27 㹼к↫ᗚ⧟DŽ 䖟ⴈㅜ 1 њᡷ४ⴤ᧕⭘ᶕᕅሬ䇑㇇ᵪࣘDŽࣘਾՊ൘ቿᒅㅜ 17 㹼ǃޕ㕆䈁䬮᧕ӗ⭏Ⲵᢗ㹼〻ᒿਟԕ᭮ ᡁԜ俆ݸӻ㓽䈕〻ᒿⲴ࣏㜭ˈ❦ਾ䈖㓶䈤᰾䈝ਕⲴ⭘DŽ䈕〻ᒿᱟањㆰঅⲴᕅሬᡷ४ࣘ〻ᒿDŽ HQGEVV EVV HQGGDWD GDWD HQGWH[W WH[W ZRUG[$$ᴹ᭸ᕅሬᡷ४ḷᘇˈ %,26 ࣐䖭ᕅሬᡷ४֯⭘DŽ [)( ᔰᆈ᭮DŽ RUJ㺘⽪ԕਾ䈝ਕӾൠ൰ E\WH њ $6&,, ⸱ᆇㅖDŽ ޡDVFLL/RDGLQJV\VWHP䈳⭘ %,26 ѝᯝᱮ⽪ⲴؑDŽ PVJ MPSORRS↫ᗚ⧟DŽ ORRS LQW[%,26 ѝᯝ䈳⭘ [ˈ࣏㜭 [ˈᆀ࣏㜭 DŽ PRYD[[߉ᆇㅖѢᒦ〫ࣘݹḷࡠѢ㔃ቮ༴DŽ PRYESPVJᤷੁ㾱ᱮ⽪ⲴᆇㅖѢ˄ѝᯝ䈳⭘㾱≲˅DŽ PRYE[[Fᆇㅖᱮ⽪ᙗ˄㓒㢢˅DŽ PRYG[[ᆇㅖѢሶᱮ⽪൘ቿᒅㅜ 㹼ǃㅜ ࡇ༴DŽ ᱮ⽪ њᆇㅖˈवᤜഎ䖖ᦒ㹼ㅖDŽޡ]PRYF PRY>PVJ@DK[!ᴯᦒᆇㅖѢѝ њ⛩ㅖਧˈஷਝሶՊ呓а༠DŽ PRYHVD[ PRYGVD[ D[ˈ⭘Ҿࡍॆᮠᦞ⇥ᇴᆈಘ GV઼HVDŽ!٬ PRYD[FV⇥ᇴᆈಘ FV JR ൠ൰DŽ〫ٿMPSLJR%2276(*⇥䰤䐣䖜DŽ,1,76(* ᤷࠪ䐣䖜⇥ൠ൰ˈḷਧ JR ᱟ VWDUW HQWU\VWDUW⸕䬮᧕〻ᒿˈ〻ᒿӾ VWDUW ḷਧ༴ᔰᢗ㹼DŽ %2276(* [F%,26 ࣐䖭 ERRWVHFW ԓ⸱Ⲵ⇥ൠ൰˗ WH[W↓᮷⇥˗ EHJEVV EVVᵚࡍॆᮠᦞ⇥˗ EHJGDWD GDWDᮠᦞ⇥˗ EHJWH[W DV ≷㕆ಘ āDŽᖃ❦ᡁԜҏਟԕ䊑⽪ֻѝⲴаṧⴤ᧕߉ࠪᆇㅖⲴ $6&,, ⸱DŽ ' Ā ˈᒦф䴰㾱֯⭘অᕅਧᢺᆇㅖᤜտDŽֻྲ˖ E\WH ઼ᦒ㹼˄˅єњᆇㅖDŽᇊѹᆇㅖ䴰㾱֯⭘՚ㅖ 㹼кᇊѹҶഎ䖖 䘈Պ㠚ࣘ൘ᆇㅖѢਾ࣐ањ 18//˄˅ᆇㅖDŽਖཆˈㅜ DVFLL] ᆇㅖѢDŽ՚ㅖ ˈᒦф䴰㾱֯⭘ৼᕅਧᤜտ DVFLL 㹼ᇊѹҶᆇㅖѢ PVJDŽᇊѹᆇㅖѢ䴰㾱֯⭘՚ㅖ ㅜ ⮉൘ቿᒅк㘼н㻛ࡐ䲔DŽ↫ᗚ⧟䈝ਕᱟ䈳䈅≷㕆〻ᒿᰦᑨ⭘Ⲵᯩ⌅DŽڌҶ䇙ᱮ⽪Ⲵᇩ㜭ཏ ㅜ 㹼ᱟањ䐣䖜䈝ਕˈ䐣䖜ࡠᖃࡽᤷԔ༴DŽഐ↔䘉ᱟањ↫ᗚ⧟䈝ਕDŽ䘉䟼䟷⭘↫ᗚ⧟䈝ਕᱟѪ ES ᤷੁᆇㅖѢDŽ ⲴᆇㅖᙗˈHV E[ ѝᱟᱮ⽪֯⭘ˈG[ ѝᱟᱮ⽪ս㖞٬ˈㅖѢ˄PVJ˅߉ࡠቿᒅᤷᇊս㖞༴DŽᇴᆈಘ F[ ѝᱟᆇㅖѢ䮯ᓖ٬ ǃᆀ࣏㜭 DŽ䈕ѝᯝⲴ⭘ᱟᢺаᆇ ㅜ 㹼ᱟ %,26 ቿᒅᱮ⽪ѝᯝ䈳⭘ LQW[DŽ䘉䟼֯⭘ަ࣏㜭 ˈࡉՊਈᡀᢺ PVJ ൠ൰༴Ⲵᇩ᭮ࡠҶᇴᆈಘѝʽ ᇴᆈಘѝᰦҏаᇊ㾱൘ࡽ䶒࣐ ޕᆈൠ൰֯⭘㘼֯䈝ਕਈᡀ㔍ሩራ൰䈝ਕˈ㿱к䶒⽪ֻDŽਖཆˈᢺањḷਧ˄ֻྲ msg1˅Ⲵൠ൰٬᭮ ˈࡉሶѪ ㅜ 21--25 㹼Ⲵ䈝ਕ࠶࡛⭘Ҿᢺ・ণᮠ᭮ࡠᓄⲴᇴᆈಘѝDŽ・ণᮠࡽаᇊ㾱࣐Ӆਧ VL@ PRYD[PJV>E[ PRYD[PVJ>E[@ D[ ѝDŽ ޕ㍒ᕅራ൰DŽᢺㅜ њᮠᡰᤷᆈս㖞༴Ⲵ٬᭮ PRYD[>PVJ@ PRYD[PVJ PRYD[ D[ ѝDŽ ޕ㔍ሩራ൰DŽᢺᆈൠ൰ ˄PVJ˅༴Ⲵᇩ᭮ PRYD[PVJ PRYD[ ᢺ・ণᮠ ᭮ࡠ D[ ѝDŽᢺ PVJ ൠ൰٬᭮ࡠ D[ ѝDŽ MPS>E[@ PRY>E[@D[ ٬ᤷᇊᆈս㖞༴ⲴᇩѪ䐣䖜Ⲵൠ൰DŽ ]䰤᧕ᇴᆈಘራ൰DŽE MPSE[ PRYE[D[ ٬ᤷᇊⲴൠ൰༴ˈণᢺ E[ Ⲵ٬ᤧ䍍ࡠ ,3 ѝDŽ ]ⴤ᧕ᇴᆈಘራ൰DŽ䐣䖜ࡠ E 䰤᧕ᮠⲴ⭘⌅DŽ൘ DV ѝˈ䰤᧕ᮠ䴰㾱֯⭘ᯩᤜਧሩDŽਖཆаӋራ൰ᯩᔿᴹԕлаӋ˖ ս㖞༴DŽ䘉њᆇㅖሶሬ㠤 %,26 ѝᯝ൘ᱮ⽪ᆇㅖѢᰦ呓ਛа༠DŽ֯⭘䘉ᶑ䈝ਕѫ㾱ᱟѪҶ䈤᰾ ᴰਾањ ٬Ⲵ儈ᆇ㢲˄0x07˅ᆈ᭮ࡠᆈѝᆇㅖѢ msg1⇥ ㅜ 20 㹼кⲴ MOV ᤷԔ⭘Ҿᢺ ah ᇴᆈಘѝ 0x7c0 ᒿѝⲴᮠᦞ˄ᆇㅖѢ˅䘋㹼ራ൰DŽ 䇙ᆳԜ䜭ᤷੁ 0x7c0 ⇥DŽ䘉ṧׯҾሩ〻ˈ0x07C0:0x0005DŽ䲿ਾⲴєᶑ䈝ਕ࠶࡛㔉 DS ઼ ES ⇥ᇴᆈಘ䍻٬ 0x7c0DŽ䈕䈝ਕᢗ㹼ਾ CS:IP = ٬⇥CS:IP=0x0000:0x7c00DŽഐ↔䘉䟼֯⭘⇥䰤䐣䖜䈝ਕቡᱟѪҶ㔉 CS 䍻 䖭ࡠ⢙⨶ᆈ 0x7c00 ༴ᒦ䐣䖜ࡠ䈕༴ᰦˈᡰᴹ⇥ᇴᆈಘ˄वᤜ CS˅唈䇔٬൷Ѫ 0ˈণ↔ᰦ ㅜ 㹼кᱟањ⇥䰤˄,QWHUVHJPHQW˅䘌䐣䖜䈝ਕˈቡ䐣䖜ࡠлаᶑᤷԔDŽ⭡Ҿᖃ BIOS ᢺ〻ᒿ࣐ ԫօㅖਧؑDŽ 䭞䇽ˈഐѪᡁԜᒦнᐼᵋ൘⭏ᡀⲴ㓟Ҽ䘋ࡦᢗ㹼᮷Ԧѝवᤜޣਟԕⴱ⮕䘉њޘERRWVHWXSV ≷㕆〻ᒿѝᆼ ਓḷਧˈԕׯҾ䈳䈅DŽնᱟ൘ᡁԜ䘉њ⽪ֻѝԕ৺ /LQX[ Ṩ ERRWERRWVHFWV ઼ޕ䇽 HQWU\ ᤷᇊањ 䭞ޣDŽ䙊ᑨ൘䬮᧕ཊњⴞḷ᮷Ԧ⭏ᡀањਟᢗ㹼᮷Ԧᰦᓄ䈕൘ަѝањ≷㕆〻ᒿѝ⭘ VWDUW ᤷᇊⲴḷਧ 䭞ᆇˈ⭘Ҿ䘛֯䬮᧕ಘ OG ൘⭏ᡀⲴਟᢗ㹼᮷Ԧѝवᤜ䘋ަਾޣ⮉؍ᱟ HQWU\ ㅜ 14 㹼кⲴḷ䇶ㅖ 䘋ࡦDŽޝ઼ॱ 䘋ࡦޛഐ↔䘉њḷ䇶ㅖਟ〠Ѫㅖਧᑨ䟿DŽ䘉њ٬о C 䈝䀰ѝⲴ߉⌅аṧˈਟԕ֯⭘ॱ䘋ࡦǃˈᡰԓ㺘Ⲵ٬ ˅⭘Ҿᇊѹḷ䇶ㅖ %2276(* (48 ˄ᡆㅖਧ ㅜ 㹼ᇊѹҶањ䍻٬䈝ਕĀ%2276(* [FāDŽㅹਧ 㤳തѝˈഐ↔ᵜ⽪ֻ〻ᒿᇎ䱵кн࠶⇥DŽ DV ≷㕆ಘ Bochs ⁑ᤏ㌫㔏ѝ䘀㹼䈕〻ᒿˈᡁԜਟᗇࡠྲമ 3-1 ᡰ⽪⭫䶒DŽ Bochs PC ᵪ⁑ᤏ㌫㔏Ⲵ֯⭘ᯩ⌅䈧৲㘳ᴰਾаㄐᇩ˅DŽ㤕൘ ޣ᮷Ԧѝ˄ᴹۿBochs ⁑ᤏ㌫㔏Ⲵ䖟ⴈ᱐ к䶒ࡇࠪⲴㅜ 3 ᶑભԔቡᱟ࡙⭘ dd ભԔᶕ৫䲔 boot ѝⲴࡽ 32 ᆇ㢲ˈᒦᢺ䗃ࠪ㔃᷌ⴤ᧕߉ࡠ䖟ⴈᡆ ࡙⭘ Linux ㌫㔏Ⲵ dd ભԔDŽ ㌫㔏Ⲵ൘㓯֯⭘亥˄man as86˅DŽޣ㔃ᶴⲴ㓟Ҽ䘋ࡦᢗ㹼᮷ԦⲴ䘹亩ˈ䈧৲㘳 ֯⭘⧠൘ Linux ㌫㔏˄ֻྲ RedHat 9˅кⲴ as86 㕆䈁䬮᧕〻ᒿˈᆳԜާᴹਟ⭏ᡀнᑖ MINIX ཤ ֯⭘Ҽ䘋ࡦ㕆䗁〻ᒿࡐ䲔 boot 〻ᒿࡽ 32 ᆇ㢲ˈᒦᆈⴈ˗ ⿽˖ аㄐᇩ˅DŽѪҶ㜭֯⭘䘉њ〻ᒿᕅሬࣘᵪಘˈᡁԜ䴰㾱Ӫᐕ৫ᦹ䘉 32 ᆇ㢲DŽ৫ᦹ䈕ཤ㔃ᶴⲴᯩ⌅ᴹࠐ ᱟ䮯Ҷ 32 ᆇ㢲DŽ䘉 32 ᆇ㢲ቡᱟ MINIX ਟᢗ㹼᮷ԦⲴཤ㔃ᶴ˄ަ䈖㓶㔃ᶴ䈤᰾䈧৲㿱ĀṨ㓴ᔪᐕާā Ӿк䶒 OV ભԔࡇࠪⲴ᮷Ԧѝਟԕⴻࠪˈᴰਾ⭏ᡀⲴ boot 〻ᒿᒦнᱟࡽ䶒ᡰ䈤Ⲵ↓ྭ 512 ᆇ㢲ˈ㘼 ᤷᇊ⭏ᡀⲴਟᢗ㹼᮷Ԧ〠DŽ -o ᡀⲴਟᢗ㹼᮷ԦѝⲴㅖਧؑDŽ 䘹亩⭘Ҿ䇹䬮᧕ಘ㾱৫䲔ᴰਾ⭏ -s ⭘Ҿᤷᇊ⭏ᡀо GNU as ઼ ld 䜘࠶ެᇩⲴԓ⸱DŽ -a սⴞḷ〻ᒿ˗ ⭘Ҿ⭏ᡀ 8086 Ⲵ 16 -0 ሩⴞḷ᮷Ԧᢗ㹼䬮᧕ˈᴰਾ⭏ᡀ MINIX 㔃ᶴⲴਟᢗ㹼᮷Ԧ bootDŽަѝ䘹亩 ަѝㅜ 1 ᶑભԔ࡙⭘ as86 ≷㕆ಘሩ boot.s 〻ᒿ䘋㹼㕆䈁ˈ⭏ᡀ boot.o ⴞḷ᮷ԦDŽㅜ 2 ᶑભԔ֯⭘䬮᧕ಘ ld86 >URRW@ UHFRUGVRXW UHFRUGVLQ 䖟ⴈᡆ ,PDJH ⴈ᮷ԦѝDŽޕ>URRW@GGGEV LI ERRWRI GHYIGVNLS ߉ ERRWV UZURRWURRW0D\ ERRWR 0D\ UZURRWURRW ERRW UZ[[[URRWURRW0D\ >URRW@OOVOERRW >URRW@OOGVRERRWERRWR䬮᧕DŽ৫ᦹㅖਧؑDŽ >URRW@DDVDRERRWRERRWV㕆䈁DŽ⭏ᡀо DV 䜘࠶ެᇩⲴⴞḷ᮷ԦDŽ 〻ᒿ䴰㾱ᢗ㹼ԕлࡽєᶑભԔ˖ ⧠൘ᡁԜ䈤᰾ྲօ㕆䈁䬮᧕⽪ֻ〻ᒿ boot.s ᶕ⭏ᡀᡁԜ䴰㾱ᕅሬᡷ४〻ᒿ bootDŽ㕆䈁઼䬮᧕к䶒⽪ֻ 3.1.3 as86 ≽㕌䈣䀶ぁᓅⲺ㕌䈇ૂ䬴 䜘ࡐ䲔ҏ㜭㕆䈁䬮᧕ӗ⭏ࠪ↓⺞Ⲵ㔃᷌DŽޘ32--37 㹼ਟԕ ਟԕⴱ⮕ᦹˈণ〻ᒿѝㅜ 4--11 㹼઼ޘ↔⽪ֻ〻ᒿѝ༠᰾њ⇥Ⲵ՚ㅖ˄WH[WǃGDWD ઼EVV˅䜭ᆼ 䜭ᱟঅ⤜㕆䈁䬮᧕Ⲵ〻ᒿˈ㠚ᵏᵋ⭏ᡀⲴ䜭ᱟ㓟Ҽ䘋ࡦ᮷Ԧ㘼ᒦ⋑ᴹоަԆⴞḷ⁑ඇ᮷Ԧ䘋㹼䬮᧕ˈഐ ᶕ൘䬮᧕ཊњⴞḷ⁑ඇᰦ४࠶њ⁑ඇѝ⇥Ⲵᔰ઼㔃ᶏս㖞DŽ⭡ҾṨѝⲴ bootsec.s ઼ setup.s 〻ᒿ ㅜ 㹼৸൘йњ⇥ѝ࠶࡛᭮㖞ҶйњḷਧDŽ࠶࡛⭘ᶕ㺘⽪йњ⇥Ⲵ㔃ᶏս㖞DŽ䘉ṧ䇮㖞ਟԕ⭘ ԕᦞ↔⺞ᇊ ERRWV 㕆䈁ࠪᶕⲴᢗ㹼〻ᒿᓄ䈕↓ྭѪ ᆇ㢲DŽ ᆇ㢲ᆈሩ䊑˄ਈ䟿˅ˈަਾਟԕᱟањᮠᡆ㘵ᱟањ㺘䗮ᔿDŽ⭡Ҿਾ䶒⋑ᴹԓ⸱ᡆᮠᦞҶˈഐ↔ᡁԜਟ ⭘Ҿ൘ᖃࡽս㖞ᇊѹањৼ ZRUG ᒦ൘↔༴˄ㅜ 㹼˅᭮㖞Ҷᴹ᭸ᕅሬᡷ४ḷᘇᆇ [$$DŽ՚ㅖ Ⲵս㖞䇑ᮠಘ٬䈳ᮤѪ䈕՚ㅖ䈝ਕк㔉ࠪⲴ٬DŽሩҾᵜ⽪ֻ〻ᒿˈ䈕䈝ਕᢺս㖞䇑ᮠಘ䇮㖞Ѫ ˈ ᇊѹҶᖃࡽ≷㕆Ⲵս㖞DŽ䘉ᶑ䈝ਕՊᢺ≷㕆ಘ㕆䈁䗷〻ѝᖃࡽ⇥ RUJ ㅜ 㹼кⲴ՚ㅖ䈝ਕ DV ≷㕆ಘ ˗Zнᱮ⽪䆖ؑ Ⲵᵚᤷᇊ⇥Ⲵㅖਧ˗ޕXሶᵚᇊѹㅖਧѪ䗃 Vӗ⭏ㅖਧ᮷Ԧˈਾ䐏ㅖਧ᮷Ԧ˗ Rӗ⭏ⴞḷ᮷Ԧˈਾ䐏ⴞḷ᮷Ԧ˄REMILOH˅˗ ⴞḷ᮷Ԧѝ˅˗ޕQਾ䶒䐏䲿⁑ඇ〠˄ਆԓⓀ᮷Ԧ〠᭮ P൘ࡇ㺘ѝᢙኅᆿᇊѹ˗ Oӗ⭏ࡇ㺘᮷Ԧˈਾ䶒ਟԕ䐏䲿ࡇ㺘᮷Ԧ˗ M֯ᡰᴹ䐣䖜䈝ਕ൷Ѫ䮯䐣䖜˗ ተㅖਧ˗ޘޕJ൘ⴞḷ᮷Ԧѝӵᆈ Eӗ⭏Ҽ䘋ࡦ᮷Ԧˈਾ䶒ਟԕ䐏᮷Ԧ˗ Dᔰо *18DVǃOG Ⲵ䜘࠶ެᇩᙗ䘹亩˗ ֯⭘ ∄⢩ԓ⸱⇥˗ ֯⭘ ∄⢩ԓ⸱⇥˗ 䘹亩ਜ਼ѹ˖ ਾⲴᢙኅ˅˗ QDPHⓀ᮷ԦⲴสᵜ〠˄ণнवᤜ OLVW൘ḷ߶䗃ࠪкᱮ⽪˗ ֯⭘ Ⲵ ս䗃ࠪ˗ 䰝ᡆᰐ˗㤕⋑ᴹ᰾⺞䈤᰾ D ḷᘇˈࡉнՊᴹ䗃ࠪޣ䲔Ҷԕл唈䇔٬ԕཆˈަԆ䘹亩唈䇔Ѫ 唈䇔䇮㖞 DV>DJMXZ@>E>ELQ@@>OP>OLVW@@>QQDPH@>RREMILOH@>VV\P@VUFILOH DV Ⲵ֯⭘ᯩ⌅઼䘹亩˖ as86 ઼ ld86 Ⲵ֯⭘ᯩ⌅઼䘹亩ྲл˖ 3.1.4 as86 ૂ ld86 ֵ⭞ᯯ⌋ૂ䘿亯 ഴ ൞ %RFKV ⁗ᤕ㌱㔕ѣ䘆㺂 ERRW ᕋሲぁᓅⲺᱴ⽰㔉᷒ DV ≷㕆ಘ 㕆䈝䀰〻ᒿDŽྲ᷌⋑ᴹ֯⭘䗃ࠪ≶ޕަѝ REMILOH ᱟ as 㕆䈁䗃ࠪⲴⴞḷ᮷ԦˈVUFILOHV ᱟ as Ⲵ䗃 DV>䘹亩@>RREMILOH@>VUFILOHV@ ֯⭘ as ≷㕆ಘ㕆䈁ањ as ≷㕆䈝䀰〻ᒿⲴสᵜભԔ㹼Ṭᔿྲлᡰ⽪˖ 3.2.1 㕌䈇 as ≽㕌䈣䀶ぁᓅ 䶒ӻ㓽ѝ㤕ᴹ⎹৺ⴞḷ᮷ԦṬᔿᰦˈᡁԜሶത㔅 Linux 0.11 ㌫㔏䟷⭘Ⲵ DRXW ⴞḷ᮷ԦṬᔿ䘋㹼䈤᰾DŽ ㌫нབྷˈնᱟ൘лޣṬᔿⲴⴞḷ᮷ԦDŽ㲭❦㕆ࡦⲴ as ≷㕆䈝䀰〻ᒿоާփ䟷⭘ᡆ⭏ᡀӰѸṬᔿⲴⴞḷ᮷Ԧ GNU as ≷㕆ಘᴰࡍᱟԯ➗ BSD 4.2 Ⲵ≷㕆ಘ䘋㹼ᔰਁⲴDŽ⧠൘Ⲵ as ≷㕆ಘ㜭ཏ䝽㖞ᡀӗ⭏ᖸཊн਼ 䘉वᤜᆇㅖǃᮠᆇ઼ᑨᮠ㺘⽪ᯩ⌅ԕ৺㺘䗮ᔿᖒᔿㅹᯩ䶒DŽ ӗ⭏Ⲵѝ䰤≷㕆䈝䀰〻ᒿⲴˈ㘼䶎Ѫањ⤜・Ⲵ≷㕆ಘ֯⭘DŽഐ↔ˈas ≷㕆ಘҏ᭟ᤱᖸཊ C 䈝䀰⢩ᙗˈ Պ䈳⭘ as ≷㕆ಘᢺ䘉њѤᰦ≷㕆䈝䀰〻ᒿ㕆䈁ᡀⴞḷ᮷ԦDŽণᇎ䱵к as ≷㕆ಘᴰࡍᱟу䰘⭘Ҿ≷㕆 gcc ൘㕆䈁 C 䈝䀰〻ᒿᰦˈGNU gcc 㕆䈁ಘՊ俆ݸ䗃ࠪањѪѝ䰤㔃᷌Ⲵ as ≷㕆䈝䀰᮷Ԧˈ❦ਾ gcc 䭞⛩ѻаDŽޣཏ⨶䀓䘉Ӌ≷㕆䈝䀰〻ᒿⲴ࣏㜭ҏቡᰐ⯁ᡀѪ⨶䀓ањ㌫㔏ާփᇎ⧠Ⲵ 㕆䈝ਕDŽᱟ㜭≶ޕѝᯝ઼ᔲᑨ༴⨶䗷〻᧕ਓ〻ᒿǃԕ৺ᖸཊᆿᇊѹ䜭֯⭘Ҷ as ≷㕆䈝䀰〻ᒿᡆᢙኅⲴ፼ 䭞⭘Ⲵ≷㕆䈝䀰〻ᒿ䟿DŽLinux ㌫㔏ҏнֻཆˈᆳⲴ 32 սࡍॆԓ⸱ǃᡰᴹޣਜ਼བྷ㓖 10%ᐖਣⲴ䎧 䭞ԓ⸱㾱≲ᴹᖸ儈Ⲵᢗ㹼䙏ᓖ઼᭸⦷ˈഐ↔൘ањ㌫㔏Ⓚԓ⸱ѝ䙊ᑨቡՊवޣ⭡Ҿ㌫㔏䇨ཊ ՚ᤷԔ˄ᤷ⽪ㅖ˅Ⲵਜ਼ѹ઼֯⭘ᯩ⌅DŽᑖᴹ䈖㓶䈤᰾ؑⲴ as ≷㕆䈝䀰〻ᒿᇎֻሶ൘лаㄐᴰਾ㔉ࠪDŽ GNU as ≷㕆ಘ˄ㆰ〠 as ≷㕆ಘ˅Ⲵ֯⭘ᯩ⌅DŽᡁԜ俆ݸӻ㓽 as ≷㕆䈝䀰〻ᒿⲴ䈝⌅ˈ❦ਾ㔉ࠪᑨ⭘≷㕆 䈝䀰〻ᒿ㕆䈁ӗ⭏Ⲵ⁑ඇ䬮᧕DŽᵜ㢲ԕ 80X86 CPU ⺜ԦᒣਠѪสӻ㓽 Linux Ṩѝ֯⭘≷㕆〻ᒿ䈝⌅઼ ERRWVHWXSVDŽṨѝަ։ᡰᴹ≷㕆䈝䀰〻ᒿ˄वᤜ C 䈝䀰ӗ⭏Ⲵ≷㕆〻ᒿ˅൷֯⭘ gas ᶕ㕆䈁ˈᒦо C к㢲ӻ㓽Ⲵ DV ≷㕆ಘӵ⭘Ҿ㕆䈁ṨѝⲴ ERRWERRWVHFWV ᕅሬᡷ४〻ᒿ઼ᇎ⁑ᔿлⲴ䇮㖞〻ᒿ 3.2 GNU as ≽㕌 V൘ⴞḷ᮷Ԧѝࡐ䲔ᡰᴹㅖਧDŽ Uӗ⭏䘲ਸҾ䘋а↕䟽ᇊսⲴ䗃ࠪ˗ Rᤷᇊ䗃ࠪ᮷Ԧˈਾ䐏䗃ࠪ᮷Ԧ˗ P൘ḷ߶䗃ࠪ䇮༷кᱮ⽪ᐢ䬮᧕Ⲵ⁑ඇ˗ 䬮᧕Ⲵ᮷Ԧࡇ㺘ѝ˗ޕO[ሶᓃORFDOOLEVXEGLUOLE[D ࣐ '˅䗃ࠪ˗ L࠶ⲴᤷԔоᮠᦞ⇥˄, ֯⭘䘲ਸҾ VWUWRXO ⲴṬᔿ ˗ 7ਾ䶒䐏䲿↓᮷สൠ൰ 0൘ḷ߶䗃ࠪ䇮༷кᱮ⽪ᐢ䬮᧕Ⲵㅖਧ˗ ӗ⭏ާᴹ ∄⢩冄ᮠⲴཤ㔃ᶴˈᒦфሩO[ 䘹亩֯⭘ L ᆀⴞᖅ˗ ӗ⭏ާᴹ ∄⢩冄ᮠⲴཤ㔃ᶴˈᒦфሩO[ 䘹亩֯⭘ L ᆀⴞᖅ˗ RXWILOH DRXW Ṭᔿ䗃ࠪ˗ ս䗃ࠪ˗ 䰝ᡆᰐޣ䲔Ҷԕл唈䇔٬ԕཆˈަԆ䘹亩唈䇔Ѫ 唈䇔䇮㖞 OG>0LPUV>@@>7WH[WDGGU@>OOLEBH[WHQVLRQ@>RRXWILOH@LQILOH ሩҾ⭏ᡀ *180LQL[ Ⲵ DRXW ṬᔿⲴ⡸ᵜ˖ OG>0LPV>@@>7WH[WDGGU@>OOLEBH[WHQVLRQ@>RRXWILOH@LQILOH ሩҾ⭏ᡀ 0LQL[DRXW ṬᔿⲴ⡸ᵜ˖ OG 䘎᧕ಘⲴ֯⭘䈝⌅઼䘹亩˖ 18DV ≷㕆* 䇙 as ֯⭘ gcc Ⲵ CPP 亴༴⨶࣏㜭DŽ 6 䇙≷㕆䈝䀰〻ᒿ֯⭘བྷ߉Ⲵਾ㔰 ᱟ䈕亴༴⨶࣏㜭нՊሩᆿᇊѹ䘋㹼༴⨶ˈҏ⋑ᴹ༴⨶वਜ਼᮷ԦⲴ࣏㜭DŽྲ᷌䴰㾱䘉ᯩ䶒Ⲵ࣏㜭ˈ䛓Ѹਟԕ ࡦ㺘ㅖ˗ࡐ䲔ᡰᴹ⌘䟺䈝ਕᒦф֯⭘অњオṬᡆаӋᦒ㹼ㅖᴯᦒᆳԜ˗ᢺᆇㅖᑨᮠ䖜ᦒᡀሩᓄⲴᮠ٬DŽն as ≷㕆ಘާᴹሩ≷㕆䈝䀰〻ᒿ㖞Ⲵㆰঅ亴༴⨶࣏㜭DŽ䈕亴༴⨶࣏㜭Պ䈳ᮤᒦࡐ䲔ཊ։ⲴオṬᆇㅖ઼ 3.2.2.1 ≽㕌ぁᓅ人༺⨼ 7 ≷㕆ಘнᨀሩཊԓ⸱⇥〻ᒿⲴ᭟ᤱˈ81,; ㊫㌫㔏㾱≲ᡰᴹԓ⸱൘ањ⇥ѝDŽ $7 DŽ UHWIDUVWDFNDGMXVW Ⲵ ሩᓄ ,QWHO OUHWVWDFNDGMXVW 7 䈝⌅ѝ䘌䘄എᤷԔ DŽ਼ṧˈ$7 RIIVHW MPSFDOOIDUVHFWLRQ ˈ㘼 ,QWHO Ⲵᱟ OMPSOFDOOVHFWLRQRIIVHW 7 䈝⌅ѝ・ণᖒᔿⲴ䘌䐣䖜઼䘌䈳⭘Ѫ $7 DŽ PRYEIRRDO 7 Ⲵ䈝ਕ ሩᓄҾ $7 PRYDOE\WHSWUIRR ,QWHO Ⲵ䈝ਕ ᶕ䗮ࡠ਼ṧⴞⲴDŽഐ↔ˈ GZRUGSWU ઼ ZRUGSWU ǃ E\WHSUW ࡉ䙊䗷൘ᆈᮠࡽ֯⭘ࡽ㔰 ࠶࡛ᤷ⽪ᆈᕅ⭘ᇭᓖѪ սᆇ㢲˄E\WH˅ǃ սᆇ˄ZRUG˅઼ ս䮯ᆇ˄ORQJ˅DŽ,QWHO 䈝⌅ O ઼ Z ǃ E 7 䈝⌅ѝᆈᮠⲴ䮯ᓖ˄ᇭᓖ˅⭡⸱ᴰਾањᆇㅖᶕ⺞ᇊDŽ⸱ਾ㔰 $7 DŽ DGGOHD[ 7 Ⲵ ሩᓄ $7 DGGHD[ DŽֻྲ ,QWHO Ⲵ䈝ਕ ⓀⴞⲴ ਣ 7 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3&˄3URJUDP&RXQWHU˅ ४Ⲵᔰൠ൰ Ⲵ٬ㅹҾཊቁ˛ ൠ൰ 䈕ൠ൰ᕅ⭘Ⲵᱟଚњ४˛ 䈕ᕅ⭘Ⲵᆇ㢲䮯ᓖᱟཊቁ˛ ⴞḷ᮷Ԧѝሩањൠ൰Ⲵᕅ⭘ᱟӾӰѸൠᯩ㇇䎧Ⲵ˛ OG ᗵ享⸕䚃˖ ᡰ䴰㾱Ⲵ䟽ᇊսؑDŽѪҶᢗ㹼䟽ᇊսˈ൘⇿⅑⎹৺ⴞḷ᮷ԦѝⲴањൠ൰ᰦˈޕҏՊᖰⴞḷ᮷Ԧѝ߉ ᖃањ४㻛䟽ᇊսᰦˈѪҶ䇙䬮᧕ಘ OG ⸕䚃ଚӋᮠᦞՊਁ⭏ਈॆԕ৺ྲօ؞᭩䘉ӋᮠᦞˈDV ≷㕆ಘ նᇩᱟオⲴDŽ൘ањⴞḷ᮷Ԧѝˈަ WH[W ४Ӿൠ൰ˌᔰˈ䲿ਾᱟ GDWD ४ˈਾ䶒ᱟ EVV ४DŽ ४ѝˈ䘉Ӌ४Պӽ❦ᆈ൘ˈ GDWD ᡆ WH[W ⇿њ४䜭ਟ㜭ᱟオⲴDŽྲ᷌⋑ᴹ֯⭘≷㕆ભԔᢺ䗃ࠪ᭮㖞൘ DV ≷㕆ಘ䗃ࠪӗ⭏Ⲵⴞḷ᮷Ԧѝ㠣ቁާᴹˏњ४ˈ࠶࡛㻛〠Ѫ↓᮷˄WH[W˅ǃᮠᦞ˄GDWD˅઼ EVV ४DŽ ᮷Ԧѝ䇠ᖅⲴൠ൰ˈӾ㘼䇙ᆳԜሩᓄࡠᚠᖃⲴ䘀㹼ᰦൠ൰кDŽ ⇥ǃ䜘࠶˅DŽ㘼Ѫ४࠶䝽䘀㹼ᰦⲴൠ൰Ⲵቡ㻛〠Ѫ䟽ᇊս˄5HORFDWLRQ˅ˈަѝवᤜ䈳ᮤⴞḷ ᱟѪപᇊঅݳ䘋㹼〫ࣘⲴDŽᆳԜⲴ䮯ᓖԕ৺ᆇ㢲⅑ᒿ䜭нՊ㻛᭩ਈDŽ䘉ṧⲴപᇊঅݳቡ㻛〠ᱟ४˄ᡆ ᮷ԦѝⲴњ䜘࠶࠶䝽н਼Ⲵᴰ㓸ൠ൰ս㖞DŽOG Պᢺ〻ᒿѝⲴᆇ㢲ඇ〫ࣘࡠ〻ᒿ䘀㹼ᰦⲴൠ൰༴DŽ䘉Ӌඇ њⴞḷ᮷Ԧᰦˈ䈕ⴞḷ᮷ԦѝⲴԓ⸱㻛唈䇔䇮㖞ᡀӾൠ൰ ᔰDŽ↔ਾ OG ሶՊ൘䬮᧕䗷〻ѝѪн਼ⴞḷ Ⲵⴞḷ᮷ԦѝⲴᇩ᤹➗аᇊ㿴ᖻ㓴ਸ⭏ᡀањਟᢗ㹼〻ᒿDŽᖃ DV ≷㕆ಘ䗃ࠪаޕ 䬮᧕ಘ OG Պᢺ䗃 ሩ४Ⲵสᵜᾲᘥаㆰঅӻ㓽ˈԕ⨶䀓 DV ≷㕆ಘӗ⭏Ⲵⴞḷ᮷Ԧสᵜ㔃ᶴDŽ LQX[ Ṩ֯⭘Ⲵ DRXW Ṭᔿⴞḷ᮷ԦṬᔿⲴ䈖㓶䈤᰾ሶ൘ᵜㄐਾ䶒㔉ࠪˈ䘉䟼俆ݸ/ ޣᔿᆹᧂDŽᴹ ᮷४ᡆᮠᦞ४DŽ㤕㾱↓⺞⨶䀓઼㕆ࡦањ DV ≷㕆䈝䀰〻ᒿˈᡁԜቡ䴰㾱Ҷ䀓 DV ӗ⭏Ⲵ䗃ࠪⴞḷ᮷ԦⲴṬ ४Ⲵᾲᘥѫ㾱⭘ᶕ㺘⽪㕆䈁ಘ⭏ᡀⲴⴞḷ᮷Ԧ˄ᡆਟᢗ㹼〻ᒿ˅ѝн਼Ⲵؑ४ฏˈֻྲⴞḷ᮷ԦѝⲴ↓ DŽޕ⨶൘䈕ൠ൰㤳തѝⲴᮠᦞؑDŽֻྲˈਟԕᴹањĀਚ䈫āⲴ४ˈᡁԜਚ㜭Ӿ䈕४ѝ䈫ਆᮠᦞ㘼н㜭߉ ४˄6HFWLRQ˅˄ҏ〠Ѫ⇥ǃ㢲ᡆ䜘࠶˅⭘Ҿ㺘⽪ањൠ൰㤳തˈ㌫㔏ሶՊԕ਼Ⲵᯩᔿሩᖵ઼༴ 3.2.4 ॰ф䠃ᇐփ ˅ᤷ᰾ᮠⲴབྷሿ˄E\WHǃZRUG ᡆ ORQJ˅DŽ O ᡆ Z ǃ E 享֯⭘⸱ਾ㔰˄ Ⲵ䐣䖜ḷਧDŽ䘈ᴹˈަԆԫօާᴹᆈᮠⲴᤷԔ䜭ᗵޣㅖˈ䛓Ѹ DV ≷㕆ಘቡՊ䘹ᤙоᤷԔ䇑ᮠ 3& ᆇ Ѫࡽ㔰ᆇㅖDŽ㤕⋑ᴹ֯⭘ Ⲵ䰤᧕䈳⭘Ⲵᮠҏᗵ享ᴹањޣ ਼ṧˈоᤷԔ䇑ᮠಘ 3&ᰐ HD[ 䰤᧕䐣䖜DŽӾHD[ ᤷ᰾Ⲵൠ൰༴䈫ਆ䐣䖜Ⲵⴞḷս㖞DŽ MPS HD[䰤᧕䐣䖜DŽᇴᆈಘHD[ Ⲵ٬ᱟ䐣䖜Ⲵⴞḷս㖞DŽ MPS 18DV ≷㕆* ४ሩ喀ӗ⭏Ⲵ䰤䳉 WH[W EVVGDWD 䬮᧕㔃᷌ ⴞḷ᮷Ԧ ⴞḷ᮷Ԧ WWWWW GGGG777 '''' ཤ 777 '''' WWWWW GGGG WH[WGDWDEVV WH[WGDWDEVV ४ӵ DV ≷㕆ಘ֯⭘ᯩׯ㘼䇮㖞Ⲵˈഐ↔ᒦнᆈ൘ᆀ४䇑ᮠಘDŽ㲭❦⋑ᴹӰѸⴤ᧕ањս㖞䇑ᮠಘ ⇿њ४䜭ᴹањս㖞䇑ᮠಘ˄/RFDWLRQ&RXQWHU˅ˈᆳՊሩ⇿њ≷㕆䘋䈕४Ⲵᆇ㢲䘋㹼䇑ᮠDŽ⭡Ҿᆀ DŽ GDWD 㺘⽪֯⭘ GDWD DŽ਼ṧൠˈ WH[W ˈ䛓ѸቡՊ唈䇔֯⭘ WH[W ᮠDŽ㺘䗮ᔿ㔃᷌ᓄ䈕ᱟ㔍ሩ٬DŽྲ᷌ਚᤷᇊҶ ৲ѝ֯⭘ᮠ٬ GDWD㺘䗮ᔿ ᡆ WH[W㺘䗮ᔿ GDWD ४DŽѪҶᤷᇊ䲿ਾⲴ䈝ਕ㻛≷㕆ࡠଚњᆀ४ѝˈਟ൘ Ԇ〻ᒿᒦнՊⴻࡠᆀ४Ⲵ䑚䘩ˈᆳԜਚՊⴻࡠ⭡ᡰᴹ WH[W ᆀ४㓴ᡀⲴ WH[W ४˗⭡ᡰᴹ GDWD ᆀ४㓴ᡀⲴ 㕆ਧ亪ᒿࠪ⧠൘ⴞḷ᮷Ԧѝˈնᱟⴞḷ᮷Ԧѝᒦнवਜ਼㺘⽪ᆀ४ⲴԫօؑDŽ༴⨶ⴞḷ᮷ԦⲴ OG ԕ৺ަ ֯⭘ᆀ४ᱟਟ䘹ⲴDŽྲ᷌⋑ᴹ֯⭘ᆀ४ˈ䛓Ѹᡰᴹሩ䊑䜭Պ㻛᭮൘ᆀ४ ѝDŽᆀ४ՊԕަӾሿࡠབྷⲴ ᆀ४DŽ WH[W ᒦф൘⇿㓴Պ䗃ࠪⲴᑨᮠѻࡽ֯⭘ ᆀ४ˈ WH[W ൘㻛≷㕆Ⲵᮤњ〻ᒿѝDŽ൘䘉⿽ᛵߥлˈ㕆䈁ಘቡਟԕ൘⇿њՊ䗃ࠪⲴԓ⸱४ѻࡽ֯⭘ ѝо䈕ᆀ४ѝަԆሩ䊑᭮൘а䎧DŽֻྲˈ㕆䈁ಘਟ㜭ᜣᢺᑨᮠᆈ᭮൘ text ४ѝˈնᱟнᜣ䇙䘉Ӌᑨᮠᮓᐳ ࡠ䘉њⴞⲴDŽ൘⇿њ४ѝˈਟԕᴹ㕆ਧѪ 0--8192 Ⲵᆀ४ᆈ൘DŽ㕆ࡦ൘਼ањᆀ४ѝⲴሩ䊑Պ൘ⴞḷ᮷Ԧ Ⲵᮠᦞ㓴ˈնᱟਟԕՊᜣ䇙ᆳԜ൘≷㕆ਾ㚊䳶൘а䎧ᆈ᭮DŽas ≷㕆ಘݱ䇨࡙⭘ᆀ४˄subsection˅ᶕ䗮 ൘≷㕆Ⓚ〻ᒿḀњ४ѝਟ㜭࠶ᐳ⵰аӋн䛫ى≷㕆ਆᗇⲴᆇ㢲ᮠᦞ䙊ᑨսҾ text ᡆ data ४ѝDŽᴹᰦ 3.2.4.2 ᆆ॰ ഴ 䬴њѠⴤḽᮽԬӝ⭕ᐨ䬴ぁᓅⲺׁᆆ ≤ᒣ䖤㺘⽪ᆈൠ൰DŽਾ䶒ሿ㢲ѝሶՊ䈖㓶䈤᰾ OG 䬮᧕ಘⲴާփ䗷〻DŽ DŽަѝ GDWD ઼ WH[W മ3-2 ѝᱟ њ⨶ᜣॆⲴਟ䟽ᇊս४ⲴֻᆀDŽ䘉њֻᆀ֯⭘Ր㔏Ⲵ४〠˖ XQGHILQHG ४ሩн൘ݸࡽᡰ䘠њ४ѝሩ䊑Ⲵൠ൰ᕅ⭘䜭Ҿᵜ४DŽ Āнਟ䟽ᇊսⲴā˖൘䟽ᇊսᵏ䰤ᆳԜнՊ᭩ਈDŽ ᰦ᭩ਈᡰᕅ⭘Ⲵൠ൰ˈ䛓Ѹቡ֯⭘䘉њ४DŽӾ䘉⿽㿲⛩ᶕⴻˈᡁԜਟԕᢺ㔍ሩൠ൰〠ᱟ DEVROXWH ४䈕४Ⲵൠ൰ ᙫᱟĀ䟽ᇊսāࡠ䘀㹼ᰦൠ൰ ༴DŽྲ᷌нᜣ䇙 OG ൘䟽ᇊս ٬ᆇ㢲DŽ ᆈ EVV ४DŽ䇮㖞 EVV ४ⲴⴞⲴቡᱟѪҶӾⴞḷ᮷Ԧѝ᰾⺞ൠᧂ䲔؍ᆇ㢲ˈഐ↔ᰐ享൘ⴞḷ᮷Ԧѝ ٬ ਈ䟿ᆈۘオ䰤DŽ㲭❦〻ᒿ⇿њⴞḷ᮷Ԧ EVV ४Ⲵ䮯ᓖؑᖸ䟽㾱ˈնᱟ⭡Ҿ䈕४ѝᆈ᭮Ⲵᱟ ޡޜ٬ᆇ㢲DŽ䈕४⭘Ҿᆈ᭮ᵚࡍॆⲴਈ䟿ᡆѪ EVV ४൘〻ᒿᔰ䘀㹼ᰦ䘉њ४ѝਜ਼ᴹ ॆⲴˈֻྲˈ& ਈ䟿а㡜ቡᆈ᭮൘ GDWD ४ѝDŽ ӛˈަѝਜ਼ᴹᤷԔԓ⸱઼ᑨᮠㅹᇩDŽ〻ᒿ䘀㹼ᰦ GDWD ४Ⲵᇩ䙊ᑨᱟՊਈޡ४䙊ᑨՊ㻛䘋〻 WH[W ४Ⲵ᧿䘠ҏ਼ṧ䘲ਸҾ GDWD ४DŽ❦㘼ᖃ〻ᒿ൘䘀㹼ᰦˈࡉ䙊ᑨ WH[W ४ᱟнՊ᭩ਈⲴDŽWH[W ᆈ〻ᒿDŽDV ઼ OG Պ࠶࡛⤜・㘼਼ㅹൠሩᖵᆳԜDŽሩަѝ؍ WH[W ४ǃGDWD ४䘉єњ४⭘Ҿ 䬮᧕ಘ OG ਚ⎹৺ྲл ㊫४˖ 3.2.4.1 䬴ಞ⎿Ⲻ॰ 18DV ≷㕆* 䛓Ѹቡᰐ䴰᭩ਈDŽնᱟሩҾ֯⭘ (/) ṬᔿⲴ ; ㌫㔏ˈ䈕㺘䗮ᔿ٬ⴤ᧕ቡᱟ㾱≲ሩަⲴᆇ㢲ᮠDŽֻྲ 㺘⽪ᢺս㖞䇑ᮠಘ٬໎࣐ࡠ ⲴؽᮠкDŽྲ᷌ս㖞䇑ᮠಘ٬ᵜ䓛ቡᱟ Ⲵؽᮠˈ DOLJQ ⅑ᯩ٬DŽֻྲˈ ٬սⲴњᮠˈণᱟ Ⲵ ᔿⴞḷ᮷ԦⲴ ; ㌫㔏ˈ䈕㺘䗮ᔿ٬ᱟս㖞䇑ᮠಘ٬໎࣐ਾަҼ䘋ࡦ٬ᴰਣ䶒 ༴DŽㅜ њ㔍ሩ٬㺘䗮ᔿ DEVH[SU˄DEVROXWHH[SUHVVLRQ˅ᤷᇊ㾱≲Ⲵ䗩⭼ሩ喀٬DŽሩҾ֯⭘ DRXW Ṭ DOLJQ ᱟᆈۘሩ喀≷㕆ભԔˈ⭘Ҿ൘ᖃࡽᆀ४ѝᢺս㖞䇑ᮠಘ٬䇮㖞˄໎࣐˅ࡠлањᤷᇊᆈۘ䗩⭼ 3.2.6.1 .align abs-expr1, abs-expr2, abs-expr3 DŽնᱟ䙊ᑨ䜭֯⭘ሿ߉ᆇㅖDŽл䶒ᡁԜ㔉ࠪаӋᑨ⭘≷㕆ભԔⲴ䈤᰾DŽޣབྷሿ߉ᰐ ᔰˈަ։ᱟᆇㅖˈᒦф ൠ൰ǃᤷᇊᖃࡽ≷㕆Ⲵ४ǃ؞᭩ս㖞䇑ᮠಘ٬ㅹDŽᡰᴹ≷㕆ભԔⲴ〠䜭ԕ ≷㕆ભԔᱟᤷ⽪≷㕆ಘᯩᔿⲴ՚ᤷԔDŽ≷㕆ભԔ⭘Ҿ㾱≲≷㕆ಘѪਈ䟿࠶䝽オ䰤ǃ⺞ᇊ〻ᒿᔰ 3.2.6 as ≽㕌ળԚ LQFOXGHDRXWK ᮷ԦⲴ䈤᰾DŽ ޣᴹ DŽሩҾ DRXW ṬᔿⲴⴞḷ᮷ԦˈㅖਧⲴ㊫රᙗᆈ᭮൘ањ սᆇ⇥ѝ˄QBW\SH ᆇ㢲˅DŽަਜ਼ѹ䈧৲㿱 ㅖਧⲴ㊫රᙗਜ਼ᴹ⭘Ҿ䬮᧕ಘ઼䈳䈅ಘⲴ䟽ᇊսؑǃᤷ⽪ㅖਧᱟཆ䜘Ⲵḷᘇԕ৺аӋަԆਟ䘹ؑ ᆈۘオ䰤ᆇ㢲䮯ᓖDŽㅖਧᤷੁ䈕ᆈۘオ䰤Ⲵㅜањൠ൰༴DŽ ޡޜ⮉Ⲵ؍༠᰾Ⲵ䴰㾱ޡޜ Պӗ⭏䘉ṧⲴㅖਧDŽ㤕ᵚᇊѹㅖਧⲴ٬нѪ ˈ䛓Ѹ䈕ㅖਧ٬ቡ㺘⽪ᱟFRPP ᴹᇊѹˈOG Պቍ䈅ṩᦞަԆ䬮᧕Ⲵ᮷Ԧᶕ⺞ᇊᆳⲴ٬DŽ൘〻ᒿ֯⭘Ҷањㅖਧն⋑ᴹሩㅖਧ䘋㹼ᇊѹˈቡ OG ՊሩᵚᇊѹㅖਧⲴ٬䘋㹼⢩↺༴⨶DŽྲ᷌ᵚᇊѹㅖਧⲴ٬ᱟ ˈࡉ㺘⽪䈕ㅖਧ൘ᵜ≷㕆Ⓚ〻ᒿѝ⋑ สൠ൰㘼ਈॆˈDEVROXWH ४ѝㅖਧⲴ٬нՊ᭩ਈDŽ䘉ҏᱟѪօ〠ᆳԜᱟ㔍ሩㅖਧⲴഐDŽ ᔰࡠḷਧ༴Ⲵൠ൰٬DŽሩҾ WH[WǃGDWD ઼ EVV ४ˈањㅖਧⲴ٬䙊ᑨՊ൘䬮᧕䗷〻ѝ⭡Ҿ OG ᭩ਈ४Ⲵ ٬ᱟӾ४ަˈ ㅖਧⲴ٬䙊ᑨᱟ սⲴDŽሩҾḷࠪ WH[WǃGDWDǃEVV ᡆ DEVROXWH ४ѝањս㖞Ⲵㅖਧ 䇮ަᡰᴹᙗ൷Ѫ DŽ䘉ᤷ⽪䈕ㅖਧᱟањཆ䜘ᇊѹⲴㅖਧDŽٷᙗDŽྲ᷌нᇊѹቡ֯⭘ањㅖਧˈDV ቡՊ 䲔Ҷᆇԕཆˈ⇿њㅖਧ䜭ᴹĀ٬ā઼Ā㊫රāᙗDŽṩᦞ䗃ࠪⲴṬᔿн਼ˈㅖਧҏਟԕާᴹ䖵ࣙ 3.2.5.2 ㅜਭኔᙝ ਼DŽޘᆼ VSDFH о Ⲵ⭘DŽഐ↔㺘䗮ᔿ RUJ 䍻٬ቡྲ਼≷㕆ભԔ ᐡᡰ༴Ⲵൠ൰٬DŽ㔉 ቡՊᢺ P\ODE ᇊѹѪवਜ਼ᆳ㠚 ORQJ P\ODE 㺘⽪ DV ≷㕆Ⲵᖃࡽൠ൰DŽഐ↔㺘䗮ᔿ ⢩↺ㅖਧ 3.2.5.1 ⢯⇀⛯ㅜਭ ᡁԜਚ㜭ੁࡽੁਾᕅ⭘ᴰ䘌 њተ䜘ḷਧDŽى֯⭘ᯩ䶒⋑ᴹ䲀ࡦˈնᱟ൘ԫօᰦ 㺘⽪ੁࡽ˄IRUZDUGV˅DŽተ䜘ḷਧ൘ I ᙍᱟੁਾ˄EDFNZDUGV˅ˈ E DŽަѝ 1I ተ䜘ḷਧˈࡉ䴰㾱߉ᡀ ˗㤕䴰ᕅ⭘лањᇊѹⲴ 1E ਧ˄ަѝ 1 ԓ㺘ԫօᮠᆇ˅DŽ㤕ᱟᕅ⭘ࡽ䶒ᴰ䘁ᇊѹⲴ䘉њㅖਧˈ䴰㾱߉ᡀ Ⲵḷ 1 ˅ਟ䟽༽֯⭘DŽѪҶᇊѹањተ䜘ㅖਧˈਚ㾱߉ࠪᖒྲ ᴹ њተ䜘ㅖਧ˄ޡᒿѝ ᆇㅖѻаᔰDŽተ䜘ㅖਧ⭘Ҿॿࣙ㕆䈁ಘ઼〻ᒿઈѤᰦ֯⭘〠DŽ൘ањ〻 B ㅖਧԕањᆇ⇽ᡆ 㔉ањㅖਧ䍻Ҹԫᮠ٬DŽ ਟѪᤷԔⲴᮠ֯⭘DŽᡁԜਟԕ֯⭘ㅹਧ ᒦфˈֻྲˈˈḷਧ˄Label˅ᱟਾ䶒㍗䲿ањ߂ਧⲴㅖਧDŽ↔ᰦ䈕ㅖਧԓ㺘⍫ࣘս㖞䇑ᮠಘⲴᖃࡽ٬ ᧕ಘ֯⭘ㅖਧ䘋㹼䬮᧕ˈ㘼䈳䈅ಘ࡙⭘ㅖਧ䘋㹼䈳䈅DŽ ൘〻ᒿ㕆䈁઼䬮᧕䗷〻ѝˈㅖਧ˄Symbol˅ᱟањ∄䖳䟽㾱ⲴᾲᘥDŽ〻ᒿઈ֯⭘ㅖਧᶕભሩ䊑ˈ䬮 3.2.5 ㅜਭ ㅖਧDŽޡޜਟ⭘Ҿ൘ EVV ४ѝ༠᰾ањ FRPP њㅖਧ˗ ≷㕆ભԔ⭘Ҿ൘ EVV ४ѝᇊѹа OFRPP ഐѪᖃ〻ᒿࡊᔰᢗ㹼ᰦˈbss ४ѝᡰᴹᆇ㢲ᇩ䜭ሶ㻛䴦DŽ ਈ䟿DŽਟԕ൘ bss ४ѝ࠶䝽オ䰤ˈնᱟ൘〻ᒿ䘀㹼ѻࡽн㜭൘ަѝ᭮㖞ᮠᦞDŽޡޜ bss ४⭘Ҿᆈۘተ䜘 3.2.4.3 bss ॰ 㹼䈝ਕ≷㕆༴⨶Ⲵ४Ⲵս㖞䇑ᮠಘ㻛〠Ѫᖃࡽ⍫ࣘ䇑ᮠಘDŽ ᒦфԫօḷਧᇊѹ䜭Պਆ⭘ս㖞䇑ᮠಘⲴᖃࡽ٬DŽ↓൘ᢗˈਟԕ᭩ਈަ٬ DOLJQ Ⲵᯩ⌅ˈնᱟ≷㕆ભԔ 18DV ≷㕆* ਜ਼ѹоLQW ਼DŽ 3.2.6.12 .long expressions ተⲴˈഐ↔䬮᧕ಘ OG ⴻн㿱DŽޘᴹ㻛༠᰾Ѫ ඇⲴ٬DŽ࠶䝽Ⲵൠ൰൘ EVV ४ѝˈഐ↔൘䘀㹼ᰦ䘉Ӌᆇ㢲٬㻛䴦DŽ⭡Ҿㅖਧ V\PERO ⋑ޡޜᯠⲴተ䜘 ⮉䮯ᓖѪ OHQJWK ᆇ㢲Ⲵオ䰤DŽᡰ൘Ⲵ४઼ㅖਧ V\PERO Ⲵ٬ᱟ؍४ฏޡޜ Ѫㅖਧ V\PERO ᤷᇊⲴተ䜘 3.2.6.11 .lcomm symbol, length $%DŽ 㺘䗮ᔿⲴ٬ቡᱟ䘀㹼ᰦⲴ٬DŽֻྲLQW[ ㌫㔏Ѫ ᆇ㢲ˈ਼ORQJ˅DŽ⇿њ⭘䙇ਧ࠶ᔰⲴ ˄ 䈕≷㕆ભԔ൘Ḁњ४ѝ䇮㖞 њᡆཊњᮤᮠ٬ 3.2.6.10 .int expressions ৲㿱 LQFOXGHDRXWK ᮷ԦѝⲴ䈤᰾DŽ ࡠⲴDŽڊ〻ѝަԆⴞḷ᮷ԦⲴ਼ㅖਧѝ㧧ᗇDŽ䘉ᱟ䙊䗷䇮㖞ㅖਧ V\PERO ㊫රᆇ⇥ѝⲴཆ䜘ս 1B(;7 ᶕ ᆳⲴ٬ሶ㜭㻛䬮᧕䗷〻ѝⲴަԆⴞḷ᮷Ԧ֯⭘DŽ㤕ⴞḷ᮷Ԧѝ⋑ᴹᇊѹ䈕ㅖਧˈ䛓ѸᆳⲴᙗሶӾ䬮᧕䗷 䈕≷㕆ભԔՊ֯ᗇ䬮᧕ಘ OG 㜭ⴻ㿱ㅖਧ V\PERODŽྲ᷌൘ᡁԜⲴⴞḷ᮷ԦѝᇊѹҶㅖਧ V\PEROˈ䛓Ѹ 3.2.6.9 .global symbol δᡌ㘻.globl symbolε ᷌ਾєњ৲ᮠ䜭ⴱ⮕Ⲵ䈍ˈࡉ VL]H 唈䇔Ѫ DŽྲ˗٬ Ѫ VL]H ઼ YDOXH ᱟਟ䘹ⲴDŽྲ᷌ㅜ њ䙇ਧ઼ YDOXH ⴱ⮕ˈYDOXH 唈䇔ˈYDOXHDŽ䘉 њ৲ᮠ٬䜭ᱟ㔍ሩ٬ նᱟ㤕 VL]H བྷҾ ˈࡉ䲀ᇊѪ DŽ⇿њ䟽༽ᆇ㢲ᇩਆ㠚ањ ᆇ㢲ᮠDŽ儈 ᆇ㢲Ѫ ˈվ ᆇ㢲ᱟᮠ٬ ˈVL]H ਟԕѪ ᡆḀњ٬ 䈕≷㕆ભԔՊӗ⭏ᮠњ˄UHSHDW њ˅བྷሿѪ VL]H ᆇ㢲Ⲵ䟽༽ᤧ䍍DŽབྷሿ٬ 3.2.6.8 .fill repeat, size, value LQFOXGHDRXWK ᮷ԦⲴ䈤᰾DŽ ޣ৲㿱ᴹ ⭘㔍ሩ㺘䗮ᔿⲴ٬䇮㖞ㅖਧ V\PERO Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖᆇ⇥ QBGHVF Ⲵ ս٬DŽӵ⭘Ҿ DRXW ṬᔿⲴⴞḷ᮷ԦDŽ 3.2.6.7 .desc symbol, abs-expr ֯⭘㕆ਧ DŽ㕆ਧᗵ享ᱟ㔍ሩ٬㺘䗮ᔿDŽ 䈕≷㕆ભԔ䙊⸕ DV ᢺ䲿ਾⲴ䈝ਕ≷㕆ࡠ㕆ਧѪ VXEVHFWLRQ Ⲵ GDWD ᆀ४ѝDŽྲ᷌ⴱ⮕㕆ਧˈࡉ唈䇔 3.2.6.6 .data subsection ㅖਧˈOG ቡՊ࠶䝽䮯ᓖᴰབྷⲴオ䰤DŽޡޜ䮯ᓖн਼ն਼Ⲵ OG ቡՊ࠶䝽ᤷᇊ䮯ᓖ OHQJWK ᆇ㢲ⲴᵚࡍॆᆈDŽOHQJWK ᗵ享ᱟањ㔍ሩ٬㺘䗮ᔿˈྲ᷌ OG ࡠཊњ ㅖਧˈ䛓ѸޡޜㅖਧਸᒦDŽྲ᷌ OG ⋑ᴹࡠањㅖਧⲴᇊѹˈ㘼ਚᱟањᡆཊњޡޜⴞḷ᮷Ԧѝ਼Ⲵ ㅖਧՊоަԆޡޜ४ฏDŽ൘ OG 䬮᧕䗷〻ѝˈḀњⴞḷ᮷ԦѝⲴањޡޜ ൘ EVV ४ѝ༠᰾ањભⲴ 3.2.6.5 .comm symbol, length 䈕≷㕆ભԔᇊѹ њᡆཊњ⭘䙇ਧ࠶ᔰⲴᆇ㢲٬DŽ⇿њ㺘䗮ᔿⲴ٬ᱟањᆇ㢲DŽ 3.2.6.4 .byte expressions ㊫լˈնᱟ⇿њᆇㅖѢਾ䶒Պ㠚࣐ࣘ 18// ᆇㅖDŽ DVFLL 䈕≷㕆ભԔо 3.2.6.3 .asciz "string"... ༴ˈ⇿њᆇㅖѢਾ䶒нՊ㠚࣐ࣘ ˄18//˅ᆇ㢲DŽ DŽ䈕≷㕆ભԔՊ䇙 DV ᢺ䘉ӋᆇㅖѢ≷㕆൘䘎㔝Ⲵൠ൰ս㖞 DVFLL+HOORZZRUOG0\DVVHPEOHU Ӿս㖞䇑ᮠಘᡰ٬ᖃࡽս㖞ѪᆇㅖѢ࠶䝽オ䰤ᒦᆈۘᆇㅖѢDŽਟ֯⭘䙇ਧ࠶ᔰ߉ࠪཊњᆇㅖѢDŽֻྲˈ 3.2.6.2 .ascii "string"... ৲ᮠѻ䰤֯⭘єњ䙇ਧDŽ 䛓Ѹ䈕ሩ喀ቡ㻛ਆ⎸DŽ㤕ᜣⴱ⮕ㅜ њ৲ᮠˈਟԕ൘ㅜ ઼ㅜ њˈ≲䐣䗷Ⲵᆇ㢲ᮠབྷҾ䘉њᴰབྷ٬ 㢲٬ᱟ DŽㅜ њਟ䘹㺘䗮ᔿ DEVH[SU ⭘Ҿᤷ⽪ሩ喀ݱ䇨ປݵ䐣䗷Ⲵᴰབྷᆇ㢲ᮠDŽྲ᷌ሩ喀㾱 ㅜ њ㺘䗮ᔿ㔉ࠪ⭘Ҿሩ喀㘼ປݵⲴᆇ㢲٬DŽ䈕㺘䗮ᔿоަࡽ䶒Ⲵ䙇ਧਟԕⴱ⮕DŽ㤕ⴱ⮕ˈࡉປݵᆇ ቡᱟᢺս㖞䇑ᮠಘ٬໎࣐ࡠ ⲴؽᮠкDŽ DOLJQ 18DV ≷㕆* Rᤷᇊ䗃ࠪⲴⴞḷ᮷Ԧ Iᘛ䙏 Dᔰ〻ᒿࡇ㺘 3.2.8 AS ≽㕌ಞળԚ㺂䘿亯 ᇎ⁑ᔿлⲴᕅሬࣘԓ⸱઼ࡍॆ≷㕆〻ᒿᰦ֯⭘Ҷࡽ䶒ӻ㓽Ⲵ DV ≷㕆ಘDŽ ᒤᔰਁ /LQX[Ṩ ᰦ DV ≷㕆ಘ䘈н᭟ᤱ սԓ⸱ˈഐ↔൘㕆߉઼≷㕆 Ṩ ⭡Ҿ൘ 䮯ᓖ઼ᙗ㜭кሶՊਇࡠᖡ૽DŽ 㹼൘ ս⁑ᔿDŽ䈧⌘ˈഐѪ DV ѪᡰᴹᤷԔ࣐Ҷ仍ཆⲴൠ൰઼ᮠᇭᓖࡽ㔰ˈᡰԕ≷㕆ӗ⭏Ⲵԓ⸱ 䇙 DV ༴Ҿ ս⁑ᔿлˈ䛓Ѹ DV Պ㠚ࣘѪᡰᴹᤷԔ࣐кањᗵ㾱Ⲵᮠᇭᓖࡽ㔰㘼䇙ᤷԔ䘀 FRGH ᙫᱟѪ≷㕆䈝ਕӗ⭏ սⲴᤷԔԓ⸱㘼н㇑ᤷԔሶ䘀㹼൘ ս䘈ᱟ ս⁑ᔿлDŽྲ᷌֯⭘≷㕆ભԔ DŽDVޣаṧ㘼о⁑ᔿᰐޘ DV н४࠶ ս઼ ս≷㕆䈝ਕˈ൘ ս઼ ս⁑ᔿл⇿ᶑᤷԔⲴ࣏㜭ᆼ 䇙 DV ≷㕆ಘ࠷ᦒഎ սԓ⸱≷㕆ᯩᔿDŽ FRGH ˈᒦф֯⭘≷㕆ભԔ FRGH ࣐≷㕆ભԔ Ⲵԓ⸱ҏᨀᴹ䲀Ⲵ᭟ᤱDŽѪҶ䇙 DV ≷㕆ᰦӗ⭏ սԓ⸱ˈ䴰㾱൘䘀㹼Ҿ ս⁑ᔿⲴᤷԔ䈝ਕѻࡽ ᣔ⁑ᔿ؍ ᒤਾᆳሩ㕆߉䘀㹼Ҿᇎ⁑ᔿᡆ ս 㲭❦ DV 䙊ᑨ⭘ᶕ㕆߉㓟 սⲴ ;ԓ⸱ˈնᱟ 3.2.7 㕌ߏ 16 փԙ⸷ ሩҾ սᵪಘˈ䈕≷㕆ભԔਜ਼ѹоVKRUW ਼DŽ 3.2.6.20 .word expressions DŽ 㕆ਧ٬ 䙊⸕ DV ᢺ䲿ਾⲴ䈝ਕ≷㕆䘋㕆ਧѪ VXEVHFWLRQ Ⲵᆀ४ѝDŽྲ᷌ⴱ⮕Ҷ㕆ਧ VXEVHFWLRQˈࡉ֯⭘唈䇔 3.2.6.19 .text subsection 18// ᆇㅖ㔃ቮDŽֻྲˈVWULQJ?Q?Q6WDUWLQJRWKHUVWULQJVDŽ ᇊѹањᡆཊњ⭘䙇ਧ࠶ᔰⲴᆇㅖѢDŽ൘ᆇㅖѢѝਟԕ֯⭘䖜ѹᆇㅖDŽ⇿њᆇㅖѢ䜭㠚ࣘ䱴࣐ањ 3.2.6.18 .string "string" 䛓Ѹ ILOO Ⲵ唈䇔٬ቡᱟ DŽ ILOODŽ䘉њ৲ᮠ൷Ѫ㔍ሩ٬DŽྲ᷌ⴱ⮕Ҷ䙇ਧ઼ ILOOˈ 䈕≷㕆ભԔӗ⭏ VL]H њᆇ㢲ˈ⇿њᆇ㢲ປ٬ 3.2.6.17 .space size, fill ⭏ањ սⲴ٬DŽ 䘉њ≷㕆ભԔᤷᇊḀњ४ѝ њᡆཊњ⭘䙇ਧ࠶ᔰⲴ ᆇ㢲ᮠDŽሩҾ⇿њ㺘䗮ᔿˈ൘䘀㹼ᰦ䜭Պӗ 3.2.6.16 .short expressions δੂ.word expressionsε њᆇ㢲DŽ 䘉њ≷㕆ભԔᤷᇊ њᡆཊњ⭘䙇ਧ࠶ᔰⲴ ᆇ㢲བྷᮠ ELJQXPDŽྲ᷌བྷᮠ᭮н䘋 њᆇ㢲ѝˈࡉਆվ 3.2.6.15 .quad bignums ٬DŽ ILOOˈࡉ ILOO 唈䇔Ѫ ILOODŽ䈕٬ᗵ享ᱟ㔍ሩ٬DŽྲ᷌ⴱ⮕Ҷ䙇ਧ઼ ٬ޕ ᖃս㖞䇑ᮠಘ٬໎䮯ᰦˈᡰ䐣䏳䗷Ⲵᆇ㢲ሶ㻛ປ ⭘DŽ䈧⌘ˈս㖞䇑ᮠಘᱟสҾ४Ⲵˈণԕ⇿њ४Ѫ䇑ᮠ䎧⛩DŽ ᴹ਼४Ѫᆀ४Ⲵ㺘䗮ᔿˈҏণн㜭֯⭘RUJ 䐘䎺४DŽྲ᷌ QHZBOF Ⲵ४нሩˈ䛓ѸRUJ ቡнՊ䎧 㺘䗮ᔿ˅ˈᡆ㘵ᱟާ˄QHZBOFDŽQHZBOF ᱟањ㔍ሩ٬ 䘉њ≷㕆ભԔՊᢺᖃࡽ४Ⲵս㖞䇑ᮠಘ䇮㖞Ѫ٬ 3.2.6.14 .org new_lc, fill ࡛ሩᓄ ǃǃǃ ઼ ᆇ㢲ᮠ˅DŽ 䘉њ≷㕆ભԔᤷᇊ њᡆཊњ⭘䙇ਧ࠶ᔰⲴ ᆇ㢲བྷᮠ˄E\WHZRUGORQJTXDGRFWD࠶ 3.2.6.13 .octa bignums 18DV ≷㕆* ਟᢗ㹼᮷Ԧ ᓃ᮷Ԧ ≷㕆ಘⴞḷ᮷Ԧ䬮᧕ಘ ≷㕆〻ᒿ Ⓚ᮷Ԧ 亴༴⨶ 㓟& 㕆䈁ಘ D DVROG V F FSS F FF Ⲵ㕆䈁䗷〻䘋㹼㠚ࣘ㇑⨶ˈ䈖㿱ਾ䶒䈤᰾DŽ ൘㕆䈁䊑 Linux Ṩ䘉ṧⲴवਜ਼ᖸཊⓀ〻ᒿ᮷ԦⲴབྷර〻ᒿᰦˈ䙊ᑨ֯⭘ make ᐕާ䖟Ԧሩᮤњ〻ᒿ JFFFRKHOORRKHOORF㕆䈁 KHOORF 〻ᒿˈ⭏ᡀሩᓄⴞḷ᮷Ԧ KHOORR 㘼н䬮᧕DŽ JFF6RKHOORVKHOORF㕆䈁 KHOORF 〻ᒿˈ⭏ᡀሩᓄ≷㕆〻ᒿ KHOORVDŽ JFFRKHOORKHOORF㕆䈁 KHOORF 〻ᒿˈ⭏ᡀᢗ㹼᮷Ԧ KHOORDŽ ⴞḷ᮷Ԧ㘼нᢗ㹼䬮᧕༴⨶ˈ㿱ྲлᡰ⽪DŽ 䘹亩ਟԕ䇙 JFF ਚ⭏ᡀ F 䘀㹼˗֯⭘→ڌ䘹亩ਟԕ䇙 JFF ൘䗃ࠪҶ & 〻ᒿሩᓄⲴ≷㕆䈝䀰〻ᒿѻਾቡ 6 ᢗ㹼DŽֻྲˈ֯⭘→ڌ䜘ᢗ㹼䘉ഋњ䱦⇥ˈ֯⭘ભԔ㹼䘹亩ਟԕԔ JFF 㕆䈁䗷〻൘Ḁњ༴⨶䱦⇥ਾቡ ޘⲴ C 䈝䀰᮷Ԧ˗RXWILOH ᱟ㕆䈁ӗ⭏Ⲵ䗃ࠪ᮷ԦDŽሩҾḀ⅑㕆䈁䗷〻ˈᒦ䶎аᇊ㾱ޕަѝ LQILOH ᱟ䗃 JFF>䘹亩@>RRXWILOH@LQILOH 㕆䈁≷㕆䈝䀰ⲴṬᔿ㊫լ˖ ᮷ԦDŽ䈳⭘ JFF ⲴભԔ㹼Ṭᔿоۿⴞḷ᮷Ԧ㓴ਸ䬮᧕൘а䎧ˈ⭏ᡀ〻ᒿⲴਟᢗ㹼᱐ޣOG 䬮᧕ಘᢺ〻ᒿⲴ ᆈ൘ⴞḷ᮷Ԧѝ˗ᴰਾ *18؍㕆䱦⇥ˈDV ≷㕆ಘՊᢺ≷㕆ԓ⸱䖜ᦒᡀᵪಘᤷԔˈᒦԕ⢩ᇊҼ䘋ࡦṬᔿ䗃ࠪ Ⲵ DV ≷㕆䈝䀰ԓ⸱˗൘≷ޣ䗃ࠪ㓟 & 䈝䀰ԓ⸱˗൘㕆䈁䱦⇥ˈJFF ᢺ & 䈝䀰〻ᒿ㕆䈁⭏ᡀሩᓄⲴоᵪಘ ൘ࡽ༴⨶䱦⇥ѝˈgcc Պᢺ C 〻ᒿՐ䙂㔉 C ࡽ༴⨶ಘ CPPˈሩ C 䈝䀰〻ᒿѝᤷ⽪ㅖ઼ᆿ䘋㹼ᴯᦒ༴⨶ˈ ഴ & ぁᓅ㕌䈇䗽ぁ 䬮᧕䱦⇥ˈ㿱മ 3-3 ᡰ⽪DŽ ֯⭘ gcc ≷㕆ಘ㕆䈁 C 䈝䀰〻ᒿᰦ䙊ᑨՊ㓿䗷ഋњ༴⨶䱦⇥ˈণ亴༴⨶䱦⇥ǃ㕆䈁䱦⇥ǃ≷㕆䱦⇥઼ 3.3.1 C ぁᓅ㕌䈇ૂ䬴 ኅ䈝ਕ㔉ࠪㆰঅⲴ䈤᰾DŽ ߶ѝDŽᵜ㢲㔉ࠪṨѝ㓿ᑨ⭘ࡠⲴаӋ gcc ᢙݵ䈝ਕⲴ䈤᰾DŽ൘ਾ䶒ㄐ㢲〻ᒿ⌘䟺ѝҏՊ䲿ᰦሩ䙷ࡠⲴᢙ GNU gcc ሩ ISO ḷ߶ C89 ᧿䘠Ⲵ C 䈝䀰䘋㹼ҶаӋᢙኅˈަѝаӋᢙኅ䜘࠶ᐢ㓿वᤜ䘋 ISO C99 ḷ 3.3 C 䈣䀶ぁᓅ :ਆ⎸䆖ؑ 5㓴ਸᮠᦞ४઼ԓ⸱४ 䈝䀰〻ᒿ & ≶ޕ፼ˈൠ൰٬DŽѪҶ൘к䶒≷㕆䈝ਕѝ֯⭘䈕ൠ൰٬〫ٿ䗃਼ࠪⲴᇴᆈಘDŽ㘼(*(addr))㺘⽪ањᆈ 䗃ࠪ٬ᴯԓDŽㅜ 9 㹼㺘⽪൘䘉⇥ԓ⸱ᔰ䘀㹼ᰦሶ seg ᭮ࡠ eax ᇴᆈಘѝˈ"0"㺘⽪֯⭘ок䶒਼њս㖞Ⲵ a"ѝⲴ"a"〠Ѫ࣐䖭ԓ⸱ˈ"="㺘⽪䘉ᱟ䗃ࠪᇴᆈಘˈᒦфަѝⲴ٬ሶ㻛="ˈਈ䟿ѝˈѪᵜ࠭ᮠⲴ䗃ࠪ٬ res__ޕㅜ 8 㹼ণᱟ䗃ࠪᇴᆈಘˈ䘉ਕⲴਜ਼ѹᱟ൘䘉⇥ԓ⸱䘀㹼㔃ᶏਾሶ eax ᡰԓ㺘ⲴᇴᆈಘⲴ٬᭮ ਕᇴᆈಘ〠ࡽቡᗵ享߉кєњⲮ࠶ਧDŽ 㕆䈝≶ޕⲴ≷㕆䈝ਕDŽਖཆˈѪҶ䇙 gcc 㕆䈁ӗ⭏Ⲵ≷㕆䈝䀰〻ᒿѝᇴᆈಘ〠ࡽᴹањⲮ࠶ਧˈ൘፼ 㕆䈝ਕⲴᔰDŽӾㅜ 4 㹼ࡠㅜ 7 㹼Ⲵ 4 ᶑ䈝ਕᱟ AT&T Ṭᔿ≶ޕ"__asm__"DŽㅜ 4 㹼кⲴ"__asm__"㺘⽪፼ ”ˈަѝ"asm"ҏਟԕ߉ᡀ D[ ಘ˄ֻྲ eax˅ˈ䛓ѸᡁԜਟԕᢺ䈕ਕ߉ᡀ“UHJLVWHUFKDUBBUHVDVP ᆈ൘ањᇴᆈಘѝˈԕׯҾᘛ䙏䇯䰞઼DŽྲ᷌ᜣᤷᇊᇴᆈ؍ᇊѹҶањᇴᆈಘਈ䟿__resDŽ䈕ਈ䟿ሶ㻛 〻ᒿѝᕅ⭘䈕ᆿ〠ⲴൠᯩDŽㅜ 1 㹼ᇊѹҶᆿⲴ〠ˈҏণᱟᆿ࠭ᮠ〠 get_seg_byte(seg,addr)DŽㅜ 3 㹼 ഐѪᆿ䈝ਕ䴰㾱ᇊѹ൘а㹼кˈഐ↔䘉䟼֯⭘৽ᯌᶐ'\'ሶ䘉Ӌ䈝ਕ䘎ᡀа㹼DŽ䘉ᶑᆿᇊѹሶ㻛ᴯᦒࡠ 㿱ла㢲䈤᰾DŽˈ䟿__res˄ㅜ 10 㹼˅ᱟ䈕㺘䗮ᔿⲴ䗃ࠪ٬ ^` āਟԕѪ㺘䗮ᔿ֯⭘ˈަѝᴰਾа㹼кⲴਈ ᆿDŽ⭘ശᤜਧᤜտⲴ㓴ਸ䈝ਕ˄㣡ᤜਧѝⲴ䈝ਕ˅˖Ā 㕆䈝䀰ᆿ࠭ᮠDŽ䙊ᑨ֯⭘≷㕆䈝ਕᴰᯩׯⲴᯩᔿᱟᢺᆳԜ᭮൘ањ≶ޕ䘉⇥ 10 㹼ԓ⸱ᇊѹҶањ፼ ` BBUHV ᇴᆈಘࡇ㺘DŽޕ?䗃 DGGU VHJ P BBUHV ?䗃ࠪᇴᆈಘࡇ㺘DŽ D SRSIV?ᚒ༽ IV ᇴᆈಘᇩDŽ DGGU ༴ ᆇ㢲ᇩࡠ DO ᇴᆈಘѝDŽ ?ਆ VHJ DO PRYEIV ?❦ਾ⭘ VHJ 䇮㖞 IVDŽ PRYD[IV 䘹ᤙㅖ˅DŽ⇥˄ᆈ IV ᇴᆈಘ٬؍?俆ݸ SXVKIV BBDVPBB ?ᇊѹҶањᇴᆈಘਈ䟿BBUHVDŽ UHJLVWHUFKDUBBUHV ^? VHJDGGU ? GHILQHJHWBVHJBE\WH а⇥ԓ⸱Ѫֻᆀᶕ䈖㓶䀓䈤DŽѪҶ㜭ⴻᗇᴤᾊаӋˈᡁԜሩ䘉⇥ԓ⸱䘋㹼Ҷ䟽ᯠᧂࡇ઼㕆ਧDŽ 㕆䈝ਕⲴ֯⭘ᯩ⌅DŽ䘉䟼ࡇࠪҶ NHUQHOWUDSVF ᮷Ԧѝㅜ 22 㹼ᔰⲴ≶ޕл䶒ᡁԜ⭘ֻᆀᶕ䈤᰾፼ ᆈಘ䜘࠶ࡇࠪˈնᱟ൘≷㕆䈝ਕѝ᰾⺞֯⭘ࡠᡆ䳀ਜ਼֯⭘ࡠⲴᇴᆈಘࡇ൘䘉њ䜘࠶ѝDŽ ᇴޕᇴᆈಘ࣐䖭Ⲵ٬DŽྲ᷌ᗵ㾱Ⲵ䈍ˈgcc 䴰㾱䟽ᯠ࣐䖭䘉ӋᇴᆈಘDŽഐ↔ᡁԜ䴰㾱ᢺ䛓Ӌ⋑ᴹ൘䗃ࠪ/䗃 㻛؞᭩Ⲵᇴᆈಘ”㺘⽪ᐢሩަѝࡇࠪⲴᇴᆈಘѝⲴ٬䘋㹼Ҷ᭩ࣘˈgcc 㕆䈁ಘн㜭䎆Ҿᆳݸሩ䘉Ӌ ᆳԜҏ࠶࡛ሩᓄ⵰а C ਈ䟿ᡆᑨᮠ٬DŽĀՊˈ٬ޕᢗ㹼≷㕆ԓ⸱ᰦˈ䘉䟼ᤷᇊⲴаӋᇴᆈಘѝᓄᆈ᭮Ⲵ䗃 ᇴᆈಘā㺘⽪൘ᔰޕ䗃ࠪᮠᦞDŽ↔ൠˈ䘉ӋᇴᆈಘՊ࠶࡛ሩᓄа C 䈝䀰㺘䗮ᔿ٬ᡆањᆈൠ൰˗Ā䗃 㕆ᢗ㹼ᆼѻਾˈଚӋᇴᆈಘ⭘Ҿᆈ᭮≶ޕ㕆䈝ਕāᱟ߉≷㕆ᤷԔⲴൠᯩ˗Ā䗃ࠪᇴᆈಘā㺘⽪ᖃ䘉⇥፼ 䭞䇽˗Ā≷ޣ䲔ㅜ 1 㹼ԕཆˈਾ䶒ᑖ߂ਧⲴ㹼㤕н֯⭘ቡ䜭ਟԕⴱ⮕DŽަѝˈĀasmāᱟ㚄≷㕆䈝ਕ Պ㻛؞᭩Ⲵᇴᆈಘ ᇴᆈಘޕ䗃 䗃ࠪᇴᆈಘ Ā≷㕆䈝ਕā DVP 㕆䈝ਕⲴสᵜṬᔿѪ˖≶ޕⲴ፼ 䗃ࠪ৲ᮠ઼ޕᔿ≷㕆ԓ⸱ˈഐ↔䘉䟼ᴹᗵ㾱ሩަสᵜṬᔿ઼֯⭘ᯩ⌅䘋㹼䈤᰾DŽާᴹ䗃ޕа㡜ᖸቁ⭘ࡠ፼ ᔿ≷㕆˄㚄≷㕆˅䈝ਕDŽ⭡ҾᡁԜ䙊ᑨ㕆ࡦ C 〻ᒿ䗷〻ѝޕᵜ㢲ӻ㓽Ṩ C 䈝䀰〻ᒿѝ᧕䀖ࡠⲴ፼ 㕌≼ޛ3.3.2 ᎂ 䈝䀰〻ᒿ & O ֯⭘ᑨᮠ 0-31 ˄eaxǃebxǃecxǃedx ᡆᆈਈ䟿˅ g ֯⭘䙊⭘ᴹ᭸Ⲵൠ൰ণਟ r ֯⭘ԫࣘᘱ࠶䝽Ⲵᇴᆈಘ N ֯⭘ 1 ᆇ㢲ᑨᮠ˄0-255˅ M ֯⭘ᑨᮠ 0-3 ˄eaxǃebxǃecx ᡆ edx˅ q ֯⭘ࣘᘱ࠶䝽ᆇ㢲ਟራ൰ᇴᆈಘ D ֯⭘ edi L ֯⭘ᑨᮠ 0-65535 S ֯⭘ esi K ֯⭘ᑨᮠ 0-255 d ֯⭘ᇴᆈಘ edx J ֯⭘ᑨᮠ 0-63 c ֯⭘ᇴᆈಘ ecx I ֯⭘ᑨᮠ 0-31 ٬〫ٿb ֯⭘ᇴᆈಘ ebx o ֯⭘ᆈൠ൰ᒦਟԕ࣐ a ֯⭘ᇴᆈಘ eax m ֯⭘ᆈൠ൰ ԓ⸱ 䈤᰾ ԓ⸱ 䈤᰾ 㺞 ᑮ⭞ᇺᆎಞࣖ䖳ԙ⸷䈪᱄ 㜭ཏሩ gcc ⲴՈॆᴹᡰᑞࣙDŽ㺘 3-4 ѝᱟаӋਟ㜭Պ⭘ࡠⲴᇴᆈಘ࣐䖭ԓ⸱৺ަާփⲴਜ਼ѹDŽ ӋӰѸਾˈڊᴰਾа㹼Ⲵ⭘ᱟ䇹 gcc 䘉ӋᇴᆈಘѝⲴ٬ᐢ㓿᭩ਈҶDŽ൘ gcc ⸕䚃䘉Ӌᇴᆈಘ ṧቡਟԕ൘⇿⅑ᗚ⧟ѝቁ⭘ањ movl 䈝ਕDŽ ⮉ eaxˈ䘉؍٬ਟ㜭ᐢ㓿൘ eax ѝDŽྲ᷌ᱟ൘ањᗚ⧟䈝ਕѝⲴ䈍ˈgcc ቡਟ㜭൘ᮤњᗚ⧟ѝ fill_value ˛ഐѪ gcc ൘ᆳ䘋㹼ᇴᆈಘ࠶䝽ᰦਟԕ䘋㹼ḀӋՈॆᐕDŽֻྲڊᇴᆈಘ٬Ⲵ࣐䖭ˈ㘼н䇙ᡁԜ㠚ᐡ 䘉ṧⲴڊᆈಘѝ˄࣐䖭ԓ⸱ᱟ"c"˅ˈfill_value ࣐䖭ࡠ eax ѝˈdest ᭮ࡠ edi ѝDŽѪӰѸ㾱䇙 gcc 㕆䈁〻ᒿ৫ 㕆〻ᒿ⋑ᴹ⭘ࡠ䗃ࠪᇴᆈಘDŽㅜ 5 㹼Ⲵਜ਼ѹᱟ˖ሶ count-1 Ⲵ٬࣐䖭ࡠ ecx ᇴ≶ޕㅜ 4 㹼䈤᰾䘉⇥፼ DŽѪҶ亴༴⨶䗃ࠪⲴ≷㕆〻ᒿṬᔿᮤ喀ˈቡਟԕ֯⭘"\n\t"䘉єњṬᔿㅖਧDŽ(⌅ڊᰦᑨ⭘Ⲵ ᜣⴻⴻ C ሩᓄⲴ≷㕆〻ᒿˈ䛓Ѹቡ䴰㾱ᗇࡠ亴༴⨶〻ᒿ䗃ࠪⲴ≷㕆〻ᒿ㔃᷌(䘉൘㕆߉઼䈳䈅儈᭸Ⲵԓ⸱ ӗ⭏о C 〻ᒿሩᓄⲴ≷㕆〻ᒿˈ❦ਾ䈳⭘≷㕆ಘሩަ䘋㹼㕆䈁ӗ⭏ⴞḷԓ⸱ˈྲ᷌൘߉〻ᒿ઼䈳䈅〻ᒿᰦ 亴༴⨶〻ᒿ䗃ࠪ〻ᒿࡇ㺘ᰦ㜭ᧂⲴᮤ喀㘼䇮㖞ⲴˈᆇㅖⲴਜ਼ѹо C 䈝䀰ѝⲴ਼DŽণ gcc Ⲵ䘀ᯩᔿᱟݸ ᆈ٬DŽަѝཤє㹼ѝⲴᆇㅖ"\n\t"ᱟ⭘Ҿ gcc؍༽ 1-3 㹼䘉йਕᱟ䙊ᑨⲴ≷㕆䈝ਕˈ⭘ԕᯩੁսˈ䟽 HF[HGL GHVW ILOOBYDOXH ' FRXQW D F ⋑ᴹ䗃ࠪᇴᆈಘ VWRO UHS?Q?W FOG?Q?W DVP ањᆇ㢲DŽ൘ⴻлањֻᆀDŽ ٬Ⲵᆈൠ൰༴ਆ〫ٿ઼⇥ࡠ⧠൘Ѫ→ˈᡁԜᓄ䈕ᖸᾊ䘉⇥〻ᒿⲴ࣏㜭Ҷʽ䈕ᆿ࠭ᮠⲴ࣏㜭ᱟӾᤷᇊ ൠ൰䟿DŽ〫ٿ㘼 addr 㺘⽪аᆈˈ٬⇥䙊䗷к䶒࠶᷀ˈᡁԜ⸕䚃ˈᆿ〠ѝⲴ seg ԓ㺘аᤷᇊⲴᆈ resˈѪ䈕ᆿ࠭ᮠ˄ඇ㔃ᶴ㺘䗮ᔿ˅Ⲵ䘄എ٬DŽᖸㆰঅˈнᱟੇ˛__ޕಘ eax Ⲵ٬ሶ㻛᭮ al ᇴᆈಘѝDŽᖃᢗ㹼ᆼ≷㕆䈝ਕਾˈ䗃ࠪᇴᆈ ޕ䍻㔉 fs ⇥ᇴᆈಘ˗ㅜйਕᱟᢺ fs:(*(addr))ᡰᤷᇊⲴᆇ㢲᭮ ٬⇥Ḹ˗ㅜҼਕሶ eax ѝⲴޕ⧠൘ᡁԜᶕ⹄ウ 4—7 㹼кⲴԓ⸱Ⲵ⭘DŽㅜаਕሶ fs ⇥ᇴᆈಘⲴᇩ 䟿DŽ 〫ٿࡽа䜘࠶("0" (seg))Ⲵ㕆ਧᱟ%1ˈ㘼ਾ䜘࠶Ⲵ㕆ਧᱟ%2DŽк䶒ㅜ 6 㹼кⲴ%2 ণԓ㺘(*(addr))䘉њᆈ ᇴᆈಘޕˈ࠶࡛䇠Ѫ%0ǃ%1ǃ…%9DŽഐ↔ˈ䗃ࠪᇴᆈಘⲴ㕆ਧᱟ%0˄䘉䟼ਚᴹањ䗃ࠪᇴᆈಘ˅ˈ䗃 ᇴᆈಘ㔏а᤹亪ᒿ㕆ਧˈ亪ᒿᱟӾ䗃ࠪᇴᆈಘᒿࡇӾᐖࡠਣӾкࡠлԕ"%0"ᔰޕ㕆〻ᒿ㿴ᇊᢺ䗃઼ࠪ䗃 䈝䀰〻ᒿ & FWLQWFRXQW FVFRQVWFKDU FRQVWFKDU H[WHUQLQOLQHLQWVWUQFPS Ѣ ˈࡉ䘄എDŽ 䘄എ˖ྲ᷌Ѣ !Ѣ ˈࡉ䘄എ ˗Ѣ Ѣ ˈࡉ䘄എ ˗Ѣ FRXQW DŽ FW Ѣ ᤷ䪸ˈHF[ FV Ѣ ᤷ䪸ˈHVL HGLˈBBUHV 䘄എ٬ HD[ ৲ᮠ˖FVᆇㅖѢ ˈFWᆇㅖѢ ˈFRXQW∄䖳ⲴᆇㅖᮠDŽ ᆇㅖѢ оᆇㅖѢ Ⲵࡽ FRXQW њᆇㅖ䘋㹼∄䖳DŽ ᱟ⭘Ҿ gcc 亴༴⨶〻ᒿ䗃ࠪࡇ㺘ྭⴻ㘼䇮㖞ⲴDŽ ⸱ᱟӾ include/string.h ᮷Ԧѝ᪈ਆⲴˈᱟ strncmp()ᆇㅖѢ∄䖳࠭ᮠⲴа⿽ᇎ⧠DŽ਼ṧˈަѝ⇿㹼ѝⲴ"\n\t" 㕆ԓ⸱ሩᶕ䈤สᵜ⋑䰞仈ҶDŽ䘉⇥ԓ≶ޕл䶒ֻѮањ䖳䮯Ⲵֻᆀˈྲ᷌㜭ⴻᗇ៲ˈ䛓ቡ䈤᰾፼ ` 6,*6(*9 GRBH[LW RXWRIPHPRU\?Q?U SULQWN ^ YRLG VWDWLFLQOLQHYRODWLOHYRLGRRP ORQJFRGH YRODWLOHYRLGGRBH[LW нՊ䘄എࡠ䈳⭘㘵ԓ⸱ѝ˖ ઼ RRP DŽֻྲ mm/memory.c ѝⲴྲл䈝ਕ䈤᰾࠭ᮠ GRBH[LW 䆖ؑٷ䭞䇽ҏਟԕ⭘ᶕ䚯ݽ gcc ӗ⭏ޣ䇙 gcc ӗ⭏ᴤྭаӋⲴԓ⸱DŽਖཆˈሩҾнՊ䘄എⲴ࠭ᮠˈ䘉њ 䭞䇽 YRODWLOH ҏਟԕ᭮൘࠭ᮠࡽᶕ؞侠࠭ᮠˈ⭘ᶕ䙊⸕ gcc 㕆䈁ಘ䈕࠭ᮠнՊ䘄എDŽ䘉ṧቡਟԕޣ ĂĂ BBDVPBBBBYRODWLOHBB ᡆ㘵ᴤ䈖㓶Ⲵ䈤᰾Ѫ˖ ĂĂ DVPYRODWLOH 䇽 YRODWLOHˈ㿱л䶒ᡰ⽪DŽ䘉є⿽༠᰾Ⲵ४࡛൘Ҿ〻ᒿެᇩᙗᯩ䶒DŽᔪ䇞֯⭘ਾа⿽༠᰾ᯩᔿDŽ 䭞ޣ⌘˖൘ᢗ㹼ԓ⸱ᰦˈྲ᷌нᐼᵋ≷㕆䈝ਕ㻛 GCC Ոॆ㘼؞᭩ˈቡ䴰㾱൘ asm ㅖਧਾ䶒࣐ HD[HD[ HD[ OHDO ᇊѪ eax Ⲵ䈍ˈ䛓Ѹк䶒≷㕆䈝ਕⲴਜ਼ѹণѪ˖ ᇴᆈಘⲴԓ⸱ᱟ 0 ᡆѪオᰦˈࡉ䈤᰾֯⭘оᓄ䗃ࠪаṧⲴᇴᆈಘDŽᡰԕˈྲ᷌ gcc ሶ r ᤷޕਧDŽྲ᷌䗃 Ⲵᇴᆈಘˈ"%0"㺘⽪䗃ࠪ٬ᇴᆈಘDŽ䗃ࠪᇴᆈಘԓ⸱ࡽаᇊ㾱࣐ㅹҾޕx 㾱᭮ ٬ޕᆈಘDŽ䘉䟼"%1"ԓ㺘䗃 ÎUDŽ䘉њֻᆀਟԕ䶎ᑨᘛൠሶ x ҈ 5DŽަѝ"%0"ǃ"%1"ᱟᤷ gcc 㠚ࣘ࠶䝽Ⲵᇴ U”䈝ਕ㺘⽪ UU UU ᤷԔ”OHDO”⭘Ҿ䇑㇇ᴹ᭸ൠ൰ˈն䘉䟼⭘ᆳᶕ䘋㹼аӋㆰঅ䇑㇇DŽㅜ 1 ᶑਕ≷㕆䈝ਕ”OHDO [ \ U OHDO DVP л䶒Ⲵֻᆀнᱟ䇙㠚ᐡᤷᇊଚњਈ䟿֯⭘ଚњᇴᆈಘˈ㘼ᱟ䇙 gcc Ѫ䘹ᤙDŽ ᆼᮠѻࡽˈᇩՊ㻛؞᭩ 㺘⽪ᮠਟ䈫ਟ߉ & ᰙᵏՊਈⲴ˄earlyclobber˅ᮠDŽ㺘⽪൘֯⭘ + A ֯⭘ eax о edx 㚄ਸ(64 ս) = 䗃ࠪᮠDŽ䗃ࠪ٬ሶᴯᦒࡽ٬ 䈝䀰〻ᒿ & ⴻањ include/asm/io.h ཤ᮷ԦѝⲴ䈫 I/O ㄟਓ port Ⲵᆿᇊѹˈަѝᴰਾਈ䟿 _v Ⲵ٬ቡᱟ inb()Ⲵ䘄 ` 䈕ս㖞༴Ⲵ٬Ѫ䘄എ٬DŽޕ?❦ਾӾㄟਓ [ 䈫 [ LQEBS ?俆ݸੁ ,2 ㄟਓ [ 䗃ࠪⅢ䈫ਆⲴս㖞 DGGUDŽ [_DGGU[ RXWEBS ^?ᴰਾ৽ᯌᶐ䎧䘎᧕є㹼䈝ਕⲴ⭘DŽ DGGU GHILQH&026B5($' init/main.c 〻ᒿѝ䈫ਆ CMOS ᰦ䫏ؑⲴᆿᇊѹ˖ ᖃ❦ˈӪԜ䙊ᑨнՊ䊑к䶒䘉ṧ߉䈝ਕˈ䘉⿽䈝ਕ㺘䗮ᔿ䙊ᑨ䜭⭘ᶕᇊѹᆿDŽֻྲṨⓀԓ⸱ ^⮕` E UHV [ Ⲵ䍻٬䈝ਕᶕ֯⭘˖ ਖཆˈ䘉⿽㺘䗮ᔿѝ䈝ਕ༠᰾Ⲵԫօተ䜘ਈ䟿䜭Պ൘ᮤඇ䈝ਕ㔃ᶏਾཡ᭸DŽ䘉њ⽪ֻ䈝ਕਟԕ䊑ྲлᖒᔿ ശᤜਧᤜտ䈝ਕⲴ٬DŽྲ᷌ᴰਾаᶑ䈝ਕнᱟ㺘䗮ᔿˈ䛓Ѹᮤњ䈝ਕ㺘䗮ᔿቡާᴹ void ㊫රˈഐ↔⋑ᴹ٬DŽ ަѝ㓴ਸ䈝ਕѝᴰਾаᶑ䈝ਕᗵ享ᱟਾ䶒䐏䲿ањ࠶ਧⲴ㺘䗮ᔿDŽ䘉њ㺘䗮ᔿ˄”3 + z”˅Ⲵ٬ণ⭘ᮤњ ` ] HOVH] \ \! ] \ LI LQW] ^LQW\ IRR ઼ተ䜘ਈ䟿ˈഐ↔䘉⿽ᖒᔿⲴ䈝ਕ䙊ᑨ〠Ѫ䈝ਕ㺘䗮ᔿDŽ䈝ਕ㺘䗮ᔿާᴹྲл⽪ֻⲴᖒᔿ˖ ྲ”({...})”Ⲵ䈝ਕˈਟԕ൘ GNU C ѝ⭘ањ㺘䗮ᔿ֯⭘DŽ䘉ṧቡਟԕ൘㺘䗮ᔿѝ֯⭘ loopǃswitch 䈝ਕ ѹк䘉Ӌ䈝ਕቡㅹ਼Ҿаᶑ䈝ਕDŽ㓴ਸ䈝ਕⲴਣ㣡ᤜਧਾ䶒н䴰㾱֯⭘࠶ਧDŽശᤜਧѝⲴ㓴ਸ䈝ਕˈণᖒ 㣡ᤜਧሩ ”{...}” ⭘Ҿᢺਈ䟿༠᰾઼䈝ਕ㓴ਸᡀањ༽ਸ䈝ਕ˄㓴ਸ䈝ਕ˅ᡆањ䈝ਕඇˈ䘉ṧ൘䈝 3.3.3 ഼ᤢਭѣⲺ㓺ਾ䈣ਛ ` 䘄എ∄䖳㔃᷌DŽ UHWXUQBBUHV VLGLF[ FRXQW FW F FV 6 ' BBUHV D 㔃ᶏDŽˈQHJOHD[?Qࡉ HD[ HD[ˈ䘄എ䍏٬ Ѣ ᆇㅖˈࡉ䘄എ ˈ㔃ᶏDŽ MOI?Q?Wྲ᷌ࡽ䶒∄䖳ѝѢ ᆇㅖ ?WPRYOHD[?Q?WHD[ ѝ㖞 DŽ MPSI?Qੁࡽ䐣䖜ࡠḷਧ ˈ㔃ᶏDŽ DŽ˅?W[RUOHD[HD[?Q?Wᱟ 18// ᆇㅖˈࡉ HD[ 䴦˄䘄എ٬ MQHE?Qнᱟˈࡉੁਾ䐣䖜ࡠḷਧ ˈ㔗㔝∄䖳DŽ WHVWEDODO?Q?W䈕ᆇㅖᱟ 18// ᆇㅖੇ˛ MQHI?Q?Wྲ᷌нㅹˈࡉੁࡽ䐣䖜ࡠḷਧ DŽ >HGL@ˈᒦф HGLDŽ VFDVE?Q?W∄䖳 DO оѢ Ⲵᆇㅖ HV >HVL@ÎDOˈᒦф HVLDŽ ORGVE?Q?WਆѢ Ⲵᆇㅖ GV ˈࡉੁࡽ䐣䖜ࡠḷਧ DŽ MVI?Q?Wྲ᷌ FRXQW ?WGHFO?Q?WFRXQWDŽ FOG?QᯩੁսDŽ BBDVPBB BBUHV ᱟᇴᆈಘਈ䟿DŽ UHJLVWHULQWBBUHV ^ 䈝䀰〻ᒿ & D ^ D LQW LQOLQHLQWLQF ֻྲṨ᮷Ԧ fs/inode.c ѝⲴྲл࠭ᮠ˖ 䭞䇽”LQOLQH”ˈޣᱟਚѪᲞ䙊࠭ᮠ䈳⭘ᶕ༴⨶DŽᢺањ࠭ᮠ༠᰾Ѫ㚄࠭ᮠⲴᯩ⌅ᱟ൘࠭ᮠ༠᰾ѝ֯⭘ ࡠ䈳⭘㘵ԓ⸱ѝˈ㘼ޕ⨶DŽ㤕㕆䈁䗷〻ѝ⋑ᴹ֯⭘Ոॆ䘹亩”2”ˈ䛓Ѹ㚄࠭ᮠⲴԓ⸱ቡнՊ㻛ⵏ↓ൠ፼ ༴ޕ䈳⭘㘵ԓ⸱ѝⲴᱟа⿽Ոॆˈഐ↔ਚᴹ䘋㹼Ոॆ㕆䈁ᰦՊᢗ㹼ԓ⸱፼ޕ㚄࠭ᮠ፼ Պ⸝аӋˈ䘉䴰㾱ṩᦞާփᛵߥᶕᇊDŽ ࠭ᮠᯩ⌅ሩ〻ᒿԓ⸱Ⲵ䮯ᓖᖡ૽ᒦн᰾ᱮDŽ֯⭘㚄࠭ᮠⲴ〻ᒿ㕆䈁ӗ⭏Ⲵⴞḷԓ⸱ਟ㜭Պ䮯аӋҏਟ㜭 䘋৫DŽ㚄ޕѸ൘㕆䈁ᵏ䰤 gcc ቡਟ㜭⭘ᆳᶕ䘋㹼аӋㆰॆˈഐ↔ᒦ䶎ᡰᴹ㚄࠭ᮠⲴԓ⸱䜭Պ㻛፼ 䛓ˈњ࠭ᮠ༠᰾Ѫ㚄࠭ᮠⲴѫ㾱ⴞⲴቡᱟ㜭ཏቭ䟿ᘛ䙏Ⲵᢗ㹼࠭ᮠփDŽਖཆˈྲ᷌㚄࠭ᮠѝᴹᑨᮠ٬ 䘰ࠪᰦ䰤ᔰ䬰ˈӾ㘼㛟ᇊ㜭ཏ࣐ᘛᢗ㹼䙏ᓖDŽഐ↔ᢺа/ޕᮠⲴԓ⸱ѝ৫DŽ䘉ṧ༴⨶ਟԕ৫ᦹ࠭ᮠ䈳⭘ᰦ䘋 ൘〻ᒿѝˈ䙊䗷ᢺањ࠭ᮠ༠᰾Ѫ㚄˄LQOLQH˅࠭ᮠˈቡਟԕ䇙 gcc ᢺ࠭ᮠⲴԓ⸱䳶ᡀࡠ䈳⭘䈕࠭ 3.3.5 㚊࠳ᮦ 䇱ᤷᇊⲴᇴᆈಘ㻛⭘䈕ᮠDŽ؍Ⲵᱟ䈕ਈ䟿٬DŽ❦㘼ᢺ䈕ਈ䟿⭘Ѫ asm Ⲵᮠ䘈ᱟ㜭ཏ 䇮䈕ᇴᆈಘ㛟ᇊᕅ⭘ٷ㕆ⲴᤷԔ䜘࠶ᴰྭн㾱᰾⺞ൠᕅ⭘䈕ᇴᆈಘᒦф≶ޕ൘ᤷᇊⲴᇴᆈಘѝDŽഐ↔൘፼ 䇱ᡰ㕆䈁ࠪⲴԓ⸱Պᢺਈ䟿аⴤ᭮؍䙄ˈ㘼фሩᆳⲴᕅ⭘ਟ㜭Պ㻛ࡐ䲔ǃ〫ࣘᡆ㻛ㆰॆDŽਖཆˈgcc ᒦн ަԆ⭘䙄DŽ൘〻ᒿ㕆䈁䗷〻ѝˈᖃ gcc ᮠᦞ⍱᧗ࡦ⺞ᇊਈ䟿Ⲵ٬ᐢ㓿н⭘ᰦቡਟ㜭ሶ䈕ᇴᆈಘ⍮ަԆ⭘ ⮉䘉њᇴᆈಘн⍮؍䘉䟼 ax ᱟਈ䟿 res ᡰᐼᵋ֯⭘ⲴᇴᆈಘDŽᇊѹ䘉ṧањᇴᆈಘਈ䟿ᒦнՊу䰘 D[ UHJLVWHULQWUHVBBDVPBB 䘋㹼䇘䇪DŽ൘ GNU C 〻ᒿѝᡁԜਟԕ൘࠭ᮠѝ⭘ྲлᖒᔿᇊѹањተ䜘ᇴᆈಘਈ䟿˖ ቡᖸᯩׯDŽ⭡Ҿ Linux Ṩѝ䙊ᑨਚ֯⭘ተ䜘ᇴᆈಘਈ䟿ˈഐ↔䘉䟼ᡁԜਚሩተ䜘ᇴᆈಘਈ䟿Ⲵ֯⭘ᯩ⌅ 㕆䈝ਕѝᢺ≷㕆ᤷԔⲴ䗃ࠪⴤ᧕߉ࡠᤷᇊⲴᇴᆈಘѝˈ䛓Ѹ↔ᰦ֯⭘ተ䜘ᇴᆈಘਈ䟿≶ޕྲ᷌ᜣ൘፼ 䇽DŽ 䭞ޣ ҏਟ㜭㻛ࡐ䲔ǃ〫ࣘᡆㆰॆDŽഐ↔ˈ㤕нᜣ䇙 gcc 䘉ӋՈॆ᭩ࣘˈᴰྭ൘ asm 䈝ਕѝ࣐к volatile ᮠᦞ⍱࠶࣏᷀㜭䇔Ѫᆈۘ൘Ḁњተ䜘ᇴᆈಘਈ䟿٬ᰐ⭘ᰦቡਟ㜭Պࡐ䲔ѻˈᒦфሩተ䜘ᇴᆈಘਈ䟿Ⲵᕅ⭘ օᰦਟ⍮ަԆ⭘൪DŽᖃ gccˈ㕆䈁ಘⲴᮠᦞ⍱࠶࣏᷀㜭ᵜ䓛ᴹ㜭࣋⺞ᇊᤷᇊⲴᇴᆈಘօᰦਜ਼ᴹ↓൘֯⭘Ⲵ٬ ᡆ䗃ࠪᮠᰦ֯⭘у䰘ⲴᇴᆈಘDŽgccޕ⮉ᤷᇊⲴᇴᆈಘˈ㘼ӵ൘፼ asm ≷㕆䈝ਕѝѪ䗃؍ਈ䟿нՊ ተਈ䟿DŽ৽ˈተ䜘ᇴᆈಘޘ⮉ᇴᆈಘу䰘⭘Ҿࠐњ؍ተᇴᆈಘਈ䟿Պ൘〻ᒿⲴᮤњ䘀㹼䗷〻ѝޘਈ䟿DŽ ተᇴᆈಘਈ䟿઼ተ䜘ᇴᆈಘޘ˖CPU ቡн⭘㓿ᑨ㣡䍩䖳䮯ᰦ䰤䇯䰞ᆈ৫ਆ٬DŽᇴᆈಘਈ䟿ਟԕ࠶Ѫ 2 ⿽ GNU ሩ C 䈝䀰Ⲵਖањᢙݵᱟݱ䇨ᡁԜᢺаӋਈ䟿٬᭮ࡠ CPU ᇴᆈಘѝˈণᡰ䉃ᇴᆈಘਈ䟿DŽ䘉ṧ 3.3.4 ᇺᆎಞ䠅 ` ? BY ? SRUW G BY D LQEG[DO BBDVPBBYRODWLOH ? XQVLJQHGFKDUBY ^? SRUW GHILQHLQE എ٬DŽ 䈝䀰〻ᒿ & FOG?QᯩੁսDŽ BBDVPBB ^ VUF GHVWFRQVWFKDU FKDU VWUFS\ H[WHUQLQOLQHFKDU GHVW DŽ VUF ˈHGL ৲ᮠ˖GHVWⴞⲴᆇㅖѢᤷ䪸ˈVUFⓀᆇㅖѢᤷ䪸DŽHVL DŽ→ڌGHVW ˈⴤࡠ䙷ࡠ 18// ᆇㅖਾ VUF ᤧ䍍ࡠਖаᆇㅖѢ ሶᆇㅖѢ OLEVWULQJVF ቡᱟ䘉⿽֯⭘ᯩᔿⲴањֻᆀDŽֻྲ VWULQJK ѝᇊѹҶྲл࠭ᮠ˖ 䛓ѸቡՊ֯⭘˄ᕅ⭘˅〻ᒿ᮷ԦѝᡆᓃѝⲴᤧ䍍DŽLinux 0.1x ṨⓀԓ⸱ѝ᮷Ԧ LQFOXGHVWULQJKǃ DŽྲ᷌䘈ᴹ⋑ᴹ㻛ᴯᦒⲴሩ䈕࠭ᮠⲴ䈳⭘ˈޕ↔ᰦཤ᮷ԦѝⲴᇊѹՊ䇙㔍བྷཊᮠሩ䈕࠭ᮠⲴ䈳⭘㻛ᴯᦒ፼ 䭞䇽Ⲵਖањ਼࠭ᮠᇊѹ᭮൘ањᓃ᮷ԦѝDŽޣ䭞䇽Ⲵањ࠭ᮠᇊѹ᭮൘.h ཤ᮷Ԧѝˈᒦфᢺнਜ਼ޣਸ 䭞䇽 LQOLQH ઼ H[WHUQ 㓴ਸ൘а䎧Ⲵ⭘ࠐѾ㊫਼ањᆿᇊѹDŽ֯⭘䘉⿽㓴ਸᯩᔿቡᱟᢺᑖᴹ㓴ޣ ӵӵ༠᰾Ҷ࠭ᮠ㘼⋑ᴹᇊѹ࠭ᮠаṧDŽۿⲴањൠ൰Պਈᡀањཆ䜘ᕅ⭘ˈቡྭ ф൘ԫօᛵߥл䜭нՊঅ⤜ӗ⭏䈕࠭ᮠ㠚䓛Ⲵ≷㕆ԓ⸱ˈণ֯᰾⺞ᕅ⭘Ҷ䈕࠭ᮠⲴൠ൰ҏнՊӗ⭏DŽ䘉ṧ 䭞䇽ˈ䛓Ѹ䈕࠭ᮠᇊѹӵ⭘Ҿ㚄䳶ᡀˈᒦޣ ྲ᷌൘ᇊѹањ࠭ᮠᰦ਼ᰦᤷᇊҶ LQOLQH ઼ H[WHUQ 䭞䇽ⲴᇊѹDŽޣ 䭞䇽Ⲵ㚄࠭ᮠᇊѹㅹ਼Ҿ䘉䟼֯⭘ staticޣ 䶒ˈISO ḷ߶ C99 ሩн֯⭘ static ࠭ᮠⲴ䈳⭘ቡн㜭㻛ᴯᦒ䳶ᡀDŽഐ↔ˈањ䶎䶉ᘱⲴ㚄࠭ᮠᙫᱟՊ㻛㕆䈁ࠪ㠚ᐡⲴ≷㕆ԓ⸱ᶕDŽ൘䘉ᯩ ተㅖਧਚ㜭㻛ᇊѹа⅑ˈᡰԕ䈕࠭ᮠቡн㜭൘ަԆⓀ᮷Ԧѝ䘋㹼ᇊѹDŽഐ↔䘉䟼ሩ㚄ޘ⭘DŽഐѪањ 䇮ަԆ〻ᒿ᮷Ԧѝҏሩ䘉њ࠭ᮠᴹ䈳ٷ䭞䇽 VWDWLFˈ䛓Ѹ gcc ቡՊޣ㤕ањ㚄࠭ᮠⲴᇊѹ⋑ᴹ֯⭘ ᶕᤷᇊDŽ ѹˈ൘ᐼᵋӽ❦֯⭘䘉䟼ᇊѹⲴ䈝ѹᰦˈቡ䴰㾱֯⭘䘹亩 VWG JQX 䗷ѪҶެᇩ䎧㿱ˈ൘䘉⿽ᛵߥл䘈ᱟᴰྭ֯⭘ inline ઼ static 㓴ਸDŽԕਾ gcc ሶᴰ㓸唈䇔֯⭘ C99 Ⲵᇊ DŽн 䭞䇽 VWDWLFDŽ㤕൘〻ᒿѝ䴰㾱֯⭘ C99 ḷ߶Ⲵ䈝ѹˈ䛓Ѹቡ䴰㾱֯⭘㕆䈁䘹亩 VWG JQXޣ⮕āҶ 䭞䇽 LQOLQH ઼ VWDWLF ⲴᇊѹˈণĀⴱޣབྷ४࡛DŽISO ḷ߶ C99 Ⲵ㚄࠭ᮠ䈝ѹᇊѹㅹ਼Ҿ䘉䟼֯⭘㓴ਸ 䈧⌘ˈ㚄࠭ᮠ࣏㜭ᐢ㓿㻛वᤜ൘ ISO ḷ߶ C99 ѝˈնᱟ䈕ḷ߶ᇊѹⲴ㚄࠭ᮠо gcc ᇊѹⲴᴹ䖳 ` VWL LQRGH!LBZDLW VOHHSBRQ LQRGH!LBORFN ZKLOH FOL ^ LQRGH VWUXFWPBLQRGH VWDWLFLQOLQHYRLGZDLWBRQBLQRGH Պ䊑ᒣᑨаṧ㻛㕆䈁ᡀ≷㕆ԓ⸱DŽഐѪሩ㚄࠭ᮠൠ൰Ⲵᕅ⭘ᱟн㜭㻛ᴯᦒⲴDŽ ࠭ᮠቡՊ䊑ᒣᑨаṧ㻛㕆䈁ᡀ≷㕆ԓ⸱DŽᖃ❦ˈྲ᷌〻ᒿѝᴹᕅ⭘㚄࠭ᮠൠ൰Ⲵ䈝ਕˈ䛓Ѹ㚄࠭ᮠҏ ᱟнՊ㻛ᴯᦒ䳶ᡀⲴˈᒦфҏ䜭н㜭ᱟ䙂ᖂᇊѹⲴ࠭ᮠDŽྲ᷌ᆈ൘ањн㜭㻛ᴯᦒ䳶ᡀⲴ䈳⭘ˈ䛓Ѹ㚄 ⭡ҾḀӋഐˈаӋሩ㚄࠭ᮠⲴ䈳⭘ᒦн㜭㻛䳶ᡀࡠ࠭ᮠѝ৫DŽ⢩࡛ᱟ൘㚄࠭ᮠᇊѹѻࡽⲴ䈳⭘䈝ਕ 䈁䗷〻ѝ֯⭘䘹亩 INHHSLQOLQHIXQFWLRQVˈࡉ gcc ቡнՊѪ䈕㚄࠭ᮠ㠚䓛⭏ᡀᇎ䱵≷㕆ԓ⸱DŽ ᕅ⭘䗷䈕㚄࠭ᮠⲴൠ൰ˈࡉ䈕㚄࠭ᮠ㠚䓛Ⲵ≷㕆ԓ⸱ቡнՊ㻛ᕅ⭘䗷DŽ൘䘉⿽ᛵߥлˈ䲔䶎ᡁԜ൘㕆 㚄࠭ᮠᇊѹаṧˈ䛓Ѹྲ᷌ᡰᴹሩ䈕㚄࠭ᮠⲴ䈳⭘䜭㻛ᴯᦒ㘼䳶ᡀ൘䈳⭘㘵ԓ⸱ѝˈᒦф〻ᒿѝ⋑ᴹ л䶒᮷Ԧ IVLQRGHF ѝⲴۿ䭞䇽ˈণޣ 䭞䇽ǃ৸֯⭘ VWDWLFޣ ᖃ൘ањ࠭ᮠᇊѹѝᰒ֯⭘ LQOLQH ⲴഐDŽ 㕆䈁ᰦਟԕ֯⭘䘹亩 :LQOLQH䇙 gcc ሩḷᘇᡀ LQOLQH նн㜭㻛ᴯᦒⲴ࠭ᮠ㔉ࠪ䆖ؑԕ৺н㜭ᴯᦒ ྲ֯⭘Ҷਟਈ৲ᮠǃᆈ࠶䝽࠭ᮠ malloca()ǃਟਈ䮯ᓖᮠᦞ㊫රਈ䟿ǃ䶎ተ䜘 goto 䈝ਕǃԕ৺䙂ᖂ࠭ᮠDŽ ࠭ᮠѝⲴḀӋ䈝ਕ⭘⌅ਟ㜭Պ֯ᗇ㚄࠭ᮠⲴᴯᦒᰐ⌅↓ᑨ䘋㹼ˈᡆ㘵н䘲ਸ䘋㹼ᴯᦒDŽֻ ` 䈝䀰〻ᒿ & ࠶䝽оഎ᭦ࡉ䙊䗷Ḹᶕᇎ⧠DŽ ᰦ᭦എ䘉䜘࠶オ䰤DŽIntel 80x86 CPU Ѫ᧗ࡦՐ䙂ᨀҶㆰঅⲴᤷԔˈ㘼ᮠᦞⲴՐ䙂઼ተ䜘ਈ䟿ᆈۘオ䰤Ⲵ ࠭ᮠᰦѪ࠭ᮠⲴተ䜘ਈ䟿࠶䝽ᆈۘオ䰤ˈᒦф൘䘰ࠪ࠭ᮠޕ৲ᮠ઼䘄എ٬ᶕ䘋㹼DŽਖཆˈᡁԜ䘈䴰㾱൘䘋 ࠭ᮠ䈳⭘वᤜӾаඇԓ⸱ࡠਖаඇԓ⸱ѻ䰤ⲴৼੁᮠᦞՐ䙂઼ᢗ㹼᧗ࡦ䖜〫DŽᮠᦞՐ䙂䙊䗷࠭ᮠ ᯩ⌅DŽ Ⲵ˛䘉䟼ᡁԜ俆ݸ᧿䘠ал C ࠭ᮠⲴ䈳⭘ᵪࡦǃ᧗ࡦᵳՐ䙂ᯩᔿˈ❦ਾ䈤᰾ KHDGV 〻ᒿ䐣䖜ࡠ C 〻ᒿⲴ Ѹ KHDGV 〻ᒿᱟྲօᢺᢗ㹼᧗ࡦ䖜Ӕ㔉 LQLWPDLQF 〻ᒿⲴ˛ণ≷㕆〻ᒿᱟྲօ䈳⭘ᢗ㹼 C 䈝䀰〻ᒿ ൘ Linux Ṩ〻ᒿ ERRWKHDGV ᢗ㹼ᆼสᵜࡍॆѻਾˈቡՊ䐣䖜৫ᢗ㹼 LQLWPDLQF 〻ᒿDŽ䛓 3.4.1 C ࠳ᮦ䈹⭞ᵰ Ⲵ䈳⭘ᯩ⌅DŽ ࡦⲴ〻ᒿѻ䰤Ⲵӂ䈳⭘䰞仈DŽᵜ㢲俆ݸ䈤᰾ C 䈝䀰࠭ᮠⲴ䈳⭘ᵪࡦˈ❦ਾ֯⭘⽪ֻᶕ䈤᰾є㘵࠭ᮠѻ䰤 ѪҶᨀ儈ԓ⸱ᢗ㹼᭸⦷ˈṨⓀԓ⸱ѝᴹൠᯩⴤ᧕֯⭘Ҷ≷㕆䈝䀰㕆ࡦDŽ䘉ቡՊ⎹৺ࡠ൘є⿽䈝䀰㕆 3.4 C ф≽㕌ぁᓅⲺӈ䈹⭞ ` 䘄എⴞⲴᆇㅖѢᤷ䪸DŽ UHWXUQGHVW VLGLD[ GHVW VUF ' 6 MQHEнᱟࡉੁਾ䐣䖜ࡠḷਧ ༴ˈࡉ㔃ᶏDŽ WHVWEDODO?Q?WࡊᆈۘⲴᆇ㢲ᱟ ˛ >HGL@ˈᒦᴤᯠ HGLDŽ VWRVE?Q?Wᆈۘᆇ㢲 DOÎ(6 >HVL@༴ ᆇ㢲ÎDOˈᒦᴤᯠ HVLDŽ ?WORGVE?Q?W࣐䖭 '6 FOG?QᯩੁսDŽ BBDVPBB ^ 䭞䇽LQOLQH઼H[WHUQDŽޣVUF ৫ᦹҶ GHVWFRQVWFKDU FKDU VWUFS\ FKDU ↔ᰦᓃ࠭ᮠѝ䟽ᯠᇊѹⲴк䘠 strcpy()࠭ᮠਈᡀྲлᖒᔿ˖ VWULQJK! LQFOXGH GHILQHBB/,%5$5HGL@ˈᒦᴤᯠ HGLDŽ VWRVE?Q?Wᆈۘᆇ㢲 DOÎ(6 >HVL@༴ ᆇ㢲ÎDOˈᒦᴤᯠ HVLDŽ ?WORGVE?Q?W࣐䖭 '6 о≷㕆〻ᒿⲴӂ䈳⭘ & ੁ ᯩ བྷ ໎ ൰ ൠ Ḹᤷ䪸 HVS ᑗᤷ䪸 HES ࡽ䶒ⲴḸᑗ 䜘ਈ䟿ԕ৺Ѥᰦ٬ ᆈⲴᇴᆈಘǃተ؍ ᆈⲴ HES؍ 䘄എൠ൰ ৲ᮠ ৲ᮠ ৲ᮠ Q ৲ᮠᔪ・४ฏ 䈳⭘ަᆳ࠭ᮠᰦ Ḹ亦 䈳⭘㘵ⲴḸᑗ 㻛䈳⭘㘵ⲴḸᑗ ᖃࡽḸᑗ HES HES Q HES HES HES ᆈⲴ䘄എൠ൰DŽ؍ᤷԔѻࡽˈᓄ䈕ݸ↓⺞༴⨶Ḹѝᇩˈ֯ᗇᖃࡽḸᤷ䪸ᡰᤷս㖞ᇩ↓ᱟݸࡽ CALL ᤷԔ 䈳࠭ᮠ䘄എᰦቡՊӾ䈕ս㖞㔗㔝ᢗ㹼DŽ䘄എᤷԔ RET ⭘ҾᕩࠪḸ亦༴Ⲵൠ൰ᒦ䐣䖜ࡠ䈕ൠ൰༴DŽ൘֯⭘䈕 ф䐣䖜ࡠ㻛䈳⭘࠭ᮠᔰ༴ᢗ㹼DŽ䘄എൠ൰ᱟ〻ᒿѝ㍗䲿䈳⭘ᤷԔ CALL ਾ䶒аᶑᤷԔⲴൠ൰DŽഐ↔ᖃ㻛 ḸѝᒦޕᤷԔ CALL ઼ RET ⭘Ҿ༴⨶࠭ᮠ䈳⭘઼䘄എDŽ䈳⭘ᤷԔ CALL Ⲵ⭘ᱟᢺ䘄എൠ൰ ࡠDŽ㊫լൠˈ䙊䗷໎࣐Ḹᤷ䪸٬ᡁԜਟԕഎ᭦Ḹѝᐢ࠶䝽Ⲵオ䰤DŽڊ߿䘲ᖃⲴ٬ᶕ ḸѝᡆӾḸѝᕩࠪDŽሩҾ⋑ᴹᤷᇊࡍ٬Ⲵᮠᦞᡰ䴰㾱Ⲵᆈۘオ䰤ˈᡁԜਟԕ䙊䗷ᢺḸᤷ䪸䙂ޕᢺᮠᦞ Ḹᱟᖰվ˄ሿ˅ൠ൰ᯩੁᢙኅⲴˈ㘼 esp ᤷੁᖃࡽḸ亦༴Ⲵݳ㍐DŽ䙊䗷֯⭘ push ઼ pop ᤷԔᡁԜਟԕ ᆈ䈳⭘ԫօަᆳ࠭ᮠⲴ৲ᮠDŽ؍䟿Ⲵൠ൰ᤷ䪸࠶䝽аオ䰤DŽᴰਾˈB ࠭ᮠՊ֯⭘Ḹᶕ 䘈ᴹቡᱟ C 䈝䀰Ⲵൠ൰ㅖ'&'㻛ᓄ⭘ࡠањተ䜘ਈ䟿кᰦˈᡁԜቡ䴰㾱Ѫ䈕ਈ䟿⭏ᡀањൠ൰ˈণѪਈ н㜭ཏᆈ᭮࠭ᮠⲴᡰᴹተ䜘ᮠᦞˈᡆ㘵ᴹӋተ䜘ਈ䟿ᱟᮠ㓴ᡆ㔃ᶴˈഐ↔ᗵ享֯⭘ᮠ㓴ᡆ㔃ᶴᕅ⭘ᶕ䇯䰞DŽ ᆈн㜭᭮൘ᇴᆈಘѝⲴተ䜘ਈ䟿٬DŽֻྲ⭡Ҿ䙊ᑨ CPU Ⲵᇴᆈಘᮠ䟿ᴹ䲀㘼؍ B࠭ᮠ਼ṧҏ֯⭘Ḹᶕ ᆈಘ٬ԕ৺࠭ᮠⲴѤᰦ٬DŽ ᆈⲴᇴ؍ᆈᑗᤷ䪸˄ebp˅ⲴൠᯩᔰDŽ䲿ਾࡉ⭘Ҿᆈ᭮ԫօ؍ⲴḸᑗࡉӾ䲿ਾⲴḸ䜘࠶ᔰˈণമѝ ḸѝˈḸѝ䈕ս㖞ҏ᰾⺞ᤷ᰾Ҷ A ḸᑗⲴ㔃ᶏ༴DŽ㘼 Bޕൠ൰˄䈳⭘䘄എਾ㔗㔝ᢗ㹼ⲴᤷԔൠ൰˅㻛 ሩҾ࠭ᮠ A 䈳⭘࠭ᮠ B ⲴᛵߥˈՐ䙂㔉 B Ⲵ৲ᮠवਜ਼൘ A ⲴḸᑗѝDŽᖃ A 䈳⭘ B ᰦˈ࠭ᮠ A Ⲵ䘄എ ഴ Ḿѣᑝ㔉ᶺ⽰ᝅഴ Ḹ઼ࠪḸ㘼〫ࣘˈഐ↔࠭ᮠѝሩབྷ䜘࠶ᮠᦞⲴ䇯䰞䜭สҾᑗᤷ䪸 ebp 䘋㹼DŽޕᦞⲴ ᑗᤷ䪸˄frame pointer˅ˈ㘼 esp ࡉ⭘Ḹᤷ䪸˄stack pointer˅DŽ൘࠭ᮠᢗ㹼䗷〻ѝˈḸᤷ䪸 esp Պ䲿⵰ᮠ ˄Stack frame˅㔃ᶴˈަ䙊ᑨ㔃ᶴ㿱മ 3-4 ᡰ⽪DŽḸᑗ㔃ᶴⲴєㄟ⭡єњᤷ䪸ᶕᤷᇊDŽᇴᆈಘ ebp 䙊ᑨ⭘ ᆈᇴᆈಘᴹ٬ԕ༷ᚒ༽ԕ৺⭘ᶕᆈۘተ䜘ᮠᦞDŽঅњ࠭ᮠ䈳⭘ᡰ֯⭘ⲴḸ䜘࠶㻛〠ѪḸᑗ؍ᰦ བྷཊᮠ CPU кⲴ〻ᒿᇎ⧠֯⭘Ḹᶕ᭟ᤱ࠭ᮠ䈳⭘DŽḸ㻛⭘ᶕՐ䙂࠭ᮠ৲ᮠǃᆈۘ䘄എؑǃѤ 3.4.1.1 Ḿᑝ㔉ᶺૂ䖢〱ᵹᯯᕅ о≷㕆〻ᒿⲴӂ䈳⭘ & ᆈ൘Ḹѝ㘼䶎ㆰঅൠᆈ᭮൘ᇴᆈಘѝDŽ؍ᡁԜ䴰㾱Ѫ䘉єњተ䜘ਈ䟿⭏ᡀൠ൰ˈഐ↔ᆳԜᗵ享 ༴DŽ⭡Ҿ〫ٿ ⲴḸᑗ㔃ᶴѝवᤜተ䜘ਈ䟿 a ઼ b Ⲵᆈۘオ䰤ˈሩҾᑗᤷ䪸սҾ-4 ઼-8 䈳⭘㘵 PDLQ DŽ [))))))) Պ㻛㺘⽪ᡀ ˈ [)))))))& ⽪ᡀ 㻛㺘 ٬DŽ൘䊑 gdb 䘉ṧⲴ䈳䈅ಘѝˈ䘉Ӌᮠ٬䜭⭘ 2 Ⲵ㺕⸱㺘⽪DŽֻྲ〫ٿࠪҶሩҾᑗᤷ䪸Ⲵൠ൰ ˅ⲴḸᑗѝ㧧ਆަ৲ᮠDŽമѝⲴս㖞ؑሩҾᇴᆈಘ ebp ѝⲴᑗᤷ䪸DŽḸᑗᐖ䗩Ⲵᮠᆇᤷ ⭘㘵˄PDLQ Ӿ䈳 ѻਾ䘄എӔᦒਾⲴ㔃᷌DŽ䘉єњ࠭ᮠⲴḸᑗ㔃ᶴ㿱മ 3-5 ᡰ⽪DŽਟԕⴻࠪˈ࠭ᮠ VZDS 䈳⭘Ҷ VZDS ҏᱟањ࠭ᮠ˄ሶ൘л䶒䈤᰾˅ˈᆳ൘ ⭘ҾӔᦒєњਈ䟿Ⲵ٬DŽC 〻ᒿѝⲴѫ〻ᒿ PDLQ ަѝ࠭ᮠ VZDS ` DE UHWXUQ E D VZDS E D LQWDE ^ LQWPDLQ ` E F E D D F LQWF ^ E DLQW LQW YRLGVZDS ᒦ䘄എᆳԜⲴᐞ٬DŽ ˈѪањֻᆀˈᡁԜᶕ㿲ሏл䶒 C 〻ᒿ H[FKF ѝ࠭ᮠ䈳⭘Ⲵ༴⨶䗷〻DŽ䈕〻ᒿӔᦒєњਈ䟿ѝⲴ٬ 3.4.1.2 ࠳ᮦ䈹⭞Ѵׁ Ⲵ٬DŽ䘈ᴹᇴᆈಘ ebp ઼ esp ҏᗵ享䚥ᆸㅜҼњᜟֻ⭘⌅DŽ ᆈ䘉Ӌᇴᆈಘᇩˈնਟ㜭൘ԕਾⲴѝ䘈䴰㾱⭘ࡠݸ؍⭘㘵 A˄ᡆ㘵аӋᴤ儈ቲⲴ࠭ᮠ˅ᒦн䍏䍓 ᆈަᇩˈᒦ൘䘰ࠪᰦᚒ༽䘉ӋᇴᆈಘⲴᇩDŽഐѪ䈳؍⭘䘉ӋᇴᆈಘѝⲴԫањᰦˈᗵ享俆ݸ൘Ḹѝ ᣔDŽᖃ㻛䈳⭘㘵䴰㾱֯؍ᡰ䴰㾱ⲴԫօᮠᦞDŽਖཆˈᇴᆈಘ ebxǃesi ઼ edi Ⲵᇩࡉᗵ享⭡㻛䈳⭘㘵 B ᶕ ᆈ䘉ӋᇴᆈಘᇩⲴᛵߥлԫ֯⭘ᆳԜ㘼нՊ⇱ൿ࠭ᮠ A؍ᖃ࠭ᮠ B 㻛 A 䈳⭘ᰦˈ࠭ᮠ B ਟԕ൘н⭘ ᆈDŽ؍ᗵ享䚥ᆸⲴᇴᆈಘ⭘⌅㔏аᜟֻDŽ䈕ᜟֻᤷ᰾ˈᇴᆈಘ eaxǃedx ઼ ecx Ⲵᇩᗵ享⭡䈳⭘㘵㠚ᐡ䍏䍓 ⭘㘵˅ᰦˈ㻛䈳⭘㘵нՊ؞᭩ᡆ㾶ⴆᦹ䈳⭘㘵Ӻਾ㾱⭘ࡠⲴᇴᆈಘᇩDŽഐ↔ Intel CPU 䟷⭘Ҷᡰᴹ࠭ᮠ ቭ㇑Ḁаᰦਚᴹањ࠭ᮠ൘ᢗ㹼ˈնᡁԜ䘈ᱟ䴰㾱⺞ᇊ൘ањ࠭ᮠ˄䈳⭘㘵˅䈳⭘ަԆ࠭ᮠ˄㻛䈳 ਖཆˈ㤕䘄എ٬ᱟањᮤᮠᡆањᤷ䪸ˈ䛓Ѹᇴᆈಘ eax ሶ㻛唈䇔⭘ᶕՐ䙂䘄എ٬DŽ о≷㕆〻ᒿⲴӂ䈳⭘ & ᑗᤷ䪸 HES Ḹᤷ䪸 HVS Ḹᑗ PDLQ Ⲵ VZDS ⲴḸᑗ VZDS ਾ൘䈳⭘ VZDS ѻࡽ ޕ䘋 F ᆈⲴ HES؍ 䘄എൠ൰ D D E E ᆈⲴ HES؍ Ḹᤷ䪸 HVS ᑗᤷ䪸 HES D D E E ᆈⲴ HES؍ UHW ˅DŽ SRSOHES ণ PRYOHESHVS˄٬ OHDYHᚒ༽ HESǃHVS HES HD[ VXEO ߿৫ㅜ њਈ䟿 E Ⲵ٬DŽˈHES HD[ਆㅜ њተ䜘ਈ䟿 D Ⲵ٬ PRYO DŽ FDOOBVZDS䈳⭘࠭ᮠ VZDS SXVKOHD[ ḸDŽޕHES HD[ਆተ䜘ਈ䟿 D Ⲵൠ൰ˈѪㅜ њ৲ᮠ OHDO ㅜ њ৲ᮠDŽޕḸѝDŽণݸޕSXVKOHD[Ѫ䈳⭘Ⲵ৲ᮠᒦ ࠭ᮠ߶༷ˈਆተ䜘ਈ䟿 E Ⲵൠ൰ˈ HES HD[Ѫ䈳⭘ VZDS OHDO HES PRYO D ˈE ˅DŽ˄HES Ѫተ䜘ਈ䟿䍻ࡍ٬ PRYO VXEOHVSѪᮤරተ䜘ਈ䟿 D ઼ E ൘Ḹѝ࠶䝽オ䰤DŽ PRYOHVSHES 䇮㖞ᖃࡽ࠭ᮠⲴᑗᤷ䪸DŽˈ٬ ᆈ HES؍SXVKOHES BPDLQ UHW ˅DŽ SRSOHES ণ PRYOHESHVS˄٬ OHDYHᚒ༽ HESǃHVS HD[ PRYOHF[ HES HF[❦ਾᢺተ䜘ਈ䟿 F ѝⲴᇩ᭮ࡠ䘉њᤷ䪸ᡰᤷս㖞༴DŽ PRYO HES HD[⅑ਆㅜ њ৲ᮠDŽ PRYO HD[ PRYOHF[ HG[ HF[ᢺㅜ њ৲ᮠᡰᤷᇩ᭮ࡠㅜ њ৲ᮠᡰᤷⲴս㖞DŽ PRYO HES HG[ PRYO HES HD[⅑ਆㅜ њ৲ᮠˈ❦ਾਆㅜ њ৲ᮠDŽ PRYO HES PRYOHF[ ᆈࡠተ䜘ਈ䟿 F ѝDŽ؍HD[ HF[ਆ䈕ᤷ䪸ᡰᤷս㖞Ⲵᇩˈᒦ PRYO HES HD[ਆ࠭ᮠㅜ њ৲ᮠˈ䈕৲ᮠᱟањᮤᮠ㊫ර٬Ⲵᤷ䪸DŽ PRYO VXEOHVSѪተ䜘ਈ䟿 F ൘Ḹ࠶䝽オ䰤DŽ PRYOHVSHES 䇮㖞ᖃࡽ࠭ᮠⲴᑗᤷ䪸DŽˈ٬ ᆈ HES؍SXVKOHES BVZDS WH[W Ⲵ՚ᤷԔ˅DŽޣлᡰ⽪˄ࡐ䲔Ҷࠐ㹼о䇘䇪ᰐ ֯⭘ભԔĀJFF:DOO6RH[FKVH[FKFāਟԕ⭏ᡀ䈕 C 䈝䀰〻ᒿⲴ≷㕆〻ᒿ H[FKV ԓ⸱ˈ㿱ྲ ഴ 䈹⭞࠳ᮦ PDLQ ૂ VZDS ⲺḾᑝ㔉ᶺ о≷㕆〻ᒿⲴӂ䈳⭘ & ˖൘㕆䈁ᰦ֯⭘ᱮ⽪䈖㓶ؑ䘹亩'-v'ቡਟԕ᰾ᱮൠⴻࠪ䘉њ䬮᧕䗷〻 䙊ᑨ֯⭘ gcc 㕆䈁䬮᧕⭏ᡀᢗ㹼᮷Ԧᰦˈgcc Պ㠚ࣘᢺ䈕᮷ԦⲴԓ⸱Ѫㅜањ⁑ඇ䬮᧕൘ਟᢗ㹼〻ᒿѝDŽ ORQJ ᇊѹਈ䟿BHQYLURQˈѪަ࠶䝽ањ䮯ᆇオ䰤DŽ BHQYLURQ GDWD DŽ MPSE᧗ࡦᓄ䈕нՊࡠ䗮䘉䟼DŽ㤕ࡠ䗮䘉䟼ࡉ㔗㔝ᢗ㹼 H[LW FDOOBH[LW ࠭ᮠⲴ৲ᮠᒦ䈳⭘䈕࠭ᮠDŽ 䘄എ٬Ѫ H[LWޕSXVKOHD[ FDOOBPDLQ䈳⭘ᡁԜⲴѫ〻ᒿDŽަ䘄എ⣦ᘱ٬൘ HD[ ᇴᆈಘѝDŽ ࠭ᮠ൘࣐䖭ᢗ㹼᮷Ԧᰦ䇮㖞ⲴDŽ PRYOHD[BHQYLURQHQYS ᱟ H[HFYH ᆈ൘BHQYLURQ ѝDŽ؍HVS HD[ਆ〻ᒿⲴ⧟ຳਈ䟿ᤷ䪸 HQYS ᒦ PRYO ਓḷਧDŽޕԓ⸱ BBHQWU\ ተਈ䟿BHQYLURQ˄ሩᓄ & 〻ᒿѝⲴ HQYLURQ ਈ䟿˅DŽޘJOREOBHQYLURQ༠᰾ WH[W ተਈ䟿_environ 〻ᒿѝަᆳ⁑ඇ֯⭘DŽޘ〻ᒿ㿱ྲлᡰ⽪DŽަѝᔪ・ᒦࡍॆ ተਈ䟿ㅹDŽLinux 0.11 ѝ crt0.s ≷㕆ޘሶ㻛䬮᧕൘⇿њ⭘ᡧᢗ㹼〻ᒿⲴᔰ䜘࠶ˈѫ㾱⭘Ҿ䇮㖞аӋࡍॆ ࠭ᮠ㻛䈳⭘DŽcrt0.s ᱟањẙ˄stub˅〻ᒿˈ〠ѝⲴĀcrtāᱟĀC run-timeāⲴ㕙߉DŽ䈕〻ᒿⲴⴞḷ᮷Ԧ ཆˈк䶒ᨀࡠ C 〻ᒿⲴѫ〻ᒿ main()ҏᱟањ࠭ᮠDŽ䘉ᱟഐѪ൘㕆䈁䬮᧕ᰦᆳሶՊѪ crt0.s ≷㕆〻ᒿⲴ 䭞ԓ⸱䴰㾱ⴤ᧕֯⭘≷㕆䈝䀰㕆ࡦⲴഐѻаDŽਖޣ䈁ಘ䘈н㜭ӗ⭏ᴰ儈᭸⦷Ⲵԓ⸱ˈ䘉ҏᱟѪӰѸḀӋ к䶒䘉⇥≷㕆〻ᒿᱟ֯⭘ gcc 1.40 㕆䈁ӗ⭏Ⲵˈਟԕⴻࠪަѝᴹࠐ㹼ཊ։Ⲵԓ⸱DŽਟ㿱ᖃᰦⲴ gcc 㕆 3.4.1.3 main()ҕᱥжѠ࠳ᮦ Ր䙂ਈ䟿Ⲵᤷ䪸˄ণਈ䟿Ⲵൠ൰˅DŽ 䀰ˈ⋑ᴹⴤ᧕Ⲵᯩ⌅ਟ⭘ᶕ൘㻛䈳⭘࠭ᮠѝ؞᭩䈳⭘㘵ਈ䟿Ⲵ٬DŽഐ↔ѪҶ䗮ࡠ؞᭩ⲴⴞⲴቡ䴰㾱ੁ࠭ᮠ ণ C 䈝䀰ᱟՐ٬㊫䈝ˈӾԕк࠶᷀ਟ⸕ˈC 䈝䀰൘䈳⭘࠭ᮠᰦᱟ൘ึḸкѤᰦᆈ᭮㻛䈳࠭ᮠ৲ᮠⲴ٬ ߿ˈᒦ᭮൘ eax ᇴᆈಘѝѪ䘄എ٬DŽ ḸѝⲴDŽㅜ 29--30 є㹼ሶєњᐢ㓿Ӕᦒ䗷Ⲵᮠᆇޕㅜ 1 њ৲ᮠࡉᱟᴰਾањ൘䈳⭘࠭ᮠᤷԔ call ѻࡽ Ḹѝˈ㘼࠭ᮠⲴޕḸѝⲴ亪ᒿ↓ྭо࠭ᮠ⭣᰾Ⲵ৲ᮠ亪ᒿ৽DŽণ࠭ᮠᴰਾањ৲ᮠ俆ݸޕਈ䟿ൠ൰ Ḹѝˈ❦ਾ䈳⭘ swap()࠭ᮠDŽޕⲴDŽަѝ俆ݸ֯⭘ leal ᤷԔ˄ਆᴹ᭸ൠ൰˅㧧ᗇਈ䟿 b ઼ a Ⲵൠ൰ᒦ࠶࡛ ѝ࠶䝽Ҷオ䰤DŽㅜ 22--23 㹼Ѫ䘉єњተ䜘ਈ䟿䍻٬DŽӾ 24-28 㹼ਟԕⴻࠪ main()ѝᱟྲօ䈳⭘ swap()࠭ᮠ ᆈ઼䟽ᯠ䇮㖞ᑗᤷ䪸ѻਾˈmain()Ѫተ䜘ਈ䟿 a ઼ b ൘Ḹ؍ㅜ 19--21 㹼ᱟ main()࠭ᮠⲴ䇮㖞䜘࠶ˈ൘ ᒦᢗ㹼䘄എᤷԔ retDŽˈswap()࠭ᮠᰦᇴᆈಘ esp ઼ ebp Ⲵᴹ٬ ޕ䘉䜘࠶ԓ⸱ᚒ༽Ҷ൘䘋 䙊ᑨᱟ䈳⭘㘵Ⲵᑗᤷ䪸˅DŽ˄SRSOHESᚒ༽ HES Ⲵ٬ ᤷੁḸᑗᔰ༴˅DŽ˄PRYOHESHVSᚒ༽ HVS Ⲵ٬ എˈᆳⲴ⭘ㅹԧҾл䶒єњᤷԔ˖ ٬ᆈ᭮ࡠㅜ 2 њ৲ᮠᤷᇊⲴൠ൰༴DŽᴰਾ 16--17 㹼ᱟ࠭ᮠ㔃ᶏ䜘࠶DŽleave ᤷԔ⭘Ҿ༴⨶Ḹᇩԕ߶༷䘄 ᆈ൘Ѥᰦተ䜘ਈ䟿 c ѝⲴ؍ᒦԕ䈕৲ᮠ٬Ѫൠ൰ਆަᇩ᭮ࡠㅜ 1 њ৲ᮠᤷᇊⲴൠ൰༴DŽㅜ 13--15 㹼ᢺ HES ˅DŽㅜ 9--12 㹼⭘Ҿਆㅜ 2 њ৲ᮠ&bˈ ᆈࡠѪተ䜘ਈ䟿࠶䝽Ⲵオ䰤ѝ˄؍ᇩࡠ ecx ᇴᆈಘѝˈ❦ਾ 㹼 6--15 ᱟ swap ࠭ᮠⲴѫփ䜘࠶DŽㅜ 6--8 㹼⭘Ҿਆ䈳⭘㘵Ⲵㅜ 1 њ৲ᮠ&aˈᒦԕ䈕৲ᮠѪൠ൰ਆᡰᆈ ᆈ䈳⭘㘵Ⲵᑗᤷ䪸઼䇮㖞ᵜ࠭ᮠⲴḸᑗᤷ䪸ˈㅜ 5 㹼䙊䗷ᢺḸᤷ䪸 esp л〫 4 ᆇ㢲Ѫተ䜘ਈ䟿 c ࠶䝽オ䰤DŽ ؍ ࠭ᮠˈަ䇮㖞䜘࠶ԓ⸱ᱟ 3--5 㹼DŽࡽє㹼⭘ᶕ䇮㖞 Ā㔃ᶏāˈᚒ༽Ḹ⣦ᘱᒦӾ࠭ᮠѝ䘄എDŽሩҾ VZDS 䘉єњ࠭ᮠ൷ਟԕࡂ࠶ᡀйњ䜘࠶˖Ā䇮㖞āˈࡍॆḸᑗ㔃ᶴ˗Āѫփāˈᢗ㹼࠭ᮠⲴᇎ䱵䇑㇇˗ о≷㕆〻ᒿⲴӂ䈳⭘ & 䈳⭘㘵ⲴḸ亦䜘࠶ᇩ ᢗ㹼 &$// ᤷԔਾ SSS IXQF (,3 S S S ḾⲺ৸ᮦޛഴ 䈹⭞࠳ᮦᰬু ḸѝⲴ࠭ᮠ৲ᮠ䲔ᦹDŽޕᤷԔ৫ᢗ㹼㻛䈳⭘Ⲵ࠭ᮠDŽ൘䈳⭘࠭ᮠ䘄എਾˈ〻ᒿ䴰㾱ᢺݸࡽ Ḹˈ㿱മ 3-6 ᡰ⽪DŽ❦ਾᢗ㹼 CALLޕḸˈ㘼ᴰᐖ䗩Ⲵㅜ 1 њ৲ᮠ൘ᴰਾ䈳⭘ᤷԔѻࡽޕ䗩Ⲵ˅ањ৲ᮠݸ Ḹѝˈণ࠭ᮠᴰਾ˄ᴰਣޕ൘≷㕆〻ᒿ䈳⭘ањ C ࠭ᮠᰦˈ〻ᒿ䴰㾱俆ݸ᤹➗䘶ੁ亪ᒿᢺ࠭ᮠ৲ᮠ ѝˈᡁԜਟԕⴻࠪ≷㕆〻ᒿ䈝ਕᱟྲօ䈳⭘ swap()࠭ᮠⲴDŽ⧠൘ᡁԜሩ䈳⭘ᯩ⌅аᙫ㔃DŽ Ӿ≷㕆〻ᒿѝ䈳⭘ C 䈝䀰࠭ᮠⲴᯩ⌅ᇎ䱵к൘к䶒ᐢ㓿㔉ࠪDŽ൘к䶒 C 䈝䀰ֻᆀሩᓄⲴ≷㕆〻ᒿԓ⸱ 3.4.2 ൞≽㕌ぁᓅѣ䈹⭞ C ࠳ᮦ кᢗ㹼 ret ᤷԔᰦቡՊᕩࠪ main()Ⲵൠ൰ˈᒦᢺ᧗ࡦᵳ䖜〫ࡠ init/main.c 〻ᒿѝDŽ Ҷ main()࠭ᮠԓ⸱Ⲵൠ൰DŽᖃ head.s ᴰਾ൘ㅜ 218 㹼ޕҶ䘄എൠ൰ˈ㘼ㅜ 140 㹼ࡉޕкⲴᤷԔ൘Ḹѝ boot/head.s 〻ᒿѝㅜ 136--140 㹼ቡᱟ⭘ҾѪ䐣䖜ࡠ init/main.c ѝⲴ main()࠭ᮠ߶༷ᐕDŽㅜ 139 㹼 䘄എѻਾ˅ˈ㌫㔏Պᆹᧂᢗ㹼ILQL ѝⲴԓ⸱DŽ ࠭ᮠˈণᖃ〻ᒿ↓ᑨ䘰ࠪᰦ˄PDLQ ѻࡽݸᢗ㹼LQLW ѝⲴԓ⸱DŽcrtn.o ࡉ⭘Ҿ൘ILQL ४ѝᢗ㹼䘋〻㓸→䘰ࠪ༴⨶࠭ᮠ ILQL ൘䈳⭘ PDLQ DŽLQLW ४ѝवਜ਼䘋〻Ⲵࡍॆԓ⸱ˈণᖃ〻ᒿᔰᢗ㹼ᰦˈ㌫㔏Պ ൘LQLW ४ѝᢗ㹼ࡍॆ࠭ᮠ LQLW ӛ⁑ඇѝDŽcrti.o ⭘Ҿޡಘ˄destructor˅࠭ᮠDŽcrtbeginS.o ઼ crtendS.o Ⲵ⭘оࡽє㘵㊫լˈն⭘Ҿࡋᔪ ተᶴ䙐ಘ˄constructor˅઼᷀ᶴޘ crtbegin.o ઼ crtend.o ѫ㾱⭘Ҿ C++䈝䀰൘FWRUV ઼GWRUV ४ѝᢗ㹼 ተㅖਧBVWDUW ቡᇊѹ൘䘉њ⁑ඇѝDŽޘˈаӋࡍॆᐕڊࡽ ᱟ C++䈝䀰Ⲵࣘ⁑ඇˈ⭡㕆䈁ಘ gcc ᨀ˗㘼 crt1.o ࡉо crt0.o Ⲵ⭘㊫լˈѫ㾱⭘Ҿ൘䈳⭘ main()ѻ Ҷ䘉⿽䬮᧕亪ᒿDŽަѝ ctr1.oǃcrti.o ઼ crtn.o ⭡ C ᓃᨀˈᱟ C 〻ᒿⲴĀࣘā⁑ඇ˗crtbegin.o ઼ crtend.o ˄crtbeginS.o˅ǃᡰᴹ〻ᒿ⁑ඇǃcrtend.o˄crtendS.o˅ǃcrtn.oǃᓃ⁑ඇ᮷ԦāDŽgcc Ⲵ䝽㖞᮷Ԧ specfile ᤷᇊ ᢙኅᡀࠐњ⁑ඇ˖crt1.oǃcrti.oǃcrtbegin.oǃcrtend.o ઼ crtn.oDŽ䘉Ӌ⁑ඇⲴ䬮᧕亪ᒿѪĀcrt1.oǃcrti.oǃcrtbegin.o ӛᓃ⁑ඇ᮷Ԧˈ⧠൘Ⲵ gcc 㕆䈁ಘ˄2.x˅ᐢ㓿ᢺ䘉њ crt0ޡ・ѪҶ֯⭘ ELF ṬᔿⲴⴞḷ᮷Ԧԕ৺ᔪ ф䬮᧕Ⲵ亪ᒿᓄ䈕ᱟĀcrt0.oǃᡰᴹ〻ᒿ⁑ඇǃᓃ᮷ԦāDŽ ˄gld˅Ӿ exch.o ⁑ඇ䬮᧕ӗ⭏ਟᢗ㹼᮷Ԧ exchˈ䛓ѸᡁԜቡ䴰㾱൘ભԔ㹼к⢩࡛ᤷ᰾ crt0.o 䘉њ⁑ඇˈᒦ ഐ↔൘䙊ᑨⲴ㕆䈁䗷〻ѝᡁԜᰐ䴰⢩࡛ᤷᇊ stub ⁑ඇ crt0.oˈնᱟ㤕ᜣӾк䶒㔉ࠪⲴ≷㕆〻ᒿᐕ֯⭘ ld >XVUURRW@ XVUORFDOOLEJQXOLE XVUORFDOOLEJFFOGRH[FKXVUORFDOOLEFUWRH[FKRXVUORFDOOLEJQXOLEOF XVUORFDOOLEJFFDVRH[FKRH[FKV JFFYHUVLRQ >XVUURRW@JFFYRH[FKH[FKV о≷㕆〻ᒿⲴӂ䈳⭘ & 䈳⭘ᯩ⌅ˈֻྲ NHUQHODVPV 〻ᒿㅜ 62 㹼䈳⭘ᢗ㹼 WUDSVF ѝⲴ do_int3()࠭ᮠⲴᛵߥDŽ ḸѝⲴлаᶑᤷԔൠ൰ᕩࠪˈѪ࠭ᮠ䘄എⲴൠ൰DŽLinux Ṩѝҏᴹཊ༴⭘ࡠҶ䘉⿽࠭ᮠޕᡁԜӪᐕ ᧕֯⭘ JMP ᤷԔ䐣䖜ࡠ㻛䈳⭘࠭ᮠᔰൠ൰༴৫ᢗ㹼࠭ᮠDŽ↔ਾᖃ࠭ᮠᢗ㹼ᆼᡀᰦቡՊᢗ㹼 RET ᤷԔᢺ Ḹѝˈ❦ਾⴤޕḸਾӪᐕᢺлаᶑ㾱ᢗ㹼ⲴᤷԔൠ൰ޕᤷԔᶕ਼ṧ䗮ࡠ䈳⭘࠭ᮠⲴⴞⲴDŽᯩ⌅ᱟ൘৲ᮠ ਖཆˈᡁԜ䈤≷㕆〻ᒿ䈳⭘ C ࠭ᮠ∄䖳㠚⭡ⲴਖањഐᱟᡁԜਟԕṩᵜн⭘ CALL ᤷԔ㘼䟷⭘ JMP ㅹˈ䈧㠚ᐡ࣐ԕ࠶᷀DŽ ǃIVH[HFF ѝⲴ GRBH[HFYH ᴹ NHUQHOVLJQDOF ѝⲴ GRBVLJQDO ᆈ⵰DŽަԆ䟷⭘к䘠⭘⌅Ⲵ࠭ᮠ䘈؍Ⲵ 5 њ৲ᮠђᔳᦹˈḸѝަԆ䘈൷ޕഎਾˈBV\VBIRUN ҏਚᢺ㠚ᐡ 䘄 ҶึḸDŽ൘䈳⭘ C ࠭ᮠ FRS\BSURFHVVޕ⢩ᵳ㓗ਈॆˈᡰԕ CPU Պᢺḷᘇᇴᆈಘ٬઼⭘ᡧḸൠ൰ҏ 䘄എൠ൰ eip ઼ csǃḷᘇᇴᆈಘ eflagsǃ⭘ᡧḸൠ൰ esp ઼ ssDŽഐѪ㌫㔏䈳⭘⎹৺ࡠ〻ᒿޕᢗ㹼ѝᯝᤷԔ ḸⲴᇴᆈಘ ebxǃecxǃedx ઼⇥ᇴᆈಘ fsǃesǃdsDŽᴰਾ 5 њ৲ᮠᱟ CPUޕV\VWHPBFDOO ᰦ൘ 83--88 㹼 ޕLQFOXGHOLQX[V\VKˈ74 㹼˅䈳⭘BV\VBIRUN ᰦⲴлаᶑᤷԔⲴ䘄എൠ൰٬DŽ䲿ਾⲴ৲ᮠᱟࡊ䘋 ৲ᮠ none ᱟ V\VWHPBFDOOV 〻 ᒿ ㅜ 94 㹼к࡙⭘ൠ൰䐣䖜㺘 V\VBFDOOBWDEOH>@˄ᇊѹ൘ ḸⲴᇴᆈಘⲴ٬DŽޕ↕㌫㔏䈳⭘ѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻ᔰˈⴤࡠ䈳⭘ᵜ㌫㔏䈳⭘༴⨶䗷〻ᰦ䙀 ޕebpǃediǃesi ઼ᇴᆈಘ gs Ⲵ٬DŽ㘼䲿ਾⲴަ։৲ᮠᇎ䱵кⴤ᧕ሩᓄึḸкᐢᴹⲴᇩDŽ䘉Ӌᇩᱟ䘋 ḸⲴ eax˄nr˅ǃޕḸ 5 њᇴᆈಘ٬ቡᱟ copy_process()࠭ᮠⲴᴰᐖ䶒Ⲵ 5 њ৲ᮠDŽ᤹亪ᒿᆳԜ࠶࡛ሩᓄѪޕ DŽഐ↔ᇎ䱵к䈳⭘ copy_process()࠭ᮠѻࡽחḸˈᆳ䎺ᱟ䶐䘁 C ࠭ᮠ৲ᮠᐖޕᡁԜ⸕䚃৲ᮠ䎺ᱟᴰਾ ORQJHLSORQJFVORQJHIODJVORQJHVSORQJVV ORQJIVORQJHVORQJGV ORQJHE[ORQJHF[ORQJHG[ LQWQUORQJHESORQJHGLORQJHVLORQJJVORQJQRQH LQWFRS\BSURFHVV NHUQHOIRUNF 〻ᒿDŽ UHW DGGOHVSђᔳ䘉䟼ᡰᴹḸᇩDŽ NHUQHOIRUNF DŽ FDOOBFRS\BSURFHVV䈳⭘ & ࠭ᮠ FRS\BSURFHVV SXVKOHD[ SXVKOHES SXVKOHGL SXVKOHVL SXVKJV NHUQHOV\VWHPBFDOOV ≷㕆〻ᒿBV\VBIRUN 䜘࠶DŽ ᑖᴹཊ䗮 17 њ৲ᮠˈ㿱л䶒ᡰ⽪˖ޡ ত ҶḸѝˈնᱟ FRS\BSURFHVVޕѝ㲭❦ਚᢺ 5 њ৲ᮠ ࠭ᮠ˄NHUQHOIRUNF ѝㅜ 68 㹼˅ⲴᛵߥDŽ൘≷㕆〻ᒿ࠭ᮠBV\VBIRUN ѝㅜ 217 㹼к䈳⭘ FRS\BSURFHVV ⲴḸѝᇩDŽ൘ Linux 0.1x Ṩԓ⸱ѝቡᴹࠐ༴֯⭘Ҷ䘉⿽ᯩᔿDŽֻྲ൘NHUQHOV\VWHPBFDOOV ≷㕆〻ᒿ ࠭ᮠⲴㅜ 3 њ৲ᮠ p3 ቡՊⴤ᧕֯⭘ p2 ࡽ Ҷㅜ 1ǃㅜ 2 њ৲ᮠˈ䛓Ѹ IXQFޕ 㘼ӵӵ᰾⺞ൠ 䈳⭘ IXQF ࠭ᮠӽ❦Պᢺᆈ᭮ EIP ս㖞ԕкⲴḸѝަԆᇩѪ㠚ᐡⲴ৲ᮠ֯⭘DŽྲ᷌ᡁԜѪ ⭘ᆳⲴ䈍ˈ䛓Ѹ IXQF ᮠቡⴤ᧕䈳৲ޕ 䟼ӽ❦ԕമ 3-6 ѝާᴹ 3 њ৲ᮠⲴ࠭ᮠ䈳⭘Ѫֻˈྲ᷌ᡁԜ⋑ᴹу䰘Ѫ䈳⭘࠭ᮠIXQF ≷㕆ѝ䈳⭘ C ࠭ᮠ∄䖳Ā㠚⭡āDŽਚ㾱ᱟ൘Ḹѝ䘲ᖃս㖞Ⲵᇩቡ䜭ਟԕѪ৲ᮠ C ࠭ᮠ֯⭘DŽ䘉 ᤷԔᶕ༴⨶⢩ᵳ㓗ਈॆⲴᛵߥˈഐ↔䘉䟼ሩ⢩ᵳ㓗ਈॆᰦⲴ CALL ᤷԔ֯⭘ᯩᔿн䘋㹼䈤᰾DŽ ᯠึḸѝDŽ⭡Ҿ Linux Ṩѝਚ֯⭘ѝᯝ䰘઼䲧䱡䰘ᯩᔿ༴⨶⢩ᵳ㓗ਈॆᰦⲴ䈳⭘ᛵߥˈᒦ⋑ᴹ֯⭘ CALL ޕ⎹৺ࡠԓ⸱⢩ᵳ㓗ਈॆˈ䛓Ѹ CPU 䘈Պ䘋㹼ึḸ࠷ᦒˈᒦфᢺᖃࡽึḸᤷ䪸ǃ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ઼䈳⭘৲ᮠ Ḹѝ˄㿱മѝ EIP˅DŽྲ᷌䈳⭘䘈ޕ൘ᢗ㹼 CALL ᤷԔᰦˈCPU Պᢺ CALL ᤷԔлаᶑᤷԔⲴൠ൰ о≷㕆〻ᒿⲴӂ䈳⭘ & UHV ᢗ㹼࣐⌅䘀㇇DŽަѝ৲ᮠ res ᱟ䘀㇇Ⲵ㔃᷌DŽ࠭ᮠ䘄എ LQWDLQWELQW ㅜ 2 њ࠭ᮠ P\DGG аṧDŽޘњᮠ઼⭘䙄о sys_write()ᆼ ਧ˄4˅ˈᇴᆈಘ%ebxǃ%ecx ઼%edx 㾱᤹䈳⭘㿴ᇊ࠶࡛ᆈ᭮ fdǃbuf ઼ countDŽ࠭ᮠ mywrite()Ⲵ䈳⭘৲ᮠ 䈳⭘࣏㜭ޕ࡛Ѫ᮷Ԧ᧿䘠ㅖǃᱮ⽪㕃ߢ४ᤷ䪸઼ᱮ⽪ᆇㅖᮠDŽ൘ᢗ㹼 int 0x80 ѻࡽˈᇴᆈಘ%eax ѝ䴰㾱᭮ LQWFRXQW ᇎ⧠൘ቿᒅкᱮ⽪ؑDŽሩᓄⲴ㌫㔏䈳⭘࣏㜭ਧᱟ 4˄৲㿱 LQFOXGHXQLVWGK˅ˈйњ৲ᮠ࠶ EXI LQWIGFKDU ࡙⭘㌫㔏ѝᯝ 0x80 䈳⭘㌫㔏䈳⭘ V\VBZULWH 䈕≷㕆᮷ԦѝⲴㅜ 1 њ࠭ᮠ P\ZULWH UHW SRSOHES PRYOHESHVS PRYOHF[HD[HD[ ѝᱟ࠭ᮠ䘄എ٬DŽ LQFOHF[⋑ᴹਁ⭏ⓒࠪˈҾᱟ䇮㖞ᰐⓒࠪ䘄എ٬DŽ ᤷ䪸ᡰᤷս㖞༴DŽޕHD[ ᢺ䇑㇇㔃᷌᭮ PRYOHG[ HES HD[ਆㅜ њ৲ᮠⲴᤷ䪸DŽ PRYO MRI㤕ⓒࠪࡉ䐣䖜DŽ DGGOHD[HG[ᢗ㹼࣐⌅䘀㇇DŽ [RUOHF[HF[HF[ Ѫ 㺘⽪䇑㇇ⓒࠪDŽ HES HG[ਆㅜ њ৲ᮠ EDŽ PRYO HES HD[ਆㅜ њ৲ᮠ DDŽ PRYO PRYOHVSHES SXVKOHES BP\DGG UHW SRSOHES PRYOHESHVS SRSOHE[ LQW[ᢗ㹼㌫㔏䈳⭘DŽ ㌫㔏䈳⭘ਧ DŽޕPRYO6<6:5,7(HD[HD[ ѝ᭮ HES HG[ਆㅜ њ৲ᮠ˖ᱮ⽪ᆇㅖᮠDŽ PRYO HES HF[ਆㅜ њ৲ᮠ˖㕃ߢ४ᤷ䪸DŽ PRYO HES HE[ਆ䈳⭘㘵ㅜ њ৲ᮠ˖᮷Ԧ᧿䘠ㅖ IGDŽ PRYO SXVKOHE[ PRYOHVSHES SXVKOHES BP\ZULWH WH[W JOREDOBP\ZULWHBP\DGG ㌫㔏䈳⭘ਧDŽ 6<6:5,7( V\VBZULWH DŽ B ˅л㕆䈁ˈࡉ䈧৫ᦹ࠭ᮠࡽⲴлࡂ㓯 ⌘˖ྲ᷌൘⧠൘Ⲵ /LQX[ ㌫㔏˄ֻྲ 5HG+DW UHV ⭘Ҿᢗ㹼 DE UHV 䘀㇇DŽ㤕࠭ᮠ䘄എ ˈࡉ䈤᰾ⓒࠪDŽ LQWDLQWELQW ࠭ᮠ LQWP\DGG EXILQWFRXQW DŽ LQWIGFKDU ᇎ⧠ᱮ⽪࠭ᮠ LQWP\ZULWH ᵜ≷㕆〻ᒿ࡙⭘㌫㔏䈳⭘ V\VBZULWH 〻ᒿⲴᯩ⌅DŽवਜ਼єњ࠭ᮠⲴ≷㕆〻ᒿ FDOOHHV 㿱ྲлᡰ⽪DŽ ⸝ˈ䛓Ѹਟԕⴤ᧕൘ C 〻ᒿѝ֯⭘к䶒ӻ㓽Ⲵ㚄≷㕆䈝ਕᶕᇎ⧠DŽл䶒ᡁԜԕањ⽪ֻᶕ䈤᰾㕆ࡦ䘉㊫ ᑨ֯⭘DŽ䈳⭘ᯩ⌅Ⲵ⵰䟽⛩ӽ❦ᱟሩ࠭ᮠ৲ᮠ൘Ḹѝս㖞Ⲵ⺞ᇊкDŽᖃ❦ˈྲ᷌䈳⭘Ⲵ≷㕆䈝䀰〻ᒿ∄䖳 Ӿ C 〻ᒿѝ䈳⭘≷㕆〻ᒿ࠭ᮠⲴᯩ⌅о≷㕆〻ᒿѝ䈳⭘ C ࠭ᮠⲴ⨶਼ˈն Linux Ṩ〻ᒿѝн 3.4.3 ൞ C ぁᓅѣ䈹⭞≽㕌࠳ᮦ о≷㕆〻ᒿⲴӂ䈳⭘ & ᮷ԦᡆањབྷⲴ⁑ඇ᮷ԦDŽᴰਾ䈤᰾ Linux 0.11 ṨҼ䘋ࡦԓ⸱ۿඇ㓴ਸ൘а䎧ˈԕ⭏ᡀҼ䘋ࡦਟᢗ㹼᱐ ᵜ㢲俆ݸㆰঅ䈤᰾㕆䈁ಘӗ⭏Ⲵⴞḷ᮷Ԧ㔃ᶴˈ❦ਾ᧿䘠䬮᧕ಘྲօᢺ䴰㾱䬮᧕൘а䎧Ⲵⴞḷ᮷Ԧ⁑ ⴞḷ᮷Ԧ䘋㹼㓴ਸ༴⨶ˈᖒᡀањਟ㻛Ṩ࣐䖭ᢗ㹼Ⲵⴞḷ᮷Ԧˈণਟᢗ㹼᮷ԦDŽ Ⲵᡰᴹޣ〻ᒿ gldDŽ㕆䈁ಘ⭘ҾѪⓀ〻ᒿ᮷Ԧӗ⭏ሩᓄⲴҼ䘋ࡦԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞⴞḷ᮷ԦDŽ䬮᧕〻ᒿ⭘Ҿሩ ERRWVHFWV ઼䇮㖞〻ᒿ VHWXSVDŽㅜҼ⿽ᱟ GNU Ⲵ≷㕆ಘ as˄gas˅઼ C 䈝䀰㕆䈁ಘ gcc ԕ৺ᓄⲴ䬮᧕ ˄ᡆ〠Ѫ䬮᧕ಘ˅ld86DŽᆳԜу䰘⭘Ҿ㕆䈁઼䬮᧕䘀㹼൘ᇎൠ൰⁑ᔿлⲴ 16 սṨᕅሬᡷ४〻ᒿ ѪҶ⭏ᡀṨԓ⸱᮷ԦˈLinux 0.11 ֯⭘Ҷє⿽㕆䈁ಘDŽㅜа⿽ᱟ≷㕆㕆䈁ಘ as86 ઼ᓄⲴ䬮᧕〻ᒿ 3.5 Linux 0.11 ⴤḽᮽԬṲᕅ >XVUURRW@ 7KHUHVXOWLV &DOFXODWLQJ >XVUURRW@FDOOHU >XVUURRW@JFFRFDOOHUFDOOHUFFDOOHHR >XVUURRW@DVRFDOOHHRFDOOHHV ᷌ᰐ᭸DŽ䘉єњ᮷ԦⲴ㕆䈁઼䘀㹼㔃᷌㿱ྲлᡰ⽪˖ ᮠᢺṬᔿॆ䗷Ⲵ㔃᷌ؑᆇㅖѢᱮ⽪൘ቿᒅкDŽྲ᷌࠭ᮠ myadd()䘄എ 0ˈࡉ㺘⽪࣐࠭ᮠਁ⭏ⓒࠪˈ䇑㇇㔃 㕆࠭ᮠ myadd()ሩ a ઼ b єњᮠ䘋㹼䘀㇇ˈᒦ൘ㅜ 3 њ৲ᮠ res ѝ䘄എ䇑㇇㔃᷌DŽᴰਾ࡙⭘ mywrite()࠭ 䈕࠭ᮠ俆ݸ࡙⭘≷㕆࠭ᮠ mywrite()൘ቿᒅкᱮ⽪ᔰ䇑㇇Ⲵؑ&DOFXODWLQJˈ❦ਾ䈳⭘࣐⌅䇑㇇≷ ` UHWXUQ ` HPVJ HPVJVWUOHQ P\ZULWH `HOVH^ EXI EXIVWUOHQ P\ZULWH EXI7KHUHVXOWLVG?QUHV VSULQWI UHV ^ DE P\DGG LI P\VWU P\VWUVWUOHQ P\ZULWH E D HPVJ (UURULQDGGLQJ?Q FKDU P\VWU &DOFXODWLQJ?Q FKDU LQWDEUHV FKDUEXI>@ ^ LQWPDLQ 䘄എ ˈࡉ㺘⽪࣐࠭ᮠਁ⭏ⓒࠪDŽ俆ݸᱮ⽪ᔰ䇑㇇ؑˈ❦ਾᱮ⽪䘀㇇㔃᷌DŽ ྲ᷌ P\DGG DEUHVXOW ᢗ㹼࣐䘀㇇DŽ IGEXIFRXQW ᱮ⽪ؑ˗䈳⭘ P\DGG 䈳⭘≷㕆࠭ᮠ P\ZULWH 㓯'_'DŽ䈳⭘䘉єњ࠭ᮠⲴ C 〻ᒿ FDOOHUF 㿱ྲлᡰ⽪DŽ ⌘˖ྲ᷌൘⧠൘Ⲵ Linux ㌫㔏˄ֻྲ RedHat 9˅л㕆䈁 FDOOHHV 〻ᒿˈࡉ䈧৫ᦹ࠭ᮠࡽⲴлࡂ res 䘄എ㔉䈳⭘㘵DŽ ٬⭘Ҿࡔᯝᱟਁ⭏ⓒࠪDŽྲ᷌䘄എ٬Ѫ 0 㺘⽪䇑㇇ᐢਁ⭏ⓒࠪˈ㔃᷌нਟ⭘DŽࡉ䇑㇇㔃᷌ሶ䙊䗷৲ᮠ LQX[ ⴞḷ᮷ԦṬᔿ/ 6WULQJ7DEOH ᆇㅖѢ㺘 6\PERO7DEOH ㅖਧ㺘 'DWDUHORFDWLRQ ᮠᦞ䟽ᇊսؑ 7H[WUHORFDWLRQ ԓ⸱䟽ᇊսؑ 'DWDVHFWLRQ ᮠᦞ䜘࠶ 7H[WVHFWLRQ ԓ⸱䜘࠶ DRXW ᮷Ԧཤ ᯩDŽ ⭘Ҿᇊսԓ⸱⇥ѝⲴᤷ䪸ᡆൠ൰DŽᖃ䬮᧕〻ᒿ䴰㾱᭩ਈⴞḷԓ⸱Ⲵൠ൰ᰦቡ䴰㾱؞↓઼㔤ᣔ䘉Ӌൠ ԓ⸱䟽ᇊս䜘࠶˄text relocations˅DŽ䘉䜘࠶ਜ਼ᴹ䬮᧕〻ᒿ֯⭘Ⲵ䇠ᖅᮠᦞDŽ൘㓴ਸⴞḷ⁑ඇ᮷Ԧᰦ ॆ䗷Ⲵᮠᦞˈᙫᱟ㻛࣐䖭ࡠਟ䈫߉ⲴᆈѝDŽ ᮠᦞ४˄data segment˅DŽ⭡㕆䈁ಘᡆ≷㕆ಘ⭏ᡀⲴҼ䘋ࡦᤷԔԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞؑˈ䘉䜘࠶ਜ਼ᴹᐢ㓿ࡍ ᮠᦞDŽਟԕԕਚ䈫ᖒᔿ㻛࣐䖭DŽޣ䖭ࡠᆈѝⲴᤷԔԓ⸱઼ ԓ⸱४˄text segment˅DŽ⭡㕆䈁ಘᡆ≷㕆ಘ⭏ᡀⲴҼ䘋ࡦᤷԔԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞؑˈਜ਼ᴹ〻ᒿᢗ㹼ᰦ㻛࣐ ሶаӋ⁑ඇ᮷Ԧ㓴ਸᡀањਟᢗ㹼᮷ԦDŽ䘉ᱟⴞḷ᮷Ԧୟаᗵ㾱Ⲵ㓴ᡀ䜘࠶DŽ Ԧࡋᔪᰦ䰤ㅹDŽṨ֯⭘䘉Ӌ৲ᮠᢺᢗ㹼᮷Ԧ࣐䖭ࡠᆈѝᒦᢗ㹼ˈ㘼䬮᧕〻ᒿ˄ld˅֯⭘䘉Ӌ৲ᮠ Ⲵᮤփ㔃ᶴؑDŽֻྲԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ४Ⲵ䮯ᓖǃᵚࡍॆᮠᦞ४Ⲵ䮯ᓖǃሩᓄⓀ〻ᒿ᮷Ԧԕ৺ⴞḷ᮷ ⴞḷ᮷Ԧޣ ᢗ㹼ཤ䜘࠶˄exec header˅DŽᢗ㹼᮷Ԧཤ䜘࠶DŽ䈕䜘࠶ѝਜ਼ᴹаӋ৲ᮠ˄exec 㔃ᶴ˅ˈᱟᴹ a.out Ṭᔿ 7 њ४Ⲵสᵜᇊѹ઼⭘䙄ᱟ˖ ഴ DRXW ṲᕅⲺⴤḽᮽԬ ᮷⇥˄ԓ⸱⇥˅઼ᮠᦞ⇥DŽ 䟽ᇊսؑ४ǃㅖਧ㺘ԕ৺ㅖਧᆇㅖѢᶴᡀˈ㿱മ 3-7 ᡰ⽪DŽަѝԓ⸱४઼ᮠᦞ४䙊ᑨҏ㻛࠶࡛〠Ѫ↓ ᮷Ԧཤ઼䲿ਾⲴԓ⸱४˄Text sectionˈҏ〠Ѫ↓᮷⇥˅ǃᐢࡍॆᮠᦞ४˄Data sectionˈҏ〠Ѫᮠᦞ⇥˅ǃ ᮷ԦṬᔿDŽሩҾާᴹᆈ࠶亥ᵪࡦⲴ㌫㔏ᶕ䈤ˈ䘉ᱟа⿽ㆰঅᴹ᭸Ⲵⴞḷ᮷ԦṬᔿDŽa.out Ṭᔿ᮷Ԧ⭡ањ ⭘Ҷ UNIX Ր㔏Ⲵ a.out ṬᔿDŽ䘉ᱟа⿽㻛〠Ѫ≷㕆о䬮᧕䗃ࠪ˄Assembly & linker editor output˅Ⲵⴞḷ ൘ Linux 0.11 ㌫㔏ѝˈGNU gcc ᡆ gas 㕆䈁䗃ࠪⲴⴞḷ⁑ඇ᮷Ԧ઼䬮᧕〻ᒿᡰ⭏ᡀⲴਟᢗ㹼᮷Ԧ䜭֯ 3.5.1 ⴤḽᮽԬṲᕅ ӗ⭏Ⲵਟᢗ㹼ⴞḷ᮷Ԧ〠Ѫਟᢗ㹼᮷ԦDŽᒦфᢺᆳԜ䜭㔏〠Ѫⴞḷ᮷ԦDŽ ѪׯҾ᧿䘠ˈ䘉䟼ᢺ㕆䈁ಘ⭏ᡀⲴⴞḷ᮷Ԧ〠Ѫⴞḷ⁑ඇ᮷Ԧ˄ㆰ〠⁑ඇ᮷Ԧ˅ˈ㘼ᢺ䬮᧕〻ᒿ䗃ࠪ สᵜᐕ⨶ਟ৲㿱 John R. Levine 㪇ⲴljLinkers & LoadersNJаҖDŽ ⴞḷ᮷Ԧ઼䬮᧕〻ᒿⲴޣMINIX ⴞḷ᮷Ԧ㔃ᶴо a.out ⴞḷ᮷ԦṬᔿ㊫լˈᡰԕ䘉䟼нሩަ䘋㹼䈤᰾DŽᴹ ld86 ⭏ᡀⲴᱟ MINIX у䰘Ⲵⴞḷ᮷ԦṬᔿˈᡁԜሶ൘⎹৺䘉⿽ṬᔿⲴṨࡋᔪᐕާаㄐѝ㔉ࠪDŽഐѪ ᮷Ԧ Image Ⲵ⭏ᡀ⨶઼䗷〻DŽ䘉䟼㔉ࠪҶ Linux 0.11 Ṩᡰ᭟ᤱⲴ a.out ⴞḷ᮷ԦṬᔿⲴؑDŽas86 ઼ LQX[ ⴞḷ᮷ԦṬᔿ/ 䮯ᓖѪ 8 ᆇ㢲ˈަ㔃ᶴྲлᡰ⽪DŽ वਜ਼⭘Ҿ䬮᧕〻ᒿⲴ䟽ᇊսؑDŽԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥Ⲵ䟽ᇊսؑ൷ᴹ䟽ᇊս䇠ᖅ˄亩˅ᶴᡀˈ⇿њ䇠ᖅⲴ Linux 0.11 ㌫㔏Ⲵ⁑ඇ᮷Ԧ઼ᢗ㹼᮷Ԧ䜭ᱟ a.out ṬᔿⲴⴞḷ᮷Ԧˈնᱟਚᴹ㕆䈁ಘ⭏ᡀⲴ⁑ඇ᮷Ԧѝ 3.5.1.2 䠃ᇐփؗᚥ䜞࠼ 䲔䶎䬮᧕〻ᒿѪҶ䈳䈅ⴞⲴ㘼वᤜҶㅖਧؑˈᢗ㹼᮷ԦѝⲴ䘉ࠐњᆇ⇥Ⲵ٬䙊ᑨѪ 0DŽ ⇥ਾㅖਧ㺘ǃԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ⇥䟽ᇊսؑⲴབྷሿDŽሩҾਟᢗ㹼᮷Ԧᶕ䈤ᒦн䴰㾱ㅖਧ㺘઼䟽ᇊսؑˈഐ↔ a_entry ᆇ⇥ᤷᇊҶ〻ᒿԓ⸱ᔰᢗ㹼Ⲵൠ൰ˈ㘼 a_symsǃa_trsize ઼ a_drsize ᆇ⇥ࡉ࠶࡛䈤᰾Ҷᮠᦞ ൠާᴹањ bss ⇥ˈ൘ਾ䶒മ⽪ѝሶ֯⭘㲊㓯Ṷᶕ㺘⽪ⴞḷ᮷ԦѝⲴ bss ⇥DŽ ᰦՊ㠚ࣘሩᆈ䴦ˈഐ↔ bss ⇥н䴰㾱㻛वᤜ൘⁑ඇ᮷Ԧᡆᢗ㹼᮷ԦѝDŽѪҶᖒ䊑ൠ㺘⽪ⴞḷ᮷Ԧ䙫䗁 ᆇ⇥ᤷ᰾Ṩ൘࣐䖭ⴞḷ᮷Ԧᰦᮠᦞ⇥ਾ䶒ᵚࡍॆᮠᦞ४ฏ˄bss ⇥˅Ⲵ䮯ᓖDŽ⭡Ҿ Linux ൘࠶䝽ᆈ ᢗ㹼ཤ㔃ᶴѝⲴ a_text ઼ a_data ᆇ⇥࠶࡛ᤷ᰾ਾ䶒ਚ䈫Ⲵԓ⸱⇥઼ਟ䈫߉ᮠᦞ⇥Ⲵᆇ㢲䮯ᓖDŽa_bss 㢲ཤ㔃ᶴਾ䶒㍗᧕⵰ቡᱟԓ⸱४઼ᮠᦞ४DŽ ᭮㖞〻ᒿⲴ↓᮷⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥ㅹؑDŽ㘼ሩҾањ OMAGIC ㊫රⲴ.o ⁑ඇ᮷Ԧᶕ䈤ˈ᮷Ԧᔰ䜘࠶Ⲵ 32 ᆇ ᆇ㢲Ⲵオ䰤㔉ཤ㔃ᶴ֯⭘DŽ䲔㻛ཤ㔃ᶴঐ⭘Ⲵ 32 њᆇ㢲ԕཆˈަ։䜘࠶൷Ѫ 0DŽӾ 1024 ᆇ㢲ѻਾᔰ ᙫ䮯ᓖਚᴹ 32 ᆇ㢲ˈնᱟሩҾањ ZMAGIC ㊫රⲴᢗ㹼᮷Ԧᶕ䈤ˈަ᮷Ԧᔰ䜘࠶ত䴰㾱у䰘⮉ࠪ 1024 䘋ࡦ 0413˅DŽ䘉є⿽ṬᔿⲴѫ㾱४࡛൘ҾᆳԜሩњ䜘࠶Ⲵᆈۘ࠶䝽ᯩᔿкDŽ㲭❦䈕㔃ᶴⲴޛ˄ᱟ 0x10b Ṭᔿˈᆳᤷ᰾᮷ԦѪ䴰≲࠶亥༴⨶˄demang-pagingˈণ䴰≲࣐䖭 load on demand˅Ⲵਟᢗ㹼᮷ԦDŽަ冄ᮠ 䘋ࡦ 0407˅DŽ㘼ᢗ㹼᮷Ԧࡉ֯⭘Ҷ ZMAGIC ㊫රⲴ a.outޛ˄᮷Ԧᡆ㘵ᱟн㓟Ⲵਟᢗ㹼᮷ԦDŽަ冄ᮠᱟ 0x107 ֯⭘Ҷަѝє⿽㊫ර˖⁑ඇⴞḷ᮷Ԧ֯⭘Ҷ OMAGIC˄Old Magic˅㊫රⲴ a.out Ṭᔿˈᆳᤷ᰾᮷Ԧᱟⴞḷ ᡁԜ৸ਟᢺ a.out ṬᔿⲴ᮷Ԧ࠶ᡀࠐ⿽㊫රDŽLinux 0.11 ㌫㔏ˈṩᦞ a.out ᮷Ԧѝཤ㔃ᶴ冄ᮠᆇ⇥Ⲵ٬ ` XQVLJQHGDBGUVL]Hᮠᦞ䟽ᇊսؑ䮯ᓖˈᆇ㢲ᮠDŽ XQVLJQHGDBWUVL]Hԓ⸱䟽ᇊսؑ䮯ᓖˈᆇ㢲ᮠDŽ XQVLJQHGDBHQWU\ᢗ㹼ᔰൠ൰DŽ XQVLJQHGDBV\PV᮷ԦѝⲴㅖਧ㺘䮯ᓖˈᆇ㢲ᮠDŽ XQVLJQHGDBEVV᮷ԦѝⲴᵚࡍॆᮠᦞ४䮯ᓖˈᆇ㢲ᮠDŽ XQVLJQHGDBGDWDᮠᦞ䮯ᓖˈᆇ㢲ᮠDŽ XQVLJQHGDBWH[Wԓ⸱䮯ᓖˈᆇ㢲ᮠDŽ XQVLJQHGORQJDBPDJLFᢗ㹼᮷Ԧ冄ᮠDŽ֯⭘ 1B0$*,& ㅹᆿ䇯䰞DŽ VWUXFWH[HF^ a.out 㔃ᶴⲴ䈖㓶ؑ䈧৲㿱 include/a.out.h ᮷ԦਾⲴӻ㓽DŽ ޣަᇊѹྲлᡰ⽪DŽᴹ ⴞḷ᮷ԦⲴ᮷Ԧཤѝਜ਼ᴹањ䮯ᓖѪ 32 ᆇ㢲Ⲵ exec ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴˈ䙊ᑨ〠Ѫ᮷Ԧཤ㔃ᶴᡆᢗ㹼ཤ㔃ᶴDŽ 3.5.1.1 ᢝ㺂ཪ䜞࠼ սؑDŽл䶒ᡁԜሩަѝࠐњ䟽㾱४ᡆ䜘࠶䘋㹼䈤᰾DŽ Ⲵਟᢗ㹼᮷Ԧѝቡн䴰㾱䟽ᇊޣлഐѪ䬮᧕ಘᐢ㓿ᢺᢗ㹼᮷Ԧ༴⨶ᡀӾањപᇊൠ൰ᔰ䘀㹼ˈᡰԕ ㇑⨶࣏㜭ˈഐ↔ᆳՊѪ⇿њᢗ㹼〻ᒿঅ⤜࠶䝽ањ 64MB Ⲵൠ൰オ䰤˄䙫䗁ൠ൰オ䰤˅֯⭘DŽ൘䘉⿽ᛵߥ ሩҾањᤷᇊⲴⴞḷ᮷Ԧᒦ䶎аᇊՊवਜ਼ᡰᴹԕкؑDŽ⭡Ҿ Linux 0.11 ㌫㔏֯⭘Ҷ Intel CPU Ⲵᆈ DŽ䘉Ӌؑਟवਜ਼Ⓚ〻ᒿԓ⸱઼㹼ਧǃተ䜘ㅖਧԕ৺ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴ᧿䘠ؑㅹDŽޣ䬮᧕䗷〻ᰐ ᆇㅖѢ㺘䜘࠶˄string table˅DŽ䈕䜘࠶ਜ਼ᴹоㅖਧሩᓄⲴᆇㅖѢDŽ⭘Ҿ䈳䈅〻ᒿ䈳䈅ⴞḷԓ⸱ˈо ⁑ඇ᮷Ԧѻ䰤ሩભⲴਈ䟿઼࠭ᮠ˄ㅖਧ˅䘋㹼Ӕ৹ᕅ⭘DŽ Ⲵㅖਧˈᡆ㘵ᱟ⭡䬮᧕ಘᇊѹⲴㅖਧˈ⭘Ҿ൘ޕተㅖਧԕ৺䴰㾱ӾަԆ⁑ඇ᮷Ԧѝ䗃ޘ᮷ԦѝᇊѹⲴ ᆈ⵰⁑ඇ؍ ㅖਧ㺘䜘࠶˄symbol table˅DŽ䘉䜘࠶਼ṧਜ਼ᴹ䬮᧕〻ᒿ֯⭘Ⲵ䇠ᖅᮠᦞDŽ䘉Ӌ䇠ᖅᮠᦞ ᮠᦞ䟽ᇊս䜘࠶˄data relocations˅DŽ㊫լҾԓ⸱䟽ᇊս䜘࠶Ⲵ⭘ˈնᱟ⭘Ҿᮠᦞ⇥ѝᤷ䪸Ⲵ䟽ᇊսDŽ LQX[ ⴞḷ᮷ԦṬᔿ/ 䛓Ѹሩ䬮᧕〻ᒿ㘼䀰䈕٬ቡᱟ〻ᒿᐼᵋᤷᇊㅖˈተ˅ㅖਧާᴹ䶎䴦٬ޘ˄ۘオ䰤DŽྲ᷌ањᵚᇊѹⲴཆ䜘 ⮉аඇᆈ؍նѪа⿽⢩↺ᛵߥˈ㕆䈁ಘ㜭ཏ֯⭘ањᵚᇊѹⲴㅖਧᶕ㾱≲䬮᧕〻ᒿѪᤷᇊⲴㅖਧ undef ᤷ᰾ᱟањᵜ⁑ඇ᮷ԦѝᵚᇊѹⲴㅖਧDŽ↔ᰦㅖਧⲴ٬䙊ᑨᱟ 0DŽ abs ᤷ᰾ㅖਧᱟањ㔍ሩⲴ˄പᇊⲴ˅нਟ䟽ᇊսⲴㅖਧDŽㅖਧⲴ٬ቡᱟ䈕പᇊ٬DŽ textǃdata ᡆ bbs ᤷ᰾ᱟᵜ⁑ඇ᮷ԦѝᇊѹⲴㅖਧDŽ↔ᰦㅖਧⲴ٬ᱟ⁑ඇѝ䈕ㅖਧⲴਟ䟽ᇊսൠ൰DŽ ѫ㾱Ⲵ㊫රवᤜ˖ ֯⭘DŽn_type ᆇ⇥Ⲵަ։∄⢩ս⭘ᶕᤷ᰾ㅖਧ㊫රDŽa.out.h ཤ᮷ԦѝᇊѹҶ䘉Ӌ㊫ර٬ᑨ䟿ㅖਧDŽㅖਧⲴ ተㅖਧDŽ䬮᧕〻ᒿᒦн䴰㾱ተ䜘ㅖਧؑˈնਟ䈳䈅〻ᒿޘྲ᷌䈕սѪ 1 Ⲵ䈍ˈ䛓Ѹ䈤᰾䈕ㅖਧᱟањ ተⲴ˅DŽޘ˄ս㖞DŽ㊫රᆇ⇥ n_type ᤷ᰾ҶㅖਧⲴ㊫රDŽ䈕ᆇ⇥Ⲵᴰਾањ∄⢩ս⭘Ҿᤷ᰾ㅖਧᱟᱟཆ䜘Ⲵ 〫ٿㅖਧ㺘䇠ᖅ亩䮯ᓖѪ 12 ᆇ㢲ˈަѝㅜањᆇ⇥㔉ࠪҶㅖਧᆇㅖѢ˄ԕ null 㔃ቮ˅൘ᆇㅖѢ㺘ѝⲴ ⭡Ҿ GNU gcc 㕆䈁ಘݱ䇨ԫ䮯ᓖⲴḷ䇶ㅖˈഐ↔ḷ䇶ㅖᆇㅖѢ䜭սҾㅖਧ㺘ਾⲴᆇㅖѢ㺘ѝDŽ⇿њ ` ㅖਧⲴ٬DŽ XQVLJQHGORQJQBYDOXH VKRUWQBGHVF 䙊ᑨн⭘DŽ FKDUQBRWKHU 䈕ᆇ㢲࠶ᡀ њᆇ⇥ˈ৲㿱 DRXWK ᮷Ԧ 㹼DŽ XQVLJQHGFKDUQBW\SH `QBXQ ٬DŽ〫ٿᡆ㘵ᱟㅖਧ〠൘ᆇㅖѢ㺘ѝⲴᆇ㢲 ORQJQBVWU[ ᡆ㘵ᱟᤷੁਖањㅖਧ亩㔃ᶴⲴᤷ䪸ˈ QBQH[W VWUXFWQOLVW ᆇㅖѢᤷ䪸ˈ QBQDPH FKDU XQLRQ^ VWUXFWQOLVW^ ⲴᆇㅖѢ㺘DŽㅖਧ㺘䇠ᖅ亩Ⲵ㔃ᶴྲлᡰ⽪DŽޣⴞḷ᮷ԦⲴᴰਾ䜘࠶ᱟㅖਧ㺘઼ 3.5.1.3 ㅜਭ㺞ૂᆍㅜѨ䜞࠼ 䴰㾱֯⭘ㅖਧⲴ٬䘋㹼䟽ᇊսDŽ ᱟ 1ˈ䛓Ѹ䈕䟽ᇊս亩ᱟሩањཆ䜘ㅖਧⲴᕅ⭘ˈ↔ᰦ r_symbolnum ᤷᇊⴞḷ᮷Ԧѝㅖਧ㺘ѝⲴањㅖਧˈ 䛓Ѹ䈕䟽ᇊս亩ᱟањᲞ䙊Ⲵ䟽ᇊս亩ˈ↔ᰦ r_symbolnum ᆇ⇥ᤷᇊᱟ൘ଚњ⇥ѝራ൰ᇊսDŽྲ᷌䈕ḷᘇ ḷᘇս r_extern ᧗ࡦ⵰ r_symbolnum Ⲵਜ਼ѹˈᤷ᰾䟽ᇊս亩৲㘳Ⲵᱟ⇥䘈ᱟањㅖਧDŽྲ᷌䈕ḷᘇ٬ᱟ 0ˈ ⲴāⲴ亩ˈণᆳѪањሩൠ൰㻛⭘ҾᤷԔᖃѝDŽཆ䜘ޣḷᘇս r_pcrel ᤷࠪ㻛䟽ᇊս亩ᱟањĀPC r_length ᤷࠪ㻛䟽ᇊս亩Ⲵ䮯ᓖˈ0 ࡠ 3 ࠶࡛㺘⽪㻛䟽ᇊս亩Ⲵᇭᓖᱟ 1 ᆇ㢲ǃ2 ᆇ㢲ǃ4 ᆇ㢲ᡆ 8 ᆇ㢲DŽ ٬DŽ2 ∄⢩Ⲵ䮯ᓖᆇ⇥〫ٿⲴؑDŽൠ൰ᆇ⇥ r_address ᱟᤷਟ䟽ᇊս亩Ӿԓ⸱⇥ᡆᮠᦞ⇥ᔰ㇇䎧Ⲵ ԓ⸱४˄ԓ⸱⇥˅઼ᮠᦞ४˄ᮠᦞ⇥˅ѝ䴰㾱䟽ᇊս༴䮯ᓖѪ 4 ᆇ㢲Ⲵൠ൰ԕ৺㿴ᇊྲօާփ䘋㹼䟽ᇊս ֯⭘ᓄ䟽ᇊս亩ሩㅖਧⲴ٬䘋㹼؞↓DŽ⭡к䶒䟽ᇊս䇠ᖅ亩Ⲵ㔃ᶴਟԕⴻࠪˈ⇿њ䇠ᖅ亩ਜ਼ᴹ⁑ඇ᮷Ԧ ؞᭩ⲴൠᯩDŽҼᱟ൘⁑ඇ᮷Ԧѝᆈ൘ሩᵚᇊѹㅖਧᕅ⭘ᰦˈᖃ↔ᵚᇊѹㅖਧᴰ㓸㻛ᇊѹᰦ䬮᧕〻ᒿቡਟԕ 䟽ᇊս亩Ⲵ࣏㜭ᴹєњDŽаᱟᖃԓ⸱⇥㻛䟽ᇊսࡠањн਼Ⲵสൠ൰༴ᰦˈ䟽ᇊս亩ࡉ⭘Ҿᤷࠪ䴰㾱 ` ⋑ᴹ֯⭘Ⲵ њ∄⢩սˈնᴰྭሶᆳԜ༽սᦹDŽ XQVLJQHGLQWUBSDG ཆ䜘ḷᘇսDŽԕㅖਧⲴ٬䟽ᇊսDŽԕ⇥Ⲵൠ൰䟽ᇊսDŽ XQVLJQHGLQWUBH[WHUQ ∄⢩DŽᤷᇊ㾱㻛䟽ᇊսᆇ⇥䮯ᓖ˄ Ⲵ⅑ᯩ˅DŽ XQVLJQHGLQWUBOHQJWK ḷᘇDŽޣ ∄⢩DŽ3& XQVLJQHGLQWUBSFUHO DŽᤷᇊㅖਧ㺘ѝањㅖਧᡆ㘵ањ⇥DŽޣਜ਼ѹо UBH[WHUQ ᴹ XQVLJQHGLQWUBV\PEROQXP ⇥䴰㾱䟽ᇊսⲴൠ൰DŽ LQWUBDGGUHVV ^ VWUXFWUHORFDWLRQBLQIR LQX[ ⴞḷ᮷ԦṬᔿ/ 㖞 1024 ᆇ㢲ᔰᆈ᭮DŽԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥Ⲵ䮯ᓖ࠶࡛Ѫ 0x3000 ઼ 0x1000 ᆇ㢲ˈᒦᑖᴹवਜ਼ 141 њ亩Ⲵㅖ ս〫ٿսؑDŽަ։⇥Ⲵ䮯ᓖ൷Ѫ 0DŽሩᓄⲴᢗ㹼᮷Ԧ hello Ⲵ冄ᮠᱟ 0413˄ZMAGIC˅ˈԓ⸱⇥Ӿ᮷Ԧ 䘈वᤜањ䮯ᓖѪ 0x28 ᆇ㢲Ⲵԓ⸱⇥઼ањާᴹ 3 њㅖਧ亩Ⲵㅖਧ㺘ԕ৺䮯ᓖѪ 0x10 ᆇ㢲Ⲵԓ⸱⇥䟽ᇊ ਟԕⴻࠪˈhello.o ⁑ඇ᮷ԦⲴ冄ᮠᱟ 0407˄OMAGIC˅ˈԓ⸱⇥㍗䐏൘ཤ㔃ᶴѻਾDŽ䲔Ҷ᮷Ԧཤ㔃ᶴԕཆˈ >XVUURRW@ QV\PVHQWU\[WUVL]H[GUVL]H[ [WH[W[GDWD[EVV[ IODJV PDFKLQHW\SH [E PDJLF KHOOR >XVUURRW@RREMGXPSKKHOOR >XVUURRW@ 0RUHT H IFD FFFI GEHGHEI EDHDD F E >XVUURRW@KKH[GXPS[KHOOR_PRUH >XVUURRW@ QV\PVHQWU\[WUVL]H[GUVL]H[ [WH[W[GDWD[EVV[ IODJV PDFKLQHW\SH [ PDJLF KHOORR >XVUURRW@RREMGXPSKKHOORR F H HI HGI IIGF G FF HHHIIIIIIHEF FFFIIFD >XVUURRW@KKH[GXPS[KHOORR >XVUURRW@ >XVUURRW@JJFFRKHOORKHOORR >XVUURRW@JJFFFRKHOORRKHOORF ֻྲˈл䶒ࡇࠪҶ hello.o ⴞḷ᮷Ԧ৺ަᢗ㹼᮷Ԧѝ᮷ԦཤⲴާփ٬DŽ ൘ Linux 0.11 ㌫㔏ѝˈᡁԜਟԕ֯⭘ objdump ભԔᶕḕⴻ⁑ඇ᮷Ԧᡆᢗ㹼᮷Ԧѝ᮷Ԧཤ㔃ᶴⲴާփ٬DŽ 3.5.2 Linux 0.11 ѣⲺⴤḽᮽԬṲᕅ ࡍॆⲴᮠ㓴DŽྲ᷌䈕ㅖਧ൘ԫањ⁑ඇѝᐢ㓿㻛ᇊѹҶˈ䛓Ѹ䬮᧕〻ᒿቡՊ֯⭘䈕ᇊѹ㘼ᘭ⮕䈕٬DŽ ተ˅ᮠᦞDŽֻྲ〻ᒿѝᇊѹⲴᵚޘ˄ඇ˄Common block˅ᇊѹˈѫ㾱⭘Ҿ᭟ᤱᵚࡍॆⲴཆ䜘ޡޜᡰ䉃Ⲵ Ѫ䈕ㅖਧᔪ・аඇᆈۘオ䰤ˈオ䰤Ⲵབྷሿᱟᡰᴹ㻛䬮᧕⁑ඇѝ䈕ㅖਧ٬ᴰབྷⲴањDŽ䘉њቡᱟ bss ⇥ѝ ਧራ൰Ⲵᆈۘオ䰤Ⲵབྷሿ٬DŽ൘䬮᧕ᵏ䰤ˈྲ᷌䈕ㅖਧ⺞ᇎ⋑ᴹᇊѹˈ䛓Ѹ䬮᧕〻ᒿቡՊ൘ bss ⇥ѝ LQX[ ⴞḷ᮷ԦṬᔿ/ 䘋〻䙫䗁ൠ൰オ䰤 0% ԓ⸱ WH[W ึḸ VWDFN ึ KHDS ᮠᦞ GDWD ᮠᦞ EVV ᵚࡍॆ ަԆ GDWD ᮠᦞ WH[W ԓ⸱ KHDGHU DRXW ᢗ㹼᮷Ԧ ᤷᇊ䮯ᓖ ᮷Ԧᡆ㘵ᱟањᡰᴹ⁑ඇ㓴ਸ㘼ᡀⲴབྷ⁑ඇ᮷ԦDŽ൘䘉њ䗷〻ѝˈ䬮᧕〻ᒿⲴ俆㾱ԫ࣑ᱟ㔉ᢗ㹼᮷Ԧ˄ᡆ Ⲵᓃ࠭ᮠ⁑ඇ䘋㹼༴⨶ˈᴰ㓸⭏ᡀᓄⲴҼ䘋ࡦᢗ㹼ޣⲴањᡆཊњ⁑ඇ᮷Ԧԕ৺ޕ䬮᧕〻ᒿሩ䗃 3.5.3 䬴ぁᓅ䗉࠰ 0DŽമѝ heap ᱟึオ䰤४ˈ⭘Ҿ࠶䝽䘋〻൘ᢗ㹼䗷〻ѝࣘᘱ⭣䈧Ⲵᆈオ䰤DŽ ޘᆈՊ㻛䇮㖞Ѫ മѝ bss ᱟ䘋〻Ⲵᵚࡍॆᮠᦞ४ˈ⭘Ҿᆈ᭮䶉ᘱⲴᵚࡍॆᮠᦞDŽ൘ᔰᢗ㹼〻ᒿᰦ bss Ⲵㅜ 1 亥 ഴ DRXW ᢝ㺂ᮽԬ᱖ሺࡦ䘑ぁ䙱䗇൦൶グ䰪 䴰≲亥ᢰᵟਟԕ࣐ᘛ〻ᒿⲴ࣐䖭Ⲵ䙏ᓖDŽ ᆈ亥䶒ѝˈ㘼൘䘋㹼࣐䖭Ⲵ fs/execve()࠭ᮠѝӵӵѪަ䇮㖞Ҷ࠶亥ᵪࡦⲴ亥ⴞᖅ亩઼亥㺘亩ˈഐ↔ 㻛࣐䖭ࡠ⢙⨶ى⭡Ҿ Linux 0.11 Ṩ֯⭘䴰≲亥˄Demand-paging˅ᢰᵟˈণ൘а亥ԓ⸱ᇎ䱵㾱֯⭘Ⲵᰦ Ⲵ䙫䗁オ䰤བྷሿᱟ 64MBDŽሩ Ҿ ZMAGIC ㊫රⲴ a.out ᢗ㹼᮷ԦˈᆳⲴԓ⸱४Ⲵ䮯ᓖᱟᆈ亥䶒ⲴᮤᮠؽDŽ ㌫㿱മ 3-8 ᡰ⽪DŽLinux 0.11 ㌫㔏ѝ䘋〻ޣ⻱ⴈк a.out ᢗ㹼᮷ԦⲴ४൘䘋〻䙫䗁ൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴሩᓄ >XVUURRW@ QV\PVHQWU\[WUVL]H[GUVL]H[ [WH[W[GDWD[EVV[ IODJV PDFKLQHW\SH [E PDJLF KHOOR >XVUURRW@RREMGXPSKKHOOR KHOOR 1RY UZ[[[URRW >XVUURRW@OOOKHOOR >XVUURRW@VVWULSKHOOR QV\PVHQWU\[WUVL]H[GUVL]H[ [WH[W[GDWD[EVV[ IODJV PDFKLQHW\SH [E PDJLF KHOOR >XVUURRW@RREMGXPSKKHOOR KHOOR 1RY UZ[[[URRW >XVUURRW@OOOKHOOR ሿࡠ 17412 ᆇ㢲DŽ ਧؑDŽਟԕⴻࠪ hello ᢗ㹼᮷ԦⲴㅖਧ㺘䮯ᓖਈᡀҶ 0ˈᒦф hello ᮷ԦⲴ䮯ᓖҏӾᶕⲴ 20591 ᆇ㢲߿ ਧ㺘DŽᡁԜਟԕ֯⭘ભԔ strip ࡐ䲔ᢗ㹼᮷ԦѝⲴㅖਧ㺘ؑDŽֻྲл䶒ᡁԜࡐ䲔Ҷ hello ᢗ㹼᮷ԦѝⲴㅖ LQX[ ⴞḷ᮷ԦṬᔿ/ 'DWD 'DWD 'DWD GDWD 7H[W 7H[W 7H[W ⁑ඇ᮷Ԧ ཤ䜘 ⁑ඇ᮷Ԧ 'DWD ԓ⸱⇥ EVV ⇥ ᮠᦞ⇥ ᢗ㹼᮷Ԧ 䗃ࠪ᮷Ԧ FRPPRQ EVV WH[W EVV 'DWD 7H[W EVV 'DWD 7H[W EVV 7H[W ᓃ⁑ඇ 亥䗩⭼ሩ喀 ᧕〻ᒿ㘼ᆼᡀⲴDŽ൘ᔪ・䗷〻ѝ make 䘈࡙⭘ṨⓀԓ⸱ tools/ⴞᖅлⲴ build.c 〻ᒿ㕆䈁⭏ᡀҶањ⭘ ሩҾ Linux 0.11 ṨⲴ㕆䈁䗷〻ˈᆳᱟṩᦞṨⲴ䝽㖞᮷Ԧ Makefile ֯⭘ make ભԔᤷᥕ㕆䈁ಘ઼䬮 on demand˅ࣘᘱ࣐䖭ࡠᆈѝDŽ ᮷ԦѝⲴԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞሶՊ൘ᇎ䱵ᢗ㹼ࡠᡆ⭘ࡠᰦ࡙⭘䴰≲࣐䖭ᢰᵟ˄Loadۿᢰᵟ৫ᢗ㹼〻ᒿDŽᢗ㹼〻ᒿ᱐ ᇴᆈಘ٬ਾ࡙⭘ึḸ䘄എޣⲴ৲ᮠؑඇᒦѪަᶴᔪањԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴDŽ᧕⵰൘䇮㖞ҶаӋޕԔ㹼к䗃 ਸ䘲Ⲵਟᢗ㹼᮷Ԧˈণަ冄ᮠ㊫රᱟѪ ZMAGICˈ❦ਾ㌫㔏൘⭘ᡧᘱึḸ亦䜘Ѫ〻ᒿ䇮㖞⧟ຳ৲ᮠ઼ભ ᖃ Linux 0.11 Ṩ࣐䖭ањਟᢗ㹼᮷ԦᰦˈᆳՊṩᦞ᮷Ԧཤ䜘㔃ᶴѝⲴؑ俆ݸࡔᯝ᮷Ԧᱟᱟањ 喀DŽ ඇ᮷ԦѝⲴ਼㊫ර⇥亪ᒿᆈ᭮ˈᒦ᤹ᆇ䘋㹼䗩⭼ሩ⁑ޕ䲿ᮠᦞ⇥ᔰ᭮㖞DŽ൘⇿њ⇥ˈ䬮᧕〻ᒿՊᢺ䗃 䗃ࠪ᮷ԦѝⲴԓ⸱⇥㻛䇮㖞ᡀӾപᇊൠ൰ 0 ᔰDŽᮠᦞ⇥ࡉӾԓ⸱⇥ਾлањ亥䶒䗩⭼ᔰDŽbss ⇥ࡉ㍗ ↔ਾ䬮᧕〻ᒿቡਟԕѪᡰᴹ⇥࠶䝽ൠ൰DŽሩҾ Linux 0.11 ㌫㔏ѝ֯⭘Ⲵ ZMAGIC ㊫රⲴ a.out Ṭᔿˈ ⴤḽᮽԬⲺ䬴ᬃ֒ ഴ ⴻᖵˈᒦфᢺᆳԜ࠶䝽ᆈۘ൘ bss ⇥Ⲵᵛቮ༴DŽ ඇᶕޡޜᒦ༴⨶Ҷᡰᴹ⁑ඇѻਾˈԫօާᴹ䶎䴦٬Ⲵᵚ䀓᷀Ⲵཆ䜘ㅖਧ䜭ሶѪޕ઼ bss ⇥ⲴབྷሿDŽ൘䈫 ඇDŽ䬮᧕〻ᒿՊ᭦䳶⇿њ⁑ඇ᮷Ԧवᤜԫօᓃ࠭ᮠ⁑ඇѝⲴԓ⸱⇥ǃᮠᦞ⇥ޡޜተ˅ㅖਧⲴޘ˄ⴻլཆ䜘 ᛵߥ㿱മ 3-9 ᡰ⽪DŽ⇿њ⁑ඇ᮷Ԧ䜭ᴹањԓ⸱⇥˄text˅ǃᮠᦞ⇥˄data˅઼ањ bss ⇥ˈҏ䇨䘈ՊᴹаӋ ඇ᮷Ԧ઼䴰㾱䘎᧕ањᓃ࠭ᮠ⁑ඇⲴᛵߥˈަᆈۘ࠶䝽⁑ޕ㹼ᆈۘ࠶䝽∄䖳ᇩ᱃DŽֻྲˈሩҾާᴹєњ䗃 ሩҾ a.out ṬᔿⲴ⁑ඇ᮷Ԧᶕ䈤ˈ⭡Ҿ⇥㊫රᱟ亴ݸ⸕䚃Ⲵˈഐ↔䬮᧕〻ᒿሩ a.out ṬᔿⲴ⁑ඇ᮷Ԧ䘋 ⇥ਸᒦᡀањ⇥᭮൘䗃ࠪⲴᢗ㹼᮷ԦѝDŽ ඇ᮷ԦѝⲴԓ⸱⁑ޕ൘а䎧ˈ൘䗃ࠪ᮷ԦѝѪᤷᇊ⇥㊫රᖒᡀঅаањ⇥DŽֻྲˈ䬮᧕〻ᒿ䴰㾱ᢺᡰᴹ䗃 ⇿њ⁑ඇ᮷Ԧѝवᤜࠐ⿽㊫රⲴ⇥ˈ䬮᧕〻ᒿⲴㅜҼњԫ࣑ቡᱟᢺᡰᴹ⁑ඇѝ਼㊫රⲴ⇥㓴ਸ䘎᧕ ᴹ⺞ᇊлᶕѻࡽㅖਧᱟ⋑ᴹ࣎⌅䀓᷀ⲴDŽ ᡰԕ൘ㅖਧሩᓄⲴս㖞⋑ˈޣ઼ԓ⸱؞↓DŽഐѪ⁑ඇ᮷ԦѝᇊѹⲴབྷཊᮠㅖਧо᮷ԦѝⲴᆈۘս㖞ᴹ 㘵䗃ࠪⲴ⁑ඇ᮷Ԧ˅䘋㹼ᆈۘオ䰤࠶䝽DŽаᰖᆈۘս㖞⺞ᇊˈ䬮᧕〻ᒿቡਟԕ㔗㔝ᢗ㹼ㅖਧ䛖ᇊ LQX[ ⴞḷ᮷ԦṬᔿ/ @>XVUURRW BHQG G BHGDWD F BHWH[W HQG G HGDWD F HWH[W >XVUURRW@SUHGHI >XVUURRW@JJFFRSUHGHISUHGHIF ൰ˈণӾᢗ㹼〻ᒿ㻛࣐䖭ࡠᆈս㖞ᔰ㇇䎧Ⲵൠ൰DŽ ൘ Linux 0.1X ㌫㔏л䘀㹼䈕〻ᒿਟԕᗇࡠԕл㔃᷌DŽ䈧⌘ˈ䘉Ӌൠ൰䜭ᱟ〻ᒿൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴ䙫䗁ൠ ` UHWXUQ BHQG BHGDWD BHWH[W BHQG S?Q BHGDWD S BHWH[W S SULQWI HQG HGDWD HWH[W HQG S?Q HGDWD S HWH[W S SULQWI ^ LQWPDLQ H[WHUQLQWBHWH[WBHGDWDBHQG H[WHUQLQWHQGHWH[WHGDWD 3ULQWWKHV\PEROVSUHGHILQHGE\OLQNHU ਼ⲴDŽ ㅖਧⲴൠ൰٬ᱟ B л䶒〻ᒿ SUHGHIF ਟ⭘Ҿᱮ⽪ࠪ䘉ࠐњਈ䟿Ⲵൠ൰DŽਟԕⴻࠪᑖонᑖлࡂ㓯 ↔ᰦ HW ਜ਼ᴹ↓᮷⇥㔃ᶏ༴ਾ䶒Ⲵൠ൰DŽ BHWH[W HW LQW LQWHW H[WHUQLQWBHWH[W HQG ㅹDŽֻྲ˖ ˈֻྲ 䘉Ӌਈ䟿ᗵ享ⴻᱟൠ൰DŽഐ↔൘䇯䰞ᆳԜᰦ䴰㾱֯⭘ਆൠ൰ࡽ㔰 䗃ࠪㅹՊ᭩ਈ䘉њս㖞DŽഐ↔〻ᒿᖃࡽⲴ brk ս㖞䴰㾱֯⭘ sbrk()ᶕਆᗇDŽ⌘ˈ/ޕmalloc()ԕ৺ḷ߶䗃 ᖃ〻ᒿࡊᔰᢗ㹼ᰦˈަ brk ᡰᤷս㖞о_end ༴Ҿ਼ս㖞DŽնᱟ㌫㔏䈳⭘ sys_brk()ǃᆈ࠶䝽࠭ᮠ HWH[WǃHGDWD ઼ HQGDŽ 㔰Ⲵ〠ㅹ਼Ҿнᑖлࡂ㓯Ⲵሩᓄ〠ˈᆳԜѻ䰤Ⲵୟа४࡛൘Ҿ $16,ǃ326,; ㅹḷ߶ѝ⋑ᴹᇊѹㅖਧ ࡽ B ४ਾ䶒Ⲵㅜ 1 њൠ൰˗_end ઼ end Ⲵൠ൰ᱟᵚࡍॆᮠᦞ४˄bss˅ਾⲴㅜ 1 њൠ൰ս㖞DŽᑖлࡂ㓯 ਈ䟿_etext ઼ etext Ⲵൠ൰ᱟ〻ᒿ↓᮷⇥㔃ᶏਾⲴㅜ 1 њൠ൰˗_edata ઼ edata Ⲵൠ൰ᱟࡍॆᮠᦞ edataǃ_edataǃend ઼_endDŽ ԕ䙊䗷䇯䰞䘉ࠐњཆ䜘ਈ䟿ᶕ㧧ᗇ〻ᒿѝ⇥Ⲵս㖞DŽ䬮᧕ಘ亴ᇊѹⲴཆ䜘ਈ䟿䙊ᑨ㠣ቁᴹ etextǃ_etextǃ ൘䬮᧕䗷〻ѝˈ䬮᧕ಘ ld ઼ ld86 Պ֯⭘ਈ䟿䇠ᖅлᢗ㹼〻ᒿѝ⇿њ⇥Ⲵ䙫䗁ൠ൰DŽഐ↔൘〻ᒿѝਟ 3.5.4 䬴ぁᓅ人ᇐѿ䠅 䊑᮷ԦDŽ bootsectǃsetup ઼ system ᮷ԦѝⲴᢗ㹼ཤ㔃ᶴˈ❦ਾᢺᆳԜ亪ᒿ㓴ਸ൘а䎧ӗ⭏ањѪ Image ⲴṨ᱐ ѝˈഐ↔㕆䈁ӗ⭏ⲴṨ⁑ඇѝⲴᢗ㹼ཤ㔃ᶴ䜘࠶䴰㾱৫ᦹDŽᐕާ〻ᒿ build ѫ㾱࣏㜭ቡᱟ࠶࡛৫ᦹ Ҿ㓴ਸᡰᴹ⁑ඇⲴѤᰦᐕާ〻ᒿ buildDŽ⭡ҾṨᱟ⭡ᕅሬࣘ〻ᒿ࡙⭘ ROM BIOS ѝᯝ䈳⭘࣐䖭ࡠᆈ LQX[ ⴞḷ᮷ԦṬᔿ/ ㅖਧ㻛ⴻᱟᵚᇊѹⲴᕅ⭘DŽޡޜᴹ਼а〠DŽྲ᷌䈕ㅖਧᇊѹ൘ަԆൠᯩˈࡉ ㅖਧਟ㜭ާޡޜㅖਧᱟᵚࡍॆⲴᮠᦞDŽ൘䬮᧕ᰦˈཊњޡޜⲴDŽޡޜC Common ㅖਧᱟ B BSS ㅖਧ൘ᵚࡍॆᮠᦞ४ᡆ४˄section˅ѝˈণ൘ BSS ⇥ѝDŽ ᒦф൘䘋а↕䬮᧕䗷〻ѝнՊ㻛᭩ਈDŽˈA Absolute ㅖਧⲴ٬ᱟ㔍ሩ٬ ㅖਧ㊫ර 〠 䈤᰾ 㺞 ⴤḽᮽԬㅜਭࡍ㺞ᮽԬѣⲺㅜਭ㊱ශ ᮷Ԧ LQFOXGHDRXWK ѝ QOLVW^`㔃ᶴ QBW\SH ᆇ⇥Ⲵᇊѹ˄ㅜ 110--185 㹼˅DŽ ተⲴ˄ཆ䜘Ⲵ˅DŽ৲㿱ޘ᷌ㅖਧ㊫රᱟሿ߉ᆇㅖˈࡉ䈤᰾ㅖਧᱟተ䜘Ⲵ˗ྲ᷌ᱟབྷ߉ᆇㅖˈࡉ䈤᰾ㅖਧᱟ DŽྲޣㅜ 2 ḿѝⲴㅖਧ㊫රᤷ⽪ㅖ䙊ᑨᴹ㺘 3-5 ᡰ⽪Ⲵࠐ⿽ˈਖཆ䘈ᴹаӋо䟷⭘Ⲵⴞḷ᮷ԦṬᔿ ଚњ४˄sections˅ᡆަᙗ˗ㅜ 3 ḿᱟሩᓄⲴㅖਧ〠DŽ ൠ൰˅˗ㅜ 2 ḿᱟㅖਧ㊫රˈᤷ᰾ㅖਧսҾⴞḷ᮷ԦⲴ˄ަѝ⇿㹼䈤᰾ањㅖਧˈㅜ 1 ḿᤷ᰾ㅖਧ٬ FESLUTBWDEOH FESFLBELRVBSUHVHQW FFEGPLBLGHQW FD%LVBVRQ\BYDLRBODSWRS FD%GPLBEURNHQ ਧ㺘Ⲵṧֻྲлᡰ⽪˖ 〻ᒿࠪ䭉ᰦˈቡਟԕ㧧ᗇᡁԜ∄䖳ᇩ᱃䇶࡛ⲴؑDŽㅖޣ࡙⭘ System.map ㅖਧ㺘᮷Ԧˈ൘Ṩᡆ ਧ㺘䀓᷀ˈቡਟԕḕࡠањൠ൰٬ሩᓄⲴਈ䟿ˈᡆ৽ѻDŽ ṨⲴ㕆䈁ˈቡՊӗ⭏ањᯠⲴሩᓄ 6\VWHPPDS ᮷ԦDŽᖃṨ䘀㹼ࠪ䭉ᰦˈ䙊䗷 6\VWHPPDS ᮷ԦѝⲴㅖ ਧ৺ަሩᓄൠ൰Ⲵањࡇ㺘ˈᖃ❦ҏवᤜк䶒䈤᰾Ⲵ_etextǃ_edata ઼_end ㅹㅖਧⲴൠ൰ؑDŽ䲿⵰⇿⅑ ṨᰦˈOLQX[0DNHILOH ᮷Ԧӗ⭏Ⲵ System.map ᮷Ԧቡ⭘Ҿᆈ᭮Ṩㅖਧ㺘ؑDŽㅖਧ㺘ᱟᡰᴹṨㅖ 䟽ᇊੁࡠањ᮷Ԧѝ˄ֻྲ 6\VWHPPDS˅DŽ൘㕆䈁ؑۿ䙊ᑨᡁԜՊᢺਁ䘱ࡠḷ߶䗃ࠪ䇮༷Ⲵ䬮᧕᱐ 䬮᧕ѝवਜ਼Ⲵᡰᴹ᮷Ԧᡀઈ৺ަᕅ⭘ⲴㅖਧDŽ ㅖਧྲօ᭮㖞˗ޡޜ ˗ ⴞḷ᮷Ԧ৺ㅖਧؑ᱐ሴࡠᆈѝⲴս㖞 ࡠᆈѝⲴս㖞ؑDŽާփᶕ䇢ᴹྲлؑ˖ޕѝࡇࠪҶ〻ᒿ⇥㻵 DŽަؑۿlink map˅ؑˈণᱟᤷ⭡䘎᧕〻ᒿӗ⭏Ⲵⴞḷ〻ᒿᆈൠ൰᱐˄ۿᱟቿᒅ˅кᢃঠࠪ䬮᧕᱐ 䘹亩ˈᡆ㘵֯⭘ QP ભԔˈࡉՊ൘ḷ߶䗃ࠪ䇮༷˄䙊ᑨ 0 ᖃ䘀㹼 GNU 䬮᧕ಘ gld˄ld˅ᰦ㤕֯⭘Ҷ 3.5.5 System.map ᮽԬ Ԧ Image ൘ᆈѝⲴᵛㄟਾⲴս㖞ˈᒦӾ䘉њս㖞䎧ᔰ䇮㖞儈䙏㕃ߢ४DŽ ᮷ۿ Linux 0.1x Ṩ൘ࡍॆඇ䇮༷儈䙏㕃ߢ४ᰦ˄fs/buffer.c˅ˈቡ֯⭘Ҷਈ䟿_end ᶕ㧧ਆṨ᱐ >URRW#SOLQX[@ DF BHQG [ D BHGDWD [ BHWH[W [E DF HQG [ D HGDWD [ HWH[W [E >URRW#SOLQX[@SUHGHI ㌫㔏ѝ〻ᒿԓ⸱Ӿަ䙫䗁ൠ൰ 0x08048000 ༴ᔰᆈ᭮ˈഐ↔ਟ⸕䘉њ〻ᒿⲴԓ⸱⇥䮯ᓖᱟ 0x41b ᆇ㢲DŽ ྲ᷌൘⧠൘Ⲵ Linux ㌫㔏˄ֻྲ RedHat 9˅ѝ䘀㹼䘉њ〻ᒿˈቡਟᗇࡠԕл㔃᷌DŽᡁԜ⸕䚃⧠൘ Linux LQX[ ⴞḷ᮷ԦṬᔿ/ FRPPDQG ભԔ SUHUHTXLVLWHV ݸߣᶑԦ WDUJHW ⴞḷ ㆰঅⲴ Makefile ᮷Ԧਜ਼ᴹаӋ㿴ࡉˈ䘉Ӌ㿴ࡉާᴹྲлⲴᖒᔿ˖ ԕࡽቡ㕆䈁ྭⲴᗵ享䘎᧕൘а䎧ԕ⭏ᡀᯠⲴਟᢗ㹼᮷ԦDŽ ᒿሩᓄⲴⴞḷ᮷ԦDŽᴰ㓸ˈྲ᷌ԫօⓀԓ⸱᮷Ԧ㻛㕆䈁䗷Ҷˈ䛓ѸᡰᴹⲴⴞḷ᮷Ԧн㇑ᱟࡊ㕆䈁ᆼⲴ䘈ᱟ ањवਜ਼䈕ཤ᮷ԦⲴ C ԓ⸱〻ᒿ䜭ሶ㻛䟽ᯠ㕆䈁DŽ⇿⅑㕆䈁䜭ӗ⭏ањоⓀ〻⇿ˈ⺞↓؍⺞䛓ѸѪҶ ᖃ make 䟽ᯠ㕆䈁〻ᒿᰦˈ⇿њ؞᭩䗷Ⲵ C ԓ⸱᮷Ԧᗵ享㻛䟽ᯠ㕆䈁DŽྲ᷌ањཤ᮷Ԧ㻛؞᭩䗷Ҷˈ ᶕDŽ മDŽ൘ㅜҼ䱦⇥ᵏ䰤ˈmake ቡ֯⭘䘉Ӌ䜘㔃ᶴᶕ⺞ᇊଚњⴞḷሩ䊑䴰㾱㻛䟽ᔪˈᒦф֯⭘ᓄⲴ㿴ࡉ Ჟޘ᮷Ԧㅹˈ䇠ᖅᡰᴹⲴਈ䟿৺ަ٬ǃ䳀ᔿⲴᡆᱮᔿⲴ㿴ࡉˈᒦᶴ䙐ࠪᡰᴹⴞḷሩ䊑৺ަݸߣᶑԦⲴаᑵ makeⲴᢗ㹼䗷〻࠶Ѫєњн਼Ⲵ䱦⇥DŽ൘ㅜањ䱦⇥ˈᆳ䈫ਆᡰᴹⲴMakefile᮷Ԧԕ৺वਜ਼ⲴMakefile ⨶㘼ࡐ䲔ḀӋ᮷Ԧ˅DŽ 䇹 make ྲօ㕆䈁઼䘎᧕ањ᮷ԦDŽᖃ᰾⺞ᤷࠪᰦˈMakefile 䘈ਟԕ䇹 make 䘀㹼⿽ભԔ˄ֻྲˈѪ ӋӰѸᐕDŽ䙊ᑨˈMakefile ᮷ԦՊڊѪҶ֯⭘ make 〻ᒿˈቡ䴰㾱 Makefile ᮷Ԧᶕ䇹 make 㾱 ṩᦞк䶒Ⲵ Makefile ᮷ԦӋㆰঅⲴӻ㓽DŽ䈖㓶䈤᰾䈧৲㘳 GNU make ֯⭘DŽ ᇊањਜ਼ᴹᖸཊⓀ〻ᒿ᮷ԦⲴབྷර〻ᒿѝଚњ᮷Ԧ䴰㾱㻛䟽ᯠ㕆䈁DŽMakefile Ⲵ֯⭘∄䖳༽ᵲˈ䘉䟼ਚᱟ Makefile˄ᡆ makefile˅᮷Ԧᱟ make ᐕާ〻ᒿⲴ䝽㖞᮷ԦDŽMake ᐕާ〻ᒿⲴѫ㾱⭘䙄ᱟ㜭㠚ࣘൠߣ 3.6 Make ぁᓅૂ Makefile ᮽԬ ᓄⲴṨਈ䟿〠ˈׯҾሩṨⲴ䈳䈅ᐕDŽ ཊ䖟Ԧ䜭䴰㾱ᴹањ↓⺞Ⲵ 6\VWHPPDS ᮷ԦDŽ࡙⭘䈕᮷Ԧˈ䘉Ӌ〻ᒿቡਟԕṩᦞᐢ⸕Ⲵᆈൠ൰ḕࠪሩ ቭ㇑Ṩᵜ䓛ᇎ䱵кн֯⭘ 6\VWHPPDSˈնަԆ〻ᒿˈ䊑 NORJGǃOVRIǃSV ԕ৺ަԆ䊑 GRVHPX ㅹ䇨 XVUVUFOLQX[6\VWHPPDS 6\VWHPPDS ERRW6\VWHPPDS ⅑Ѫ˖ ᰦˈྲ᷌⋑ᴹԕањ৲ᮠⲴᖒᔿѪ klogd 㔉ࠪ 6\VWHPPDS Ⲵս㖞ˈࡉ klogd ሶՊ൘йњൠᯩᩌራ 6\VWHPPDSDŽ 6\VWHPPDS սҾ֯⭘ᆳⲴ䖟Ԧ˄ֻྲṨᰕᘇ䇠ᖅਾਠ〻ᒿ klogd˅㜭ཏራࡠⲴൠᯩDŽ൘㌫㔏ࣘ ਟԕⴻࠪ〠Ѫ GPLBEURNHQ Ⲵਈ䟿սҾṨൠ൰ [FD ༴DŽ DŽޣ? Unknwon ㅖਧⲴ㊫රᵚ⸕ˈᡆ㘵ᱟоާփ᮷ԦṬᔿᴹ ᆈ䈳䈅ؑDŽ؍- Stabs ㅖਧᱟ a.out ⴞḷ᮷ԦѝⲴањ stab ㅖਧˈ⭘Ҿ U Undefined ㅖਧᱟཆ䜘Ⲵˈᒦфަ٬Ѫ 0˄ᵚᇊѹ˅DŽ T Text ㅖਧᱟԓ⸱४ѝⲴㅖਧDŽ S Small ㅖਧᱟሿሩ䊑ᵚࡍॆᮠᦞ४ѝⲴㅖਧDŽ R Read only ㅖਧ൘ањਚ䈫ᮠᦞ४ѝDŽ N Debugging ㅖਧᱟањ䈳䈅ㅖਧDŽ I Inderect ㅖਧᱟሩਖањㅖਧⲴ䰤᧕ᕅ⭘DŽ ተᮤරਈ䟿˅ਟ䘋㹼ᴤᴹ᭸Ⲵ䇯䰞DŽޘሩ䊑˄ֻྲањ G Global ㅖਧᱟ൘ሿሩ䊑ᐢࡍॆᮠᦞ४ѝⲴㅖਧDŽḀӋⴞḷ᮷ԦⲴṬᔿݱ䇨ሩሿᮠᦞ D Data ㅖਧ൘ᐢࡍॆᮠᦞ४ѝDŽ 0DNH 〻ᒿ઼ 0DNHILOH ᮷Ԧ Ⲵⴞḷ᮷Ԧ㔃ᶴᴹ⵰䶎ᑨ䟽㾱Ⲵ⭘ˈഐ↔ᵜㄐሩ Linux 0.11 ѝ֯⭘Ⲵ a.out ⴞḷ᮷ԦṬᔿҶ䈖㓶ӻ㓽DŽ ֯⭘ᯩ⌅DŽ਼ᰦሩ Linux Ṩ֯⭘Ⲵ C 䈝䀰ᢙኅ䈝ਕ䘋㹼Ҷ䈖㓶ӻ㓽DŽሩҾᆖҐ㌫㔏ᶕ䈤ˈ㌫㔏᭟ᤱ ᵜㄐԕࠐњਟ䘀㹼Ⲵ≷㕆䈝䀰〻ᒿѪ᧿䘠ሩ䊑ˈ䈖㓶䈤᰾Ҷ as86 ઼ GNU as ≷㕆䈝䀰Ⲵสᵜ䈝䀰઼ 3.7 ᵢㄖቅ㔉 ᮷ԦDŽ F Ⲵᡰᴹޣ㌫ˈ䟽ᯠ㕆䈁о䈕ཤ᮷Ԧᴹޣ᮷Ԧ㻛᭩ࣘ䗷ਾˈmake ቡ䙊䗷䘉Ӌ䎆 ㌫ᱟ⭘Ҿ䇙 make ᶕ⺞ᇊᱟ䴰㾱䟽ᔪањⴞḷሩ䊑DŽ∄ྲᖃḀњཤޣ Makefile ᮷Ԧᴰਾ⭏ᡀⲴ䎆 㿴ࡉDŽ㿴ࡉਟ㜭ⴻк৫㾱∄к䶒⽪ࠪⲴ⁑ᶯ༽ᵲᗇཊˈնสᵜк䜭ᱟㅖਸⲴDŽ ањ Makefile ᮷Ԧҏਟԕਜ਼ᴹ䲔㿴ࡉԕཆⲴަԆ᮷ᆇˈնањㆰঅⲴ Makefile ᮷Ԧਚ䴰㾱ਜ਼ᴹ䘲ᖃⲴ ᢗ㹼ањDŽ ᱟ⢩ᇊ㿴ࡉⲴⴞḷDŽmake ṩᦞݸߣᶑԦᶕᢗ㹼ભԔԕࡋᔪᡆᴤᯠⴞḷDŽањ㿴ࡉҏਟԕ䈤᰾ྲօ৺օᰦ ભԔⲴ㿴ࡉᒦн䴰㾱ᴹݸߣᶑԦDŽ↔ᰦˈањ㿴ࡉ䈤᰾Ҷྲօԕ৺օᰦᶕ䟽ᯠࡦḀӋ᮷Ԧˈ㘼䘉Ӌ᮷Ԧ Ⲵਜ਼ᴹࡐ䲔˄delete˅ޣ❦㘼ˈѪⴞḷ㘼ᤷᇊભԔⲴ㿴ࡉҏᒦнаᇊ㾱ᴹݸߣᶑԦDŽֻྲˈоⴞḷ'clean' 䙊ᑨભԔᱟҾањާᴹݸߣᶑԦⲴ㿴ࡉˈᒦ൘ԫօݸߣᶑԦ᭩ਈᰦ⭘Ҿ⭏ᡀањⴞḷ˄target˅᮷ԦDŽ V QRVWGLQF,LQFOXGH6R &)/$*6 ? && FV ԓ⸱DŽ V 〻ᒿ㕆䈁ᡀ F ᮷ԦDŽ㘼↓ᶑ make 㿴ࡉⲴਜ਼ѹᱟሶ F ٬ᱟ ઼ⴞḷਾ㔰DŽᓄⲴ䳀ᔿݸߣᶑԦᱟ䙊䗷֯⭘᮷ԦѝⲴⓀਾ㔰ᴯᦒⴞḷਾ㔰ਾᗇࡠDŽഐ↔ˈ↔ᰦл䶒Ⲵ 䙊⭘ᴤᲠⲴ⁑ᔿ३䝽㿴ࡉ˅DŽл䶒ֻᆀቡᱟа⿽ৼਾ㔰㿴ࡉDŽৼਾ㔰㿴ࡉᱟ⭘аሩਾ㔰ᇊѹⲴ˖Ⓚਾ㔰 ਾ㔰㿴ࡉᱟѪ make 〻ᒿᇊѹ䳀ᔿ㿴ࡉⲴ㘱ᔿᯩ⌅˄⧠൘䘉⿽㿴ࡉᐢ㓿н⭘Ҷˈਆ㘼ԓѻⲴᱟ֯⭘ᴤ н߉㿴ࡉDŽ↔ᰦ make 〻ᒿሶՊṩᦞⓀ〻ᒿ᮷ԦⲴ㊫ර˄〻ᒿⲴਾ㔰˅ᶕࡔᯝ㾱֯⭘ଚњ䳀ᔿ㿴ࡉDŽ ѪҶ䇙 make 㜭֯⭘Ґᜟ⭘⌅ᶕᴤᯠањⴞḷሩ䊑ˈਟԕнᤷᇊભԔˈ߉ањнᑖભԔⲴ㿴ࡉᡆ㘵 ަѝⲴ’$<’ቡՊ㻛㠚ࣘൠᴯᦒᡀ foo.cˈ㘼$@ࡉՊ㻛ᴯᦒѪ foo.o R# &)/$*6 FFF IRRFGHIVKKDFNK IRRR ݸߣᶑԦDŽֻྲ˖ ↓ᱟㅜањ ᴹᰦˈݸߣᶑԦ䘈ᑨवਜ਼ཤ᮷Ԧˈ㘼䘉Ӌཤ᮷Ԧᒦнᝯ൘ભԔѝ䈤᰾DŽ↔ᰦ㠚ࣘਈ䟿 аӋ㠚ࣘਈ䟿䘉䟼ቡнᨀҶDŽ 㺘⽪ⴞḷሩ䊑˗ਖཆ䘈ᴹ # Ⲵ٬㺘⽪㿴ࡉѝⲴㅜањݸߣᶑԦ˗ ᶑԦˈवᤜᆳԜᡰ༴ⴞᖅⲴ〠˗ Ⲵ٬㺘⽪㿴ࡉⲴᡰᴹݸߣ A 㠚ࣘਈ䟿Ⲵ٬ᱟสҾⴞḷሩ䊑৺ަݸߣᶑԦ㘼൘ભԔᢗ㹼ࡽ䇮㖞ⲴDŽֻྲˈ ࡠDŽ㠚ࣘਈ䟿ᱟа⿽൘ભԔ㹼кṩᦞާփᛵߥ㜭㻛㠚ࣘᴯᦒⲴਈ䟿DŽڊԦDŽ䘉ቡ䴰㾱䙊䗷֯⭘㠚ࣘਈ䟿ᶕ ᵏᢗ㹼DŽഐ↔ˈᗵ享ሿᗳൠ䇮㖞ભԔˈ֯ᗇભԔ㜭ཏ൘ make ਁ⧠ݸߣᶑԦⲴⴞᖅѝࡠ䴰㾱Ⲵݸߣᶑ ྲ᷌ањݸߣᶑԦ䙊䗷ⴞᖅᩌራ㘼൘ਖཆањⴞᖅѝ㻛ࡠˈ䘉ᒦнՊ᭩ਈ㿴ࡉⲴભԔ˗ᆳԜሶ㻛ྲ ањࡦ㺘ㅖʽ䘉ᱟ㋇ᗳ㘵ᑨᑨᘭ⮕ⲴൠᯩDŽޕањભԔ㠚ᡀа㹼DŽ䈧⌘ˈ䴰㾱൘⇿њભԔ㹼ѻࡽ䭞 ᱟ make 䴰㾱ᢗ㹼ⲴDŽањ㿴ࡉਟԕᴹཊњભԔˈ⇿ ભԔ ᶑԦDŽ䙊ᑨањⴞḷ䎆ࠐњ᮷ԦDŽ㘼ޕ ᱟањᡆཊњ᮷Ԧˈᱟ⭘ӗ⭏ⴞḷⲴ䗃 ݸߣᶑԦ ˅DŽ FOHDQ ˄ 䲔 ᱟᡰ㾱䟷ਆ⍫ࣘⲴᆇˈ∄ྲ ሩ䊑䙊ᑨᱟ〻ᒿ⭏ᡀⲴањ᮷ԦⲴ〠˗ֻྲᱟањਟᢗ㹼᮷Ԧᡆⴞḷ᮷ԦDŽⴞḷҏਟԕ ⴞḷ ަѝ ᵜㄐሿ㔃 Ѫ㔗㔝䰵䈫ᆼᮤⲴ Linux 0.11 ṨⓀԓ⸱ᢃлඊᇎสDŽ ᔿཊԫ࣑〻ᒿ⽪ֻˈ䙊䗷䰵䈫䘉њ⽪ֻˈᡁԜਟԕሩ㌫㔏ᴰࡍྲօĀ䖜ā䎧ᶕᴹањสᵜҶ䀓ˈᒦ ᣔ⁑؍ᣔ⁑ᔿлⲴᐕ⨶DŽᒦ㔉ࠪањ؍лаㄐᡁԜሶത㔅 Intel 80X86 ༴⨶ಘˈ䈖㓶ൠ䈤᰾ަ䘀㹼൘ ᵜㄐሿ㔃 䟼ᡁԜӵ䱏 EFLAGS ѝⲴ㌫㔏ḷᘇ䘋㹼䈤᰾DŽ PFǃ䖵ࣙ䘋ս AFǃ䴦ḷᘇ ZFǃ䍏ਧ SFǃᯩੁ DFǃⓒࠪ OF˅DŽ䘉 ڦḷᘇᱟаӋ䙊⭘ḷᘇ˄䘋ս CFǃཷ ᦒԕ৺㲊ᤏ-8086 ⁑ᔿˈ㿱മ 4-1 ᡰ⽪DŽ䙊ᑨਚݱ䇨㌫㔏ԓ⸱ᴹᵳ؞᭩䘉ӋḷᘇDŽEFLAGS ѝⲴަԆ ḷᘇᇴᆈಘ EFLAGS ѝⲴ㌫㔏ḷᘇ઼ IOPL ᆇ⇥⭘Ҿ᧗ࡦ I/O 䇯䰞ǃਟቿ㭭⺜Ԧѝᯝǃ䈳䈅ǃԫ࣑࠷ 4.1.1 ḽᘍᇺᆎಞ 㔏㺘Ⲵสൠ൰ǃ᧗ࡦ༴⨶ಘⲴ∄⢩ḷᘇսDŽ ༴⨶ǃᤷԔ䐏䑚ԕ৺䇯䰞ᵳ䲀DŽ㌫㔏ᇴᆈಘ⭘Ҿᆈ㇑⨶઼᧗ࡦ༴⨶ಘˈਜ਼ᴹ࠶⇥઼࠶亥༴⨶ᵪࡦ㌫ ಘˈ䲔ҶаӋ䙊⭘⣦ᘱḷᘇཆˈEFLAGS ѝ䘈वਜ਼ࠐњ㌫㔏ḷᘇDŽ䘉Ӌ㌫㔏ḷᘇ⭘Ҿ᧗ࡦԫ࣑࠷ᦒǃѝᯝ ѪҶॿࣙ༴⨶ಘᢗ㹼ࡍॆ઼᧗ࡦ㌫㔏ˈ80X86 ᨀҶањḷᘇᇴᆈಘ EFLAGS ઼ࠐњ㌫㔏ᇴᆈ 4.1 80X86 ㌱㔕ᇺᆎಞૂ㌱㔕Ԛ ᔰ䰵䈫ਾ㔝ㄐ㢲ѝⲴ Linux Ṩԓ⸱DŽ 䀓ᵜㄐᇩѻਾ⨶ޘ൘䰵䈫ṨⓀԓ⸱ᰦ䈫㘵ਟԕ䲿ᰦഎ䗷ཤᶕ৲㘳ᵜㄐᇩDŽഐ↔ᒦнࣹᕪ䈫㘵䴰㾱ᆼ 㤕䈫㘵ሩ䘉䜘࠶ᇩᐢ㓿∄䖳⟏ᚹˈ䛓Ѹਟԕⴤ᧕䰵䈫ᵜㄐᴰਾ㔉ࠪⲴањਟ䘀㹼ⲴṨᇎֻDŽᖃ❦ˈ ൘䲿ਾ䰵䈫 Linux ṨⓀԓ⸱ᰦቡнᓄ䈕Պ⻠ࡠӰѸབྷ䰞仈ҶDŽ ᆈ࠶⇥㇑⨶઼ԫ࣑㇑⨶Ⲵᇎ⧠ᯩ⌅ˈ⋑ᴹवᤜ࠶亥ᵪࡦᇩDŽն㤕㜭ᖫᓅ⨶䀓䘉њᇎֻⲴ䘀ᵪࡦˈ䛓Ѹ ᵜㄐᴰਾ䜘࠶ӻ㓽Ⲵањㆰঅཊԫ࣑ṨᱟสҾ Linux 0.11 ṨⲴањㆰॆᇎֻDŽ䈕ᇎֻ⭘Ҿ╄⽪ ᣔ⁑ᔿ㕆〻Ⲵࡍॆ˗7. ањㆰঅⲴཊԫ࣑ṨֻᆀDŽ؍ .઼ᔲᑨ༴⨶˗5. ԫ࣑㇑⨶˗6 ᣔ᧚ᯭ˗4. ѝᯝ؍ᣔ⁑ᔿᆈ㇑⨶˗3. ⿽؍ .Ⓚԓ⸱ᢃлᇎสDŽѫ㾱वᤜ˖1. 80X86 ส⸕䇶˗2 ᣔ⁑ᔿл㕆〻ⲴаӋส⸕䇶ˈѪ߶༷䰵䈫สҾ 80X86 CPU Ⲵ Linux Ṩ؍80X86 CPU Ⲵփ㌫㔃ᶴԕ৺ ਨⲴ㖁ㄉкݽ䍩л䖭DŽᵜㄐѫ㾱ᾲ㾱᧿䘠ޜ Ⲵ৲㘳䍴ᯉˈᵜㄐᇩѫ㾱ਆ㠚Ҿ䈕ҖDŽ䘉Ӌ䍴ᯉਟԕӾ Intel ަᱟަѝㅜ 3 ধ˖lj㌫㔏㕆〻ᤷইNJᱟ⨶䀓֯⭘ 80X86 CPU Ⲵ㌫㔏ᐕ⨶ᡆ䘋㹼㌫㔏㕆〻ᗵнਟቁ ਨਁ㹼Ⲵа྇йধⲴljIA-32 Intel փ㌫㔃ᶴ䖟Ԧᔰਁ㘵NJˈቔޜ ㌫㔏㕆〻Ⲵᴰ֣৲㘳Җ㉽ᖃ❦ᱟ Intel 80X86 CPU ޣཆത⺜Ԧ㓴ᡀⲴ PC ᵪ㌫㔏DŽᴹޣਨ 80X86 ৺ޜ ᵜҖӻ㓽Ⲵ Linux ㌫㔏สҾ Intel ᣔ⁑ᔿ৺ަ㕆〻؍ ㅜ4ㄐ80X86 ㌫㔏ᇴᆈಘ઼㌫㔏ᤷԔ; 2)ⓒࠪḷᘇ ')ᯩੁḷᘇ 6)䍏ਧḷᘇ =)䴦ḷᘇ $)䖵ࣙ䘋ս 3)ᚒ༽ḷᘇ &)䘋սḷᘇ 7)䐏䑚ḷᘇ ,)ѝᯝݱ䇨ḷᘇ ,23/,2⢩ᵳ㓗 17፼྇ԫ࣑ḷᘇ 5)ᚒ༽ḷᘇ 90㲊ᤏ ⁑ᔿ 0 9 ) 75 1 3/ ,2 ) ) = 2 ) ' ) , ) 7 ) )$ )3 & ) ⮉˄䇮㖞Ѫ ˅ 6؍ ᣔ⁑ᔿᆈ㇑⨶āѝⲴ䈖㓶䈤᰾DŽ؍⭘䈧৲㿱ла㢲Ā ㌫㔏㺘ⲴޣᆈᨀҶ⢩ᇊⲴᤷԔDŽᴹ؍㌫㔏㺘Ⲵสൠ൰ˈ㿱മ 4-2 ᡰ⽪DŽ༴⨶ಘѪ䘉ӋᇴᆈಘⲴ࣐䖭઼ ༴⨶ಘᨀҶ 4 њᆈ㇑⨶ᇴᆈಘ˄GDTRǃLDTRǃIDTR ઼ TR˅ˈ⭘Ҿᤷᇊ࠶⇥ᆈ㇑⨶ᡰ֯⭘Ⲵ 4.1.2 ᆎ㇗⨼ᇺᆎಞ ᣔ⁑ᔿDŽ؍༽ս䈕ḷᘇᰦˈࡉഎࡠ VM ս 17 ᱟ㲊ᤏ-8086 ᯩᔿ˄Virtual-8086 Mode˅ḷᘇDŽᖃ䇮㖞䈕ḷᘇᰦˈቡᔰ㲊ᤏ-8086 ᯩᔿ˗ᖃ ಘՊ൘ᤷԔ䘄എѻਾ㠚ࣘൠ䲔䈕ḷᘇˈӾ㘼⅑ݱ䇨ᤷԔᯝ⛩ᔲᑨDŽ 〻ᒿѻࡽˈ䴰㾱䇮㖞ึḸк EFLAGS ᇩѝⲴ RF ḷᘇˈԕ䱢→ᤷԔᯝ⛩䙐ᡀਖањᔲᑨDŽ༴⨶ Ⲵѫ㾱࣏㜭ᱟݱ䇨൘䈳䈅ᔲᑨѻਾ䟽ᯠᢗ㹼аᶑᤷԔDŽᖃ䈳䈅䖟Ԧ֯⭘ IRETD ᤷԔ䘄എ㻛ѝᯝ ᘇՊѤᰦ⾱→ᯝ⛩ᤷԔӗ⭏Ⲵ䈳䈅ᔲᑨ˗ᖃ䈕ḷᘇ༽սᰦˈࡉᯝ⛩ᤷԔሶՊӗ⭏ᔲᑨDŽRF ḷᘇ RF ս 16 ᱟᚒ༽ḷᘇ˄Resume Flag˅DŽ䈕ḷᘇ⭘Ҿ᧗ࡦ༴⨶ಘሩᯝ⛩ᤷԔⲴ૽ᓄDŽᖃ䇮㖞ᰦˈ䘉њḷ նᱟ൘ᓄ⭘〻ᒿѝ᭩ਈ䘉њḷᘇⲴ⣦ᘱՊӗ⭏нਟᯉⲴᔲᑨDŽ ԫ࣑䘄എᰦˈ༴⨶ಘՊỰḕᒦ؞᭩䘉њ NT ḷᘇDŽ֯⭘ POPF/POPFD ᤷԔҏਟԕ؞ా䘉њḷᘇˈ CALL ᤷԔǃѝᯝᡆᔲᑨᢗ㹼ԫ࣑䈳⭘ᰦˈ༴⨶ಘՊ䇮㖞䈕ḷᘇDŽ൘䙊䗷֯⭘ IRET ᤷԔӾањ ㌫DŽ൘֯⭘ޣNT ս 14 ᱟ፼྇ԫ࣑ḷᘇ˄Nested Task˅DŽᆳ᧗ࡦ⵰㻛ѝᯝԫ઼࣑䈳⭘ԫ࣑ѻ䰤Ⲵ䬮᧕ ᭩ⲴᵪࡦѻаDŽ Ѫ⢩ᵳ㓗 0 ᰦˈ〻ᒿਟԕ֯⭘ POPF ᡆ IRET ᤷԔ؞᭩䘉њᆇ⇥DŽIOPL ҏᱟ᧗ࡦሩ IF ḷᘇ؞ IOPLDŽᖃࡽ䘀㹼〻ᒿᡆԫ࣑Ⲵ CPL ᗵ享ሿҾㅹҾ䘉њ IOPL 㜭䇯䰞 I/O ൠ൰オ䰤DŽਚᴹᖃ CPL IOPL ս 13-12 ᱟ I/O ⢩ᵳ㓗˄I/O Privilege Level˅ᆇ⇥DŽ䈕ᆇ⇥ᤷ᰾ᖃࡽ䘀㹼〻ᒿᡆԫ࣑Ⲵ I/O ⢩ᵳ㓗 䛓Ѹ൘䲿ਾᤷԔѻਾ༴⨶ಘቡՊӗ⭏ањ䈳䈅ᔲᑨDŽ ሏᢗ㹼〻ᒿ൘ᢗ㹼⇿ᶑᤷԔਾⲴ⣦ᘱDŽྲ᷌〻ᒿ֯⭘ POPFǃPOPFD ᡆ IRET ᤷԔ䇮㖞Ҷ TF ḷᘇˈ ᢗ㹼DŽ൘অ↕ᢗ㹼ᯩᔿлˈ༴⨶ಘՊ൘⇿њᤷԔᢗ㹼ѻਾӗ⭏ањ䈳䈅ᔲᑨˈ䘉ṧᡁԜቡਟԕ㿲 TF ս 8 ᱟ䐏䑚ḷᘇ˄Trap Flag˅DŽᖃ䇮㖞䈕սᰦਟѪ䈳䈅ࣘঅ↕ᢗ㹼ᯩᔿ˗༽սᰦࡉ⾱→অ↕ ഴ ḽᘍᇺᆎಞ ()/$*6 ѣⲺ㌱㔕ḽᘍ ㌫㔏ᇴᆈಘ઼㌫㔏ᤷԔ; ս㺘䮯ᓖ ⇥䮯ᓖ ⇥䮯ᓖ ⇥䮯ᓖ ս㓯ᙗสൠ൰ ս㓯ᙗสൠ൰ ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ ⇥䮯ᓖ ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ /'75 75 ս㓯ᙗสൠ൰,'75 ⇥᧿䘠ㅖᇴᆈಘ˄㠚࣐ࣘ䖭˅㌫㔏⇥ᇴᆈಘ ս㓯ᙗสൠ൰*'75 ս㺘䮯ᓖ ᙗ ˄Page-Directory Base address Register˅DŽ 䭉䈟Ⲵ㓯ᙗൠ൰DŽCR3 ѝਜ਼ᴹ亥ⴞᖅ㺘⢙⨶ᆈสൠ൰ˈഐ↔䈕ᇴᆈಘҏ㻛〠Ѫ亥ⴞᖅสൠ൰ᇴᆈಘ PDBR ⮉н⭘˗CR2 ਜ਼ᴹሬ㠤亥؍ 㿱മ 4-3 ᡰ⽪DŽCR0 ѝਜ਼ᴹ᧗ࡦ༴⨶ಘ⁑ᔿ઼⣦ᘱⲴ㌫㔏᧗ࡦḷᘇ˗CR1 ᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ˄CR0ǃCR1ǃCR2 ઼ CR3˅⭘Ҿ᧗ࡦ઼⺞ᇊ༴⨶ಘⲴ⁑ᔿԕ৺ᖃࡽᢗ㹼ԫ࣑Ⲵ⢩ᙗˈ 4.1.3 ᇺᆎಞ ࣘൠ࣐䖭䘋ԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘ TR ѝDŽ ᙗՊ㻛㠚ࣘൠ࣐䖭ࡠԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘѝDŽᖃᢗ㹼ԫ࣑࠷ᦒᰦˈ༴⨶ಘՊᢺᯠԫ࣑ TSS Ⲵ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ઼⇥᧿䘠ㅖ㠚 䜘࠶DŽᖃ֯⭘ LTR ᤷԔᢺ䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭䘋ԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘᰦˈTSS ᧿䘠ㅖѝⲴ⇥สൠ൰ǃ⇥䲀䮯ᓖԕ৺᧿䘠ㅖ ᆈ TR ᇴᆈಘⲴ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ؍ᆳᕅ⭘ GDT 㺘ѝⲴањ TSS ㊫රⲴ᧿䘠ㅖDŽᤷԔ LTR ઼ STR ࠶࡛⭘Ҿ࣐䖭઼ TR ᇴᆈಘ⭘Ҿᆈ᭮ᖃࡽԫ࣑ TSS ⇥Ⲵ 16 ս⇥䘹ᤙㅖǃ32 սสൠ൰ǃ16 ս⇥䮯ᓖ઼᧿䘠ㅖᙗ٬DŽ 4. ԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘ TR 䇮㖞Ѫ 0ˈ㘼⇥䮯ᓖ㻛䇮㖞ᡀ 0xFFFFDŽ Ⲵ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ઼⇥᧿䘠ㅖ㠚ࣘൠ࣐䖭䘋 LDTR ѝDŽ൘ᵪಘ࣐⭥ᡆ༴⨶ಘ༽սਾˈ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ઼สൠ൰㻛唈䇔ൠ ൰ǃ⇥䲀䮯ᓖԕ৺᧿䘠ㅖᙗՊ㻛㠚ࣘൠ࣐䖭ࡠ LDTR ѝDŽᖃ䘋㹼ԫ࣑࠷ᦒᰦˈ༴⨶ಘՊᢺᯠԫ࣑ LDT ањ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ亩DŽᖃ֯⭘ LLDT ᤷԔᢺਜ਼ᴹ LDT 㺘⇥Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭䘋 LDTR ᰦˈLDT ⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴ⇥สൠ ᆈ LDTR ᇴᆈಘⲴ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ䜘࠶DŽवਜ਼ LDT 㺘Ⲵ⇥ᗵ享൘ GDT 㺘ѝᴹ؍LLDT ઼ SLDT ࠶࡛⭘Ҿ࣐䖭઼ LDTR ᇴᆈಘѝ⭘Ҿᆈ᭮ተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 LDT Ⲵ 32 ս㓯ᙗสൠ൰ǃ16 ս⇥䲀䮯઼᧿䘠ㅖᙗ٬DŽᤷԔ 3. ተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᇴᆈಘ LDTR 䇔ൠ䇮㖞Ѫ 0ˈ㘼䮯ᓖ٬㻛䇮㖞ᡀ 0xFFFFDŽ ᆈ IDTR ᇴᆈಘⲴᇩDŽ൘ᵪಘࡊ࣐⭥ᡆ༴⨶ಘ༽սਾˈสൠ൰㻛唈؍ᤷԔ LIDT ઼ SIDT ࠶࡛⭘Ҿ࣐䖭઼ о GDTR Ⲵ⭘㊫լˈIDTR ᇴᆈಘ⭘Ҿᆈ᭮ѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 IDT Ⲵ 32 ս㓯ᙗสൠ൰઼ 16 ս㺘䮯ᓖ٬DŽ 2. ѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᇴᆈಘ IDTR ᣔ⁑ᔿࡍॆ䗷〻ѝᗵ享㔉 GDTR ࣐䖭ањᯠ٬DŽ؍䇮㖞ᡀ 0xFFFFDŽ൘ ᆈ GDTR ᇴᆈಘⲴᇩDŽ൘ᵪಘࡊ࣐⭥ᡆ༴⨶ಘ༽սਾˈสൠ൰㻛唈䇔ൠ䇮㖞Ѫ 0ˈ㘼䮯ᓖ٬㻛؍࣐䖭઼ 㺘ѝᆇ㢲 0 ൘㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴൠ൰ˈ㺘䮯ᓖᤷ᰾ GDT 㺘Ⲵᆇ㢲䮯ᓖ٬DŽᤷԔ LGDT ઼ SGDT ࠶࡛⭘Ҿ ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 GDT Ⲵ 32 ս㓯ᙗสൠ൰઼ 16 ս㺘䮯ᓖ٬DŽสൠ൰ᤷᇊ GDTޘ GDTR ᇴᆈಘѝ⭘Ҿᆈ᭮ ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᇴᆈಘ GDTRޘ .1 ⇥ѝवਜ਼⵰ᖃࡽᢗ㹼ԫ࣑Ⲵ䟽㾱ؑDŽ ઼ LDTR ⭘Ҿራ൰ᆈ᭮᧿䘠ㅖ㺘Ⲵ⇥DŽTR ⭘Ҿራ൰ањ⢩↺Ⲵԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥ TSS˄Task State Segment˅DŽTSS GDTRǃLDTRǃIDTR ઼ TR 䜭ᱟ⇥ส൰ᇴᆈಘˈ䘉Ӌ⇥ѝਜ਼ᴹ࠶⇥ᵪࡦⲴ䟽㾱ؑ㺘DŽGDTRǃIDTR ഴ ᆎ㇗⨼ᇺᆎಞ ㌫㔏ᇴᆈಘ઼㌫㔏ᤷԔ; &5 &5 &5 &5 0 $ 3 : ( 1 ˄5HVHUYHG˅ ⮉؍ ˅˄3DJH)DXOW/LQHDU$GGUHVV 亥䭉䈟㓯ᙗൠ൰ ˄5HVHUYHG˅ ⮉؍ * 3 7 ( 0 ( 6 7 ( 3 3 0 ˄5HVHUYHG˅ ⮉؍ ˅˄5HVHUYHG ⮉؍ ˅˄3DJH'LUHFWRU\%DVH 亥ⴞᖅ㺘สൠ൰ ᑨ˗ྲ᷌ MP=0ˈࡉ TS ḷᘇнՊᖡ૽ WAIT Ⲵᢗ㹼DŽ ᤷԔо TS ḷᘇⲴӔӂ⭘DŽྲ᷌ MP=1ǃTS=1ˈ䛓Ѹᢗ㹼 WAIT ᤷԔሶӗ⭏ањ䇮༷нᆈ൘ᔲ MP CR0 Ⲵս 1 ᱟⴁ᧗ॿ༴⨶ಘ˄Monitor Coprocessor ᡆ Math Present˅ḷᘇDŽ⭘Ҿ᧗ࡦ WAIT/FWAIT 䘛֯ᡰᴹ⎞⛩ᤷԔ֯⭘䖟Ԧᶕ⁑ᤏDŽ 㹼ॿ༴⨶ಘᤷԔᰦՊᕅ䎧䇮༷нᆈ൘ᔲᑨ˗ᖃ䲔ᰦˈ㺘⽪㌫㔏ᴹॿ༴⨶ಘDŽ䇮㖞䘉њḷᘇਟԕ EM CR0 Ⲵս 2 ᱟԯⵏ˄EMulation˅ḷᘇDŽᖃ䈕ս䇮㖞ᰦˈ㺘⽪༴⨶ಘ⋑ᴹ䜘ᡆཆ䜘ॿ༴⨶ಘˈᢗ ᆈDŽ؍Ӿ⋑ᴹ֯⭘䗷ॿ༴⨶ಘˈ䛓Ѹᓄॿ༴⨶ಘкл᮷ቡн⭘ ᆈॿ༴⨶ಘⲴкл᮷DŽྲ᷌ԫ࣑؍нᆈ൘ᔲᑨⲴ༴⨶〻ᒿਟ֯⭘ CLTS ᤷԔ䲔 TS ḷᘇˈᒦф 䙷ࡠаᶑॿ༴⨶ಘᤷԔᰦӗ⭏䇮༷нᆈ൘ᔲᑨDŽ䇮༷ى֯ᗇ༴⨶ಘ൘ᢗ㹼ᯠԫ࣑ᤷԔ⍱Ⲵԫօᰦ ᆈॿ༴⨶ಘⲴкл᮷ˈ㘼ᱟՊ䇮㖞 TS ḷᘇDŽ䘉њḷᘇՊ؍൘ԫ࣑࠷ᦒᰦˈ༴⨶ಘᒦн㠚ࣘ EM ḷᘇˈ䛓Ѹ TS ḷᘇሩॿ༴⨶ಘᤷԔⲴᢗ㹼ᰐᖡ૽DŽ㿱㺘 4-1 ᡰ⽪DŽ EM ḷᘇˈ䛓Ѹ൘ᢗ㹼ॿ༴⨶ಘᤷԔ WAIT/FWAIT ѻࡽнՊӗ⭏䇮༷нᆈ൘ᔲᑨDŽྲ᷌䇮㖞Ҷ њ䇮༷нᆈ൘ DNA˄Device Not Available˅ᔲᑨDŽྲ᷌䇮㖞Ҷ TS ḷᘇն⋑ᴹ䇮㖞 CR0 Ⲵ MP ઼ ྲ᷌䇮㖞Ҷ TS ḷᘇᒦф CR0 Ⲵ EM ḷᘇѪ 0ˈ䛓Ѹ൘ᢗ㹼ԫօॿ༴⨶ಘᤷԔѻࡽՊӗ⭏а ᢗ㹼ॿ༴⨶ಘᤷԔᰦ⍻䈅䈕ḷᘇDŽ ᇩˈⴤࡠᯠԫ࣑ᔰᇎ䱵ᢗ㹼ॿ༴⨶ಘᤷԔDŽ༴⨶ಘ൘⇿⅑ԫ࣑࠷ᦒᰦ䜭Պ䇮㖞䈕ḷᘇˈᒦф൘ ᆈԫ࣑࠷ᦒᰦⲴॿ༴⨶ಘ؍TS CR0 Ⲵս 3 ᱟԫ࣑ᐢ࠷ᦒ˄Task Switched˅ḷᘇDŽ䈕ḷᘇ⭘Ҿ᧘䘏 㔏ѝᴹ 80387ˈࡉ ET 㻛䇮㖞ᡀ 1ˈࡉ㤕ᴹањ 80287 ᡆ㘵⋑ᴹॿ༴⨶ಘˈࡉ ET 㻛䇮㖞ᡀ 0DŽ սሶ㻛ᘭ⮕DŽ൘༴⨶ಘ༽սᰦˈET սՊ㻛ࡍॆᤷ᰾㌫㔏ѝ֯⭘Ⲵॿ༴⨶ಘ㊫රDŽྲ᷌㌫ ಘᆈ൘ˈᒦ֯⭘ 32 սॿ༴⨶ಘॿ䇞DŽET=0 ᤷ᰾֯⭘ 80287 ॿ༴⨶ಘDŽྲ᷌ԯⵏս EM=1ˈࡉ䈕 ET CR0 Ⲵս 4 ᱟᢙኅ㊫ර˄Extension Type˅ḷᘇDŽᖃ䈕ḷᘇѪ 1 ᰦˈ㺘⽪ᤷ᰾㌫㔏ᴹ 80387 ॿ༴⨶ ਟԕ࣐ᘛᆳԜѻ䰤Ⲵ࠷ᦒDŽ ڊᆈ઼ᚒ༽⎞⛩ᇴᆈಘDŽሩҾ⋑ᴹ֯⭘⎞⛩䘀㇇Ⲵԫ࣑ˈ䘉ṧ؍䘉њᔲᑨਟ⭘ᶕӵѪ֯⭘⎞⛩䘀㇇Ⲵԫ࣑ EM ս⭘Ҿ⺞ᇊ⎞⛩ᤷԔᡆ WAIT ᤷԔᱟᓄ䈕ӗ⭏ањ䇮༷нᆈ൘ DNA˄Device Not Available˅ᔲᑨDŽ 䘹ᤙоॿ༴⨶ಘ䘋㹼䙊ؑᡰ֯⭘Ⲵॿ䇞ˈণᤷ᰾㌫㔏ѝ֯⭘Ⲵᱟ 80387 䘈ᱟ 80287 ॿ༴⨶ಘDŽTSǃMP ઼ ॿ༴⨶ಘⲴ䈖㓶䈤᰾䈧৲㿱ㅜ 11 ㄐᇩDŽCR0 Ⲵ ET ս˄ḷᘇ˅⭘Ҿޣ⎞⛩˄ᮠᆖ˅ॿ༴⨶ಘⲴDŽᴹ CR0 Ⲵ 4 њ∄⢩ս˖ᢙኅ㊫රս ETǃԫ࣑࠷ᦒս TSǃԯⵏս EM ઼ᮠᆖᆈ൘ս MP ⭘Ҿ᧗ࡦ 80X86 1. CR0 ѝॿ༴⨶ಘ᧗ࡦս ഴ ᇺᆎಞ &5&5 ㌫㔏ᇴᆈಘ઼㌫㔏ᤷԔ; 亥˄PG=1˅ѻࡽᗵ享ݸࡧᯠ CPU ѝⲴ亥儈䙏㕃ߢ˄ᡆ〠Ѫ䖜ᦒḕ㕃ߢ४ TLB - Translation Lookaside ࠶亥ц⭼ѻ䰤䎧⵰ẕằⲴ⭘DŽᰐ䇪ᱟᔰ࠶亥ᵪࡦˈ䘉䜘࠶ԓ⸱䜭ާᴹ਼Ⲵൠ൰DŽਖཆˈ൘ᔰ࠶ ⨶ൠ൰オ䰤ѝާᴹ਼ൠ൰ᰦˈᡁԜ㜭᭩ਈ PG սⲴ䇮㖞DŽ↔ᰦ䘉䜘࠶ާᴹ਼ൠ൰Ⲵԓ⸱൘࠶亥઼ᵚ ᖃ᭩ਈ PE ઼ PG սᰦˈᡁԜᗵ享ሿᗳDŽਚᴹᖃᢗ㹼〻ᒿ䎧⸱ᴹ䜘࠶ԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ൘㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤઼⢙ лDŽ ᣔ⁑ᔿ؍ᣔᔲᑨˈণ䘉⿽ḷᘇ㓴ਸᰐ᭸˗ྲ᷌ PG=1ǃPE=1ˈࡉ༴⨶ಘᐕ൘ᔰҶ࠶亥ᵪࡦⲴ؍ња㡜 ᣔ⁑ᔿлн㜭⭘࠶亥ᵪࡦˈഐ↔༴⨶ಘՊӗ⭏а؍ᣔ⁑ᔿл˗ྲ᷌ PG=1ǃPE=0ˈ↔ᰦ⭡Ҿн൘؍ࡦⲴ ྲ᷌ PE=0ǃPG=0ˈ༴⨶ಘᐕ൘ᇎൠ൰⁑ᔿл˗ྲ᷌ PG=0ǃPE=1ˈ༴⨶ಘᐕ൘⋑ᴹᔰ࠶亥ᵪ ൰֯⭘DŽ ᵪࡦDŽྲ᷌ PG=1ˈࡉᔰҶ࠶亥ᵪࡦDŽྲ᷌ PG=-0ˈ࠶亥ᵪࡦ㻛⾱→ˈ↔ᰦ㓯ᙗൠ൰㻛ⴤ᧕Ѫ⢙⨶ൠ 䰝Ҷ࠶⇥ᵪࡦˈᒦྲ਼ 8086 ᐕҾᇎൠ൰⁑ᔿлDŽPG ⭘Ҿ᧗ࡦ࠶亥ޣᣔ⁑ᔿлDŽྲ᷌ PE=0ˈࡉ༴⨶ಘ ؍࠶⇥઼࠶亥ᵪࡦDŽPE ⭘Ҿ᧗ࡦ࠶⇥ᵪࡦDŽྲ᷌ PE=1ˈ༴⨶ಘቡᐕ൘ᔰ࠶⇥ᵪࡦ⧟ຳлˈণ䘀㹼൘ ᣔ⁑ᔿ PE˄Protected Enable˅ս˄ս 0˅઼ᔰ࠶亥 PG˄Paging˅ս˄ս 31˅࠶࡛⭘Ҿ᧗ࡦ؍⭘ ᘇǃIGNNE ᕅ㝊઼ FERR ᕅ㝊⭘Ҿ࡙⭘ཆ䜘䙫䗁ᶕᇎ⧠ PC ᵪᖒᔿⲴཆ䜘䭉䈟ᣕᵪࡦDŽ 䈧≲ᕅ㝊кDŽNE ḷޕԯⵏཆ䜘ॿ༴⨶ಘ 80387 Ⲵ ERROR ᕅ㝊ˈഐ↔䙊ᑨ䘎᧕ࡠѝᯝ᧗ࡦಘ䗃 ᤷԔᢗ㹼DŽCPU Ⲵ FERR ᕅ㝊⭘Ҿ→ڌлањㅹᖵᖒᔿ⎞⛩ᤷԔᡆ WAIT/FWAIT ᤷԔѻࡽ・ 䶎ቿ㭭Ⲵᮠᆖॿ༴⨶ಘ X87 䭉䈟ሶሬ㠤༴⨶ಘ䙊䗷 FERR ᕅ㝊൘ཆ䜘ӗ⭏ањѝᯝˈᒦф൘ᢗ㹼 ᕅ㝊ᰐؑਧᰦˈ䛓Ѹޕᆖॿ༴⨶ಘ X87 䭉䈟ሶ㻛ᘭ⮕DŽᖃ NE Ѫ༽ս⣦ᘱᒦф CPU Ⲵ IGNNE 䗃 ᕅ㝊ᴹؑਧᰦˈ䛓ѸᮠޕX87 ॿ༴⨶ಘ䭉䈟ᣕᵪࡦDŽᖃ NE Ѫ༽ս⣦ᘱᒦф CPU Ⲵ IGNNE 䗃 ᘇᰦˈቡ⭘Ҷ X87 ॿ༴⨶ಘ䭉䈟Ⲵ䜘ᣕᵪࡦ˗㤕༽ս䈕ḷᘇˈ䛓Ѹቡ֯⭘ PC ᵪᖒᔿⲴ NE ሩҾ Intel 80486 ᡆԕкⲴ CPUˈCR0 Ⲵս 5 ᱟॿ༴⨶ಘ䭉䈟˄Numeric Error˅ḷᘇDŽᖃ䇮㖞䈕ḷ ᰦࡉ৽ѻDŽ䈕ḷᘇᴹ࡙Ҿ UNIX ㊫㌫㔏൘ࡋᔪ䘋〻ᰦᇎ⧠߉ᰦ༽ࡦ˄Copy on Write˅ᢰᵟDŽ ༴⨶ಘՊ⾱→䎵㓗⭘ᡧ〻ᒿ˄ֻྲ⢩ᵳ㓗 0 Ⲵ〻ᒿ˅ੁ⭘ᡧ㓗ਚ䈫亥䶒ᢗ㹼߉˗ᖃ䈕ս༽ս ᣔ˄Write Proctect˅ḷᘇDŽᖃ䇮㖞䈕ḷᘇᰦˈ؍WP ሩҾ Intel 80486 ᡆԕкⲴ CPUˈCR0 Ⲵս 16 ᱟ߉ 㾱⭘࠶亥ᵪࡦˈ䛓Ѹ PE ઼ PG ḷᘇ䜭㾱㖞սDŽ ↔ᰦᡰᴹ㓯ᙗൠ൰ㅹ਼Ҿ⢙⨶ൠ൰DŽ൘ᔰ䘉њḷᘇѻࡽᗵ享ᐢ㓿ᡆ㘵਼ᰦᔰ PE ḷᘇDŽণ㤕 PG CR0 Ⲵս 31 ᱟ࠶亥˄Paging˅ḷᘇDŽᖃ䇮㖞䈕սᰦণᔰҶ࠶亥ᵪࡦ˗ᖃ༽սᰦࡉ⾱→࠶亥ᵪࡦˈ PE ઼ PG ḷᘇ䜭㾱㖞սDŽ ᣔˈ㘼ᒦ⋑ᴹ⭘࠶亥ᵪࡦDŽ㤕㾱⭘࠶亥ᵪࡦˈ䛓Ѹ؍ᇎൠ൰⁑ᔿDŽ䘉њḷᘇӵᔰ⇥㓗ޕ䘋 ᣔ⁑ᔿ˗ᖃ༽սᰦণ؍ᣔ˄Protection Enable˅ḷᘇDŽᖃ䇮㖞䈕սᰦণᔰҶ؍PE CR0 Ⲵս 0 ᱟ⭘ ᣔ᧗ࡦս؍2. CR0 ѝ 1 1 1 DNA ᔲᑨ DNA ᔲᑨ 1 1 0 DNA ᔲᑨ ᢗ㹼 1 0 1 DNA ᔲᑨ ᢗ㹼 1 0 0 DNA ᔲᑨ ᢗ㹼 0 1 1 DNA ᔲᑨ DNA ᔲᑨ 0 1 0 ᢗ㹼 ᢗ㹼 0 0 1 䇮༷нᆈ൘˄DNA˅ᔲᑨ ᢗ㹼 0 0 0 ᢗ㹼 ᢗ㹼 EM MP TS ⎞⛩ WAIT/FWAIT CR0 ѝⲴḷᘇ ᤷԔ㊫ර 㺞 &5 ѣḽᘍ (0Ƚ03 ૂ 76 Ⲻуੂ㓺ਾሯঅ༺⨼ಞԚࣞ֒Ⲻᖧଃ ㌫㔏ᇴᆈಘ઼㌫㔏ᤷԔ; ᆈࡠᆈѝDŽ؍઼䮯ᓖ ᆈѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᇴᆈಘ IDTRDŽᢺ IDTR ѝ IDT 㺘Ⲵสൠ൰؍ SIDT Store IDT Register ᆈ࣐䖭ࡠ IDTR ѝDŽ ࣐䖭ѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᇴᆈಘ IDTRDŽᢺ IDT 㺘Ⲵสൠ൰઼䮯ᓖӾ LIDT Load IDT Register ᱟ ᆈᡆ䙊⭘ᇴᆈަѝDŽ ᆈࡠ؍ᆈԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘ TRDŽᢺ TR ѝᖃࡽԫ࣑ TSS ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ؍ STR Store Task Register ԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘѝDŽ ࣐䖭ԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘ TRDŽᢺ TSS ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ˄઼⇥᧿䘠ㅖ˅࣐䖭ࡠ LTR Load Task Register ᱟ ᆈࡠᆈѝDŽ؍൰઼䮯ᓖ ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᇴᆈಘ GDTRDŽᢺ GDTR ѝ IDT 㺘Ⲵสൠޘᆈ؍ SGDT Store GDT Register Ӿᆈ࣐䖭ࡠ GDTR ѝDŽ ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᇴᆈಘ GDTRDŽᢺ GDT 㺘Ⲵสൠ൰઼䮯ᓖޘ࣐䖭 LGDT Load GDT Register ᱟ ㅖࡠᆈѝᡆ䙊⭘ᇴᆈಘѝDŽ ᆈተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᇴᆈಘ LDTRDŽᢺ LDTR ѝⲴ LDT ⇥䘹ᤙ؍ SLDT Store LDT Regiter ઼⇥᧿䘠ㅖࡠ LDTR ᇴᆈಘѝDŽ ࣐䖭ተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᇴᆈಘ LDTRDŽӾᆈ࣐䖭 LDT ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ LLDT Load LDT Register ᱟ ᣔ 䈤᰾؍ ਇޘᤷԔ ᤷԔ 㺞 ᑮ⭞㌱㔕Ԛࡍ㺞 ᣔDŽ؍ࠪҶᡁԜሶ⭘ࡠⲴаӋ㌫㔏ᤷԔDŽަѝ䘈ᤷࠪҶᆳԜᱟਇࡠ 㓗 0 Ⲵ㌫㔏䖟Ԧᢗ㹼ˈަ։аӋᤷԔਟԕ൘ԫօ⢩ᵳ㓗кᢗ㹼ˈഐ↔ᓄ⭘〻ᒿҏ㜭֯⭘DŽ㺘 4-2 ѝࡇ ㌫㔏ᤷԔ⭘Ҿ༴⨶㌫㔏㓗࣏㜭ˈֻྲ࣐䖭㌫㔏ᇴᆈಘǃ㇑⨶ѝᯝㅹDŽབྷཊᮠ㌫㔏ᤷԔਚ㜭⭡༴Ҿ⢩ᵳ 4.1.4 ㌱㔕Ԛ ᔲᑨDŽ ѝDŽഐ↔㌫㔏ѝⲴ亥ᔲᑨ༴⨶〻ᒿਟԕ䙊䗷Ựḕ CR2 Ⲵᇩᶕ⺞ᇊ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝଚањ亥䶒ᕅਁҶ CR2 ⭘Ҿࠪ⧠亥ᔲᑨᰦᣕࠪ䭉ؑDŽ൘ᣕ亥ᔲᑨᰦˈ༴⨶ಘՊᢺᕅ䎧ᔲᑨⲴ㓯ᙗൠ൰ᆈ᭮൘ CR2 ӛ亥㺘Ⲵԫ࣑ਟԕᢗ㹼ᗇᴤᘛDŽޡᯠ亥儈䙏㕃ߢDŽ䘉ṧ ٬оԫ࣑Ⲵаṧˈ༴⨶ಘቡᰐ䴰ࡧ ᖃ࠷ᦒԫ࣑ᰦˈCR3 ⲴᇩҏՊ䲿ѻ᭩ਈDŽնᱟྲ᷌ᯠԫ࣑Ⲵ CR3 ণ֯ CR0 ѝⲴ PG ս༴Ҿ༽ս⣦ᘱ˄PG=0˅ˈᡁԜҏ㜭ݸ࣐䖭 CR3DŽԕݱ䇨ሩ࠶亥ᵪࡦ䘋㹼ࡍॆDŽ ᆈѝ䈫ਆ亥㺘亩DŽ TLB˄Translation Lookaside Buffer˅DŽਚᴹᖃ TLB ѝнवਜ਼㾱≲Ⲵ亥㺘亩ᰦՊ֯⭘仍ཆⲴᙫ㓯ઘᵏӾ 䟿ˈᴰ䘁䇯䰞Ⲵ亥ⴞᖅ઼亥㺘Պ㻛ᆈ᭮൘༴⨶ಘⲴ亥儈䙏㕃ߢಘԦѝˈ䈕㕃ߢಘԦ㻛〠Ѫ䖜ᦒḕ㕃ߢ४ ֯⭘ MOV ᤷԔ࣐䖭 CR3 ᰦާᴹ䇙亥儈䙏㕃ߢᰐ᭸Ⲵ࢟⭘DŽѪҶ߿ቁൠ൰䖜ᦒᡰ㾱≲Ⲵᙫ㓯ઘᵏᮠ ഐ↔൘ᖰ CR3 ѝ࣐䖭ањᯠ٬ᰦվ 12 սᗵ享䇮㖞Ѫ 0DŽ ⮉ᴤ儈㓗༴⨶ಘ֯⭘ˈ؍Ѫ亥ⴞᖅ㺘亥䶒ᱟ亥ሩ喀Ⲵˈᡰԕ䈕ᇴᆈಘਚᴹ儈 20 սᱟᴹ᭸ⲴDŽ㘼վ 12 ս CR2 ઼ CR3 ⭘Ҿ࠶亥ᵪࡦDŽCR3 ਜ਼ᴹᆈ᭮亥ⴞᖅ㺘亥䶒Ⲵ⢙⨶ൠ൰ˈഐ↔ CR3 ҏ㻛〠Ѫ PDBRDŽഐ 3. CR2 ઼ CR3 ᆈಘ઼ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴDŽ ಘ㻛༽սᡀ PE=0ǃPG=0˄ণᇎ⁑ᔿ⣦ᘱ˅ˈԕݱ䇨ᕅሬԓ⸱൘⭘࠶⇥઼࠶亥ᵪࡦѻࡽ㜭ཏࡍॆ䘉Ӌᇴ ᔿлⲴԫօᤷԔDŽ൘䇮㖞 PE սѻࡽˈ〻ᒿᗵ享ࡍॆࠐњ㌫㔏⇥઼᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘDŽ൘㌫㔏ࡊк⭥ᰦˈ༴⨶ ൘؞᭩䈕Ҷ PE սѻਾ〻ᒿᗵ享・֯⭘аᶑ䐣䖜ᤷԔˈԕࡧᯠ༴⨶ಘᢗ㹼㇑䚃ѝᐢ㓿㧧ਆⲴн਼⁑ Buffers˅DŽ ㌫㔏ᇴᆈಘ઼㌫㔏ᤷԔ; 䟿〫ٿ + ˅ൠ൰ = สൠ൰ + ˄ਈ൰ x ∄ֻഐᆀ〫ٿ ˖ᑨ䟿DŽণ〫ٿ䟿⭡й䜘࠶࣐㓴ᡀ˖สൠ൰ᇴᆈಘǃਈ൰ᇴᆈಘ઼ањ〫ٿᤷԔⲴ 䟿Ⲵᖸཊᯩᔿˈ〠ѪᤷԔራ൰ᯩᔿDŽ〫ٿൠ൰ˈ80X86 ᤷԔ㿴ᇊҶ䇑㇇〫ٿѪҶᤷᇊᆈᮠⲴ⇥ ᆈಘDŽ ਖཆ 4 њ⇥ᇴᆈಘᱟ䙊⭘⇥ᇴᆈಘDŽᖃᤷԔѝ⋑ᴹᤷᇊᡰᮠᦞⲴ⇥ᰦˈ䛓Ѹ DS ሶᱟ唈䇔Ⲵᮠᦞ⇥ᇴ ⭡⇥ᇴᆈಘ SSራ൰Ⲵ⇥〠ѪᖃࡽึḸ⇥DŽḸ亦⭡ ESP ᇴᆈಘᇩᤷᇊDŽഐ↔ึḸ亦༴ൠ൰ᱟ SS:[ESP]DŽ ަԆⲴԓ⸱⇥ѝˈ䘉ṧቡᇎ⧠Ҷ൘н਼⇥ѝ〻ᒿⲴ᧗ࡦՐ䙂DŽ Ӿ㘼ਟԕᢺᢗ㹼ս㖞᭩ਈࡠˈCS:[EIP]DŽਾ䶒ሶ䈤᰾Ⲵ⇥䰤᧗ࡦ䖜〫ᤷԔਟԕ㻛⭘ᶕѪ CS ઼ EIP 䍻Ҹᯠ٬ ൠ൰DŽഐ↔㾱ᢗ㹼ᤷԔⲴൠ൰ਟ㺘⽪ᡀ〫ٿEIP ᇴᆈಘѝवਜ਼Ҷᖃࡽԓ⸱⇥лаᶑ㾱ᢗ㹼ᤷԔⲴ⇥ Ҿራ൰ԓ⸱⇥ˈ㘼ึḸ⇥ࡉу䰘֯⭘ SS ⇥ᇴᆈಘDŽ൘ԫօᤷᇊᰦ⭡ CS ራ൰Ⲵ⇥〠Ѫᖃࡽԓ⸱⇥DŽ↔ᰦ 80X86 Ѫ⇥䜘࠶ᨀҶ 6 њᆈ᭮⇥䘹ᤙㅖⲴ⇥ᇴᆈಘ˖CSǃDSǃESǃSSǃFS ઼ GSDŽަѝ CS ᙫᱟ⭘ ൠ൰DŽ ൠ൰ᡆᤷ䪸ᤷᇊⲴൠ൰ᱟสҾᖃࡽ⇥Ⲵሩ䊑〫ٿൠ൰DŽ㘼ӵ⭡ 32 ս〫ٿҶањᮠᦞሩ䊑Ⲵ⇥ൠ൰઼⇥ ᶴᡀⲴ 48 սൠ൰ᡆ䮯ᤷ䪸〠Ѫањ䙫䗁ൠ൰˄㲊ᤏൠ൰˅DŽᆳୟа⺞ᇊ〫ٿ〻ᒿѝ⭡ 16 սⲴ⇥઼ 32 սⲴ ൠ൰䜘࠶֯⭘ 32 սⲴ٬ᶕᤷᇊˈഐ↔⇥ൠ൰ਟԕᱟ 0 ࡠ 4GDŽণањ⇥Ⲵᴰབྷ䮯ᓖਟ䗮 4GDŽ〫ٿ⇥ ൠ൰є䜘࠶ᶴᡀDŽ⇥ൠ൰䜘࠶֯⭘ 16 սⲴ⇥䘹ᤙㅖᤷᇊˈަѝ 14 սਟԕ䘹ᤙ 2^14 ⅑ᯩণ 16384 њ⇥DŽ〫 ٿⲴ㓯ᙗ४ฏˈӾ㘼ሩᆈѝањᮠᦞሩ䊑Ⲵራ൰ቡ䴰㾱֯⭘ањ⇥Ⲵ䎧ൠ൰˄ণ⇥ൠ൰˅઼ањ⇥ 80X86 ֯⭘Ҷа⿽〠Ѫ⇥˄Segment˅Ⲵራ൰ᢰᵟDŽ䘉⿽ራ൰ᢰᵟᢺᆈオ䰤࠶ᡀањᡆཊњ〠Ѫ⇥ Ҷ䘋㹼ᆈራ൰ˈ ԔⲴᮠ⎹৺ᆈራ൰ˈᒦф䪸ሩᡰራ൰ሩ䊑ᮠᦞ㊫රⲴн਼ˈҏᴹᖸཊн਼Ⲵራ൰ᯩṸਟ䘹ᤙDŽѪ ԕսҾањᇴᆈಘѝˈҏਟԕ൘ᆈѝDŽ㤕㾱ᇊսᆈѝⲴᮠˈቡ㾱䘋㹼ᆈራ൰DŽ80X86 ᴹ䇨ཊᤷ ሩҾ 80X86 CPUˈаᶑᤷԔѫ㾱⭡⸱˄Opcode˅઼ሩ䊑ণᮠ˄Oprand˅ᶴᡀDŽᮠਟ Ⲵ༴⨶ಘDŽ Little Endium˅˄80X86 俆ݸᆈ᭮վ٬ᆇ㢲ˈ䲿ਾൠ൰༴ᆈ᭮儈٬ᆇ㢲DŽഐ↔ 80X86 CPU ᱟа⿽ݸᆈሿ٬ ራ൰ 4G ᆇ㢲Ⲵ⢙⨶ᆈDŽሩҾཊᆇ㢲ᮠᦞ㊫ර˄ֻྲ 2 ᆇ㢲ᮤᮠᮠᦞ㊫ර˅ˈ൘ᆈѝ䘉Ӌᆇ㢲䛫ᆈ᭮DŽ ਟԕޡᴹ 2^32 њн਼⢙⨶ൠ൰DŽণᆈ⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤ᴹ 4Gˈᙫޡ䈤ˈަൠ൰ᙫ㓯ᇭᓖѪ 32 սˈഐ↔а ᦞ㊫රⲴራ൰ᱟሩ 1 ᆇ㢲ᮠᦞ˄ᮠ٬ᡆᆇㅖ˅ⲴᇊսDŽ䙊ᑨᆈൠ൰Ӿ 0 ᔰ㕆൰ˈሩҾ 80X86 CPU ᶕ ਧᮤරᮠˈԕ৺ཊᆇ㢲ᆇㅖѢㅹDŽ䙊ᑨᆇ㢲ѝḀа∄⢩սⲴᇊսᡆራ൰ਟԕสҾᆇ㢲ᶕራ൰ˈഐ↔ᴰሿᮠ ѢDŽ80X86 ᭟ᤱཊ⿽ᮠᦞ㊫ර˖1 ᆇ㢲ǃ2 ᆇ㢲˄1 њᆇ˅ᡆ 4 ᆇ㢲˄ৼᆇᡆ䮯ᆇ˅Ⲵᰐㅖਧᮤරᮠᡆᑖㅖ Ḁњᤷᇊᮠᦞሩ䊑Ⲵൠ൰䘋㹼ᇊսDŽ䘉䟼ˈᮠᦞሩ䊑ᱟᤷᆈۘ൘ᆈѝⲴањᤷᇊᮠᦞ㊫රⲴᮠ٬ᡆᆇㅖ ᆈᱟᤷа㓴ᴹᒿᆇ㢲㓴ᡀⲴᮠ㓴ˈ⇿њᆇ㢲ᴹୟаⲴᆈൠ൰DŽᆈራ൰ࡉᱟᤷሩᆈۘ൘ᆈѝⲴ 4.2.1 ᆎሱ൶ 4.2 ؓᣚ⁗ᕅᆎ㇗⨼ ༴⨶ಘᢗ㹼DŽ→ڌ HLT Halt Processor LSL Load Segment Limit ࣐䖭⇥䲀䮯DŽ нᆈ൘ᔲᑨDŽ 䲔 CR0 ѝⲴԫ࣑ᐢ࠷ᦒḷᘇ TSDŽ⭘Ҿ༴⨶䇮༷˄ॿ༴⨶ಘ˅ CLTS Clear TS flag ᱟ ᆈᵪಘ⣦ᘱᆇDŽ䈕ᤷԔ⭘Ҿެᇩ 80286 ༴⨶ಘDŽ؍ SMSW Store Machine State Word ᇩ 80286 ༴⨶ಘDŽ ࣐䖭ᵪಘ⣦ᘱᆇ˄ሩᓄ CR0 ᇴᆈಘս 15--0˅DŽ䈕ᤷԔ⭘Ҿެ LMSW Load Machine State Word ᱟ ᆈ᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ CR0ǃCR1ǃCR2 ᡆ CR3DŽ؍MOV CRn Move Control Registers ᱟ ࣐䖭઼ ᣔ⁑ᔿᆈ㇑⨶؍ ⢙⨶ൠ൰ ᵪࡦ ࠶亥 ᔰ" ࠶亥 㓯ᙗൠ൰ ᵪࡦ ࠶⇥ 䙫䗁ൠ൰ 㲊ᤏൠ൰ ٬〫ٿ 䘹ᤙㅖ 䙫䗁ൠ൰ ᱟ 䟿ቡᖒᡀҶ༴⨶ಘ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴൠ൰DŽ〫ٿ㢲Ⲵս㖞DŽഐ↔สൠ൰࣐к 䟿䜘࠶࣐ࡠ⇥Ⲵสൠ൰кቡਟԕᇊս⇥ѝḀњᆇ〫ٿൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴս㖞˄〠Ѫ⇥Ⲵสൠ൰˅DŽ䙫䗁ൠ൰Ⲵ 䜭ᴹањ⇥᧿䘠ㅖDŽ⇥᧿䘠ㅖᤷ᰾⇥Ⲵབྷሿǃ䇯䰞ᵳ䲀઼⇥Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗ǃ⇥㊫රԕ৺⇥Ⲵㅜ 1 њᆇ㢲൘㓯ᙗ 䟿DŽ⇿њ⇥〫ٿተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 GDT˅ѝањᮠᦞ㔃ᶴ˄〠Ѫ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ˅Ⲵޘྲֻ˄䘹ᤙㅖᨀҶ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 䟿DŽ⇥䘹ᤙㅖᱟањ⇥Ⲵୟаḷ䇶DŽਖཆˈ⇥〫ٿᨀањ䙫䗁ൠ൰DŽ䙫䗁ൠ൰वᤜањ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ઼ањ ањ㌫㔏ѝᡰᴹ֯⭘Ⲵ⇥䜭वਜ਼൘༴⨶ಘ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝDŽѪҶᇊսᤷᇊ⇥ѝⲴањᆇ㢲ˈ〻ᒿᗵ享 䘈ݱ䇨ሩ⇥䘋㹼࠶㊫DŽ䘉ṧˈሩ⢩ᇊ㊫ර⇥Ⲵ㜭ཏਇࡠ䲀ࡦDŽ ањ〻ᒿнՊ䙊䗷䇯䰞ਖањ〻ᒿⲴ⇥㘼ᒢᢠ〻ᒿⲴᢗ㹼DŽ࠶⇥ᵪࡦ؍⺞ԕ࣐ᕪ䘉Ӌ⇥ѻ䰤Ⲵ⭼䲀ˈᒦф ᡆ LDT˅DŽྲ᷌༴⨶ಘѝᴹཊњ〻ᒿᡆԫ࣑൘䘀㹼ˈ䛓Ѹ⇿њ〻ᒿਟ࠶䝽㠚Ⲵа྇⇥DŽ↔ᰦ༴⨶ಘቡਟ ᣔൠ൰オ䰤४ฏDŽ⇥ਟԕ⭘ᶕᆈ᭮〻ᒿⲴԓ⸱ǃᮠᦞ઼ึḸˈᡆ㘵⭘ᶕᆈ᭮㌫㔏ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴ˄ֻྲ TSS؍Ⲵਇ ྲമ 4-5 ᡰ⽪ˈ࠶⇥ᨀҶа⿽ᵪࡦˈ⭘Ҿᢺ༴⨶ಘਟራ൰Ⲵ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ࡂ࠶ᡀаӋ䖳ሿⲴ〠Ѫ⇥ ⧠〻ᒿԓ⸱᤹㾱≲㻛᱐ሴࡠ⢙⨶ᆈѝDŽ࠶亥ᵪࡦᖃ❦ҏ㜭⭘Ҿᨀཊԫ࣑ѻ䰤Ⲵ䳄᧚ᯭDŽ ಘк㘼нՊӂᒢᢠDŽ࠶亥ᵪࡦѪՐ㔏䴰≲亥ǃ㲊ᤏᆈ㌫㔏ᨀҶᇎ⧠ᵪࡦDŽަѝ㲊ᤏᆈ㌫㔏⭘Ҿᇎ ࠶⇥ᨀҶ䳄㔍њԓ⸱ǃᮠᦞ઼ึḸ४ฏⲴᵪࡦˈഐ↔ཊњ〻ᒿ˄ᡆԫ࣑˅ਟԕ䘀㹼൘਼ањ༴⨶ 1. ࠶⇥ᵪࡦ ഴ 㲐ᤕ൦൶δ䙱䗇൦൶εࡦ⢟⨼൦൶Ⲻᦘ䗽ぁ ࡠ༴⨶ಘⲴ⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤кDŽ⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤ᇊѹѪ༴⨶ಘ൘ަൠ൰ᙫ㓯к㜭ཏӗ⭏Ⲵൠ൰㤳തDŽ Ҽ䱦⇥Ⲵ࠶亥ᵪࡦࡉᱟ䘹⭘ⲴDŽྲ᷌⋑ᴹ⭘࠶亥ᵪࡦˈ䛓Ѹ࠶⇥ᵪࡦӗ⭏Ⲵ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ቡⴤ᧕᱐ሴ ⭘࠶亥ᵪࡦᢺ㓯ᙗൠ൰䖜ᦒѪ⢙⨶ൠ൰DŽ൘ൠ൰ਈᦒ䗷〻ѝˈㅜа䱦⇥Ⲵ࠶⇥ਈᦒᵪࡦᙫᱟ֯⭘Ⲵˈ㘼ㅜ ⭘࠶⇥ᵪࡦᢺ〻ᒿⲴ䙫䗁ൠ൰ਈᦒᡀ༴⨶ಘਟራ൰ᆈオ䰤˄〠Ѫ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤˅ѝⲴൠ൰DŽㅜҼ䱦⇥֯ 80X86 ൘Ӿ䙫䗁ൠ൰ࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰ਈᦒ䗷〻ѝ֯⭘Ҷ࠶⇥઼࠶亥є⿽ᵪࡦˈ㿱മ 4-4 ᡰ⽪DŽㅜа䱦⇥֯ DŽ䘉Ӌ㺘ਚ㜭⭡㌫㔏䇯䰞ˈԕ䱢→ᓄ⭘〻ᒿ㠚؞᭩DŽ ྲօᤷᇊԕ৺㕆〻Ӫઈྲօ䘋㹼DŽ࠶⇥઼࠶亥䜭֯⭘傫⮉൘ᆈѝⲴ㺘ᶕᤷᇊᆳԜ㠚Ⲵਈᦒؑ ᱟє⿽ᒯ⌋֯⭘Ⲵൠ൰ਈᦒᢰᵟDŽᆳԜⲴн਼ѻ༴൘Ҿ䙫䗁ൠ൰ᱟྲօ㓴㓷ᡀ㻛᱐ሴⲴᆈඇǃਈᦒؑ ѪҶ߿ቁ⺞ᇊൠ൰ਈᦒᡰ䴰㾱Ⲵؑˈਈᦒᡆ᱐ሴ䙊ᑨԕᆈඇѪঅսDŽ࠶⇥ᵪࡦ઼࠶亥ᵪࡦ ᵪࡦሶᆳਈᦒᡆ᱐ሴࡠ⢙⨶ᆈൠ൰кDŽᆈ㇑⨶ᵪࡦণ⭘Ҿሶ䘉⿽䙫䗁ൠ൰䖜ᦒᡀ⢙⨶ᆈൠ൰DŽ ѝⲴൠ൰ᱟ⭡є䜘࠶ᶴᡀⲴ䙫䗁ൠࡦDŽ䘉⿽䙫䗁ൠ൰ᒦн㜭ⴤ᧕⭘Ҿ䇯䰞⢙⨶ᆈˈ㘼䴰㾱֯⭘ൠ൰ਈᦒ ↓ྲк䶒ᨀࡠⲴˈ䇑㇇ᵪѝⲴ⢙⨶ᆈᱟᆇ㢲Ⲵ㓯ᙗᮠ㓴ˈ⇿њᆇ㢲ާᴹањୟаⲴ⢙⨶ൠ൰˗〻ᒿ 㜭DŽ ᣔ࣏؍ഐѪᡁԜਟԕ䇙ḀӋ⢙⨶ൠ൰н㻛ԫօ䙫䗁ൠ൰ᡰ᱐ሴˈᡰԕ൘ൠ൰ਈᦒ䗷〻ѝ਼ᰦҏᨀҶᆈ 䇯䰞ਖањԫ࣑ᡆ㌫㔏Ⲵᆈ४ฏDŽൠ൰ਈᦒ㜭ཏ䇙㌫㔏൘㔉ԫ࣑࠶䝽ᆈᰦާᴹ⚥⍫ᙗˈᒦф ᣔ᧚ᯭᱟਟԕ䱢→ањԫ࣑؍ᣔ઼ൠ൰ਈᦒDŽᨀ؍˖䭞䜘࠶ޣԫօᆼᮤⲴᆈ㇑⨶㌫㔏䜭वਜ਼єњ 4.2.2 ൦൶ᦘ ᣔ⁑ᔿᆈ㇑⨶؍ 亥ᑗ〫ٿ亥 * * 亥䮯. 〫ٿ⇥ ⇥ 亥สൠ൰ 〫ٿ亥 ⇥สൠ൰ ⇥䲀䮯 ⢙⨶ൠ൰ 亥ⴞᖅ 亥㺘 *'75 &5 ⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤 㓯ᙗൠ൰ 亥㺘亩 ⴞᖅ亩 ⴞᖅ〫ٿ亥䶒 亥 ⇥⇥ ⇥ ⇥ н⭘ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ њ⇥ˈ⇿⇥ᴰ䮯 * ޡˈњ⇥ˈ⇿⇥ᴰ䮯 * ተ䜘ൠ൰オ䰤 ޡˈተൠ൰オ䰤ޘ ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ 䟿˄ᴹ᭸ൠ൰˅〫ٿ ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ 䙫䗁ൠ൰ 㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤 ᆈ˄RAM ᡆ ROM˅ԕ৺ḀӋཆ䜘ᆈۘオ䰤˄ֻྲབྷᇩ䟿⺜ⴈ˅ᶕ⁑ᤏDŽᖃ֯⭘࠶亥ᰦˈ⇿њ⇥㻛ࡂ࠶ ࠶亥ᵪࡦ᭟ᤱ㲊ᤏᆈۘᢰᵟDŽ൘֯⭘㲊ᤏᆈۘⲴ⧟ຳѝˈབྷᇩ䟿Ⲵ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤䴰㾱֯⭘ሿඇⲴ⢙⨶ ࡦབྷර〻ᒿ㘼ᰐ䴰㘳㲁ᇎ䱵⢙⨶ᆈウㄏᴹཊቁDŽ 䇙㕆〻Ӫઈӗ⭏ᆈオ䰤㾱∄䇑㇇ᵪѝᇎ䱵⢙⨶ᆈᇩ䟿བྷᖸཊⲴ䭉㿹DŽ࡙⭘䘉⿽䭉㿹ˈᡁԜਟԕ䲿㕆 Ā㲊ᤏॆā㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤Ⲵᯩ⌅ˈণ֯⭘㲊ᤏᆈۘᢰᵟDŽ㲊ᤏᆈۘᱟа⿽ᆈ㇑⨶ᢰᵟˈ֯⭘䘉⿽ᢰᵟਟ ഐѪཊԫ࣑㌫㔏䙊ᑨᇊѹⲴ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤䜭㾱∄ަਜ਼ᴹⲴ⢙⨶ᆈᇩ䟿བྷᗇཊˈᡰԕ䴰㾱֯⭘Ḁ⿽ 2. ࠶亥ᵪࡦ ഴ 䙱䗇൦൶Ƚ㓵ᙝ൦൶ૂ⢟⨼൦൶ҁ䰪Ⲻᦘ 㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ቡᱟ⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤DŽ ᇩ䟿䗮ࡠ 64TB˄246˅DŽ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤઼⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤䜭ᱟ 4GB˄232˅DŽᇎ䱵кˈྲ᷌⾱⭘࠶亥ᵪࡦˈ䛓Ѹ ൠ൰オ䰤DŽ㲊ᤏൠ൰˄䙫䗁ൠ൰˅オ䰤ਟवਜ਼ᴰཊ 16K Ⲵ⇥ˈ㘼⇿њ⇥ᴰ䮯ਟ䗮 4GBˈ֯ᗇ㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤 㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤о⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤ާᴹ਼Ⲵ㔃ᶴDŽሩҾє㔤Ⲵ䙫䗁ൠ൰オ䰤ᶕ䈤ˈᆳԜє㘵䜭ᱟа㔤 ᣔ⁑ᔿᆈ㇑⨶؍ ⢩ᵳ㓗⭘ᮠᆇ 0 ࡠ 3 㺘⽪ˈ0 ާᴹᴰ儈⢩ᵳ㓗ˈ㘼 3 ࡉᱟᴰվ⢩ᵳ㓗DŽ⇿њᆈ⇥䜭оањ⢩ᵳ㓗 ⸱䇯䰞DŽ 㻛ԫ࣑ѝᴰਇؑԫⲴ䜘࠶䇯䰞DŽнཚᝏⲴᮠᦞ㻛䍻Ҹ䖳վⲴ⢩ᵳ㓗ˈᆳԜਟԕ㻛ԫ࣑ѝ䖳վ⢩ᵳ㓗Ⲵԓ ѝн਼〻ᒿ䜘࠶Ⲵਇؑ〻ᓖˈᶕ䲀ࡦሩԫ࣑ѝ⇥Ⲵ䇯䰞DŽᴰᝏⲴᮠᦞ㻛䍻ҸҶᴰ儈⢩ᵳ㓗ˈᆳԜਚ㜭 ൘ањԫ࣑ѝˈᇊѹҶ 4 њᢗ㹼⢩ᵳ㓗˄Privilege Levels˅ˈ⭘Ҿᦞ⇥ѝਜ਼ᴹᮠᦞⲴᝏᓖԕ৺ԫ࣑ ᣔ؍2. ⢩ᵳ㓗 ӛᨀҶ᭟ᤱDŽޡԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ˄ֻྲ㌫㔏˅Ⲵޡޜሶ㻛䖜ᦒࡠ਼ањ⢙⨶ൠ൰༴DŽ䘉㔉 ተൠ൰オ䰤ѝሩ਼㲊ᤏൠ൰Ⲵᕅ⭘ޘ਼Ⲵ㲊ᤏൠ൰ˈնӽ❦㜭䳄㔍⇿њԫ࣑DŽਖаᯩ䶒ˈᡰᴹԫ࣑൘ ਼ԫ࣑ѝሩ਼㲊ᤏൠ൰༴Ⲵᕅ⭘ሶ䖜ᦒࡠн਼Ⲵ⢙⨶ൠ൰༴DŽ䘉֯ᗇ㌫㔏ਟԕ㔉о⇿њԫ࣑Ⲵᆈ 㾱о㌫㔏ѝަԆԫ࣑४࡛ᔰⲴ⿱ᴹⲴԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞDŽ⭡Ҿ⇿њԫ࣑ѝާᴹн਼Ⲵተ䜘ൠ൰オ䰤ˈഐ↔єњн ⇿њԫ࣑ୟаⲴ㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤䜘࠶㻛〠Ѫተ䜘ൠ൰オ䰤˄Local address space˅DŽተ䜘ൠ൰オ䰤ਜ਼ᴹ䴰 ൠ൰オ䰤˄Global address space˅DŽ䘉ҏ↓ᱟ⧠ԓ Linux ㌫㔏֯⭘㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤ⲴᯩᔿDŽ ተޘӛDŽ䘉њᡰᴹԫ࣑䜭ާᴹⲴ਼㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤䜘࠶㻛〠Ѫޡൠ൰オ䰤䜘࠶ˈ㌫㔏ਟԕ㻛ᡰᴹԫ࣑ Ⲵ㲊ᤏޡޜ䙊䗷൘ᡰᴹԫ࣑ѝᆹᧂާᴹ਼Ⲵ㲊ᤏࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰᱐ሴ䜘࠶ˈᒦфᢺ㌫㔏ᆈۘ൘䘉њ 䭞䜘࠶ቡᱟ࠷ᦒࡠᯠԫ࣑Ⲵਈᦒ㺘DŽޣᦒⲴ ൰ਈᦒ࠭ᮠDŽ൘ 80X86 ѝˈ⇿њԫ࣑䜭ᴹ㠚ᐡⲴ⇥㺘઼亥㺘DŽᖃ༴⨶ಘ࠷ᦒ৫ᢗ㹼ањᯠԫ࣑ᰦˈԫ࣑࠷ ⨶ᆈ䜘࠶ˈᡰԕᡰᴹԫ࣑䜭㻛䳄㔍ᔰҶDŽਚ䴰㔉⇿њԫ࣑㠚⤜・Ⲵ᱐ሴ㺘ˈ⇿њԫ࣑ቡՊᴹн਼Ⲵൠ ࡠ⢙⨶ᆈѝⲴн਼४ฏѝDŽ䘉ṧˈഐѪањԫ࣑нਟ㜭⭏ᡀ㜭ཏ᱐ሴࡠަԆԫ࣑䙫䗁ൠ൰ሩᓄ֯⭘Ⲵ⢙ ਈᦒ࣏㜭㻛ᇊѹᡀањԫ࣑ѝⲴ䙫䗁ൠ൰᱐ሴࡠ⢙⨶ᆈⲴа䜘࠶४ฏˈ㘼ਖањԫ࣑ѝⲴ䙫䗁ൠ൰᱐ሴ 㖞൘н਼Ⲵ㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤ѝˈᒦ㔉Ҹ⇿њԫ࣑н਼Ⲵ䙫䗁ൠ൰ࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰Ⲵਈᦒ᱐ሴDŽ⇿њԫ࣑ѝⲴൠ൰ ᣔ㜭࣋DŽ80X86 ֯⭘Ⲵᯩ⌅ᱟ䙊䗷ᢺ⇿њԫ࣑᭮؍ᣔⲴањ䟽㾱ᯩ䶒ᱟᨀᓄ⭘〻ᒿԫ࣑ѻ䰤Ⲵ؍ ᣔ؍1. ԫ࣑ѻ䰤Ⲵ ᣔ㌫㔏ᆈ⇥઼༴⨶ಘ⢩↺㌫㔏ᇴᆈಘн㻛ᓄ⭘〻ᒿ䇯䰞DŽ ؍ᣔᵪࡦሩԫ࣑䘋㹼ˈԕ؍ࡠDŽਖањڊ䘉ᱟ䙊䗷㔉⇿њԫ࣑䙫䗁ൠ൰ࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰н਼Ⲵਈᦒ᱐ሴᶕ 䳄њԫ࣑DŽޘᣔDŽަаᱟ䙊䗷㔉⇿њԫ࣑н਼Ⲵ㲊ᤏൠ൰˄䙫䗁ൠ൰˅オ䰤ᶕᆼ؍ 80X86 ᭟ᤱє㊫ 4.2.3 ؓᣚ ਚᱟㆰঅൠᢺ㓯ᙗൠ൰䖜ᦒᡀ⢙⨶ൠ൰ˈᒦф൘⢙⨶ᆈѝ䇯䰞㠚ᐡⲴ䖜ᦒ㺘DŽ Ӌ㓯ᙗൠ൰䖜ᦒࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰Ⲵ䗷〻DŽ㊫լൠˈ࠶亥ᵪࡦҏн⸕䚃〻ᒿӗ⭏ൠ൰Ⲵ㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤DŽ࠶亥ᵪࡦ ᤏൠ൰˄䙫䗁ൠ൰˅ਈᦒᡀ㓯ᙗൠ൰ˈᒦф൘㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝ䇯䰞㠚ᐡⲴ㺘ˈնᱟᒦн⸕ᲃ࠶亥ᵪࡦᢺ䘉 ᆈ൘⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤DŽഐ㘼⇥ਈᦒ㺘ਟ⭡࠶亥ᵪࡦ䟽ᯠᇊս㘼ᰐ䴰⇥ᵪࡦⲴؑᡆਸDŽ⇥ਈᦒᵪࡦᢺ㲊؍ ᵪࡦ䜭֯⭘ᆈۘ൘ᆈѝⲴਈᦒ㺘ˈնᡰ⭘Ⲵ㺘㔃ᶴн਼DŽᇎ䱵кˈ⇥㺘ᆈۘ൘㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ˈ㘼亥㺘ࡉ ࠶⇥઼࠶亥ᱟє⿽н਼Ⲵൠ൰ਈᦒᵪࡦˈᆳԜ䜭ሩᮤњൠ൰ਈᦒᨀ⤜・Ⲵ༴⨶䱦⇥DŽቭ㇑є⿽ ӛDŽޡ ᣔ઼؍Ⲵᆈঅݳ㘼ᰐ䴰ਇࡠപᇊབྷሿ亥䶒Ⲵ䲀ࡦDŽ⇿њ⇥䜭ਟԕѪањঅݳᶕ༴⨶ˈӾ㘼ㆰॆҶ⇥Ⲵ ᆈDŽਖаᯩ䶒ˈ࠶⇥ᵪࡦ֯⭘བྷሿਟਈⲴඇᴤ䘲ਸ༴⨶༽ᵲ㌫㔏Ⲵ䙫䗁࠶४DŽਟԕᇊѹо䙫䗁ඇབྷሿ䘲ਸ བྷሿਟਈⲴඇᶕ㇑⨶ᆈDŽᰐ䇪൘⢙⨶ᆈѝ䘈ᱟ൘⺜ⴈкˈ࠶亥֯⭘പᇊབྷሿⲴඇᴤѪ䘲ਸ㇑⨶⢙⨶ 80X86 ࠶亥ᵪࡦᴰ䘲ਸ᭟ᤱ㲊ᤏᆈۘᢰᵟDŽ࠶亥ᵪࡦՊ֯⭘བྷሿപᇊⲴᆈඇˈ㘼࠶⇥㇑⨶ࡉ֯⭘Ҷ ᇎ⧠Ҷ࠶亥ᵪࡦᰦˈ䛓ѸሩҾ↓⺞ᢗ㹼Ⲵ〻ᒿᶕ䈤亥䶒൘⢙⨶ᆈ઼⺜ⴈѻ䰤ⲴӔᦒቡᱟ䘿᰾ⲴDŽ ᆈѝˈᒦ㔗㔝ᢗ㹼ࡊ㻛ѝᯝⲴ〻ᒿDŽᖃ㌫㔏ѕṬ⨶⢙ޕ❦ਾ㌫㔏ቡਟԕӾ⺜ⴈкᢺ䈕亥䶒䈫 ྲ᷌ᖃࡽ㻛䇯䰞Ⲵ亥䶒н൘⢙⨶ᆈѝˈ༴⨶ಘቡՊѝᯝ〻ᒿⲴᢗ㹼˄䙊䗷ӗ⭏ањ亥䭉䈟ᔲᑨ˅DŽ ⭘亥ⴞᖅ઼亥㺘ᢺ㓯ᙗൠ൰䖜ᦒᡀањ⢙⨶ൠ൰ˈ❦ਾ൘䈕ᆈս㖞кᢗ㹼ᡰ㾱≲Ⲵ˄䈫ᡆ߉˅DŽ аӋ亥㺘ᶕ⮉䘉Ӌ亥䶒DŽᖃ〻ᒿ˄ᡆԫ࣑˅䈅മ䇯䰞㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴањൠ൰ս㖞ᰦˈ༴⨶ಘቡՊ֯ ᡀ亥䶒˄䙊ᑨ⇿亥Ѫ 4KB བྷሿ˅ˈ亥䶒Պ㻛ᆈۘҾ⢙⨶ᆈѝᡆ⺜ⴈкDŽ㌫㔏䙊䗷㔤ᣔањ亥ⴞᖅ઼ ᣔ⁑ᔿᆈ㇑⨶؍ ਼㘼䟽ਐⲴ४ฏкDŽޘ⇥Ⲵ⇥䲀䮯਼ˈᒦ㻛᱐ሴࡠ㓯ᙗൠ൰ᆼ 䟽ਐˈ㿱മ 4-6 ᡰ⽪DŽ൘ᵜҖӻ㓽Ⲵ Linux 0.1x ㌫㔏ѝˈањԫ࣑Ⲵԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞޘ䟽ਐᡆ㾶ⴆˈ⭊㠣ᆼ 䈅മ߉ањਚ䈫Ⲵ⇥ˈ䛓Ѹ 80386 ቡՊӗ⭏ањᔲᑨDŽਖཆˈཊњ⇥᱐ሴࡠ㓯ᙗൠ൰ѝⲴ㤳തਟԕ䜘࠶ ѹⲴˈྲ᷌֯⭘ࡉՊሬ㠤ᔲᑨDŽਖཆˈ㤕䇯䰞ањ⇥ᒦ⋑ᴹᗇࡠ⇥ᙗ䇨ਟࡉҏՊሬ㠤ᔲᑨDŽֻྲˈྲ᷌ 䟿བྷҾ⇥䲀䮯Ⲵ㲊ᤏൠ൰ᱟᰐ〫ٿ⇥ 0 ࡠ limit Ⲵൠ൰㤳തሩᓄ㓯ᙗൠ൰ѝ㤳ത base ࡠ base + limitDŽ ⇥䲀䮯ᇊѹҶ൘㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤ѝ⇥ⲴབྷሿDŽ⇥ส൰઼⇥䲀䮯ᇊѹҶ⇥ᡰ᱐ሴⲴ㓯ᙗൠ൰㤳തᡆ४ฏDŽ 㓗ㅹDŽ 3. ⇥ᙗ˄Attributes˅ˈᤷᇊ⇥Ⲵ⢩ᙗDŽֻྲ䈕⇥ᱟਟ䈫ǃਟ߉ᡆਟѪањ〻ᒿᢗ㹼˗⇥Ⲵ⢩ᵳ ս㖞DŽᆳᇊѹҶ⇥Ⲵ䮯ᓖDŽ〫ٿ2. ⇥䲀䮯˄limit˅ˈᱟ㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤ѝ⇥ᴰབྷਟ⭘ ༴DŽ 0 〫ٿѝ 1. ⇥สൠ൰˄Base address˅ˈᤷᇊ⇥൘㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴᔰൠ൰DŽสൠ൰ᱟ㓯ᙗൠ൰ˈሩᓄҾ⇥ 䜘࠶ᶴᡀDŽ⇥ᱟ㲊ᤏൠ൰ࡠ㓯ᙗൠ൰䖜ᦒᵪࡦⲴสDŽ⇿њ⇥⭡йњ৲ᮠᇊѹ˖〫ٿ Ӌ䮯ᓖਟਈⲴ〠Ѫ⇥ⲴᆈඇঅݳDŽ80386 㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴ㲊ᤏൠ൰˄䙫䗁ൠ൰˅⭡ањ⇥䜘࠶઼ањ ԕ᱐ሴࡠ䈫߉ᆈǃਚ䈫ᆈԕ৺ᆈ᱐ሴ I/O ѝDŽ࠶⇥ᵪࡦቡᱟᢺ㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴ㲊ᤏᆈ㓴㓷ᡀа 㓯кਟԕራ൰Ⲵൠ൰オ䰤DŽ䘉њൠ൰オ䰤ᱟᒣඖⲴˈൠ൰㤳തӾ 0 ࡠ 0xFFFFFFFFDŽ䘉њ⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤ਟ ᣔ⁑ᔿѝ 80X86 ᨀҶ 4GB Ⲵ⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤DŽ䘉ᱟ༴⨶ಘ൘ަൠ൰ᙫ؍ˈ൘ка㢲ᾲ䘠ѝᐢ㓿ᨀࡠ 4.3.1 ⇫Ⲻᇐѿ ᣔ㌫㔏〻ᒿнਇᓄ⭘〻ᒿ䶎⌅䇯䰞DŽ؍ᣔ㓗࡛ਟ⭘Ҿ؍ᣔ⧟ᡆ㓗࡛DŽ؍䰞ᵳ䲀ؑҏਟԕ⭘ᶕ䇮㖞 DŽֻྲˈഐѪԓ⸱⇥㻛䇮䇑ᡀᱟਚ䈫ᖒᔿⲴ⇥ˈഐ↔ਟԕ⭘⺜Ԧᶕ䱢→ሩԓ⸱⇥ᢗ㹼߉DŽ⇥ѝⲴ䇯 ᣔሩ⇥⭼䲀ԕཆൠ൰Ⲵᕅ⭘ˈ㘼фҏ㜭⭘ᶕ൘ḀӋ⇥ѝ䱢→ᢗ㹼нݱ䇨Ⲵ؍䇯䰞Ựḕнӵ㜭ཏ⭘ᶕ ӛⲴDŽሩᡰᴹ⇥ԕ৺㌫㔏к䘀㹼〻ᒿ㠚ᢗ㹼⧟ຳⲴ䇯䰞䜭⭡⺜Ԧ᧗ࡦDŽޡᱟ〻ᒿѻ䰤 ᱟ⿱ᴹⲴˈᡆ㘵ޘᑨˈ⇿њ〻ᒿ˄ᡆԫ࣑˅䜭֯⭘㠚ᐡⲴ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ԕ৺㠚ᐡⲴ⇥DŽሩ〻ᒿᶕ䈤⇥㜭ཏᆼ ᣔ᧚ᯭDŽ䙊؍䜘࣏㜭ᨀ⭡⺜Ԧ໎ᕪⲴԓ⸱ǃᮠᦞ㔃ᶴǃ〻ᒿ઼ԫ࣑Ⲵޘཊ⇥⁑ර㜭ཏ࡙⭘࠶⇥ᵪࡦ රˈࡠ֯⭘࠶⇥ᵪࡦࡋᔪањਟ਼ᰦਟ䶐ൠ䘀㹼ཊњ〻ᒿ˄ᡆԫ࣑˅Ⲵާᴹっപ⧟ຳⲴཊ⇥⁑රDŽ ᣔ〻ᒿⲴᒣඖ⁑؍࠶⇥ᵪࡦਟ⭘Ҿᇎ⧠ཊ⿽㌫㔏䇮䇑DŽ䘉Ӌ䇮䇑㤳തӾ֯⭘࠶⇥ᵪࡦⲴᴰሿ࣏㜭ᶕ 4.3 ࠼⇫ᵰ њ⢩ᵳ㓗кᢗ㹼ᰦˈึḸ⇥ҏ䲿ѻ᭩ᦒࡠᯠ㓗࡛ⲴึḸѝDŽ ᣔ䰞仈DŽᖃ〻ᒿӾањ⢩ᵳ㓗࠷ᦒࡠਖа؍ӛḸᑖᶕⲴޡ⇿њ⢩ᵳ㓗䜭ᴹ㠚ᐡⲴ〻ᒿḸˈԕ䚯ݽ֯⭘ ᕅਁањᔲᑨᶕ䙊⸕㌫㔏DŽ ᇊ CPL 㓗࡛кᢗ㹼Ⲵ〻ᒿݱ䇨䇯䰞਼㓗࡛ᡆվ㓗࡛Ⲵᮠᦞ⇥DŽԫօሩ儈㓗࡛⇥Ⲵᕅ⭘䜭ᱟ䶎⌅ⲴˈᒦфՊ ⇿ᖃ〻ᒿԱമ䇯䰞ањ⇥ᰦˈᖃࡽ⢩ᵳ㓗ቡՊо⇥Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗䘋㹼∄䖳ˈԕ⺞ᇊᱟᴹ䇯䰞䇨ਟDŽ൘㔉 ѹҶᖃࡽᡰᢗ㹼〻ᒿⲴ⢩ᵳ㓗࡛DŽCPL ⺞ᇊҶଚӋ⇥㜭ཏ㻛〻ᒿ䇯䰞DŽ ਆᗇ઼ᢗ㹼ᤷԔˈᖃࡽ⢩ᵳ㓗˄Current Privilege Level˅ˈণ CPL ቡᱟᖃࡽ⍫ࣘԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗ˈᒦфᆳᇊ 㚄DŽ䘉њ⢩ᵳ㓗䲀ࡦާᴹ䏣ཏ⢩ᵳ㓗Ⲵ〻ᒿᶕ䇯䰞ањ⇥DŽᡁԜ⸕䚃ˈ༴⨶ಘӾ CS ᇴᆈಘᤷᇊⲴ⇥ѝޣ ࠶⇥ᵪࡦ 㓯ᙗൠ൰ ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ 䟿˄ᴹ᭸ൠ൰˅〫ٿ ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ 䙫䗁ൠ൰ %DVH/LPLW 㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤 㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤 ⇥& ⇥% ⇥$ 䲀䮯 /LPLW ⇥ส൰ %DVH 䟿кˈᴰਾᖒᡀањ㓯ᙗൠ൰DŽ〫ٿ3. ᢺ⇥᧿䘠ㅖѝਆᗇⲴ⇥สൠ൰࣐ࡠ 䟿սҾ⇥⭼䲀DŽ〫ٿ䈕⇥ᱟਟ䇯䰞Ⲵᒦф؍⺞2. ࡙⭘⇥᧿䘠ㅖỰ傼⇥Ⲵ䇯䰞ᵳ䲀઼㤳തˈԕ 䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭ࡠ⇥ᇴᆈಘѝᰦ䴰㾱䘉а↕DŽ˅ ㍒ᕅ˅൘ GDT ᡆ LDT 㺘ѝᇊսᓄⲴ⇥᧿䘠ㅖDŽ˄ӵᖃањᯠⲴ⇥⇥˄٬〫ٿ1. ֯⭘⇥䘹ᤙㅖѝⲴ ѪҶᢺ䙫䗁ൠ൰䖜ᦒᡀањ㓯ᙗൠ൰ˈ༴⨶ಘՊᢗ㹼ԕл˖ 㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝਜ਼ᴹѪ㌫㔏ᇊѹⲴᡰᴹ⇥઼㌫㔏㺘DŽ 32 սൠ൰DŽо⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤㊫լˈ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ҏᱟᒣඖⲴ 4GB ൠ൰オ䰤ˈൠ൰㤳തӾ 0 ࡠ 0xFFFFFFFFDŽ ሩҾ⇥สൠ൰Ⲵս㖞DŽ༴⨶ಘՊᢺ⇿њ䙫䗁ൠ൰䖜ᦒᡀ㓯ᙗൠ൰DŽ㓯ᙗൠ൰ᱟ༴⨶ಘ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴ 䟿ᤷᇊ䈕ᆇ㢲൘⇥ѝ〫ٿ䟿㓴ᡀˈ㿱മ 4-7 ᡰ⽪DŽ⇥䘹ᤙㅖᤷᇊᆇ㢲ᡰ൘Ⲵ⇥ˈ㘼〫ٿ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ઼ 32 սⲴ ণ࡙֯⭘⇥Ⲵᴰሿ࣏㜭ˈ֯⭘䙫䗁ൠ൰ҏ㜭䇯䰞༴⨶ಘൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴ⇿њᆇ㢲DŽ䙫䗁ൠ൰⭡ 16 սⲴ ᤷᇊ㺘ѝањ⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴս㖞ᶕᤷᇊᓄⲴ⇥DŽ ˄Descriptor table˅ѝDŽ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᱟवਜ਼⇥᧿䘠ㅖ亩Ⲵањㆰঅᮠ㓴DŽࡽ䶒ӻ㓽Ⲵ⇥䘹ᤙㅖণ⭘Ҿ䙊䗷 ᆈ൘ᆈѝⲴ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ㺘؍൘䙫䗁ൠ൰ࡠ㓯ᙗൠ൰Ⲵ䖜ᦒ᱐ሴ䗷〻ѝՊ֯⭘䘉њ⇥᧿䘠ㅖDŽ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ ᣔᙗᆈۘ൘ањ〠Ѫ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ˄Segment Descriptor˅Ⲵ㔃ᶴ亩ѝDŽ؍⇥Ⲵสൠ൰ǃ⇥䲀䮯ԕ৺⇥Ⲵ ഴ 㲐ᤕδ䙱䗇ε൦൶グ䰪ѣⲺ⇫᱖ሺࡦ㓵ᙝ൦൶グ䰪 ࠶⇥ᵪࡦ ,7 /LPLW 6HO /LPLW %DVH$GGUHVV *'75 ᇴᆈಘ ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 *'7ޘ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ ተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 /'7 7, 7, %DVH$GGUHVV /'75 ᇴᆈಘ ӛDŽєњ LDT ⇥˖LDTA ઼ LDTB ҏ֯⭘ GDT ᶕ᱐ሴDŽޡᆳԜਟԕ㻛єњԫ࣑ᡰ ⭘ LDTB ᶕ᱐ሴ CodeB ઼ DataB ⇥DŽवਜ਼㌫㔏ṨⲴєњ⇥ CodeOS ઼ DataOS ֯⭘ GDT ᶕ᱐ሴˈ䘉ṧ A ൘ԫ࣑ A ѝ䘀㹼ˈᤕᴹ LDTAˈ⭘ᶕ᱐ሴ⇥ CodeA ઼ DataADŽ㊫լൠˈᓄ⭘〻ᒿ B ൘ԫ࣑ B ѝ䘀㹼ˈ֯ ᒿ˄A ઼ B˅ԕ৺㌫㔏DŽ㌫㔏ѝ⇿њᓄ⭘〻ᒿሩᓄањԫ࣑ˈᒦф⇿њԫ࣑ᴹ㠚ᐡⲴ LDTDŽᓄ⭘〻ᒿ ᴹ 6 њ⇥ˈ࠶࡛⭘Ҿєњᓄ⭘〻ޡമ 4-9 ⽪ࠪањԫ࣑ѝⲴ⇥ྲօ㜭൘ GDT ઼ LDT ѻ䰤࠶ᔰDŽമѝ ⇥DŽLDT ⇥ਟԕᜣ䊑ᡀҾ㌫㔏ⲴᮠᦞDŽ ӛⲴ⇥⭡ GDT ᶕ᱐ሴDŽ䘉ṧⲴ⇥䙊ᑨवᤜਜ਼ᴹ㌫㔏Ⲵ⇥ԕ৺ᡰᴹԫ࣑㠚Ⲵवਜ਼ LDT Ⲵ⢩↺ޡԫ࣑ ᴹⲴˈնᱟ LDT ᡰ᱐ሴⲴਖаॺࡉ൘ԫ࣑࠷ᦒᰦ㻛᭩ਈDŽ㌫㔏ѝᡰᴹޡ㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤ᱟ㌫㔏ѝᡰᴹԫ࣑ ᖃਁ⭏ԫ࣑࠷ᦒᰦˈLDT Պᴤᦒᡀᯠԫ࣑Ⲵ LDTˈնᱟ GDT ᒦнՊ᭩ਈDŽഐ↔ˈGDT ᡰ᱐ሴⲴаॺ Ԝቡਟԕᇊսањ᧿䘠ㅖDŽ аॺᱟ⭡ LDT ᱐ሴⲴተ䜘㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤DŽ䙊䗷ᤷᇊањ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘˄GDT ᡆ LDT˅ԕ৺㺘ѝ᧿䘠ㅖਧˈᡁ ተ㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤ˈਖޘਜ਼ᴹ 214 њ⇥˖аॺオ䰤˄ণ 213 њ⇥˅ᱟ⭡ GDT ᱐ሴⲴޡሴDŽᮤњ㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤 DŽ㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤㻛࠶ࢢᡀབྷሿㅹⲴєॺDŽаॺ⭡ GDT ᶕ᱐ሴਈᦒࡠ㓯ᙗൠ൰ˈਖаॺࡉ⭡ LDT ᶕ᱐ ᣔⲴᆈ४ฏѝˈԕ䱢→ᓄ⭘〻ᒿ؞᭩ަѝⲴൠ൰䖜ᦒؑ؍ᆈ൘ӵ⭡㌫㔏䖟Ԧ䇯䰞Ⲵਇ؍↺㔃ᶴᓄ䈕 ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᆈۘ൘⭡㌫㔏㔤ᣔ⵰Ⲵ⢩↺ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴѝˈᒦф⭡༴⨶ಘⲴᆈ㇑⨶⺜Ԧᶕᕅ⭘DŽ䘉Ӌ⢩ ഴ ⇫ᨅ䘦ㅜ㺞㔉ᶺ descriptor table˅DŽ ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 GDT˄Global descriptor table˅˗ተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 LDT˄Localޘ˖ᆇ㢲᧿䘠ㅖDŽᴹє⿽᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᱟ⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴањᮠ㓴ˈ㿱മ 4-8 ᡰ⽪DŽ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘Ⲵ䮯ᓖਟਈˈᴰཊਟԕवਜ਼ 8192 њ 8 4.3.2 ⇫ᨅ䘦ㅜ㺞 䖜ᦒሶ൘〽ਾ䘋㹼䈤᰾DŽ к˅DŽྲ᷌ሩ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤䘋㹼Ҷ࠶亥༴⨶ˈ䛓ѸቡՊ֯⭘Ҽ㓗ൠ൰䖜ᦒᢺ㓯ᙗൠ൰䖜ᦒᡀ⢙⨶ൠ൰DŽ亥 ྲ᷌⋑ᴹᔰ࠶亥ˈ䛓Ѹ༴⨶ಘⴤ᧕ᢺ㓯ᙗൠ൰᱐ሴࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰˄ণ㓯ᙗൠ൰㻛䘱ࡠ༴⨶ಘൠ൰ᙫ㓯 ഴ 䙱䗇൦൶ࡦ㓵ᙝ൦൶Ⲻᦘ䗽ぁ ࠶⇥ᵪࡦ % ԫ࣑ /'7% &RGH% 'DWD% ԫ࣑ $ /'7$ &RGH$ *'7 'DWD$ 'DWD26 &RGH26 ᡆ STR ᤷԔ˅ᰦˈ՚᧿䘠ㅖᓄ䈕ᆈ᭮൘ৼᆇሩ喀Ⲵൠ൰༴˄ণ ൠ൰ MOD 4 = 0˅DŽ ᆈ LDTR ᡆԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘ˄࠶࡛֯⭘ SLTR؍ᆈ IDTR ᇴᆈಘᇩᰦҏ䴰㾱֯⭘਼ṧⲴሩ喀ᯩᔿDŽ❦㘼ˈᖃ ؍՚᧿䘠ㅖˈնᱟਟԕ䙊䗷֯⭘䘉⿽ሩ喀ᯩᔿᶕ䚯ݽӗ⭏ањሩ喀Ựḕࠪ䭉Ⲵਟ㜭ᙗDŽᖃ֯⭘ SIDT ᤷԔ ᆈ؍䘉Պ䇙༴⨶ಘݸᆈ᭮ањሩ喀Ⲵᆇˈ䲿ਾᱟањሩ喀Ⲵৼᆇ˄4 ᆇ㢲ሩ喀༴˅DŽ⭘ᡧ⁑ᔿ〻ᒿ䙊ᑨнՊ ⭘ᡧ⁑ᔿ˄⢩ᵳ㓗 3˅䚯ݽሩ喀Ựḕࠪ䭉ˈ՚᧿䘠ㅖᓄ䈕ᆈ᭮൘ањཷᆇൠ൰༴˄ণ ൠ൰ MOD 4 = 2˅DŽ ᆈ GDTR ᇴᆈಘᇩᰦ˄֯⭘ SGDT ᤷԔ˅ˈањ 48 սⲴĀ՚᧿䘠ㅖā㻛ᆈۘ൘ᆈѝDŽѪҶ൘؍ᖃ 䲀䮯ԕ৺䇯䰞ᵳ䲀䴰㾱ᆈ᭮൘ LDTR ᇴᆈಘѝDŽ 䇯䰞 LDT 䴰֯⭘ަ⇥䘹ᤙㅖDŽѪҶ൘䇯䰞 LDT ᰦ߿ቁൠ൰䖜ᦒ⅑ᮠˈLDT Ⲵ⇥䘹ᤙㅖǃสൠ൰ǃ⇥ 㺘ⲴԫօൠᯩDŽ 䈍ˈ䛓Ѹ⇿њ LDT 䜭ᗵ享൘ GDT ѝᴹањ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ઼⇥䘹ᤙㅖDŽањ LDT Ⲵ⇥᧿䘠ㅖਟԕᆈ᭮൘ GDT LDT 㺘ᆈ᭮൘ LDT ㊫රⲴ㌫㔏⇥ѝDŽ↔ᰦ GDT ᗵ享ਜ਼ᴹ LDT Ⲵ⇥᧿䘠ㅖDŽྲ᷌㌫㔏᭟ᤱཊ LDT Ⲵ Պӗ⭏ањᔲᑨDŽ ᣔᙗᔲᑨDŽ䙊䗷֯⭘䘉њ⇥䘹ᤙㅖࡍॆ⇥ᇴᆈಘˈ䛓Ѹཆᕅ⭘ᵚ֯⭘Ⲵ⇥ᇴᆈಘ㛟ᇊ؍ᇊՊӗ⭏а㡜 ˄DSǃESǃFS ᡆ GS˅ᒦнՊӗ⭏ањᔲᑨˈնᱟ㤕֯⭘䘉Ӌ࣐䖭Ҷオ᧿䘠ㅖⲴ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ䇯䰞ᆈᰦቡ㛟 ༴⨶ಘᒦн֯⭘ GDT ѝⲴㅜ 1 њ᧿䘠ㅖDŽᢺ䘉њĀオ᧿䘠ㅖāⲴ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭䘋ањᮠᦞ⇥ᇴᆈಘ њᴹ᭸ᆇ㢲DŽഐѪ⇥᧿䘠ㅖᙫᱟ 8 ᆇ㢲䮯ˈഐ↔ GDT Ⲵ䲀䮯٬ᓄ䈕䇮㖞ᡀᙫᱟ 8 Ⲵؽᮠ߿ 1˄ণ 8N-1˅DŽ ᆇ㢲ѪঅսDŽо⇥㊫լˈ䲀䮯٬࣐кสൠ൰ਟᗇࡠᴰਾ㺘ѝᴰਾањᆇ㢲Ⲵᴹ᭸ൠ൰DŽ䲀䮯Ѫ 0 㺘⽪ᴹ 1 䖭䘋 GDTR ᇴᆈಘѝDŽGDT Ⲵสൠ൰ᓄ䈕䘋㹼ᆈ 8 ᆇ㢲ሩ喀ˈԕᗇࡠᴰ֣༴⨶ಘᙗ㜭DŽGDT Ⲵ䲀䮯ԕ GDT ᵜ䓛ᒦнᱟањ⇥ˈ㘼ᱟ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴањᮠᦞ㔃ᶴDŽGDT Ⲵส㓯ᙗൠ൰઼䮯ᓖ٬ᗵ享࣐ ӛањ LDTDŽޡֻྲˈਟԕѪ⇿њ䘀㹼ԫ࣑ᇊѹањ LDTˈᡆ㘵ḀӋᡆᡰᴹԫ࣑ ⇿њ㌫㔏ᗵ享ᇊѹањ GDTˈᒦਟ⭘Ҿ㌫㔏ѝᡰᴹ〻ᒿᡆԫ࣑DŽਖཆˈਟ䘹ᇊѹањᡆཊњ LDTDŽ ᣔ䴰≲ѻаDŽ؍䭞ޣ ൠˈᖃԫ࣑ B 䘀㹼ᰦˈԫ࣑ A Ⲵ⇥ҏн㜭㻛ራ൰DŽ䘉⿽֯⭘ LDT ᶕ䳄⇿њᓄ⭘〻ᒿԫ࣑Ⲵᯩ⌅ˈ↓ᱟ ԫ࣑ A ൘䘀㹼ᰦˈԫ࣑ B Ⲵ⇥нᱟ㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤Ⲵ䜘࠶ˈഐ↔ԫ࣑ A ⋑ᴹ࣎⌅䇯䰞ԫ࣑ B ⲴᆈDŽ਼ṧ 䘉њֻᆀ䙊䗷䇙⇿њԫ࣑֯⭘н਼Ⲵ LDTˈ╄⽪Ҷ㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤ྲօ㜭ཏ㻛㓴㓷ᡀ䳄⇿њԫ࣑DŽᖃ ሴⲴ⇥DŽ ⇥ CodeOS ઼ DataOSDŽᖃԫ࣑ B ൘䘀㹼ᰦˈਟ䇯䰞Ⲵ⇥वᤜ LDTB ᱐ሴⲴ CodeB ઼ DataB ⇥ˈ࣐к GDT ᱐ ᖃԫ࣑ A ൘䘀㹼ᰦˈਟ䇯䰞Ⲵ⇥वᤜ LDTA ᱐ሴⲴ CodeA ઼ DataA ⇥ˈ࣐к GDT ᱐ሴⲴ㌫㔏Ⲵ Աࣗᡶ⭞Ⲻ⇫㊱ශ ഴ ࠶⇥ᵪࡦ ] I 䘹ᤙㅖ H 䘹ᤙㅖ [IIII G 䘹ᤙㅖ [ ㍒ᕅ7,53/ ㍒ᕅ7,53/ ㍒ᕅ7,53/ F 䘹ᤙㅖ [I E 䘹ᤙㅖ [ D 䘹ᤙㅖ [ ㍒ᕅ7,53/ ㍒ᕅ7,53/ ㍒ᕅ7,53/ 7, 53/᧿䘠ㅖ㍒ᕅ ሩᓄ⭘〻ᒿᶕ䈤⇥䘹ᤙㅖᱟѪᤷ䪸ਈ䟿Ⲵа䜘࠶㘼ਟ㿱ˈն䘹ᤙㅖⲴ٬䙊ᑨᱟ⭡䬮᧕㕆䗁ಘᡆ䬮᧕ 䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭ࡠ CS ᡆ SS ⇥ᇴᆈಘѝᰦሶՊሬ㠤ањᔲᑨDŽ ѝᰦˈ༴⨶ಘᒦнӗ⭏ᔲᑨDŽնᱟᖃ֯⭘ਜ਼ᴹオ䘹ᤙㅖⲴ⇥ᇴᆈಘ⭘Ҿ䇯䰞ᆈᰦቡՊӗ⭏ᔲᑨDŽᖃᢺオ ᤙㅖ˅⭘ѪĀオ䘹ᤙㅖāˈ㿱മ 4-11(f)ᡰ⽪DŽᖃᢺオ䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭ࡠањ⇥ᇴᆈಘ˄䲔Ҷ CS ઼ SS ԕཆ˅ ਖཆˈ༴⨶ಘн֯⭘ GDT 㺘ѝⲴㅜ 1 亩DŽᤷੁ GDT 䈕亩Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖ˄ণ㍒ᕅ٬Ѫ 0ˈTI ḷᘇѪ 0 Ⲵ䘹 ഴ ⇫䘿ㅜ⽰ׁ ٬ᱟ 0b1111111111111˄ণ 8191˅ˈTI սㅹҾ 1ˈᤷᇊ LDT 㺘DŽ⇥ᇊ LDT 㺘ѝ RPL=3 Ⲵ⇥ 8191DŽަ㍒ᕅᆇ ṨⲴṨԓ⸱⇥ǃṨᮠᦞ⇥ǃԫ࣑ԓ⸱⇥઼ԫ࣑ᮠᦞ⇥Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖDŽമ 4-11(e)ѝⲴ䘹ᤙㅖ˄0xffff˅ᤷ 2ˈTI սᱟ 1ˈᤷᇊ LDT 㺘DŽᇎ䱵кˈമ 4-11 ѝⲴࡽ 4 њ䘹ᤙㅖ˖(a)ǃ(b)ǃ(c)઼(d)࠶࡛ቡᱟ Linux 0.1x ٬ᱟ⇥TI սᱟ 1ˈᤷᇊ LDT 㺘DŽമ 4-11(d)ѝ䘹ᤙㅖ˄0x17˅ᤷᇊҶ LDT ѝާᴹ RPL=3 Ⲵ⇥ 2ˈަ㍒ᕅᆇ ٬ᱟ 1ˈ⇥ᱟ 0ˈᤷᇊ GDT 㺘DŽമ 4-11(c)ѝ䘹ᤙㅖ˄0x0f˅ᤷᇊҶ LDT ѝާᴹ RPL=3 Ⲵ⇥ 1ˈަ㍒ᕅᆇ ٬ᱟ 2ˈTI ս⇥ᤷᇊ GDT 㺘DŽമ 4-11(b)ѝ䘹ᤙㅖ˄0x10˅ᤷᇊҶ GDT ѝާᴹ RPL=0 Ⲵ⇥ 2ˈަ㍒ᕅᆇ ٬ᱟ 1ˈTI սᱟ 0ˈ⇥ֻྲˈമ 4-11(a)ѝ䘹ᤙㅖ˄0x08˅ᤷᇊҶ GDT ѝާᴹ RPL=0 Ⲵ⇥ 1ˈަ㍒ᕅᆇ ᒦф᧿䘠ㅖѝवਜ਼ᴹ䇯䰞ањ⇥Ⲵᡰᴹؑˈֻྲ⇥Ⲵสൠ൰ǃ⇥䮯ᓖ઼⇥ᙗDŽ ࠪҶ᧿䘠ㅖ൘ GDT ᡆ LDT 㺘ѝⲴ㍒ᕅ亩ਧDŽਟ㿱ˈ䘹ᤙㅖ䙊䗷ᇊս⇥㺘ѝⲴањ᧿䘠ㅖᶕᤷᇊањ⇥ˈ ᧿䘠ㅖⲴ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 GDT ᡆ LDTDŽTI=0 㺘⽪᧿䘠ㅖ൘ GDT ѝ˗TI=1 㺘⽪᧿䘠ㅖ൘ LDT ѝDŽ㍒ᕅᆇ⇥㔉 ᣔؑˈሶ൘ਾ䶒䈖㓶䈤᰾DŽ㺘㍒ᕅᆇ⇥ TI ⭘ᶕᤷࠪवਜ਼ᤷᇊ⇥؍⇥䈧≲⢩ᵳ㓗ᆇ⇥ RPL ᨀҶ ഴ ⇫䘿ㅜ㔉ᶺ Index˅DŽ˄ ㍒ᕅ٬ 㺘ᤷ⽪ḷᘇ TI˄Table Index˅˗ 䈧≲⢩ᵳ㓗 RPL˄Requested Privilege Level˅˗ ᱟᤷੁ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ѝᇊѹ⇥Ⲵ⇥᧿䘠ㅖDŽ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ 3 њᆇ⇥ᇩ˖ ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ˄ᡆ〠⇥䘹ᤙᆀ˅ᱟ⇥Ⲵањ 16 սḷ䇶ㅖˈ㿱മ 4-10 ᡰ⽪DŽ⇥䘹ᤙㅖᒦнⴤ᧕ᤷੁ⇥ˈ㘼 4.3.3 ⇫䘿ㅜ ࠶⇥ᵪࡦ ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ ⇥สൠ൰ǃ䲀䮯઼ᙗؑ ਟ㿱䜘࠶ 䳀㯿䜘࠶ *6 )6 (6 '6 66 &6 䖭ಘᡆ㘵㌫㔏ᶕࡋᔪˈն㔍нᱟᓄ⭘〻ᒿDŽമ 4-13 ⽪ࠪҶᡰᴹ㊫ර⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴа㡜ṬᔿDŽ ㅖ䮯ᓖᱟ 8 ᆇ㢲ˈਜ਼ᴹйњѫ㾱ᆇ⇥˖⇥สൠ൰ǃ⇥䲀䮯઼⇥ᙗDŽ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ䙊ᑨ⭡㕆䈁ಘǃ䬮᧕ಘǃ࣐ ањ⇥Ⲵս㖞઼བྷሿؑԕ৺䇯䰞᧗ࡦⲴ⣦ᘱؑDŽ⇿њ⇥᧿䘠ޣањᮠᦞ㔃ᶴ亩ˈ⭘Ҿੁ༴⨶ಘᨀᴹ ࡽ䶒ᡁԜᐢ㓿䈤᰾Ҷ֯⭘⇥䘹ᤙㅖᶕᇊս᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ѝⲴањ᧿䘠ㅖDŽ⇥᧿䘠ㅖᱟ GDT ઼ LDT 㺘ѝⲴ 4.3.4 ⇫ᨅ䘦ㅜ MOV ᤷԔᖃ❦ҏਟԕ⭘Ҿᢺ⇥ᇴᆈಘਟ㿱䜘࠶ᇩᆈۘࡠањ䙊⭘ᇴᆈಘѝDŽ ԔDŽ䘉ӋᤷԔ൘䗷〻ѝՊ䱴ᑖ᭩ਈ CS ᇴᆈಘ˄઼ḀӋަԆ⇥ᇴᆈಘ˅ⲴᇩDŽ 2. 䳀ᔿ࣐䖭ᤷԔˈֻྲ֯⭘䮯ᤷ䪸Ⲵ CALLǃJMP ઼ RET ᤷԔǃIRETǃINTnǃINTO ઼ INT3 ㅹᤷ 1. 䊑 MOVǃPOPǃLDSǃLESǃLSSǃLGS ԕ৺ LFS ᤷԔDŽ䘉ӋᤷԔᱮᔿൠⴤ᧕ᕅ⭘⇥ᇴᆈಘ˗ Ѫ࣐䖭⇥ᇴᆈಘˈᨀҶє㊫࣐䖭ᤷԔ˖ 䘠ㅖ㺘ѝⲴᓄ⇥ؑ䟽ᯠ࣐䖭ࡠᖡᆀᇴᆈಘѝDŽ ⿽䰞仈ᴰㆰᦧⲴᯩ⌅ᱟ൘ሩ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ѝ᧿䘠ㅖ䗷ԫօ᭩ࣘѻਾቡ・䟽ᯠ࣐䖭 6 њ⇥ᇴᆈಘDŽ䘉ሶᢺ᧿ ᇴᆈಘѝDŽࡉ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ѝањ⇥Ⲵสൠ൰ᡆ䲀䮯㻛؞᭩䗷ˈն᭩ࣘত⋑ᴹ৽᱐ࡠᖡᆀᇴᆈಘѝDŽ༴⨶䘉 ሩ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘Ⲵ᭩ࣘᓄ৽᱐൘ᖡᆀ؍⺞⭡Ҿᖡᆀᇴᆈಘਜ਼ᴹ᧿䘠ㅖؑⲴањᤧ䍍ˈഐ↔㌫㔏ᗵ享 ಘਟԕ൘䘋㹼ൠ൰䖜ᦒᰦн䴰㾱㣡䍩ᰦ䰤Ӿ⇥᧿䘠ㅖѝ䈫ਆสൠ൰઼䲀䮯٬DŽ ԕ৺䇯䰞᧗ࡦ࣐ؑ䖭ࡠ⇥ᇴᆈಘⲴ䳀㯿䜘࠶ѝDŽ㕃ߢ൘⇥ᇴᆈಘ˄ਟ㿱઼䳀㯿䜘࠶˅ѝⲴؑ֯ᗇ༴⨶ ᤙㅖ㻛࣐䖭ࡠањ⇥ᇴᆈಘਟ㿱䜘࠶ѝᰦˈ༴⨶ಘҏ਼ᰦᢺ⇥䘹ᤙㅖᤷੁⲴ⇥᧿䘠ㅖѝⲴ⇥ൠ൰ǃ⇥䲀䮯 њĀਟ㿱ā䜘࠶઼ањĀ䳀㯿ā䜘࠶˄䳀㯿䜘࠶ҏ㻛〠ѪĀ᧿䘠ㅖ㕃ߢāᡆĀᖡᆀᇴᆈಘā˅DŽᖃањ⇥䘹 ਖཆˈѪҶ䚯ݽ⇿⅑䇯䰞ᆈᰦ䜭৫ᕅ⭘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ˈ৫䈫઼䀓⸱ањ⇥᧿䘠ㅖˈ⇿њ⇥ᇴᆈಘ䜭ᴹа ᖸཊⲴ⇥ˈն਼ᰦਚᴹ 6 њ⇥ਟ・ণ䇯䰞DŽ㤕㾱䇯䰞ަԆ⇥ቡ䴰㾱࣐䖭䘉Ӌ⇥Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖDŽ ሩҾ䇯䰞Ḁњ⇥Ⲵ〻ᒿˈᗵ享ᐢ㓿ᢺ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭ࡠањ⇥ᇴᆈಘѝDŽഐ↔ˈቭ㇑ањ㌫㔏ਟԕᇊѹ ഴ ⇫ᇺᆎಞ㔉ᶺ ⇥DŽ йњ䖵ࣙⲴᮠᦞ⇥ᇴᆈಘ˄ESǃFS ઼ GS˅ˈਟ㻛⭘Ҿ䇙ᖃࡽᢗ㹼〻ᒿ˄ᡆԫ࣑˅㜭ཏ䇯䰞ަԆࠐњᮠᦞ 䴰㾱ᢺᴹ᭸Ⲵ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭ࡠԓ⸱⇥˄CS˅ǃᮠᦞ⇥˄DS˅઼ึḸ⇥˄SS˅ᇴᆈಘѝDŽ༴⨶ಘ䘈ਖཆᨀ ণ⇥ᇴᆈಘDŽ⇿њ⇥ᇴᆈಘ᭟ᤱ⢩ᇊ㊫රⲴᆈᕅ⭘˄ԓ⸱ǃᮠᦞᡆึḸ˅DŽࡉкᢗ㹼⇿њ〻ᒿ䜭䎧⸱ Ѫ߿ቁൠ൰䖜ᦒᰦ䰤઼㕆〻༽ᵲᙗˈ༴⨶ಘᨀਟᆈ᭮ᴰཊ 6 њ⇥䘹ᤙㅖⲴᇴᆈಘ˄㿱മ 4-12 ᡰ⽪˅ˈ ࣐䖭〻ᒿ䘋㹼䇮㖞ᡆ؞᭩ˈ㘼䶎ᓄ⭘〻ᒿDŽ ࠶⇥ᵪࡦ * 仇㋂ᓖ 7<3( ⇥㊫ර'3/ ᧿䘠ㅖ⢩ᵳ㓗 ԓ⸱ᡆᮠᦞ ㌫㔏 6 ᧿䘠ㅖ㊫ර 3⇥ᆈ൘ /,0,7 ⇥䲀䮯 ս⇥ ս %' 唈䇔བྷሿ %$6( ⇥สൠ൰ $9/ ㌫㔏䖟Ԧਟ⭘ս %DVH$GGUHVV สൠ൰ 6HJPHQW/LPLW ⇥䲀䮯 '3/ 6 ⇥䲀䮯 / 9 $ 3 % ' * 7<3( %DVH สൠ൰ %DVH สൠ൰ ⇥ᆈ൘ḷᘇ P ᤷࠪањ⇥ᱟ൘ᆈѝ˄P=1˅䘈ᱟн൘ᆈѝ˄P=0˅DŽᖃањ⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴ P ḷᘇ ƹ⇥ᆈ൘ḷᘇ P˄Segment present˅ ࡦሩ⇥Ⲵ䇯䰞DŽ DPL ᆇ⇥ᤷ᰾᧿䘠ㅖⲴ⢩ᵳ㓗DŽ⢩ᵳ㓗㤳തӾ 0 ࡠ 3DŽ0 㓗⢩ᵳ㓗ᴰ儈ˈ3 㓗ᴰվDŽDPL ⭘Ҿ᧗ ƹ᧿䘠ㅖ⢩ᵳ㓗ᆇ⇥ DPL˄Descriptor privilege level˅ ᧿䘠ㅖ㊫රḷᘇSᤷ᰾ањ⇥᧿䘠ㅖᱟ㌫㔏⇥᧿䘠ㅖ˄ᖃS=0˅䘈ᱟԓ⸱ᡆᮠᦞ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ˄ᖃS=1˅DŽ ƹ᧿䘠ㅖ㊫රḷᘇ S˄Descriptor type flag˅ 㕆⸱ሩԓ⸱ǃᮠᦞᡆ㌫㔏᧿䘠ㅖ䜭н਼ˈ㿱മ 4-14 ᡰ⽪DŽ Ҿ᧿䘠ㅖ㊫රḷᘇ S ᤷ᰾ᱟањᓄ⭘˄ԓ⸱ᡆᮠᦞ˅᧿䘠ㅖ䘈ᱟањ㌫㔏᧿䘠ㅖDŽTYPE ᆇ⇥Ⲵ ㊫රᆇ⇥ᤷᇊ⇥ᡆ䰘˄Gate˅Ⲵ㊫රǃ䈤᰾⇥Ⲵ䇯䰞⿽㊫ԕ৺⇥ⲴᢙኅᯩੁDŽ䈕ᆇ⇥Ⲵ䀓䟺䎆 ƹ⇥㊫රᆇ⇥ TYPE˄Type field˅ ԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ⇥ሩ喀൘ 16 ᆇ㢲䗩⭼кˈਟԕ䇙〻ᒿާᴹᴰ֣ᙗ㜭DŽ 㓴ਸᖒᡀањ 32 սⲴ٬DŽ⇥สൠ൰ᓄ䈕ሩ喀 16 ᆇ㢲䗩⭼DŽ㲭❦䘉нᱟ㾱≲Ⲵˈն䙊䗷ᢺ〻ᒿⲴ 䈕ᆇ⇥ᇊѹ൘ 4GB 㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝањ⇥ᆇ㢲 0 ᡰ༴Ⲵս㖞DŽ༴⨶ಘՊᢺ 3 њ࠶・Ⲵสൠ൰ᆇ⇥ ƹสൠ൰ᆇ⇥ BASE˄Base address field˅ 䘲ਸᢙኅึḸDŽ オ䰤ᓅ䜘࠶䝽ᯠⲴᆈˈ㘼нᱟ൘亦䜘࠶䝽DŽ80X86 ⲴḸᙫᱟੁлᢙኅⲴˈഐ↔䘉⿽ᇎ⧠ᯩᔿᖸ ᣔᙗᔲᑨDŽሩҾлᢙ⇥ˈ߿ሿ⇥䲀䮯ᆇ⇥ѝⲴ٬Պ൘䈕⇥ൠ൰؍٬ሶӗ⭏а㡜〫ٿ䲀䮯 Limit Ⲵ ٬㤳തਟӾ⇥䲀䮯 Limit ࡠ 0xFFFFFFFF ᡆ 0xFFFFDŽ㘼ሿҾ⇥〫ٿˈ䇔Ḹᤷ䪸བྷሿḷᘇ B Ⲵ䇮㖞 ᣔᙗᔲᑨDŽሩҾੁлᢙኅⲴ⇥˄ㆰ〠лᢙ⇥˅ˈ⇥䲀䮯 Limit Ⲵਜ਼ѹ৽DŽṩᦞ唈؍٬ሶӗ⭏а㡜 〫ٿLimitDŽབྷҾ⇥䲀䮯 Limit Ⲵ ٬㤳തਟԕӾ 0 ࡠ⇥䲀䮯٬〫ٿ˄ㆰ〠кᢙ⇥˅ˈ䙫䗁ൠ൰ѝⲴ ṩᦞ⇥㊫රѝⲴ⇥ᢙኅᯩੁḷᘇ Eˈ༴⨶ಘԕє⿽н਼ᯩᔿ֯⭘⇥䲀䮯 LimitDŽሩҾੁкᢙኅⲴ⇥ 4KBDŽ Ӿ 1 ᆇ㢲ࡠ 1MB ᆇ㢲ˈঅսᱟᆇ㢲DŽྲ᷌ G=1ˈࡉ⇥䮯ᓖ Limit 㤳തਟӾ 4KB ࡠ 4GBˈঅսᱟ ٬Ⲵᇎ䱵ਜ਼ѹDŽྲ᷌ G=0ˈࡉ⇥䮯ᓖ Limit 㤳തਟ ᒦṩᦞ仇㋂ᓖḷᘇ G ᶕᤷᇊ⇥䲀䮯 Limitˈ٬ ⇥䲀䮯 Limit ᆇ⇥⭘Ҿᤷᇊ⇥Ⲵ䮯ᓖDŽ༴⨶ಘՊᢺ⇥᧿䘠ㅖѝєњ⇥䲀䮯ᆇ⇥㓴ਸᡀањ 20 սⲴ ƹ⇥䲀䮯ᆇ⇥ LIMIT˄Segment limit field˅ ањ⇥᧿䘠ㅖѝᆇ⇥઼ḷᘇⲴਜ਼ѹྲл˖ ഴ ⇫ᨅ䘦ㅜ䙐⭞Ṳᕅ ࠶⇥ᵪࡦ ⮉սᒦᓄ䈕ᙫᱟ䇮㖞Ѫ 0DŽ؍⇥᧿䘠ㅖㅜ 2 њৼᆇⲴս 20 ਟ㌫㔏䖟Ԧ֯⭘˗ս 21 ᱟ ⮉∄⢩ս˄Available and reserved bits˅؍ƹਟ⭘઼ ٬Ѫ 0 ࡠ 4095DŽ〫ٿ٬Ⲵ 12 սᴰվᴹ᭸սDŽֻྲˈᖃ G=1 ᰦˈ⇥䲀䮯Ѫ 0 㺘᰾ᴹ᭸〫ٿḕ ٬ᰦˈᒦнՊ৫Ự〫ٿ൰Ⲵ仇㋂ᓖᙫᱟᆇ㢲অսDŽ˅㤕䇮㖞Ҷ G ḷᘇˈ䛓Ѹᖃ֯⭘⇥䲀䮯ᶕỰḕ ྲ᷌䇮㖞Ҷ仇㋂ᓖḷᘇˈࡉ⇥䲀䮯٬֯⭘ 4KB অսDŽ˄䘉њḷᘇнᖡ૽⇥สൠ൰Ⲵ仇㋂ᓖˈสൠ ٬ⲴঅսDŽྲ᷌仇㋂ᓖḷᘇѪ 0ˈࡉ⇥䲀䮯٬Ⲵঅսᱟᆇ㢲˗ 䈕ᆇ⇥⭘Ҿ⺞ᇊ⇥䲀䮯ᆇ⇥ Limit ƹ仇㋂ᓖḷᘇ G˄Granularity˅ ˄64KB˅DŽ Ḹ⇥Ⲵк⭼䲀ᱟ 0xFFFFFFFF˄4GB˅˗ྲ᷌⋑ᴹ䇮㖞䈕ḷᘇˈࡉึḸ⇥Ⲵк⭼䲀ᱟ 0xFFFF лᢙᮠᦞ⇥DŽ↔ᰦ䈕ḷᘇ〠Ѫ B ḷᘇˈ⭘Ҿᤷ᰾ึḸ⇥Ⲵк⭼䲀DŽྲ᷌䇮㖞Ҷ䈕ḷᘇˈࡉึ Ḹ⇥㻛䇮㖞ᡀањлᢙᮠᦞ⇥ˈ䘉њ B ḷᘇҏ਼ᰦᤷᇊҶึḸ⇥Ⲵк⭼䲀DŽ ᆈ᭮൘ ESP ᇴᆈಘѝ˗ྲ᷌䈕ḷᘇѪ 0ˈࡉ֯⭘ 16 սḸᤷ䪸ᒦᆈ᭮൘ SP ᇴᆈಘѝDŽྲ᷌ึ ˄ֻྲ PUSHǃPOP ᡆ CALL˅ᰦⲴḸᤷ䪸བྷሿDŽྲ᷌䈕ḷᘇ㖞սˈࡉ֯⭘ 32 սḸᤷ䪸ᒦ Ḹ⇥˄⭡ SS ᇴᆈಘᤷੁⲴᮠᦞ⇥˅DŽ↔ᰦ䈕ḷᘇ〠Ѫ B˄Big˅ḷᘇˈ⭘Ҿᤷ᰾䳀ਜ਼ึḸ ᮠབྷሿ˗ࡽ㔰 0x67 ਟ⭘ᶕ䘹ᤙ䶎唈䇔٬Ⲵൠ൰བྷሿDŽ 0ˈࡉ唈䇔٬ᱟ 16 սൠ൰઼ 16 սᡆ 8 սⲴᮠDŽᤷԔࡽ㔰 0x66 ਟԕ⭘ᶕ䘹ᤙ䶎唈䇔٬Ⲵ 唈䇔䮯ᓖDŽྲ᷌䈕ḷᘇ㖞սˈࡉ唈䇔٬ᱟ 32 սൠ൰઼ 32 սᡆ 8 սⲴᮠ˗ྲ᷌䈕ḷᘇѪ ਟᢗ㹼ԓ⸱⇥DŽ↔ᰦ䘉њḷᘇ〠Ѫ D ḷᘇᒦ⭘Ҿᤷࠪ䈕⇥ѝⲴᤷԔᕅ⭘ᴹ᭸ൠ൰઼ᮠⲴ 㻛䇮㖞Ѫ 0DŽ˅ 㜭DŽ˄ሩҾ 32 սԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ⇥ˈ䘉њḷᘇᓄ䈕ᙫᱟ䇮㖞Ѫ 1˗ሩҾ 16 սԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ⇥ˈ䘉њḷᘇ ṩᦞ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ᧿䘠Ⲵᱟањਟᢗ㹼ԓ⸱⇥ǃлᢙᮠᦞ⇥䘈ᱟањึḸ⇥ˈ䘉њḷᘇާᴹн਼Ⲵ࣏ ˄Default operation size/default stack pointer size and/or upper bound˅ ƹ D/B˄唈䇔བྷሿ/唈䇔Ḹᤷ䪸བྷሿ઼/ᡆк⭼䲀˅ḷᘇ нᆈ൘⇥ᇎ䱵൘ӰѸൠᯩⲴؑDŽޣᴹ ᆈ㠚ᐡⲴᮠᦞˈֻྲ؍ᰦˈ㌫㔏ਟԕ㠚⭡֯⭘Ṭᔿѝḷ⌘Ѫਟ⭘˄Avaliable˅Ⲵᆇ⇥ս㖞ᶕ 㲊ᤏᆈۘᨀҶ䲔࠶亥ᵪࡦԕཆⲴ᧗ࡦDŽമ 4-15 㔉ࠪҶᖃ P=0 ᰦⲴ⇥᧿䘠ㅖṬᔿDŽᖃ P ḷᘇѪ 0 ㇑⨶䖟Ԧਟԕ֯⭘䘉њḷᘇᶕ᧗ࡦ൘Ḁа㔉ᇊᰦ䰤ᇎ䱵䴰㾱ᢺ䛓њ⇥࣐䖭䘋ᆈѝDŽ䘉њ࣏㜭Ѫ Ѫ 0 ᰦˈ䛓Ѹᢺᤷੁ䘉њ⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴ䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭䘋⇥ᇴᆈಘሶሬ㠤ӗ⭏ањ⇥нᆈ൘ᔲᑨDŽᆈ ࠶⇥ᵪࡦ 3 ᆈ൘ : ਟ߉ /,0,7 ⇥䲀䮯 5 ਟ䈫 * 仇㋂ᓖ ( ᢙኅᯩੁ 3/ ᧿䘠ㅖ⢩ᵳ㓗' ' 唈䇔٬ 5& $ :( $ ㌫㔏⇥᧿䘠ㅖ ԓ⸱⇥᧿䘠ㅖ ᮠᦞ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ %DVH$GGUHVV สൠ൰ 6HJPHQW/LPLW ⇥䲀䮯 '3/ ⇥䲀䮯 / 9 $ ' 3 * 7<3( %DVH สൠ൰ %DVH สൠ൰ %DVH$GGUHVV สൠ൰ 6HJPHQW/LPLW ⇥䲀䮯 '3/ ⇥䲀䮯 / 9 $ % 3 * 7<3( %DVH สൠ൰ %DVH สൠ൰ & а㠤ԓ⸱⇥ % 唈䇔བྷሿ $9/ 䖟Ԧਟ⭘ս $ ᐢ䇯䰞 %DVH$GGUHVV สൠ൰ 6HJPHQW/LPLW ⇥䲀䮯 '3/ ⇥䲀䮯 3 * 7<3( %DVH สൠ൰ %DVH สൠ൰ $YDLODEOH ਟ⭘ '3/ 6 7<3( $YDLODEOH ਟ⭘ $YDLODEOH ਟ⭘ ഴ ᖉᆎ൞փ 3 ᰬⲺ⇫ᨅ䘦ㅜṲᕅ ഴ ԙ⸷⇫Ƚᮦᦤ⇫ૂ㌱㔕⇫ᨅ䘦ㅜṲᕅ ࠶⇥ᵪࡦ ԓ⸱⇥ਟԕᱟа㠤ᙗⲴᡆ䶎а㠤ᙗⲴDŽੁᴤ儈⢩ᵳ㓗а㠤ᙗԓ⸱⇥Ⲵᢗ㹼᧗ࡦ䖜〫ˈݱ䇨〻ᒿԕᖃࡽ ᣔ⁑ᔿлˈԓ⸱⇥ᱟнਟ߉ⲴDŽ؍൘ Ԕᡆ㘵ᢺԓ⸱⇥䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭䘋ањᮠᦞ⇥ᇴᆈಘ˄DSǃESǃFS ᡆ GS˅ˈᡁԜਟԕ䈫ਆԓ⸱⇥ѝⲴᮠᦞDŽ ԕ৺ᤷԔ⸱㻛᭮൘Ҷањ ROM ѝᰦቡਟԕ֯⭘ањਟᢗ㹼/ਟ䈫ԓ⸱⇥DŽ䘉䟼ˈ䙊䗷֯⭘ᑖ CS ࡽ㔰Ⲵᤷ ˄Conforming˅DŽṩᦞਟ䈫 R ḷᘇⲴ䇮㖞ˈԓ⸱⇥ਟԕᱟਚ㜭ᢗ㹼ǃਟᢗ㹼/ਟ䈫DŽᖃᑨᮠᡆަԆ䶉ᘱᮠᦞ ሩҾԓ⸱⇥ˈ㊫රᆇ⇥Ⲵվ 3 ս㻛䀓䟺ᡀᐢ䇯䰞 A˄Accessed˅ǃਟ䈫 R˄Read-enable˅઼а㠤Ⲵ C ᆈ㇑⨶઼䈳䈅DŽ ᤱ㖞ս⣦ᘱDŽ䈕սਟ⭘Ҿ㲊ᤏ؍ᤙㅖ࣐䖭䘋⇥ᇴᆈಘˈᆳቡՊ䇮㖞䈕սDŽ䈕ս䴰㾱᰾⺞ൠ䲔ˈࡉаⴤ ᐢ䇯䰞∄⢩սᤷ᰾㠚Ӿк⅑㌫㔏༽ս䈕սѻਾањ⇥ᱟ㻛䇯䰞䗷DŽ⇿ᖃ༴⨶ಘᢺањ⇥Ⲵ⇥䘹 㖞ս˅DŽ䘉䟼ˈࣘᘱ᭩ਈ⇥䲀䮯ሶሬ㠤Ḹオ䰤㻛࣐ࡠḸᓅ䜘DŽ ᣔᔲᑨDŽྲ᷌ึḸ⇥Ⲵ䮯ᓖ䴰㾱ࣘᘱൠ᭩ਈˈ䛓ѸึḸ⇥ਟԕᱟањੁлᢙኅⲴᮠᦞ⇥˄ᢙኅᯩੁḷᘇ؍ ึḸ⇥ᗵ享ᱟਟ䈫/߉Ⲵᮠᦞ⇥DŽ㤕֯⭘нਟ߉ᮠᦞ⇥Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭ࡠ SS ᇴᆈಘѝˈሶሬ㠤ања㡜 15 1 1 1 1 ԓ⸱ а㠤ᙗ⇥ˈᢗ㹼/ਟ䈫ˈᐢ䇯䰞 14 1 1 1 0 ԓ⸱ а㠤ᙗ⇥ˈᢗ㹼/ਟ䈫 13 1 1 0 1 ԓ⸱ а㠤ᙗ⇥ˈӵᢗ㹼ˈᐢ䇯䰞 12 1 1 0 0 ԓ⸱ а㠤ᙗ⇥ˈӵᢗ㹼 11 1 0 1 1 ԓ⸱ ᢗ㹼/ਟ䈫ˈᐢ䇯䰞 10 1 0 1 0 ԓ⸱ ᢗ㹼/ਟ䈫 9 1 0 0 1 ԓ⸱ ӵᢗ㹼ˈᐢ䇯䰞 8 1 0 0 0 ԓ⸱ ӵᢗ㹼 C R A 7 0 1 1 1 ᮠᦞ ੁлᢙኅˈਟ䈫/߉ˈᐢ䇯䰞 6 0 1 1 0 ᮠᦞ ੁлᢙኅˈਟ䈫/߉ 5 0 1 0 1 ᮠᦞ ੁлᢙኅˈਚ䈫ˈᐢ䇯䰞 4 0 1 0 0 ᮠᦞ ੁлᢙኅˈਚ䈫 3 0 0 1 1 ᮠᦞ ਟ䈫/߉ˈᐢ䇯䰞 2 0 0 1 0 ᮠᦞ ਟ䈫/߉ 1 0 0 0 1 ᮠᦞ ਚ䈫ˈᐢ䇯䰞 0 0 0 0 0 ᮠᦞ ਚ䈫 E W A 䈤᰾ ㊫ර ᧿䘠ㅖ ॱ䘋ࡦ ս 11 ս 10 ս 9 ս 8 ㊫ර˄TYPE˅ᆇ⇥ 㺞 ԙ⸷⇫ૂᮦᦤ⇫ᨅ䘦ㅜ㊱ශ սⲴ䈤᰾DŽṩᦞਟ߉∄⢩ս W Ⲵ䇮㖞ˈањᮠᦞ⇥ਟԕᱟਚ䈫Ⲵˈҏਟԕᱟਟ䈫ਟ߉ⲴDŽ ԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ⇥㊫රᆇ⇥∄⢩ޣ߉ W˄Write-enable˅઼ᢙኅᯩੁ E˄Expansion-direction˅ˈ৲㿱㺘 4-3 ѝᴹ ሩҾᮠᦞ⇥Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖˈ㊫රᆇ⇥Ⲵվ 3 ս˄ս 8ǃ9ǃ10˅㻛࠶࡛⭘Ҿ㺘⽪ᐢ䇯䰞 A˄Accessed˅ǃਟ ⢩ս˄ㅜ 2 њৼᆇⲴս 11˅⭘Ҿ⺞ᇊᱟᮠᦞ⇥Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖ˄༽ս˅䘈ᱟԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖ˄㖞ս˅DŽ ᖃ⇥᧿䘠ㅖѝ S˄᧿䘠ㅖ㊫ර˅ḷᘇ㻛㖞սˈࡉ䈕᧿䘠ㅖ⭘Ҿԓ⸱ᡆᮠᦞ⇥DŽ↔ᰦ㊫රᆇ⇥ѝᴰ儈∄ 4.3.5 ԙ⸷ૂᮦᦤ⇫ᨅ䘦ㅜ㊱ශ ࠶⇥ᵪࡦ 15 1 1 1 1 32-Bit Trap Gate 32 ս䲧䱡䰘 14 1 1 1 0 32-Bit Interrupt Gate 32 սѝᯝ䰘 ⮉؍ 13 1 1 0 1 Reserved 12 1 1 0 0 32-Bit Call gate 32 ս䈳⭘䰘 11 1 0 1 1 32-Bit TSS (Busy) 32 ս TSS˄ᘉ˅ ⮉؍ 10 1 0 1 0 Reserved 9 1 0 0 1 32-Bit TSS (Available) 32 ս TSS˄ਟ⭘˅ ⮉؍ 8 1 0 0 0 Reserved 7 0 1 1 1 16-Bit Trap Gate 16 ս䲧䱡䰘 6 0 1 1 0 16-Bit Interrupt Gate 16 սѝᯝ䰘 5 0 1 0 1 Task Gate ԫ࣑䰘 4 0 1 0 0 16-Bit Call Gate 16 ս䈳⭘䰘 3 0 0 1 1 16-Bit TSS (Busy) 16 ս TSS˄ᘉ˅ 2 0 0 1 0 LDT LDT 1 0 0 0 1 16-Bit TSS (Available) 16 ս TSS˄ਟ⭘˅ ⮉؍ 0 0 0 0 0 Reserved 䈤᰾ ॱ䘋ࡦ ս 11 ս 10 ս 9 ս 8 ㊫ර˄TYPE˅ᆇ⇥ 㺞 ㌱㔕⇫ૂ䰞ᨅ䘦ㅜ㊱ශ ᤷ䪸˗ሩҾԫ࣑䰘ˈަѝਜ਼ᴹ TSS Ⲵ⇥䘹ᤙㅖDŽ㺘 4-4 㔉ࠪҶ㌫㔏⇥᧿䘠ㅖ઼䰘᧿䘠ㅖ㊫රᆇ⇥Ⲵ㕆⸱DŽ ਓ⛩Ⲵޕ⇥˅ˈ䰘᧿䘠ㅖቡᱟањĀ䰘āˈሩҾ䈳⭘ǃѝᯝᡆ䲧䱡䰘ˈަѝਜ਼ᴹԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖ઼⇥ѝ〻ᒿ 䘉Ӌ᧿䘠ㅖ㊫රਟ࠶Ѫєབྷ㊫˖㌫㔏⇥᧿䘠ㅖ઼䰘᧿䘠ㅖDŽ㌫㔏⇥᧿䘠ㅖᤷੁ㌫㔏⇥˄ྲ LDT ઼ TSS ԫ࣑䰘᧿䘠ㅖDŽ 䲧䱡䰘᧿䘠ㅖ˗ ѝᯝ䰘᧿䘠ㅖ˗ 䈳⭘䰘᧿䘠ㅖ˗ ԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥˄TSS˅᧿䘠ㅖ˗ ተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘˄LDT˅Ⲵ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ˗ ⨶ಘ㜭ཏ䇶࡛ԕлаӋ㊫රⲴ㌫㔏⇥᧿䘠ㅖ˖ ᖃ⇥᧿䘠ㅖѝⲴ S ḷᘇ˄᧿䘠ㅖ㊫ර˅ᱟ༽ս⣦ᘱ˄0˅Ⲵ䈍ˈ䛓Ѹ䈕᧿䘠ㅖᱟањ㌫㔏᧿䘠ㅖDŽ༴ 4.3.6 ㌱㔕ᨅ䘦ㅜ㊱ශ Ⲵᐢ䇯䰞սᓄ䈕亴ݸ䇮㖞ᡀ㖞ս⣦ᘱDŽ਼ᰦˈࡐ䲔㌫㔏ѝԫօ䈅മ؞᭩ ROM ѝ⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴԓ⸱DŽ ањᰐ䲀ᗚ⧟DŽѪҶ䱢→䘉њ䰞仈ˈ䴰㾱ᆈ᭮൘ ROM ѝⲴᡰᴹ᧿䘠ㅖޕѝⲴ⇥᧿䘠ㅖᰦˈ༴⨶ಘቡՊ䘋 ྲ᷌ GDT ᡆ LDT ѝањ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ㻛ᆈ᭮൘ ROM ѝˈ䛓Ѹ㤕䖟Ԧᡆ༴⨶ಘ䈅മᴤᯠ˄߉˅൘ ROM ᮠᦞ⇥ਟԕ㻛ᴤ儈⢩ᵳ㓗Ⲵ〻ᒿᡆ䗷〻䇯䰞ˈ㘼ᰐ享֯⭘⢩↺Ⲵ䇯䰞䰘DŽ ᡰᴹᮠᦞ⇥䜭ᱟ䶎а㠤ᙗⲴˈণણ⵰ᆳԜн㜭㻛վ⢩ᵳ㓗Ⲵ〻ᒿᡆ䗷〻䇯䰞DŽ❦㘼ˈоԓ⸱⇥н਼ˈ →վ⢩ᵳ㓗〻ᒿᡆ䗷〻䇯䰞Ⲵᐕާᓄ䈕ᆈ᭮൘䶎а㠤ᙗԓ⸱⇥ѝDŽ 䇮ᯭⲴ㌫㔏ᐕާԕ৺ḀӋᔲᑨ㊫ර˄ֻྲ䲔ࠪ䭉ǃⓒࠪ˅Ⲵ༴⨶䗷〻ਟԕᆈ᭮൘а㠤ᙗԓ⸱⇥ѝDŽ䴰㾱䱢 ᣔ؍а㠤ᙗ઼䶎а㠤ᙗԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ䈖㓶ؑ䈧৲㿱Āⴤ᧕䈳⭘ᡆ䐣䖜ࡠԓ⸱⇥ā˅DŽн䇯䰞ޣ䰘ᡆԫ࣑䰘˄ᴹ ᣔᔲᑨˈ䲔䶎֯⭘Ҷањ䈳⭘؍⢩ᵳ㓗㔗㔝ᢗ㹼DŽੁањн਼⢩ᵳ㓗Ⲵ䶎а㠤ᙗԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ䖜〫ሶሬ㠤а㡜 ࠶⇥ᵪࡦ 㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤 ⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤 ㌫㔏ѝⲴ亥䶒൘⻱ⴈк㘼䶎൘⢙⨶ᆈѝDŽ൘ㅜа⿽ᛵߥлˈӗ⭏ᰐ᭸ൠ൰Ⲵ〻ᒿᗵ享㻛㓸→DŽ൘ㅜҼ⿽ ⨶ൠ൰DŽ൘є⿽ᛵߥлањ亥䶒ਟԕ㻛ḷ⌘Ѫᰐ᭸Ⲵ˖ķ㌫㔏н᭟ᤱⲴ㓯ᙗൠ൰˗ĸሩᓄ൘㲊ᤏᆈ ਖཆˈ㓯ᙗࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰Ⲵ䖜ᦒ࣏㜭㻛ᢙኅᡀݱ䇨ањ㓯ᙗൠ൰㻛ḷ⌘Ѫᰐ᭸Ⲵˈ㘼䶎䇙ަӗ⭏ањ⢙ ࡦᢗ㹼Ⲵ䟽ᇊս࣏㜭ਟԕⴻᱟᢺ㓯ᙗൠ൰Ⲵ儈 20 ս䖜ᦒࡠሩᓄ⢙⨶ൠ൰Ⲵ儈 20 սDŽ 䟿ⴤ᧕Ѫ⢙⨶ൠ൰Ⲵվ 12 սDŽ࠶亥ᵪ〫ٿфሩ喀Ҿ 4K 䗩⭼ˈഐ↔㓯ᙗൠ൰Ⲵվ 12 ∄⢩սਟѪ亥 ൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴ亥䶒䟽ᯠᇊսࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤ѝ䘋㹼DŽ⭡Ҿ 4K བྷሿⲴ亥䶒Ѫањঅݳ䘋㹼᱐ሴˈᒦ ⽪࠶亥ᵪࡦᢺ 232 ᆇ㢲˄4GB˅Ⲵ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ࡂ࠶ᡀ 220˄1M = 1048576˅њ亥䶒DŽ࠶亥ᵪࡦ䙊䗷ᢺ㓯ᙗ 80X86 ֯⭘ 4K˄212˅ᆇ㢲പᇊབྷሿⲴ亥䶒DŽ⇿њ亥䶒൷ᱟ 4KBˈᒦфሩ喀Ҿ 4K ൠ൰䗩⭼༴DŽ䘉㺘 ഴ 㓵ᙝ൦൶グ䰪享䶘ࡦ⢟⨼൦൶グ䰪享䶘ሯᓊ⽰ᝅഴ Ⲵ亥䶒ሩᓄҶ䎧ᶕDŽ њ亥䶒ˈᒦ൘䘉єњオ䰤ѻ䰤ᨀҶԫ᱐ሴDŽമѝⲴ㇝ཤᢺ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴ亥䶒о⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤ѝ ਟԕ㻛᱐ሴࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤Ⲵԫօ亥䶒кDŽമ 4-16 ⽪ࠪҶ࠶亥ᵪࡦᱟྲօᢺ㓯ᙗ઼⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤䜭ࡂ࠶ᡀ ᆈඇ˄〠Ѫ亥䶒˅䘋㹼DŽ࠶亥ᵪࡦᢺ㓯ᙗ઼⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤䜭ࡂ࠶ᡀ亥䶒DŽ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴԫօ亥䶒 ࡽ䶒ӻ㓽Ⲵ࠶⇥ᵪࡦ൘⿽ਟਈ䮯ᓖⲴᆈ४ฏкDŽо࠶⇥ᵪࡦн਼ˈ࠶亥ᵪࡦሩപᇊབྷሿⲴ ᙗൠ൰㻛ⴤ᧕⭘⢙⨶ൠ൰DŽ ֯⭘ᵜ㢲᧿䘠Ⲵᵪࡦሶ㓯ᙗൠ൰䖜ᦒᡀ⢙⨶ൠ൰DŽྲ᷌ PG=0ˈࡉ⾱⭘࠶亥ᵪࡦˈ↔ᰦ࠶⇥ᵪࡦӗ⭏Ⲵ㓯 ᡁԜ䙊䗷䇮㖞᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ CR0 Ⲵ PG սਟԕ⭘࠶亥ᵪࡦDŽྲ᷌ PG=1ˈࡉ⭘࠶亥ˈ༴⨶ಘՊ ᣔDŽ؍亥ᵪࡦ䘈ᨀҶ⭘ᡧ - 䎵㓗⭘ᡧє㓗 ᣔDŽਖཆˈ൘亥䶒অݳкˈ࠶؍ᣔ᧚ᯭDŽֻྲˈ൘สҾ亥䶒Ⲵสкਟԕ࣐ᕪ䈫/߉؍⭘ᡆᴯԓ࠶⇥ᵪࡦⲴ ᣔᵪࡦਸ؍ᣔ᧚ᯭˈਟ઼࠶⇥ᵪࡦ؍ൠ൰オ䰤亥䶒㻛᱐ሴࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤Ⲵ亥䶒кDŽ࠶亥ᵪࡦࠐ⿽亥䶒㓗 Ҿԫօа⿽࠶⇥⁑රDŽ༴⨶ಘ࠶亥ᵪࡦՊᢺ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤˄⇥ᐢ᱐ሴࡠަѝ˅ࡂ࠶ᡀ亥䶒ˈ❦ਾ䘉Ӌ㓯ᙗ ൰䖜ᦒⲴ䗷〻DŽ࠶⇥ᵪࡦᢺ䙫䗁ൠ൰䖜ᦒᡀ㓯ᙗൠ൰ˈ㘼࠶亥ࡉᢺ㓯ᙗൠ൰䖜ᦒᡀ⢙⨶ൠ൰DŽ࠶亥ਟԕ⭘ ࠶亥ᵪࡦᱟ 80X86 ᆈ㇑⨶ᵪࡦⲴㅜҼ䜘࠶DŽᆳ൘࠶⇥ᵪࡦⲴสкᆼᡀ㲊ᤏ˄䙫䗁˅ൠ൰ࡠ⢙⨶ൠ 4.4 ࠼享ᵰ 㢲ѝ䈤᰾ˈѝᯝ઼䲧䱡䰘Ⲵ֯⭘ᯩ⌅ሶ൘ѝᯝ઼ᔲᑨ༴⨶а㢲ѝ㔉Ҹ䈤᰾DŽ ᣔа؍TSS ⣦ᘱ⇥઼ԫ࣑䰘Ⲵ֯⭘ᯩ⌅ሶ൘ԫ࣑㇑⨶а㢲ѝ䘋㹼䈤᰾ˈ䈳⭘䰘Ⲵ֯⭘ᯩ⌅ሶ᭮൘ ޣᴹ ࠶亥ᵪࡦ ˅〫ٿԕ㧧ਆਜ਼ᴹ亥䶒 20 ս⢙⨶สൠ൰Ⲵ㺘亩DŽ䈕 20 ս亥䶒⢙⨶สൠ൰઼㓯ᙗൠ൰ѝⲴվ 12 ս˄亥 ˈ亥䶒Ⲵ 20 ս⢙⨶สൠ൰DŽҼ㓗亥㺘֯⭘㓯ᙗൠ൰ѝ䰤 10 ս˄ս 21--12˅Ѫ㺘亩㍒ᕅ٬ޣ㺘亩ਜ਼ᴹ ㅜҼ㓗㺘〠Ѫ亥㺘˄page table˅ˈᆳⲴ䮯ᓖҏᱟ 1 њ亥䶒ˈᴰཊਜ਼ᴹ 1K њ 4 ᆇ㢲Ⲵ㺘亩DŽ⇿њ 4 ᆇ㢲 ٬ᶕ䘹ᤙ 210 њҼ㓗㺘ѻаDŽ 㺘亩DŽ䘉Ӌ㺘亩ᤷੁሩᓄⲴҼ㓗㺘DŽ㓯ᙗൠ൰Ⲵᴰ儈 10 ս˄ս 31--22˅⭘а㓗㺘˄亥ⴞᖅ˅ѝⲴ㍒ᕅ ㅜа㓗㺘〠Ѫ亥ⴞᖅ˄page directory˅DŽᆳ㻛ᆈ᭮൘ 1 亥 4K 亥䶒ѝˈާᴹ 210˄1K˅њ 4 ᆇ㢲䮯ᓖⲴ 㻛࠶ᡀє↕ᶕ䘋㹼ˈ⇿↕֯⭘˄䖜ᦒ˅ަѝ 10 њ∄⢩DŽ ⲴᆈDŽഐ↔ѪҶ߿ቁᆈঐ⭘䟿ˈ80X86 ֯⭘Ҷє㓗㺘DŽ⭡↔ˈ儈 20 ս㓯ᙗൠ൰ࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰Ⲵ䖜ᦒҏ 亥㺘ਜ਼ᴹ 220˄1M˅њ㺘亩ˈ㘼⇿亩ঐ⭘ 4 ᆇ㢲DŽྲ᷌Ѫањ㺘ᶕᆈ᭮Ⲵ䈍ˈᆳԜᴰཊሶঐ⭘ 4MB 4.4.1.1 њ㓝享㺞㔉ᶺ ањᔲᑨDŽ ণᴹ᭸ˈᡁԜਟԕӾѝਆᗇ亥䶒Ⲵ⢙⨶ൠ൰DŽྲ᷌亩ѝ㺘᰾нᆈ൘ˈ䛓Ѹᖃ䇯䰞ሩᓄ⢙⨶亥䶒ᰦቡՊӗ⭏ սਟ⭘Ҿᆈ᭮䈨ྲ亥䶒ᱟᆈ൘ㅹⲴᙗؑDŽྲ᷌㓯ᙗൠ൰㍒ᕅⲴ亥㺘亩㻛ḷ⌘Ѫᆈ൘Ⲵˈࡉ㺘⽪䈕亩 亥㺘ѝ⇿њ亥㺘亩བྷሿѪ 32 սDŽ⭡Ҿਚ䴰㾱ަѝⲴ 20 սᶕᆈ᭮亥䶒Ⲵ⢙⨶สൠ൰ˈഐ↔࢙лⲴ 12 ሩᓄⲴ⢙⨶ൠ൰DŽ 䟿䘎᧕㓴ਸ൘а䎧ቡ㜭ᗇࡠ〫ٿ↔亥䶒สൠ൰Ⲵվ 12 ս㛟ᇊᱟ 0DŽ䘉ણ⵰儈 20 սⲴ亥䶒สൠ൰઼ 12 ս 䟿ˈ࣐к亥䶒Ⲵสൠ൰ᴰ㓸ᖒᡀሩᓄⲴ⢙⨶ൠ൰DŽ⭡Ҿ亥䶒สൠ൰ሩ喀൘ 4K 䗩⭼кˈഐ〫ٿҶ亥䶒ѝⲴ ⭘Ҿ䘹ᤙሩᓄ亥䶒Ⲵ⢙⨶˄ส˅ൠ൰DŽ㓯ᙗൠ൰Ⲵվ 12 ս㔉ࠪˈᙗൠ൰Ⲵ儈 20 սᶴᡀ䘉њᮠ㓴Ⲵ㍒ᕅ٬ 㺘ਟԕⴻᱟㆰঅⲴ 220 ⢙⨶ൠ൰ᮠ㓴DŽ㓯ᙗࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰Ⲵ᱐ሴ࣏㜭ਟԕㆰঅൠⴻᱟ䘋㹼ᮠ㓴ḕDŽ㓯 ࠶亥䖜ᦒ࣏㜭⭡傫⮉൘ᆈѝⲴ㺘ᶕ᧿䘠ˈ䈕㺘〠Ѫ亥㺘˄page table˅ˈᆈ᭮൘⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤ѝDŽ亥 4.4.1 享㺞㔉ᶺ ઘᵏӾᆈѝ䈫ਆ亥㺘亩ˈ䘉䙊ᑨ൘ањ亥㺘亩ᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤⋑ᴹ䇯䰞䗷ᰦՊࠪ⧠䘉⿽ᛵߥDŽ ᮠ䈫亥ⴞᖅ઼亥㺘Ⲵ䈧≲㘼ᰐ䴰֯⭘ᙫ㓯ઘᵏDŽਚᴹᖃ TLB ѝнवਜ਼㾱≲Ⲵ亥㺘亩ᰦՊ֯⭘仍ཆⲴᙫ㓯 㕃ߢಘԦѝˈ䈕㕃ߢಘԦ㻛〠Ѫ䖜ᦒḕ㕃ߢ४ TLB˄Translation Lookaside Buffer˅DŽTLB ਟԕ┑䏣བྷཊ ↓ྲࡽ䘠ˈѪҶ߿ቁൠ൰䖜ᦒᡰ㾱≲Ⲵᙫ㓯ઘᵏᮠ䟿ˈᴰ䘁䇯䰞Ⲵ亥ⴞᖅ઼亥㺘Պ㻛ᆈ᭮൘༴⨶ಘⲴ ᆈ൘⻱ⴈѝDŽ؍ᆈѝˈ㘼ਖа䜘࠶ ѝⲴањᮠᦞ㔃ᶴሶवਜ਼ަᡰᴹⲴ䜘࠶DŽնྲ᷌֯⭘Ҷ࠶亥ˈ䛓Ѹањᮠᦞ㔃ᶴቡਟԕа䜘࠶ᆈۘҾ⢙⨶ ᦞ㔃ᶴާᴹ਼Ⲵ䮯ᓖDŽо⇥н਼ˈ亥䶒ᴹപᇊⲴ䮯ᓖDŽྲ᷌ӵ֯⭘࠶⇥ൠ൰䖜ᦒˈ䛓Ѹᆈۘ൘⢙⨶ᆈ ࠶亥о࠶⇥ᴰབྷⲴн਼ѻ༴൘Ҿ࠶亥֯⭘Ҷപᇊ䮯ᓖⲴ亥䶒DŽ⇥Ⲵ䮯ᓖ䙊ᑨоᆈ᭮൘ަѝⲴԓ⸱ᡆᮠ ᆈۘҾᆈѝⲴ亥ⴞᖅ઼亥㺘ѝDŽ 㻛䟽ᯠᢗ㹼DŽ༴⨶ಘ⭘Ҿᢺ㓯ᙗൠ൰䖜ᦒᡀ⢙⨶ൠ൰઼⭘Ҿӗ⭏亥䭉䈟ᔲᑨ˄㤕ᗵ㾱Ⲵ䈍˅Ⲵؑवਜ਼൘ Ⲵ亥䶒߉ࡠ⻱ⴈк˅DŽᖃ亥䶒࣐䖭ࡠ⢙⨶ᆈѝѻਾˈӾᔲᑨ༴⨶䗷〻Ⲵ䘄എՊ֯ᗇሬ㠤ᔲᑨⲴᤷԔ 〻ᒿ䙊ᑨቡՊ䇙㌫㔏Ӿ⻱ⴈѝᢺᓄ亥䶒࣐䖭ࡠ⢙⨶ᆈѝ˄䗷〻ѝਟ㜭䘈Պᢺ⢙⨶ᆈѝн਼ ྲ᷌वਜ਼㓯ᙗൠ൰Ⲵ亥䶒ᖃࡽн൘⢙⨶ᆈѝˈ༴⨶ಘቡՊӗ⭏ањ亥䭉䈟ᔲᑨDŽ亥䭉䈟ᔲᑨⲴ༴⨶ ൰䖜ᦒᡀањ㓯ᙗൠ൰ˈ❦ਾ֯⭘࠶亥ᵪࡦᢺ䈕㓯ᙗൠ൰䖜ᦒᡀሩᓄⲴ⢙⨶ൠ൰DŽ ⢙⨶ᆈѝ઼/ᡆ⻱ⴈᆈۘオ䰤ѝDŽᖃањ〻ᒿ˄ᡆԫ࣑˅ᕅ⭘ᆈѝⲴ䙫䗁ൠ൰ᰦˈ༴⨶ಘՊᢺ䈕䙫䗁ൠ ᖃ֯⭘࠶亥ᰦˈ༴⨶ಘՊᢺ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ࡂ࠶ᡀപᇊབྷሿⲴ亥䶒˄䮯ᓖ 4KB˅ˈ䘉Ӌ亥䶒ਟԕ᱐ሴࡠ 㻛〠Ѫ㲊ᤏᆈۘᡆ㘵䴰≲亥˄Demand-paged˅㲊ᤏᆈۘDŽ 㘵˄֯⭘࠶亥˅䰤᧕ൠ᱐ሴࡠ䖳ሿᇩ䟿Ⲵ⢙⨶ᆈ઼⻱ⴈᆈۘオ䰤ѝDŽ䘉ਾа⿽᱐ሴ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤Ⲵᯩ⌅ ᣔ⁑ᔿѝˈ80X86 ݱ䇨㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ⴤ᧕᱐ሴࡠབྷᇩ䟿Ⲵ⢙⨶ᆈ˄ֻྲ 4GB Ⲵ RAM˅кˈᡆ؍൘ ൘˄present˅Ⲵᙗᶕ⺞ᇊDŽ ഐ↔ᆳԜ㻛〠Ѫнᆈ൘Ⲵ亥䶒ˈᒦф⭡亥㺘ѝ〠Ѫᆈˈޣ〻ᒿ䇯䰞DŽഐѪᰐ᭸亥䶒䙊ᑨо㲊ᤏᆈۘ㌫㔏 ᛵߥлˈ䈕ᰐ᭸ൠ൰ᇎ䱵кᱟ䈧≲㌫㔏㲊ᤏᆈ㇑⨶ಘᢺሩᓄ亥䶒Ӿ⻱ⴈк࣐䖭ࡠ⢙⨶ᆈѝˈԕ ࠶亥ᵪࡦ 亥ᑗ〫ٿ亥 * 亥䮯 . 亥สൠ൰ 〫ٿ亥 ⢙⨶ൠ൰ 亥ⴞᖅ 亥㺘 &5 ⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤 㓯ᙗൠ൰ 亥㺘亩 ⴞᖅ亩 ⴞᖅ〫ٿ亥䶒 亥 ᙗˈ䘉䟼ㆰ㾱䈤᰾ަ։ᙗⲴ࣏㜭઼⭘䙄DŽ オ䰤ѝањ亥䶒˄ҏ〠Ѫ亥ᑗ˅Ⲵ⢙⨶สൠ൰DŽ㺘亩Ⲵվ 12 սਜ਼ᴹ亥ᙗؑDŽᡁԜᐢ㓿䇘䇪䗷ᆈ൘ 亥ⴞᖅ઼亥㺘Ⲵ㺘亩Ṭᔿ㿱മ 4-18 ᡰ⽪DŽަѝս 31--12 ਜ਼ᴹ⢙⨶ൠ൰Ⲵ儈 20 սˈ⭘Ҿᇊս⢙⨶ൠ൰ 4.4.2 享㺞亯Ṳᕅ ᆈ࠶亥䖜ᦒ㺘ᡰ䴰㾱Ⲵ⢙⨶ᆈ䟿DŽ؍ ൘㘼ᕅਁⲴᔲᑨՊ䙊⸕㌫㔏ᢺ㕪ቁⲴ亥㺘Ӿ⻱ⴈк࣐䖭䘋⢙⨶ᆈDŽᢺ亥㺘ᆈۘ൘㲊ᤏᆈѝ߿ቁҶ ԕ㺘᰾ਟ⭘ᆳԜ䘋㹼࠶亥䖜ᦒDŽ༴Ҿ⻱ⴈкⲴ亥㺘ሩᓄⲴ亥ⴞᖅ亩ሶ㻛ḷ⌘Ѫнᆈ൘DŽ⭡ҾҼ㓗亥㺘нᆈ ᆈ൘⻱ⴈкDŽ༴Ҿ⢙⨶ᆈѝ亥㺘ሩᓄⲴ亥ⴞᖅ亩ሶ㻛ḷ⌘Ѫᆈ൘ˈ؍䴰㾱ᆈ᭮൘⢙⨶ᆈѝˈ㘼ަ։Ⲵਟ ਚᴹ䜘࠶Ҽ㓗亥㺘ىⴞᖅ㺘亩ѝⲴᆈ൘ս䘈ਟԕ⭘Ҿ൘㲊ᤏᆈѝᆈ᭮Ҽ㓗亥㺘DŽ䘉ણ⵰൘ԫօᰦ 亥䶒DŽ 䙊⸕㌫㔏DŽ亥ⴞᖅ㺘亩ѝⲴᆈ൘ᙗ֯ᗇ㌫㔏ਟԕṩᦞᇎ䱵֯⭘Ⲵ㓯ᙗൠ൰㤳തᶕ࠶䝽Ҽ㓗亥㺘 〻ㅜ 2 ↕ሶ਼ྲк᧿䘠㔗㔝л৫DŽྲ᷌ᆈ൘ս㺘᰾ሩᓄⲴҼ㓗㺘нᆈ൘ˈ䛓Ѹ༴⨶ಘቡՊӗ⭏ањᔲᑨᶕ ᤷ᰾ሩᓄⲴҼ㓗亥㺘ᱟᆈ൘DŽྲ᷌ⴞᖅ㺘亩ᤷ᰾ሩᓄⲴҼ㓗亥㺘ᆈ൘ˈ䛓Ѹ䙊䗷䇯䰞Ҽ㓗㺘ˈ㺘ḕ䗷 亥ⴞᖅ㺘ѝ⇿њ㺘亩ҏᴹањᆈ൘˄present˅ᙗˈ㊫լҾ亥㺘ѝⲴ㺘亩DŽ亥ⴞᖅ㺘亩ѝⲴᆈ൘ᙗ ᗇ亥㺘㔃ᶴⲴབྷሿሩᓄҾᇎ䱵֯⭘Ⲵ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤བྷሿDŽ ࠶࠶䝽Ҽ㓗亥㺘DŽ㲭❦ⴞᖅ㺘亥䶒ᗵ享ᙫᱟᆈ൘Ҿ⢙⨶ᆈѝˈնᱟҼ㓗亥㺘ਟԕ൘䴰㾱ᰦ࠶䝽DŽ䘉֯ ᆈ൘䘎㔝Ⲵ 4MB ᆈඇѝDŽਖཆˈᒦн䴰㾱Ѫнᆈ൘Ⲵᡆ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ᵚ֯⭘䜘؍њ亥䶒ѝˈ㘼н䴰㾱 ᩎᗇᴹӋ༽ᵲҶDŽഐѪᡁԜ䴰㾱ਖ໎ањ亥䶒ᶕᆈ᭮ⴞᖅ㺘DŽ❦㘼ˈҼ㓗㺘㔃ᶴݱ䇨亥㺘㻛࠶ᮓ൘ᆈ 䙊䗷֯⭘Ҽ㓗㺘㔃ᶴˈᡁԜ䘈⋑ᴹ䀓ߣ䴰㾱֯⭘ 4MB ᆈᶕᆈ᭮亥㺘Ⲵ䰞仈DŽᇎ䱵кˈᡁԜᢺ䰞仈 4.4.1.2 уᆎ൞Ⲻ享㺞 ഴ 㓵ᙝ൦൶ૂ⢟⨼൦൶ҁ䰪Ⲻᦘ ⢙⨶ൠ൰Ⲵ儈 20 սDŽ㓯ᙗൠ൰Ⲵվ 12 սⴤ᧕Ѫ⢙⨶ൠ൰վ 12 սˈӾ㘼㓴ᡀањᆼᮤⲴ 32 ս⢙⨶ൠ൰DŽ ㅜҼ㓗亥㺘Ⲵᤷ䪸DŽ㓯ᙗൠ൰ѝ䰤 10 ս⭘Ҿ㍒ᕅҼ㓗亥㺘ˈԕ㧧ᗇޣ㍒ᕅ䘉њ亥ⴞᖅ㺘ˈԕ㧧ᗇᤷੁ മ 4-17 ⽪ࠪҶҼ㓗㺘Ⲵḕ䗷〻DŽަѝ CR3 ᇴᆈಘᤷᇊ亥ⴞᖅ㺘Ⲵสൠ൰DŽ㓯ᙗൠ൰Ⲵ儈 10 ս⭘Ҿ ণሩᓄⲴᴰ㓸⢙⨶ൠ൰DŽˈ㓴ਸ൘а䎧ቡᗇࡠҶ࠶亥䖜ᦒ䗷〻Ⲵ䗃ࠪ٬ ࠶亥ᵪࡦ E нᆈ൘Ⲵ亥ⴞᖅ઼亥㺘Ⲵ㺘亩Ṭᔿ D 亥ⴞᖅ઼亥㺘Ⲵ㺘亩Ṭᔿ 〻ᒿਟ⭘ $9/ ս $'亥ᑗൠ൰˄3DJH)UDP$GGUHVV˅ : 5 6 8 3 ᣔᶕॿࣙራ઼Ự⍻䇮䇑䰞仈઼䭉䈟DŽᖃ〻ᒿሩ䭉䈟ᆈオ䰤ᢗ㹼؍ਁⲴԫօ䱦⇥䜭ਟԕ֯⭘⇥㓗઼亥㓗 ᣔњԫ࣑ݽਇӂѻ䰤ⲴᒢᢠDŽ൘䖟Ԧᔰ؍ᣔᵪࡦᱟਟ䶐Ⲵཊԫ࣑䘀㹼⧟ຳᡰᗵ享ⲴDŽᆳਟ⭘Ҿ؍ 4.5 ؓᣚ ⴈѝDŽ㤕↔ᰦ D=1ˈࡉ䈤᰾亥䶒ᇩᐢ㻛؞᭩䗷ˈҾᱟቡᗵ享ሶ䈕亥䶒߉ࡠ⻱ⴈкDŽ⻱ޕ亥䶒ቡᰐ䴰㻛߉ ᆈᰦˈަ㜿ḷᘇ D=0ˈ䛓Ѹᖃ亥䶒⅑㻛〫ࠪࡠ⻱ⴈкᰦˈ㤕 D ḷᘇ䘈ᱟѪ 0ˈࡉ䈕ޕ亥䶒Ӿ⻱ⴈк䈫 䇮ᖃаٷ䘹㘵DŽىḷᘇˈ㌫㔏㜭ཏ⺞ᇊଚӋ亥䶒ᴰ䘁⋑ᴹ䇯䰞䗷DŽ䘉Ӌ亥䶒ਟԕᡀѪ〫ࠪࡠ⻱ⴈкⲴ ᐢ䇯䰞ḷᘇ A ઼ᐢ؞᭩ḷᘇ D ਟԕ⭘Ҿᴹ᭸ൠᇎ⧠㲊ᤏᆈۘᢰᵟDŽ䙊䗷ઘᵏᙗൠỰḕ઼༽սᡰᴹ A 亩ѝDŽᴰਾ൘䘄എ〻ᒿ䟽ᯠᢗ㹼ᕅ䎧ᔲᑨⲴᤷԔѻࡽ䇮㖞ḷᘇ P=1DŽ ᆈѝˈᒦᢺᓄ⢙⨶ൠ൰ᆈ᭮൘㺘⨶⢙ޕ㌫㔏ቡਟԕ࡙⭘䘉њᔲᑨ༴⨶䗷〻ᢺ㕪ቁⲴ亥䶒Ӿ⻱ⴈк䈳 ᆈѝⲴ㺘亩ަḷᘇ P = 0DŽྲ᷌〻ᒿ䇯䰞⢙⨶ᆈѝнᆈ൘Ⲵ亥䶒ˈ༴⨶ಘቡՊӗ⭏ањ㕪亥ᔲᑨDŽ↔ᰦ Ⲵ亥䶒ᆈ൘Ҿ⢙⨶ᆈѝˈࡉሩᓄ㺘亩ѝⲴḷᘇ P=1ˈᒦф䈕㺘亩ѝਜ਼ᴹᓄ⢙⨶ൠ൰DŽ亥䶒н൘⢙⨶ 亥ⴞᖅ઼亥㺘㺘亩ѝⲴᆈ൘ḷᘇ P Ѫ֯⭘࠶亥ᢰᵟⲴ㲊ᤏᆈۘᨀҶᗵ㾱Ⲵ᭟ᤱDŽ㤕㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝ 4.4.3 㲐ᤕᆎ۞ ⮉у〻ᒿ֯⭘DŽ༴⨶ಘнՊ؞᭩䘉ࠐսˈԕਾⲴॷ㓗༴⨶ಘҏнՊDŽ؍⇥ AVL -- 䈕ᆇ Ⲵ D ḷᘇDŽ༴⨶ಘᒦнՊ؞᭩亥ⴞᖅ亩ѝⲴ D ḷᘇDŽ D -- ս 6 ᱟ亥䶒ᐢ㻛؞᭩˄Dirty˅ḷᘇDŽᖃ༴⨶ಘሩањ亥䶒ᢗ㹼߉ᰦˈቡՊ䇮㖞ሩᓄ亥㺘㺘亩 ಘਚ䍏䍓䇮㖞䈕ḷᘇˈ㌫㔏ਟ䙊䗷ᇊᵏൠ༽ս䈕ḷᘇᶕ㔏䇑亥䶒Ⲵ֯⭘ᛵߥDŽ 㻛㖞Ѫ 1DŽᖃ༴⨶ಘ䇯䰞亥ⴞᖅ㺘亩᱐ሴⲴԫօ亥䶒ᰦˈ亥ⴞᖅ㺘亩Ⲵ䘉њḷᘇቡՊ㻛㖞Ѫ 1DŽ༴⨶ A -- ս 5 ᱟᐢ䇯䰞˄Accessed˅ḷᘇDŽᖃ༴⨶ಘ䇯䰞亥㺘亩᱐ሴⲴ亥䶒ᰦˈ亥㺘㺘亩Ⲵ䘉њḷᘇቡՊ ⴞᖅ亩ѝⲴ U/S սሩަᡰ᱐ሴⲴᡰᴹ亥䶒䎧⭘DŽ ਟԕ䇯䰞䈕亥䶒DŽྲ᷌Ѫ 0ˈ䛓Ѹ亥䶒ਚ㜭㻛䘀㹼൘䎵㓗⭘ᡧ⢩ᵳ㓗˄0ǃ1 ᡆ 2˅кⲴ〻ᒿ䇯䰞DŽ亥 U/S -- ս 2 ᱟ⭘ᡧ/䎵㓗⭘ᡧ˄User/Supervisor˅ḷᘇDŽྲ᷌Ѫ 1ˈ䛓Ѹ䘀㹼൘ԫօ⢩ᵳ㓗кⲴ〻ᒿ䜭 亥ⴞᖅ亩ѝⲴ R/W սሩަᡰ᱐ሴⲴᡰᴹ亥䶒䎧⭘DŽ ⽪亥䶒ਚ䈫ᡆਟᢗ㹼DŽᖃ༴⨶ಘ䘀㹼൘䎵㓗⭘ᡧ⢩ᵳ㓗˄㓗࡛ 0ǃ1 ᡆ 2˅ᰦˈࡉ R/W սн䎧⭘DŽ R/W -- ս 1 ᱟ䈫/߉˄Read/Write˅ḷᘇDŽྲ᷌ㅹҾ 1ˈ㺘⽪亥䶒ਟԕ㻛䈫ǃ߉ᡆᢗ㹼DŽྲ᷌Ѫ 0ˈ㺘 ᆈᐢᆈۘ൘⻱ⴈкⲴ亥䶒ⲴᒿਧDŽ؍ ⽪㺘亩ᰐ᭸ཆˈަ։∄⢩սਟ〻ᒿ㠚⭡֯⭘ˈ㿱മ 4-18(b)ᡰ⽪DŽֻྲˈ㌫㔏ਟԕ֯⭘䘉Ӌսᶕ ൘亥䖜ᦒ䗷〻ѝˈྲ᷌䈤⎹৺Ⲵ亥ⴞᖅᡆ亥㺘Ⲵ㺘亩ᰐ᭸ˈࡉՊሬ㠤ањᔲᑨDŽྲ᷌ P=0ˈ䛓Ѹ䲔㺘 P -- ս 0 ᱟᆈ൘˄Present˅ḷᘇˈ⭘Ҿᤷ᰾㺘亩ሩൠ൰䖜ᦒᱟᴹ᭸DŽP=1 㺘⽪ᴹ᭸˗P=0 㺘⽪ᰐ᭸DŽ ഴ 享ⴤᖋૂ享㺞Ⲻ㺞亯Ṳᕅ ᣔ؍ ༴⨶ಘ⭘ᆳᶕ䱢→〻ᒿ൘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘Ⲵཆ䶒䘹ᤙ᧿䘠ㅖDŽ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘Ⲵ䲀䮯٬ᤷ᰾Ҷ㺘ѝᴰਾˈ16 սⲴ䲀䮯٬ 䲔Ҷሩ⇥䲀䮯䘋㹼Ựḕˈ༴⨶ಘҏՊỰḕ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘Ⲵ䮯ᓖDŽGDTRǃIDTR ઼ LDTR ᇴᆈಘѝवਜ਼ᴹ ࡠ 0xFFFFDŽᖃлᢙ⇥Ⲵ⇥䲀䮯Ѫ 0 ᰦˈ⇥Պᴹᴰབྷ䮯ᓖDŽ˅1+〫ٿ⇥٬㤳തᱟӾ˄ᴹ᭸〫ٿ䴦ᰦˈᴹ᭸ ࡠ 0xFFFF FFFF˗ᖃ B˅1+〫ٿ⇥㤳തᱟӾ˄ᴹ᭸〫ٿ䇯䰞Ⲵൠ൰ˈഐ↔൘䇮㖞Ҷ B ḷᘇⲴᛵߥлˈᴹ᭸ ሩҾлᢙᮠᦞ⇥ˈ⇥䲀䮯ާᴹ਼ṧⲴ࣏㜭ˈնަਜ਼ѹн਼DŽ䘉䟼ˈ⇥䲀䮯ᤷᇊҶ⇥ѝᴰਾањнݱ䇨 ᣔᔲᑨDŽ؍1 њᆇ㢲DŽԫօ䎵ࠪ⇥䲀䮯ᆇ⇥ᤷᇊⲴᴹ᭸ൠ൰㤳ത䜭ሶሬ㠤ӗ⭏ања㡜 䲔Ҷлᢙ⇥ԕཆⲴᡰᴹ⇥㊫රˈᴹ᭸ Limit Ⲵ٬ᱟ⇥ѝݱ䇨㻛䇯䰞Ⲵᴰਾањൠ൰ˈᆳ㾱∄⇥䮯ᓖሿ ࡠ 0xFFF ӽ❦ᱟᴹ᭸ⲴDŽ 0 ٬〫ٿˈᰦ ൠ൰˅Ⲵվ 12 սнՊо Limit 䘋㹼ሩ➗ỰḕDŽֻྲˈᖃ⇥䲀䮯 Limit ㅹҾ 0˄〫ٿ⇥ˈᖃ䇮㖞Ҷ G ḷᘇᰦ Ⲵ٬҈кањഐᆀ 4KDŽ൘䘉⿽ᛵߥлˈᴹ᭸Ⲵ Limit 㤳തᱟӾ 0xFFF ࡠ 0xFFFFFFFF˄4GB˅DŽ䈧⌘ˈ ᛵߥлˈLimit Ⲵ㤳തӾ 0 ࡠ 0xFFFFF˄1MB˅DŽᖃ G ḷᘇ㖞սᰦ˄4KB 亥仇㋂ᓖ˅ˈ༴⨶ಘᢺ Limit ᆇ⇥ ᖃ G ḷᘇ䴦ᰦ˄ᆇ㢲仇㋂ᓖ˅ˈᴹ᭸Ⲵ⇥䮯ᓖᱟ 20 սⲴ⇥᧿䘠ㅖѝ⇥䲀䮯ᆇ⇥ Limit Ⲵ٬DŽ൘䘉⿽ DŽE ḷᘇᱟᮠᦞ⇥㊫රⲴ⇥᧿䘠ㅖѝ㊫රᆇ⇥Ⲵањ∄⢩սDŽޣ઼/ᡆк⭼䲀˅ᴹ 䎆Ҿ仇㋂ᓖ G ḷᘇⲴ䇮㖞⣦ᘱDŽሩҾᮠᦞ⇥ˈ⇥䲀䮯䘈оḷᘇ E˄ᢙኅᯩੁ˅઼ḷᘇ B˄唈䇔Ḹᤷ䪸བྷሿ ⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴ⇥䲀䮯˄ᡆ〠⇥⭼䲀˅ᆇ⇥⭘Ҿ䱢→〻ᒿᡆ䗷〻ራ൰ࡠ⇥ཆᆈս㖞DŽ⇥䲀䮯Ⲵᴹ᭸٬ 4.5.1.1 ⇫䲆䮵 Limit Ỷḛ ᣔᵪࡦDŽ؍ᣔ⁑ᔿлⲴ؍ᣔⲴ䜭ሶሬ㠤ӗ⭏ањᔲᑨDŽл䶒㢲᧿䘠؍ᡰᴹ䘍৽ ᤷԔ䳶䲀ࡦDŽ ਓ⛩䲀ࡦ˗ޕ 䗷〻 ਟራ൰㤳ത䲀ࡦ˗ ⢩ᵳ㓗Ựḕ˗ ⇥㊫රỰḕ˗ ⇥⭼䲀Ựḕ˗ ᣔỰḕਟ࠶Ѫԕлࠐ㊫˖؍оൠ൰ਈᦒ਼ᰦᒦ㹼ˈᡰԕ༴⨶ಘᙗ㜭ᒦ⋑ᴹਇࡠᖡ૽DŽᡰ䘋㹼Ⲵ ᣔ㾱≲DŽഐѪỰḕᱟ؍ᣔᵪࡦᰦˈ⇿њᆈᕅ⭘䜭ሶਇࡠỰሏԕ傼䇱ᆈᕅ⭘ㅖਸ⿽؍ᖃ֯⭘ Ⲵԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞDŽ ᣔᵪࡦሶՊ䲀ࡦᓄ⭘〻ᒿਚ㜭᤹➗ਇ᧗ࡦⲴ઼㿴ᇊⲴᯩᔿ䇯䰞㌫㔏؍儈⢩ᵳ㓗Ⲵ⇥ѝDŽ↔ਾ༴⨶ಘⲴ ᣔ˅ᨀҶሩḀӋ⇥઼亥䶒Ⲵ䇯䰞䲀ࡦ㜭࣋DŽֻྲˈ㌫㔏ԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞᆈ᭮൘㾱∄Პ䙊ᓄ⭘〻ᒿާᴹ؍ ᣔ઼ 2 㓗亥؍⇥ᣔᵪࡦṩᦞ⢩ᵳ㓗˄4 㓗؍ᣔᵪࡦDŽ䘉⿽؍ᣔ⁑ᔿлˈ80X86 ᨀҶ⇥㓗઼亥㓗؍൘ 4.5.1 ⇫㓝ؓᣚ ᣔDŽ؍⧠傼䇱DŽሩҾ࠶亥ᵪࡦˈࡉѫ㾱࡙⭘亥ⴞᖅ઼亥㺘亩ѝⲴ R/W ઼ U/S ḷᘇᶕᇎ ᣔ؍ᣔᵪࡦˈ༴⨶ಘ֯⭘⇥ᇴᆈಘѝ䘹ᤙㅖ˄RPL ઼ CPL˅઼⇥᧿䘠ㅖѝњᆇ⇥ᢗ㹼؍ሩҾ࠶⇥㓗 ᣔDŽ؍ਟԕ֯ᗇ⇿њ亥䶒䜭ਟԕ㻛ԫ䈫/߉ˈഐ↔ᇎ䱵кҏቡ⾱→Ҷ亥㓗 ᣔᵪࡦDŽ䇮㖞䘉єњḷᘇ؍亥㺘亩Ⲵ䈫/߉˄R/W˅ḷᘇ઼⭘ᡧ/䎵㓗⭘ᡧ˄U/S˅ḷᘇˈᡁԜਟԕ⾱→亥㓗 ᣔᵪࡦDŽնᱟ䙊䗷䇮㖞⇿њ亥ⴞᖅ亩઼؍Ⲵḷᘇ⭘ᶕ൘࠶亥ᔰᶑԦл⾱→ᡆᔰ亥㓗ޣ⨶ಘѝҏ⋑ᴹ ᣔᵪࡦDŽ਼ṧˈ༴؍䇮㖞᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ CR0 Ⲵ PG ḷᘇ˄ս 31˅ਟԕᔰ࠶亥ᵪࡦˈ਼ᰦҏᔰҶ࠶亥 ᣔᵪࡦӽ❦䎧⭘DŽ؍ᣔෂˈնᱟަԆ⇥䮯ᓖ઼⇥㊫රỰḕㅹ؍ᔿਟԕ൘⇥ѻ䰤⾱→⢩ᵳ㓗 䰝DŽ䘉⿽༴⨶ᯩޣᣔᵪࡦ䜘࠶ਟԕ䙊䗷ᢺᡰᴹ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ઼⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴ⢩ᵳ㓗䜭䇮㖞Ѫ 0 㓗ᶕ䳀ਜ਼ൠ؍㓗Ⲵ ᣔᵪࡦDŽн䗷สҾ⢩ᵳ؍ᡆ⭘→ڌᣔ⁑ᔿˈ༴⨶ಘѝᒦнᆈ൘᰾⺞Ⲵ᧗ࡦḷᘇᶕ؍ޕᣔᵪࡦDŽаᰖ䘋؍ ⇥ᣔ⁑ᔿлˈӾ㘼ҏቡᔰҶ࠶؍䙊䗷䇮㖞᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ CR0 Ⲵ PE ḷᘇ˄ս 0˅ਟԕ䇙༴⨶ಘᐕ൘ Ѫᖃࡽ⢩ᵳ㓗 CPL˄Current Privilege Level˅DŽ൘࠶⇥઼࠶亥ൠ൰䖜ᦒ䗷〻ѝˈ༴⨶ಘሶሩ CPL 䘋㹼傼䇱DŽ ᣔᵪࡦਟԕ㻛⭘Ҿ࠶⇥઼࠶亥ᵪࡦDŽ༴⨶ಘᇴᆈಘⲴ 2 њ∄⢩սᇊѹҶᖃࡽᢗ㹼〻ᒿⲴ⢩ᵳ㓗ˈ〠؍ ᣔᵪࡦਟԕ䱫→䘉⿽ᒦфᣕ↔㊫һԦDŽ؍ˈҶа⅑䶎ᵏᵋⲴᕅ⭘ ᣔ؍ ㌫㔏Ṩᗳ ㌫㔏ᴽ࣑ 㓗ᓄ⭘ቲ 㓗 㓗 㓗 ᣔ⧟؍ ᖃࡽ⢩ᵳ㓗 CPL˄Current Privilege Level˅DŽCPL ᱟᖃࡽ↓൘ᢗ㹼〻ᒿᡆԫ࣑Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗DŽᆳᆈ᭮൘ ѪҶ൘њԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥ѻ䰤䘋㹼⢩ᵳ㓗Ự⍻༴⨶ˈ༴⨶ಘਟԕ䇶࡛ԕлй⿽㊫රⲴ⢩ᵳ㓗˖ ᣔᙗᔲᑨDŽ؍᧗ⲴᶑԦлDŽᖃ༴⨶ಘỰ⍻ࡠањ䘍৽⢩ᵳ㓗ⲴᰦˈᆳቡՊӗ⭏ања㡜 ༴⨶ಘ࡙⭘⢩ᵳ㓗ᶕ䱢→䘀㹼൘䖳վ⢩ᵳ㓗Ⲵ〻ᒿᡆԫ࣑䇯䰞ާᴹ䖳儈⢩ᵳ㓗Ⲵањ⇥ˈ䲔䶎ᱟ൘ਇ ༺⨼ಞ⢯ᵹ㓝⽰ᝅഴ ഴ ᓄ䈕֯⭘⢩ᵳ㓗 0 ઼ 3DŽ ㍗㾱䖟ԦⲴ⇥ˈ䙊ᑨ⭘Ҿ㌫㔏Ṩᗳ䜘࠶DŽѝ䰤єњ⧟⭘Ҿ䖳Ѫ㍗㾱Ⲵ䖟ԦDŽਚ֯⭘ 2 њ⢩ᵳ㓗Ⲵ㌫㔏 ⮉㔉ᴰ儈㓗Ⲵԓ⸱ǃᮠᦞ઼ึḸ˅⭘Ҿਜ਼ᴹᴰ؍˄ᣔ⧟ᖒᔿDŽ⧟ѝᗳ؍⽪ࠪҶ䘉Ӌ⢩ᵳ㓗ྲօ㜭㻛䀓䟺ᡀ ᣔᵪࡦਟԕ䇶࡛ 4 њ⢩ᵳ㓗˄ᡆ⢩ᵳቲ˅ˈ0 㓗ࡠ 3 㓗DŽᮠ٬䎺བྷˈ⢩ᵳ䎺ሿDŽമ 4-19؍⇥༴⨶ಘⲴ 4.5.1.3 ⢯ᵹ㓝 ԫօᤷԔн㜭䈫ањਟᢗ㹼⇥ˈ䲔䶎ਟᢗ㹼⇥䇮㖞Ҷਟ䈫ḷᘇDŽ ԫօᤷԔн㜭߉ањਟ߉ս⋑ᴹ㖞սⲴᮠᦞ⇥˗ ԫօᤷԔн㜭߉ањਟᢗ㹼⇥˗ 䇯䰞ḀӋ⇥DŽ 2. ᖃᤷԔ䇯䰞ањ⇥ˈ㘼䈕⇥Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖᐢ㓿࣐䖭䘋⇥ᇴᆈಘѝDŽᤷԔਚ㜭֯⭘ḀӋ亴ᇊѹⲴᯩ⌅ᶕ ਚᴹਟ߉ᮠᦞ⇥Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖ㜭㻛࣐䖭䘋 SS ᇴᆈಘѝDŽ нਟ䈫ਟᢗ㹼⇥Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖн㜭㻛࣐䖭䘋ᮠᦞ⇥ᇴᆈಘѝ˗ CS ᇴᆈಘѝਚ㜭㻛࣐䖭䘋ањਟᢗ㹼⇥Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖ˗ ֻྲ˖ 1. ᖃањ᧿䘠ㅖⲴ䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭䘋ањ⇥ᇴᆈಘѝDŽ↔ᰦḀӋ⇥ᇴᆈಘਚ㜭ᆈ᭮⢩ᇊ㊫රⲴ᧿䘠ㅖˈ ᖃ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ઼⇥᧿䘠ㅖᰦˈ༴⨶ಘՊ䲿ᰦỰḕ㊫රؑDŽѫ㾱൘ԕлє⿽ᛵߥлỰḕ㊫රؑ˖ ਖањ㺘㔉ࠪҶ㌫㔏᧿䘠ㅖ TYPE ᆇ⇥Ⲵ㕆⸱DŽ ⭘Ҿᇊѹԓ⸱ǃᮠᦞ઼㌫㔏᧿䘠ㅖⲴ⿽㊫රDŽка㢲Ⲵ㺘㔉ࠪҶԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ᧿䘠ㅖ TYPE ᆇ⇥Ⲵ㕆⸱˗ Sḷᘇ⭘Ҿᤷࠪањ᧿䘠ㅖᱟ㌫㔏㊫රⲴ䘈ᱟԓ⸱ᡆᮠᦞ㊫රⲴDŽTYPE ᆇ⇥ਖཆᨀҶ 4 њ∄⢩ս 䘉Ӌؑሩ⭡Ҿ䶎⌅֯⭘⇥ᡆ䰘ሬ㠤Ⲵ㕆〻䭉䈟䘋㹼Ự⍻DŽ ਓ⛩Ⲵᤷ䪸DŽ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ൘єњൠᯩਜ਼ᴹ㊫රؑˈণ᧿䘠ㅖѝⲴ S ḷᘇ઼㊫රᆇ⇥ TYPEDŽ༴⨶ಘ࡙⭘ޕ Ҿ㇑⨶ԫ࣑ԕ৺ᔲᑨ઼ѝᯝDŽ䈧⌘ˈᒦ䶎ᡰᴹⲴ᧿䘠ㅖ䜭ᇊѹањ⇥ˈ䰘᧿䘠ㅖѝᆈ᭮ᴹᤷੁањ䗷〻 䲔Ҷᓄ⭘〻ᒿԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ⇥ᴹ᧿䘠ㅖԕཆˈ༴⨶ಘ䘈ᴹ㌫㔏⇥઼䰘є⿽᧿䘠ㅖ㊫රDŽ䘉Ӌᮠᦞ㔃ᶴ⭘ 4.5.1.2 ⇫㊱ශ TYPE Ỷḛ ᣔᙗᔲᑨDŽ؍ԕ㻛࣐䖭䘋ањ⇥ᇴᆈಘѝˈնᱟԫօ֯⭘䘉⿽᧿䘠ㅖᕅ⭘ᆈⲴԱമ䜭ሶӗ⭏ања㡜 ٬DŽ䘉ṧⲴ䘹ᤙㅖᤷੁ GDT 㺘ѝⲴㅜањн⭘Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖ亩DŽቭ㇑䘉њオ䘹ᤙㅖਟ 䘹ᤙㅖਟԕާᴹ 0 8N-1DŽ ањᴹ᭸ᆇ㢲DŽഐѪ⇿њ᧿䘠ㅖᱟ 8 ᆇ㢲䮯ˈഐ↔ਜ਼ᴹ N њ᧿䘠ㅖ亩Ⲵ㺘ᓄ䈕ާᴹ䲀䮯٬ ᣔ؍ 䘹ᤙㅖDŽ ᣔᔲᑨˈᒦфн࣐䖭⇥؍઼ RPL є㘵ᰦˈ༴⨶ಘՊᢺ䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭䘋⇥ᇴᆈಘѝDŽࡉቡՊӗ⭏ања㡜 ᒿᡆԫ࣑Ⲵ CPLǃ⇥䘹ᤙㅖⲴ RPL ઼⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴ DPL 䘋㹼∄䖳DŽਚᴹᖃ⇥Ⲵ DPL ᮠ٬བྷҾᡆㅹҾ CPL ൘ᢺањ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭䘋⇥ᇴᆈಘѝѻࡽˈ༴⨶ಘՊ䘋㹼⢩ᵳ㓗Ựḕˈ㿱മ 4-20 ᡰ⽪DŽᆳՊᢺᖃࡽ䘀㹼〻 ึḸ⇥ᇴᆈಘ˄SS˅ѝDŽ˄ਟԕ֯⭘ᤷԔ MOVǃPOPǃLDSǃLESǃLFSǃLGS ઼ LSS ᶕ࣐䖭⇥ᇴᆈಘ˅DŽ ѪҶ䇯䰞ᮠᦞ⇥ѝⲴᮠˈᮠᦞ⇥Ⲵ⇥䘹ᤙㅖᗵ享㻛࣐䖭䘋ᮠᦞ⇥ᇴᆈಘ˄DSǃESǃFS ᡆ GS˅ᡆ 4.5.2 䇵䰤ᮦᦤ⇫ᰬⲺ⢯ᵹ㓝Ỷḛ ᔿ઼䛓Ӌ⭘Ҿ൘ԓ⸱⇥ѻ䰤䘋㹼〻ᒿ᧗ࡦ䖜〫ⲴỰḕᯩᔿнаṧDŽഐ↔л䶒࠶є⿽䇯䰞ᛵߥᶕ㘳㲁DŽ ᖃ⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ㻛࣐䖭䘋ањ⇥ᇴᆈಘᰦቡՊ䘋㹼⢩ᵳ㓗Ựḕˈն⭘Ҿᮠᦞ䇯䰞ⲴỰḕᯩ ާᴹ䇯䰞䘉њ⇥Ⲵᵳ䲀DŽ 儈⢩ᵳ㓗Ⲵԓ⸱нՊԓ㺘ᓄ⭘〻ᒿ৫䇯䰞ањ⇥ˈ䲔䶎ᓄ⭘〻ᒿ㠚ᐡ؍⺞䊑DŽഐ↔ˈRPL ਟ⭘ᶕ ḕ∄䖳Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗˅ˈ৽ѻҏ❦DŽণ㓸ਆ RPL ઼ CPL ѝᮠ٬ᴰབྷⲴ⢩ᵳ㓗Ѫ䇯䰞⇥ᰦⲴ∄䖳ሩ 㻛ᤂ㔍DŽҏণྲ᷌⇥䘹ᤙㅖⲴ RPL ަᮠ٬བྷҾ CPLˈ䛓Ѹ RPL ሶ㾶ⴆ CPL˄㘼֯⭘ RPL ѪỰ ᡆԫ࣑ާᴹ䏣ཏⲴ⢩ᵳ㓗˄CPL˅ᶕ䇯䰞ањ⇥ˈնᱟྲ᷌ᨀⲴ RPL ⢩ᵳ㓗н䏣Ⲵ䈍䇯䰞ҏሶ ᤙㅖⲴս 0 ઼ս 1 ѝDŽ༴⨶ಘՊ਼ᰦỰḕ RPL ઼ CPLˈԕ⺞ᇊᱟݱ䇨䇯䰞ањ⇥DŽণ֯〻ᒿ 䈧≲⢩ᵳ㓗 RPL˄Request Privilege Level˅DŽRPL ᱟа⿽䍻Ҹ⇥䘹ᤙㅖⲴ䎵䎺⢩ᵳ㓗ˈᆳᆈ᭮൘䘹 оᮠᦞ⇥Ⲵ䇯䰞㿴ࡉ਼DŽ˅ ԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥ TSSDŽަ DPL ᤷࠪ䇯䰞 TSS Ⲵᖃࡽᢗ㹼〻ᒿᡆԫ࣑ਟ༴ҾⲴᴰབྷ⢩ᵳ㓗ᮠ٬DŽ˄䘉 н㜭䇯䰞䘉њԓ⸱⇥DŽ ᴹⲴᴰሿ⢩ᵳ㓗ᮠ٬DŽֻྲˈྲ᷌а㠤ԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ DPL ᱟ 2ˈ䛓Ѹ䘀㹼൘ CPL Ѫ 0 Ⲵ〻ᒿቡ а㠤઼䶎а㠤ԓ⸱⇥˄䙊䗷䈳⭘䰘䇯䰞˅DŽަ DPL ᤷࠪݱ䇨䇯䰞ᵜԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ〻ᒿᡆԫ࣑ᓄާ ٬DŽ˄䘉оᮠᦞ⇥Ⲵ䇯䰞㿴ࡉ਼DŽ˅ 䈳⭘䰘˄Call Gate˅DŽަ DPL ᤷࠪ䇯䰞䈳⭘䰘Ⲵᖃࡽᢗ㹼〻ᒿᡆԫ࣑ਟ༴ҾⲴᴰབྷ⢩ᵳ㓗ᮠ Ѫ 0 Ⲵ〻ᒿ㜭ཏ䇯䰞䘉њ⇥DŽ 䰞䈕⇥ᗵ享ާᴹⲴ⢩ᵳ㓗DŽֻྲˈྲ᷌Ḁњ䶎а㠤ԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ DPL ᱟ 0ˈ䛓Ѹਚᴹ䘀㹼൘ CPL 䶎а㠤ԓ⸱⇥˄Nonconforming code segment˅˄н֯⭘䈳⭘䰘˅DŽަ DPL ᤷࠪ〻ᒿᡆԫ࣑䇯 䰞䘉њ⇥DŽ ᮠ٬DŽֻྲˈྲ᷌ᮠᦞ⇥Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗 DPL ᱟ 1ˈ䛓Ѹਚᴹ䘀㹼൘ CPL Ѫ 0 ᡆ 1 Ⲵ〻ᒿਟԕ䇯 ᮠᦞ⇥˄Data Segment˅DŽަ DPL ᤷࠪݱ䇨䇯䰞ᵜᮠᦞ⇥Ⲵ〻ᒿᡆԫ࣑ᓄާᴹⲴᴰབྷ⢩ᵳ㓗 ਼Ⲵਜ਼ѹ˖ ৺⇥ᡆ䰘䘹ᤙㅖѝⲴ RPL˄㿱л䶒䈤᰾˅∄䖳DŽṩᦞ㻛䇯䰞Ⲵ⇥ᡆ䰘Ⲵ㊫රн਼ˈDPL ҏᴹн 䘠ㅖⲴ DPL ᆇ⇥ѝDŽ൘ᖃࡽᢗ㹼ԓ⸱⇥䈅മ䇯䰞ањ⇥ᡆ䰘ᰦˈ⇥ᡆ䰘Ⲵ DPL Պ⭘ᶕо CPL ԕ ᧿䘠ㅖ⢩ᵳ㓗 DPL˄Descriptor Privilege Level˅DŽDPL ᱟањ⇥ᡆ䰘Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗DŽᆳᆈ᭮൘⇥ᡆ䰘᧿ ᰦˈCPL ᒦнՊ㻛؞᭩ᡀа㠤ԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ DPLDŽ DPL Ⲵԫօ⇥䜭ਟԕ䇯䰞а㠤ԓ⸱⇥DŽᒦфᖃ༴⨶ಘ䇯䰞ањ⢩ᵳ㓗н਼Ҿ CPL Ⲵа㠤ԓ⸱⇥ ԓ⸱⇥ᰦˈࡉ༴⨶ಘሩ CPL Ⲵ䇮㖞ᴹӋн਼DŽ⢩ᵳ㓗٬儈Ҿ˄ণվ⢩ᵳ㓗˅ᡆㅹҾа㠤ԓ⸱⇥ ਖањާᴹн਼⢩ᵳ㓗Ⲵԓ⸱⇥ѝᰦˈ༴⨶ಘቡՊ᭩ਈ CPLDŽᖃ䇯䰞ања㠤ᙗ˄conforming˅ CS ઼ SS ⇥ᇴᆈಘⲴս 0 ઼ս 1 ѝDŽ䙊ᑨˈCPL ㅹҾᖃࡽԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗DŽᖃ〻ᒿᢺ᧗ࡦ䖜〫ࡠ ᣔ؍ Ựḕ ⢩ᵳ㓗 '3/ ᮠᦞ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ 53/ ᮠᦞ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ &3/ &6ᇴᆈಘ ᖃн䙊䗷䈳⭘䰘ᢺ〻ᒿ᧗ࡦᵳ䖜〫ࡠਖањԓ⸱⇥ᰦˈ༴⨶ಘՊ傼䇱 4 ⿽⢩ᵳ㓗઼㊫රؑˈ㿱മ 4-21 ⢩ᵳ㓗ỰḕDŽ ỰḕDŽJMPǃCALL ᡆ RET ᤷԔⲴ䘌䖜〫ᖒᔿՊᢺ᧗ࡦ䖜〫ࡠਖཆањԓ⸱⇥ѝˈഐ↔༴⨶ಘаᇊՊѻ䟂 JMPǃCALL ઼ RET ᤷԔⲴ䘁䖜〫ᖒᔿਚᱟ൘ᖃࡽԓ⸱⇥ѝᢗ㹼〻ᒿ᧗ࡦ䖜〫ˈഐ↔нՊᢗ㹼⢩ᵳ㓗 4.5.3.1 䈹⭞ᡌ䐩䖢ࡦԙ⸷⇫ ԫ࣑㇑⨶а㢲ѝ䘋㹼䈤᰾DŽޣл䶒᧿䘠ࡽє⿽ᕅ⭘㊫රˈਾє⿽ሶ᭮൘ᴹ ⴞḷᮠᤷੁањԫ࣑䰘ˈ䈕ԫ࣑䰘ᤷੁањ TSSˈ㘼䈕 TSS ѝਜ਼ᴹⴞḷԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖ˗ ⴞḷᮠᤷੁањ TSSˈ㘼䈕 TSS ѝਜ਼ᴹⴞḷԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖ˗ ⴞḷᮠᤷੁањ䈳⭘䰘᧿䘠ㅖˈ㘼䈕᧿䘠ㅖѝਜ਼ᴹⴞḷԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖ˗ ⴞḷᮠਜ਼ᴹⴞḷԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ˗ ࡙⭘алഋ⿽ᯩ⌅ѻаᶕᕅ⭘ਖཆањԓ⸱⇥˖ ⢩↺ᇎ⧠ˈሶ൘ਾ䶒᧿䘠ˈᵜ㢲ѫ㾱䈤᰾ JMPǃCALL ઼ RET ᤷԔⲴᇎ⧠ᯩ⌅DŽJMP ᡆ CALL ᤷԔਟԕ 〻ᒿⲴ᧗ࡦ䖜〫֯⭘ᤷԔ JMPǃRETǃINT ઼ IRET ԕ৺ᔲᑨ઼ѝᯝᵪࡦᶕᇎ⧠DŽᔲᑨ઼ѝᯝᱟаӋ 㻛䖜〫ࡠᯠԓ⸱⇥ѝˈ〻ᒿሶӾ EIP ᇴᆈಘᤷੁⲴᤷԔ༴ᔰᢗ㹼DŽ ⢩ᵳ㓗ỰḕDŽྲ᷌䘉ӋỰḕ䜭䙊䗷Ҷˈࡉⴞḷԓ⸱⇥䘹ᤙㅖቡՊ࣐䖭䘋 CS ᇴᆈಘˈҾᱟ〻ᒿⲴ᧗ࡦᵳቡ ಘ˄CS˅ѝDŽѪ䘉њ࣐䖭䗷〻Ⲵа䜘࠶ˈ༴⨶ಘՊỰ⍻ⴞḷԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ⇥᧿䘠ㅖᒦᢗ㹼⿽䲀䮯ǃ㊫ර઼ ሩҾሶ〻ᒿ᧗ࡦᵳӾањԓ⸱⇥䖜〫ࡠਖањԓ⸱⇥ˈⴞḷԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ⇥䘹ᤙㅖᗵ享࣐䖭䘋ԓ⸱⇥ᇴᆈ 4.5.3 ԙ⸷⇫ҁ䰪䖢〱ᰬⲺ⢯ᵹ㓝Ỷḛ ᣔᙗᔲᑨDŽ؍о CPL н਼ˈ༴⨶ಘቡՊӗ⭏ања㡜 о CPL ३䝽DŽҏণˈCPLǃึḸ⇥䘹ᤙㅖⲴ RPL ԕ৺ึḸ⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴ DPL 䜭ᗵ享਼DŽྲ᷌ RPL ᡆ DPL Ⲵᡰᴹ⢩ᵳ㓗ᗵ享ޣᖃ֯⭘ึḸ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭 SS ⇥ᇴᆈಘᰦҏՊᢗ㹼⢩ᵳ㓗ỰḕDŽ䘉䟼оึḸ⇥ 㘼н㇑ԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ DPLDŽᯩ⌅ 3 ҏᙫᱟᴹ᭸ⲴˈഐѪ CS ᇴᆈಘ䘹ᤙⲴԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ DPL о CPL ਼DŽ 䇯䰞ᮠᦞ⇥Ⲵ਼㿴ࡉҏ䘲⭘ᯩ⌅ 1DŽᯩ ⌅ 2 ࡉᱟᙫᱟᴹ᭸ⲴˈഐѪа㠤ԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗ㅹ਼Ҿ CPLˈ 3. ֯⭘ԓ⸱⇥㾶ⴆࡽ㔰˄CS˅ᶕ䈫ਆањ䘹ᤙㅖᐢ㓿൘ CS ᇴᆈಘѝⲴਟ䈫ԓ⸱⇥DŽ 2. ᢺа㠤ਟ䈫ԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭䘋ањᮠᦞ⇥ᇴᆈಘѝDŽ 1. ᢺ䶎а㠤ਟ䈫ԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭䘋ањᮠᦞ⇥ᇴᆈಘѝDŽ Պ䴰㾱䇯䰞ԓ⸱⇥ѝⲴᮠᦞDŽ↔ᰦਟԕ֯⭘ԕлᯩ⌅ᶕ䇯䰞ԓ⸱⇥ѝⲴᮠᦞ˖ ᡁԜىᆈ൘ԓ⸱⇥ѝDŽֻྲˈᖃԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞᱟ൘ ROM ѝᰦDŽഐ↔ˈᴹӋᰦ؍ਖཆˈᴹਟ㜭Պᢺᮠᦞ ᵳ㓗 3 Ⲵᮠᦞ⇥ਟ㻛䇯䰞DŽ ᦞ⇥䜭ਟ㻛䇯䰞˗ᖃ CPL ᱟ 1 ᰦˈਚᴹ൘⢩ᵳ㓗 1 ࡠ 3 Ⲵᮠᦞ⇥ਟ㻛䇯䰞˗ᖃ CPL ᱟ 3 ᰦˈਚᴹ༴Ҿ⢩ ਟ⸕ањ〻ᒿᡆԫ࣑ਟራ൰Ⲵ४ฏ䲿⵰ަ CPL ᭩ਈ㘼ਈॆDŽᖃ CPL ᱟ 0 ᰦˈ↔ᰦᡰᴹ⢩ᵳ㓗кⲴᮠ ഴ 䇵䰤ᮦᦤ⇫ᰬⲺ⢯ᵹ㓝Ỷḛ ᣔ؍ & /'3 ⴞⲴԓ⸱⇥᧿䘠ㅖ Ựḕ ⢩ᵳ㓗 53/ ԓ⸱⇥䘹ᤙㅖ &3/ &6ᇴᆈಘ ᣔᵪࡦⲴ؍䈳⭘䰘⭘Ҿ൘н਼⢩ᵳ㓗ѻ䰤ᇎ⧠ਇ᧗Ⲵ〻ᒿ᧗ࡦ䖜〫DŽᆳԜ䙊ᑨӵ⭘Ҿ֯⭘⢩ᵳ㓗 ⭘ᔲᑨ઼ѝᯝⲴ༴⨶〻ᒿˈ䘉ሶ൘ла㢲䘋㹼䈤᰾DŽᵜ㢲ӵ䈤᰾䈳⭘䰘Ⲵ֯⭘ᯩ⌅DŽ ԫ࣑䰘⭘Ҿԫ࣑࠷ᦒˈሶ൘ਾ䶒ԫ࣑㇑⨶а㢲䈤᰾DŽ䲧䱡䰘઼ѝᯝ䰘ᱟ䈳⭘䰘Ⲵ⢩↺㊫ˈу䰘⭘Ҿ䈳 ԫ࣑䰘˄Task Gate˅ˈ㊫ර TYPE=5DŽ ѝᯝ䰘˄Interrupt Gate˅ˈ㊫ර TYPE=14˗ 䲧䱡䰘˄Trap Gate˅ˈ㊫ර TYPE=15˗ 䈳⭘䰘˄Call Gate˅ˈ㊫ර TYPE=12˗ 4 ⿽䰘᧿䘠ㅖ˖ ᴹޡѪҶሩާᴹн਼⢩ᵳ㓗Ⲵԓ⸱⇥ᨀਇ᧗Ⲵ䇯䰞ˈ༴⨶ಘᨀҶ〠Ѫ䰘᧿䘠ㅖⲴ⢩↺᧿䘠ㅖ䳶DŽ 4.5.3.2 䰞ᨅ䘦ㅜ 䲔䶎䖜〫ᱟ䙊䗷ањ䈳⭘䰘䘋㹼ˈ㿱л䶒䈤᰾DŽ བྷཊᮠԓ⸱⇥䜭ᱟ䶎а㠤ԓ⸱⇥DŽሩҾ䘉Ӌ⇥ˈ〻ᒿⲴ᧗ࡦᵳਚ㜭䖜〫ࡠާᴹ਼⢩ᵳ㓗Ⲵԓ⸱⇥ѝˈ ࠷ᦒDŽ 䘉ᱟ CPL оਟ㜭оᖃࡽԓ⸱⇥ DPL н਼Ⲵୟаа⿽ᛵߥDŽ਼ṧˈ⭡Ҿ CPL ⋑ᴹ᭩ਈˈഐ↔ึḸҏнՊ ᖃ〻ᒿ᧗ࡦ㻛䖜〫ࡠања㠤ԓ⸱⇥ѝˈCPL ᒦн᭩ਈˈণ֯ⴞⲴԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ DPL ൘ᮠ٬кሿҾ CPLDŽ ᵳ㓗DŽ⢩⸱⇥ˈDPL 㺘⽪䈳⭘㘵ሩԓ⸱⇥䘋㹼ᡀ࣏䈳⭘ਟԕ༴ҾⲴᴰվᮠ٬ ᣔᔲᑨDŽሩҾ䇯䰞а㠤ԓ⸱⇥ˈ༴⨶ಘᘭ⮕ሩ RPL ⲴỰḕDŽሩҾа㠤ԓ؍DPL ᰦˈ༴⨶ಘՊӗ⭏а㡜 ᖃ䇯䰞а㠤ԓ⸱⇥ᰦ˄C=1˅ˈ䈳⭘㘵Ⲵ CPL ਟԕ൘ᮠ٬кབྷҾᡆㅹҾⴞⲴԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ DPLDŽӵ ᖃ CPL < 㘵Ⲵ CPLDŽণ֯⇥䘹ᤙㅖⲴ RPL о CPL н਼ˈ䘉ҏᱟ↓⺞ⲴDŽ ᡀ࣏ᆼᡀDŽᖃ䶎а㠤ԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ㻛࣐䖭䘋 CS ᇴᆈಘѝᰦˈ⢩ᵳ㓗ᆇ⇥нՊ᭩ਈˈণᆳӽ❦ᱟ䈳⭘ ⇥䘹ᤙㅖⲴ RPL ሩỰḕᡰ䎧Ⲵ⭘ᴹ䲀DŽRPL ൘ᮠ٬кᗵ享ሿҾᡆㅹҾ䈳⭘㘵Ⲵ CPL 㜭֯ᗇ᧗ࡦ䖜〫 ᣔᔲᑨDŽᤷੁ䶎а㠤ԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ؍䈳⭘㘵˄〻ᒿ˅Ⲵ CPL ᗵ享ㅹҾⴞⲴԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ DPLˈࡉሶՊӗ⭏а㡜 ༴⨶ಘỰḕ CPLǃRPL ઼ DPL Ⲵ㿴ࡉ䎆Ҿа㠤ḷᘇ C Ⲵ䇮㖞⣦ᘱDŽᖃ䇯䰞䶎а㠤ԓ⸱⇥ᰦ˄C=0˅ˈ ⴞⲴԓ⸱⇥᧿䘠ㅖѝⲴа㠤ᙗḷᘇ CDŽᆳ⺞ᇊҶањԓ⸱⇥ᱟ䶎а㠤ԓ⸱⇥䘈ᱟа㠤ԓ⸱⇥DŽ ⴞⲴԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ⇥䘹ᤙㅖѝⲴ䈧≲⢩ᵳ㓗 RPLDŽ ਜ਼ᴹ㻛䈳⭘䗷〻ⲴⴞⲴԓ⸱⇥⇥᧿䘠ㅖѝⲴ᧿䘠ㅖ⢩ᵳ㓗 DPLDŽ ⸱⇥Ⲵ CPLDŽ˅ ᖃࡽ⢩ᵳ㓗 CPLDŽ˄䘉䟼ˈCPL ᱟᢗ㹼䈳⭘Ⲵԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗ˈণਜ਼ᴹᢗ㹼䈳⭘ᡆ䐣䖜〻ᒿⲴԓ ഴ 䈹⭞ᡌ䐩䖢ࡦԙ⸷⇫ᰬⲺ⢯ᵹ㓝Ỷḛ ᡰ⽪˖ ᣔ؍ 6HJPHQW6HOHFWRU ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ 2IIVHWLQ6HJPHQW ٬〫ٿ⇥ѝ '3/ 3 7<3( 2IIVHWLQ6HJPHQW ٬〫ٿ⇥ѝ 3DUDP&RXQW ৲ᮠњᮠ ਓ⛩Ⲵ㓯ᙗൠ൰DŽޕ٬䘋㹼㓴ਸˈᖒᡀԓ⸱⇥ѝᤷᇊ〻ᒿ〫ٿᢺԓ⸱⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴสൠ൰о䈳⭘䰘ѝⲴ ᖃ༴⨶ಘ䇯䰞䈳⭘䰘ᰦˈᆳՊ֯⭘䈳⭘䰘ѝⲴ⇥䘹ᤙㅖᶕᇊսⴞⲴԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ⇥᧿䘠ㅖDŽ❦ਾ CPU Պ ⽪DŽ ٬ਟԕ䇮㖞Ѫԫ٬DŽ㿱മ 4-23 ᡰ〫ٿ٬㲭❦䴰㾱ն CPU ᒦнՊ⭘ᆳDŽ䈕〫ٿҾᤷᇊ䈳⭘䰘ˈ㘼ᤷ䪸Ⲵ ѪҶ䇯䰞䈳⭘䰘ˈᡁԜ䴰㾱Ѫ CALL ᡆ JMP ᤷԔⲴᮠᨀањ䘌ᤷ䪸DŽ䈕ᤷ䪸ѝⲴ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ⭘ 4.5.3.3 䙐䗽䈹⭞䰞䇵䰤ԙ⸷⇫ ѝᯝ઼ᔲᑨ䰘䘋㹼༴⨶߶༷DŽ ࡦࡠᯠึḸѝⲴ৲ᮠњᮠDŽLinux Ṩѝᒦ⋑ᴹ⭘ࡠ䈳⭘䰘DŽ䘉䟼ሩ䈳⭘䰘䘋㹼䈤᰾ᱟѪла㢲ӻ㓽࡙⭘ ḷᘇ P ᤷ᰾䈳⭘䰘᧿䘠ㅖᱟᴹ᭸DŽ৲ᮠњᮠᆇ⇥˄Param Count˅ᤷ᰾൘ਁ⭏ึḸ࠷ᦒᰦӾ䈳⭘㘵ึḸ༽ 䗷〻ⲴㅜаᶑᤷԔDŽDPL ᆇ⇥ᤷᇊ䈳⭘䰘Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗ˈӾ㘼ᤷᇊ䙊䗷䈳⭘䰘䇯䰞⢩ᇊ䗷〻ᡰ㾱≲Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗DŽ ਓ⛩䙊ᑨᱟᤷᇊޕਓ⛩DŽ䘉њޕ٬ᆇ⇥ᤷᇊ⇥ѝ〫ٿ䈳⭘䰘ѝⲴ⇥䘹ᤙㅖᆇ⇥ᤷᇊ㾱䇯䰞Ⲵԓ⸱⇥DŽ ഴ 䈹⭞䰞ᨅ䘦ㅜṲᕅ ᤷ᰾䈳⭘䰘᧿䘠ㅖᱟᴹ᭸DŽ 㤕Պਁ⭏ึḸ࠷ᦒˈᆳՊᤷᇊ൘ึḸѻ䰤䴰㾱༽ࡦⲴਟ䘹৲ᮠњᮠ˗ ᤷᇊ䇯䰞䗷〻Ⲵ䈳⭘㘵䴰ާ༷Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗˗ ਓ⛩˗ޕ ൘ᤷᇊԓ⸱⇥ѝᇊѹ䗷〻˄〻ᒿ˅Ⲵањ ᤷᇊ㾱䇯䰞Ⲵԓ⸱⇥˗ ᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 IDT ѝDŽањ䈳⭘䰘ѫ㾱ާᴹалࠐњ࣏㜭˖ ㌫㔏ѝDŽമ 4-22 㔉ࠪҶ䈳⭘䰘᧿䘠ㅖⲴṬᔿDŽ䈳⭘䰘᧿䘠ㅖਟԕᆈ᭮൘ GDT ᡆ LDT ѝˈնᱟн㜭᭮൘ѝ ᣔ؍ 䘹ᤙㅖ ٬〫ٿ //$& ԓ⸱⇥᧿䘠ㅖ 䰘᧿䘠ㅖ ⇥ส൰ ᙗ ⇥䲀䮯 ⇥䲀䮯 н⭘ ਓ⛩ޕ䗷〻 ⴞḷԓ⸱⇥ 䈳⭘ᤷԔ ٬〫ٿ 䘹ᤙㅖ ᙗ & '3/ ⴞⲴԓ⸱⇥᧿䘠ㅖ Ựḕ ⢩ᵳ㓗 '3/ 䈳⭘䰘᧿䘠ㅖ 53/ 䈳⭘䰘䘹ᤙㅖ &3/ &6ᇴᆈಘ 㿴ࡉˈণ RPL ҏᗵ享ሿҾᡆㅹҾ䈳⭘䰘Ⲵ DPLDŽ ᒿⲴ⢩ᵳ㓗 CPL ᗵ享ሿҾᡆㅹҾ䈳⭘䰘Ⲵ DPLDŽ䈳⭘䰘⇥䘹ᤙㅖⲴ RPL ҏ䴰਼䈳⭘䘉Ⲵ CPL 䚥ᆸ਼ṧⲴ ᆇ⇥ᤷ᰾Ҷ䈳⭘〻ᒿ㜭ཏ䇯䰞䈳⭘䰘Ⲵᮠ٬ᴰབྷⲴ⢩ᵳ㓗˄ᴰሿ⢩ᵳ㓗˅ˈণѪҶ䇯䰞䈳⭘䰘ˈ䈳⭘㘵〻 ֯⭘ CALL ᤷԔ઼ JMP ᤷԔ࠶࡛ާᴹн਼Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗Ự⍻㿴ࡉˈ㿱㺘 4-5 ᡰ⽪DŽ䈳⭘䰘᧿䘠ㅖⲴ DPL ഴ 䙐䗽䈹⭞䘑㺂䖢〱Ⲻ⢯ᵹ㓝Ỷḛ ਖཆˈⴞⲴԓ⸱⇥᧿䘠ㅖѝⲴа㠤ᙗḷᘇ C ҏሶਇࡠỰḕDŽ ⴞⲴԓ⸱⇥᧿䘠ㅖѝⲴ DPL˗ 䈳⭘䰘᧿䘠ㅖѝⲴ᧿䘠ㅖ⢩ᵳ㓗 DPL˗ 䈳⭘䰘䘹ᤙㅖѝⲴ䈧≲⢩ᵳ㓗 RPL˗ ᖃࡽ⢩ᵳ㓗 CPL˗ 㿱മ 4-24 ᡰ⽪DŽ 䙊䗷䈳⭘䰘䘋㹼〻ᒿ᧗ࡦ䖜〫ᰦˈCPU Պሩ 4 ѝн਼Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗䘋㹼Ựḕˈԕ⺞ᇊ᧗ࡦ䖜〫Ⲵᴹ᭸ᙗˈ ഴ 䰞䈹⭞ᬃ֒䗽ぁ ᣔ؍ ᤙㅖ઼Ḹᤷ䪸DŽ൘䈫ਆḸ⇥䘹ᤙㅖǃḸᤷ䪸ᡆḸ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ䗷〻ѝˈԫօ䘍৽⇥⭼䲀Ⲵ䭉䈟䜭ሶሬ 1. ֯⭘ⴞⲴԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ DPL˄ণᯠⲴ CPL˅Ӿ TSS ѝ䘹ᤙᯠḸⲴᤷ䪸DŽӾᖃࡽ TSS ѝ䈫ਆᯠḸⲴ⇥䘹 ⢩ᵳ㓗кᢗ㹼㻛䈳⭘䗷〻˄㿱മ 4-25 ᡰ⽪˅˖ ᖃ䙊䗷䈳⭘䰘ᢗ㹼ањ䗷〻䈳⭘㘼䙐ᡀ⢩ᵳ㓗᭩ਈᰦˈCPU ቡՊᢗ㹼ԕл↕僔࠷ᦒึḸᒦᔰ൘ᯠⲴ ⭡Ҿањ䗷〻ਟ䈳⭘ަᆳ䗷〻ˈഐ↔⇿њḸᗵ享ᴹ䏣ཏབྷⲴオ䰤ᶕᇩ㓣ཊᑗ˄ཊ྇˅к䘠ؑDŽ ᖃ䳀ਜ਼䈳⭘ањᔲᑨᡆѝᯝ䗷〻ᰦḷᘇᇴᆈಘ EFLAGS ઼ࠪ䭉⸱֯⭘Ⲵオ䰤DŽ 㻛䈳⭘䗷〻Ⲵ৲ᮠ઼Ѥᰦਈ䟿ᡰ䴰֯⭘Ⲵオ䰤DŽ 䈳⭘䗷〻Ⲵ SSǃESPǃCS ઼ EIP ᇴᆈಘᇩ˗ ٬DŽ⇿њḸᗵ享ਟ䈫ਟ߉ˈᒦфާᴹ䏣ཏⲴオ䰤ᶕᆈ᭮ԕлаӋؑ˖ ㌫㔏䴰㾱䍏䍓Ѫᡰᴹ⭘ࡠⲴ⢩ᵳ㓗ᔪ・ึḸ઼ึḸ⇥᧿䘠ㅖˈᒦф൘ԫ࣑Ⲵ TSS ѝ䇮㖞ࡍᤷ䪸 ・ањᯠḸDŽ Ӿ䈳⭘䗷〻䘄എᰦˈᓄḸቡнᆈ൘ҶDŽла⅑䈳⭘䈕䗷〻ᰦˈቡ৸Պ⅑֯⭘ TSS ѝⲴࡍᤷ䪸٬ᔪ 䈫٬DŽ൘ԫ࣑䘀㹼ᰦ CPU ᒦнՊ؞᭩ᆳԜDŽᖃ䈳⭘ᴤ儈⢩ᵳ㓗〻ᒿᰦˈCPU ⭘ᆳԜᶕᔪ・ᯠึḸDŽᖃ ⢩ᵳ㓗 0ǃ1 ઼ 2 ⲴึḸⲴࡍᤷ䪸٬䜭ᆈ᭮൘ᖃࡽ䘀㹼ԫ࣑Ⲵ TSS ⇥ѝDŽTSS ⇥ѝ䘉Ӌᤷ䪸䜭ᱟਚ ᆈ൘㻛䈳⭘䗷〻ⲴึḸкDŽ؍ф൘ਁ⭏ึḸ࠷ᦒᰦ㻛 ᖃ⢩ᵳ㓗 3 Ⲵ〻ᒿ൘ᢗ㹼ᰦˈ⢩ᵳ㓗 3 ⲴึḸⲴ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ઼Ḹᤷ䪸Պ㻛࠶࡛ᆈ᭮൘ SS ઼ ESP ѝˈᒦ ٬ᤷᇊDŽ〫ٿҾн਼Ⲵ⇥ѝˈᒦф֯⭘⇥䘹ᤙㅖ઼⇥ѝ 㓗 2ǃ1 ઼ 0DŽྲ᷌ањ㌫㔏ѝਚ֯⭘Ҷ 3 ઼ 0 єњ⢩ᵳ㓗ˈ䛓Ѹ⇿њԫ࣑ቡਚ䴰䇮㖞єњḸDŽ⇿њḸ䜭ս ⇿њԫ࣑ᗵ享ᇊѹᴰཊ 4 њḸDŽањ⭘Ҿ䘀㹼൘⢩ᵳ㓗 3 Ⲵᓄ⭘〻ᒿԓ⸱ˈަԆ࠶࡛⭘Ҿ⭘ࡠⲴ⢩ᵳ ӛⲴึḸᴹᡆᰐൠᒢᢠ儈⢩ᵳ㓗Ⲵ〻ᒿDŽޡҶ䱢→վ⢩ᵳ㓗〻ᒿ䙊䗷 ⢩ᵳ㓗ⲴึḸ৫DŽᢗ㹼Ḹ࠷ᦒⲴⴞⲴᱟѪҶ䱢→儈⢩ᵳ㓗〻ᒿ⭡ҾḸオ䰤н䏣㘼ᕅ䎧ፙ⒳ˈ਼ᰦҏѪ ⇿ᖃ䈳⭘䰘⭘Ҿᢺ〻ᒿ᧗ࡦ䖜〫ࡠањᴤ儈㓗࡛Ⲵ䶎а㠤ᙗԓ⸱⇥ᰦˈCPU Պ㠚ࣘ࠷ᦒࡠⴞⲴԓ⸱⇥ 4.5.3.4 Ḿ࠽ᦘ Ⲵ䈳⭘䰘DŽ 䇮㖞ањᡰᴹ⢩ᵳ㓗ԓ⸱䜭㜭䇯䰞Ⲵ䈳⭘䰘DŽਖཆਟԕу䰘Ѫӵ⭘Ҿ㌫㔏Ⲵԓ⸱䇮㖞аӋᴤ儈⢩ᵳ㓗 ⸱ਟ㜭ਜ਼ᴹ㌫㔏㠚䓛઼ᓄ⭘䖟Ԧ䜭ݱ䇨䇯䰞Ⲵԓ⸱˄∄ྲ༴⨶ᆇㅖ I/O Ⲵԓ⸱˅DŽഐ↔ਟԕѪ䘉Ӌ䗷〻 䈳⭘䰘ਟԕ䇙ањԓ⸱⇥ѝⲴ䗷〻㻛н਼⢩ᵳ㓗Ⲵ〻ᒿ䇯䰞DŽֻྲˈսҾањԓ⸱⇥ѝⲴ㌫㔏ԓ CPL ᒦнՊ᭩ਈˈᒦфҏнՊᕅ䎧ึḸ࠷ᦒDŽ ᒦфՊᕅ䎧ึḸ࠷ᦒDŽնᱟྲ᷌ањ䈳⭘ᡆ䐣䖜ᢺ᧗ࡦ䖜〫ࡠᴤ儈㓗࡛Ⲵа㠤ᙗԓ⸱⇥кˈ䛓Ѹˈ٬ DPL ྲ᷌ањ䈳⭘ᢺ᧗ࡦ䖜〫ࡠҶᴤ儈⢩ᵳ㓗Ⲵ䶎а㠤ᙗԓ⸱⇥ѝˈ䛓Ѹ CPL ቡՊ㻛䇮㖞ѪⴞⲴԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ ᙗԓ⸱⇥ѝDŽ Ԕ઼ JMP ᤷԔ䜭ਟԕᢺ᧗ࡦ䖜〫ࡠᴤ儈⢩ᵳ㓗Ⲵа㠤ᙗԓ⸱⇥ѝˈণ䖜〫ࡠ DPL ሿҾᡆㅹҾ CPL Ⲵа㠤 ⇥ѝ৫ᢗ㹼DŽ㘼 JMP ᤷԔਚ㜭䙊䗷䈳⭘䰘ᢺ᧗ࡦ䖜〫ࡠ DPL ㅹҾ CPL Ⲵ䶎а㠤ᙗԓ⸱⇥ѝDŽն CALL ᤷ 䈳⭘䰘ᢺ〻ᒿ᧗ࡦ䖜〫ࡠ⢩ᵳ㓗ᴤ儈Ⲵ䶎а㠤ᙗԓ⸱⇥ѝˈণਟԕ䖜〫ࡠ DPL ሿҾ CPL Ⲵ䶎а㠤ᙗԓ⸱ DPL 䘋㹼∄䖳ỰḕDŽ൘䘉ᯩ䶒ˈCALL ᤷԔ઼ JMP ᤷԔⲴỰḕ㿴ࡉቡн਼ҶDŽਚᴹ CALL ᤷԔਟԕ䙊䗷 ྲ᷌䈳⭘䘉о䈳⭘䰘ѻ䰤Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗Ựḕᡀ࣏䙊䗷ˈCPU ቡՊ᧕⵰ᢺ䈳⭘㘵Ⲵ CPL оԓ⸱⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴ ሩҾа㠤ᙗԓ⸱⇥㾱≲ DPL<=CPL˗ሩҾ䶎а㠤ᙗԓ⸱⇥ਚ㾱≲ DPL=CPL CPL<=䈳⭘䰘Ⲵ DPL˗RPL<=䈳⭘䰘Ⲵ DPLDŽ JMP ሩҾа㠤ᙗ઼䶎а㠤ᙗԓ⸱⇥䜭ਚ㾱≲ DPL<=CPL CPL<=䈳⭘䰘Ⲵ DPL˗RPL<=䈳⭘䰘Ⲵ DPLDŽ CALL ᤷԔ ⢩ᵳ㓗Ựḕ㿴ࡉ 㺞 &$// Ԛૂ -03 ԚⲺ⢯ᵹ㓝Ỷḛ㿺ࡏ ᣔ؍ 㻛䈳⭘䗷〻ᯠḸ 䈳⭘㘵ึḸ 66 (63 66 ৲ᮠ (63 ৲ᮠ ৲ᮠ &6 66 (,3 ৲ᮠ ৲ᮠ ৲ᮠ (63 ཆ˅ˈ䛓Ѹ CPU ቡՊ⭘ NULL 䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭࣐䖭䘉њ⇥ᇴᆈಘDŽ 6. Ựḕ⇥ᇴᆈಘ DSǃESǃFS ઼ GS ⲴᇩDŽྲ᷌ަѝᴹᤷੁ DPL ሿҾᯠ CPL Ⲵ⇥˄а㠤ԓ⸱⇥䲔 䈳⭘㘵ḸкⲴ৲ᮠDŽ 5. ྲ᷌ RET ᤷԔवਜ਼ањ৲ᮠњᮠᮠˈࡉᢺ৲ᮠњᮠ٬࣐ࡠ ESP ᇴᆈಘ٬ѝˈԕ䐣䗷˄ђᔳ˅ ٬㻛ᣋᔳDŽ ḸⲴ SS ઼ ESP ٬࣐䖭ࡠ SS ઼ ESP ᇴᆈಘѝˈӾ㘼࠷ᦒഎ䈳⭘㘵ⲴึḸDŽ㘼↔ᰦ㻛䈳⭘㘵ึ ᆈⲴ SS ઼ ESP؍4. ᢺ ᆈⲴ䈳⭘㘵ึḸⲴᤷ䪸 SS ઼ ESPDŽ؍ಘᤷੁᶕ ٬ѻਾᢺ৲ᮠњᮠ٬࣐ࡠ ESP ᇴᆈಘ٬ѝˈԕ䐣䗷˄ђᔳ˅㻛䈳⭘㘵ḸкⲴ৲ᮠDŽ↔ᰦ ESP ᇴᆈ 3. ྲ᷌ RET ᤷԔवਜ਼ањ৲ᮠњᮠᮠᒦф䘄എՊ᭩ਈ⢩ᵳ㓗ˈ䛓Ѹቡ൘ᕩࠪḸѝ CS ઼ EIP ⇥䘹ᤙㅖⲴ RPL 䘋㹼⢩ᵳ㓗о㊫රỰḕDŽ 2. ᕩࠪᒦ֯⭘㻛䈳⭘䗷〻ึḸкⲴ٬࣐䖭 CS ઼ EIP ᇴᆈಘDŽ൘↔䗷〻ѝՊሩԓ⸱⇥᧿䘠ㅖ઼ԓ⸱ ԕ⺞ᇊ൘䘄എᰦ⢩ᵳ㓗ᱟ䴰㾱᭩ਈDŽˈ٬⇥ᆈⲴ CS ᇴᆈಘѝ RPL ᆇ؍1. Ựḕ ∄ CPL བྷˈቡՊᢗ㹼⢩ᵳ㓗ѻ䰤Ⲵ䘄എDŽᖃᢗ㹼䘌䘄എࡠањ䈳⭘䗷〻ᰦˈCPU Պᢗ㹼ԕл↕僔˖ CPLDŽCPU Պ֯⭘ CS ᇴᆈಘѝ䘹ᤙㅖⲴ RPL ᆇ⇥ᶕ⺞ᇊᱟ㾱≲䘄എࡠվ⢩ᵳ㓗DŽྲ᷌ RPL Ⲵᮠ٬㾱 Պਁ⭏⢩ᵳ㓗᭩ਈⲴ䘌䘄എӵݱ䇨䘄എࡠվ⢩ᵳ㓗〻ᒿѝˈণ䘄എࡠⲴԓ⸱⇥ DPL ൘ᮠ٬к㾱བྷҾ 㓗ỰḕԕᓄԈᖃࡽ䗷〻ਟ㜭؞᭩ᤷ䪸٬ᡆ㘵ึḸࠪ⧠䰞仈ᰦⲴᛵߥDŽ ḸѝⲴˈഐ↔ᆳԜഐ䈕ᱟᴹ᭸ⲴDŽնᱟ CPU 䘈ᱟՊᢗ㹼⢩ᵳޕҾ䙊ᑨᛵߥл䘉єњᤷ䪸ᱟ CALL ᤷԔ 㹼⭼䲀ỰḕDŽሩҾ਼⢩ᵳ㓗Ⲵ䘌䘄എˈCPU ਼ᰦӾึḸѝᕩࠪ䘄എԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖ઼䘄എᤷԔᤷ䪸DŽ⭡ Ԕ⭘ҾӾ֯⭘ CALL ᤷԔ䈳⭘Ⲵ䗷〻ѝ䘄എDŽ䘁䘄എӵ൘ᖃࡽԓ⸱⇥ѝ䖜〫〻ᒿ᧗ࡦᵳˈഐ↔ CPU ӵ䘋 ᤷԔ RET ⭘Ҿᢗ㹼䘁䘄എ˄near return˅ǃ਼⢩ᵳ㓗䘌䘄എ˄far return˅઼н਼⢩ᵳ㓗Ⲵ䘌䘄എDŽ䈕ᤷ 4.5.3.5 Ԅ㻡䈹⭞䗽ぁ䘊ഔ ഴ уੂ⢯ᵹ㓝ҁ䰪䈹⭞ᰬⲺḾ࠽ᦘ ᯠᤷԔᤷ䪸˅࣐䖭ࡠ EIP ѝDŽᴰਾᔰᢗ㹼㻛䈳⭘䗷〻DŽ˄٬〫ٿ਼ᰦᢺ䈳⭘䰘ѝ ᯠḸDŽᢺᯠ˄ⴞⲴ˅ԓ⸱⇥䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭ࡠ CS ѝˈޕ5. ᢺ䘄എᤷԔᤷ䪸˄ণᖃࡽ CS ઼ EIP ᇩ˅ 31ˈྲ᷌њᮠѪ 0ˈࡉ㺘⽪ᰐ৲ᮠˈн䴰༽ࡦDŽ 4. ᢺ䈳⭘䰘᧿䘠ㅖѝᤷᇊ৲ᮠњᮠⲴ৲ᮠӾ䈳⭘䗷〻Ḹ༽ࡦࡠᯠḸѝDŽ䈳⭘䰘ѝ৲ᮠњᮠ٬ᴰབྷѪ ᯠḸѝDŽޕᆈⲴ SS ઼ ESP ᇩ؍ᰦ ᢺᯠḸⲴ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ઼Ḹᤷ䪸࣐䖭ࡠ SS ઼ ESP ѝDŽ❦ਾᢺѤˈᆈ SS ઼ ESP ᇴᆈಘⲴᖃࡽ٬؍3. Ѥᰦ 2. ỰḕḸ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ⢩ᵳ㓗઼㊫රᱟᴹ᭸ˈ㤕ᰐ᭸㘵਼ṧӗ⭏ањᰐ᭸ TSS ᔲᑨDŽ 㠤ӗ⭏ањᰐ᭸ TSS ᔲᑨ˗ ᣔ؍ ᆳԜ؍⺞ᙗˈնᱟ䴰㾱㌫㔏䖟Ԧᶕޣ 80X86 ༴⨶ಘᒦ⋑ᴹ㔤ᣔ亥䖜ᦒ儈䙏㕃ߢ઼亥㺘ѝᮠᦞⲴ Ѫ䖜ᦒḕ㕃ߢ TLB˄Translation Lookaside Buffer˅DŽ 㕃ߢ⭘㊫լҾࡽ䶒᧿䘠Ⲵ࣐䙏⇥䖜ᦒⲴ⇥ᇴᆈಘⲴᖡᆀ᧿䘠ㅖᇴᆈಘDŽ亥䖜ᦒ儈䙏㕃ߢⲴਖањᵟ䈝〠 ⲴؑDŽਚᴹᖃᗵ㾱Ⲵ䖜ᦒؑн൘儈䙏㕃ߢѝᰦˈ༴⨶ಘՊᩌራᆈѝⲴ亥ⴞᖅ઼亥㺘DŽ亥䖜ᦒ儈䙏 ᆈ൘༴⨶ಘⲴ亥䖜ᦒ儈䙏㕃ߢѝDŽ༴⨶ಘ൘䇯䰞ᆈѝⲴ亥㺘ѻࡽՊ俆ݸ࡙⭘㕃ߢѝ؍൰Ⲵ䖜ᦒؑ㻛 ᆸ䘉Ӌ㿴ࡉDŽѪҶ䚯ݽ⇿⅑ᆈᓄ⭘䜭㾱䇯䰞傫⮉ᆈⲴ亥㺘ˈӾ㘼࣐ᘛ䙏ᓖˈᴰ䘁֯⭘Ⲵ㓯ᙗࡠ⢙⨶ൠ ㌫㔏䖟Ԧ؞᭩亥㺘亩ᇩᡰ䴰䚥ᆸⲴ㿴ࡉDŽ࠶亥䖜ᦒ㕃ߢ㾱≲ᡰᴹ㌫㔏䜭享䚥ޣᵜ㢲ᨀаӋᴹ ᭯享㺞亯Ⲻ䖥Ԭ䰤从ؤ 4.5.4.1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 亥ⴞᖅ亩 U/S 亥㺘亩 U/S 㓴ਸⲴ U/S 亥ⴞᖅ亩 R/W 亥㺘亩 R/W 㓴ਸⲴ R/W 㺞 享ⴤᖋ亯ૂ享㺞亯ሯ享䶘ⲺćѨ㺂Ĉؓᣚ ᣔ᧚ᯭ䶎ᑨѕṬDŽ؍↔ഐ ᣔᙗ⭡є㘵ᙗⲴĀоā˄AND˅ᶴᡀˈ؍ⴞᖅ亩ᡰ᱐ሴⲴᡰᴹ亥䶒䎧⭘DŽ亥ⴞᖅ઼亥㺘Ⲵ㓴ਸ 亥㺘㺘亩ѝⲴ U/S ḷᘇ઼ R/W ḷᘇᓄ⭘Ҿ䈕㺘亩᱐ሴⲴঅњ亥䶒DŽ亥ⴞᖅ亩ѝⲴ U/S ઼ R/W ḷᘇࡉሩ䈕 ᣔᙗ⭡亥ⴞᖅ઼亥㺘ѝ㺘亩ⲴĀѢ㹼āᡆĀоāᶴᡀˈ㿱㺘 4-7 ᡰ⽪DŽ؍㊫լൠˈањ亥䶒Ⲵ ᴹਸк㓯䐟䜭нՊ䙊DŽ⋐ޣ⭥ᆀ㓯䐟ѝⲴѢ㹼㓯䐟ˈަѝ䛓њᔰۿᣔᵪࡦቡ؍઼࠶亥Ⲵ ᣔᙗˈ亥䶒㓸ᱟ⋑ᴹ߉ᵳ䲀ⲴDŽਟ㿱࠶⇥؍ྲ᷌⇥Ⲵ㊫රᱟਚ䈫/ਟᢗ㹼ˈ䛓Ѹн㇑ሩᓄ亥䶒㻛䍻Ҹօ ⇥ᱟ䈫/߉㊫රⲴ⇥ˈնᱟൠ൰ሩᓄⲴᓄ亥䶒㻛ḷ⌘Ѫਚ䈫/ਟᢗ㹼ˈ䛓Ѹ䘈ᱟн㜭ሩ亥䶒ᢗ㹼߉DŽ ᆈѝⲴᆇ㢲ਟ㻛㓗࡛ 3 кⲴ〻ᒿ䇯䰞DŽӵᖃ࠶⇥઼࠶亥䜭ݱ䇨߉ᰦˈ㜭ሩ亥䶒ᢗ㹼߉DŽྲ᷌ањ ḕDŽֻྲˈӵᖃањᆇ㢲սҾ㓗࡛ 3 ᢗ㹼Ⲵ〻ᒿਟ䇯䰞Ⲵ⇥ѝˈᒦф༴ҾḷᘇѪ⭘ᡧ㓗亥䶒ѝᰦˈ䘉њ ᣔỰ؍ᣔ㻛Ựḕ઼⍻䈅DŽྲ᷌䙊䗷ỰḕˈቡՊ䘋㹼亥㓗؍ᣔ᧚ᯭѻਾਁᥕ⭘DŽ俆ݸˈᡰᴹ⇥㓗؍Ⲵ ᣔҏᱟ൘࠶⇥ᵪࡦᨀ؍↓ྲ൘ᮤњ 80X86 ൠ൰䖜ᦒᵪࡦѝ࠶亥ᵪࡦᱟ൘࠶⇥ᵪࡦѻਾᇎᯭаṧˈ亥㓗 1 1 䈫/߉/ᢗ㹼 䈫/߉/ᢗ㹼 1 0 䈫/ᢗ㹼 䈫/߉/ᢗ㹼 0 1 ᰐ䈫/߉/ᢗ㹼 0 0 ᰐ䈫/߉/ᢗ㹼 U/S R/W ⭘ᡧݱ䇨Ⲵ䇯䰞 䎵㓗⭘ᡧݱ䇨Ⲵ䇯䰞 㺞 Ფ䙐⭞ᡭૂ䎻㓝⭞ᡭሯ享䶘Ⲻ䇵䰤䲆 /ਟᢗ㹼ᵳ䲀ˈवᤜ䛓Ӌ൘⭘ᡧ㓗ḷ⌘Ѫਚ䈫/ਟᢗ㹼Ⲵ亥䶒DŽ 䇯䰞䎵㓗⭘ᡧቲⲴ亥䶒DŽо࠶⇥ᵪࡦн਼Ⲵᱟˈ൘ቲ䎵㓗⭘ᡧ㓗ᢗ㹼Ⲵ〻ᒿሩԫօ亥䶒䜭ާᴹਟ䈫/ਟ߉ 䇯䰞⭘ᡧ㓗Ⲵ亥䶒ˈնᱟ൘ԫօ䎵㓗⭘ᡧቲ˄0ǃ1ǃ2˅ᢗ㹼Ⲵ〻ᒿнӵਟԕ䇯䰞⭘ᡧቲⲴ亥䶒ˈҏਟԕ 䈫/ਟ߉/ਟᢗ㹼ⲴˈնᲞ䙊⭘ᡧнਟ䇯䰞ˈ㿱㺘 4-6 ᡰ⽪DŽሩҾ࠶⇥ᵪࡦˈ൘ᴰཆቲ⭘ᡧ㓗ᢗ㹼Ⲵ〻ᒿਚ㜭 ⭘ᡧ㓗Ⲵ亥䶒ਟԕ㻛ḷᘇᡀਚ䈫/ਟᢗ㹼ᡆਟ䈫/ਟ߉/ਟᢗ㹼DŽ䎵㓗⭘ᡧ㓗Ⲵ亥䶒ሩҾ䎵㓗⭘ᡧᶕ䇢ᙫᱟਟ ࠶亥ᵪࡦਚ䇶࡛є㓗ᵳ䲀DŽ⢩ᵳ㓗 0ǃ1 ઼ 2 㻛ᖂ㊫Ѫ䎵㓗⭘ᡧ㓗ˈ㘼⢩ᵳ㓗 3 㻛ѪᲞ䙊⭘ᡧ㓗DŽᲞ䙊 ᣔᙗⲴањᆀ䳶DŽ؍亥ⴞᖅ઼亥㺘㺘亩ѝⲴ䈫߉ḷᘇ R/W ઼⭘ᡧ/䎵㓗⭘ᡧḷᘇ U/S ᨀҶ࠶⇥ᵪࡦ 4.5.4 享㓝ؓᣚ ᣔ؍ ੁ䟿ਧ ࣙ䇠ㅖ 䈤᰾ ㊫ර 䭉䈟ਧ ӗ⭏Ⓚ 㺞 ؓᣚ⁗ᕅсⲺᔸᑮૂѣᯣ ᇊѹྭⲴᔲᑨ઼ NMI ѝᯝⓀDŽ ᆈ൘ึḸкDŽ਼ᰦ䘈㔉ࠪҶ⇿њ亴ݸ؍ሩҾ⇿њᔲᑨˈ䈕㺘㔉ࠪҶᔲᑨ㊫රԕ৺ᱟՊӗ⭏ањ䭉䈟⸱ᒦ 䙊䗷ཆ䜘⺜Ԧѝᯝᵪࡦੁ༴⨶ಘਁ䘱ѝᯝDŽ㺘 4-8 ѝ㔉ࠪҶѪ 80X86 ᇊѹⲴᔲᑨ઼ NMI ѝᯝ࠶䝽Ⲵੁ䟿DŽ 㤳ത൘ 32 ࡠ 255 Ⲵੁ䟿ਧ⭘Ҿ⭘ᡧᇊѹⲴѝᯝDŽ䘉Ӌѝᯝ䙊ᑨ⭘Ҿཆ䜘 I/O 䇮༷ˈ֯ᗇ䘉Ӌ䇮༷ਟԕ 㤳തⲴੁ䟿ਧᒦ䶎⇿њ䜭ᐢᇊѹҶ࣏㜭ˈᵚᇊѹ࣏㜭Ⲵੁ䟿ਧሶ⮉Ӻਾ֯⭘DŽ ⮉⭘ 80X86 ༴⨶ಘᇊѹⲴᔲᑨ઼ѝᯝˈн䗷ⴞࡽ䈕؍ ݱ䇨Ⲵੁ䟿ਧ㤳തᱟ 0 ࡠ 255DŽަѝ 0 ࡠ 31 ਓ⛩ս㖞DŽޕDescriptor Table˅ѝⲴањ㍒ᕅਧˈᶕᇊսањᔲᑨᡆѝᯝⲴ༴⨶〻ᒿ ҸҶањḷ䇶ਧˈ〠Ѫੁ䟿˄vector˅DŽ༴⨶ಘᢺ䍻ҸᔲᑨᡆѝᯝⲴੁ䟿⭘ѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 IDT˄Interrupt ѪҶᴹࣙҾ༴⨶ᔲᑨ઼ѝᯝˈ⇿њ䴰㾱㻛༴⨶ಘ䘋㹼⢩↺༴⨶Ⲵ༴⨶ಘᇊѹⲴᔲᑨ઼ѝᯝᶑԦ䜭㻛䍻 4.6.1 ᔸᑮૂѣᯣੇ䠅 ᣔ⁑ᔿѝ༴⨶ಘѝᯝ઼ᔲᑨⲴ༴⨶ᵪࡦDŽ؍→DŽᵜ㢲᧿䘠 Ⲵᚒ༽䗷〻ᒦнՊཡ৫〻ᒿᢗ㹼Ⲵ䘎䍟ᙗˈ䲔䶎Ӿᔲᑨѝᚒ༽ᱟнਟ㜭Ⲵᡆ㘵ѝᯝሬ㠤ᖃࡽ䘀㹼〻ᒿ㻛㓸 ᯝᡆᔲᑨ༴⨶〻ᒿDŽᖃ༴⨶〻ᒿᢗ㹼ᆼ∅ˈ༴⨶ಘቡՊᚒ༽ᒦ㔗㔝ᢗ㹼㻛ѝᯝⲴ〻ᒿᡆԫ࣑DŽ㻛ѝᯝ〻ᒿ ᖃ᭦ࡠањѝᯝᡆỰ⍻ࡠањᔲᑨᰦˈ༴⨶ಘՊ㠚ࣘൠᢺᖃࡽ↓൘ᢗ㹼Ⲵ〻ᒿᡆԫ࣑ᤲ䎧ˈᒦᔰ䘀㹼ѝ ሩᓄ⭘〻ᒿ઼㌫㔏ᶕ䈤ˈ80X86 Ⲵѝᯝ઼ᔲᑨ༴⨶ᵪࡦਟԕ䘿᰾ൠ༴⨶ਁ⭏Ⲵѝᯝ઼ᔲᑨһԦDŽ ᣔᵪࡦǃ亥䭉䈟ԕ৺ᵪಘ䜘䭉䈟DŽ؍Ự⍻ࡠ⿽ࠪ䭉ᶑԦˈवᤜ䘍৽ ᔲᑨਁ⭏൘༴⨶ಘᢗ㹼аᶑᤷԔᰦˈỰ⍻ࡠањࠪ䭉ᶑԦᰦਁ⭏ˈֻྲ㻛 0 䲔ࠪ䭉ᶑԦDŽ༴⨶ಘਟԕ ֻྲ㾱≲Ѫཆ䜘䇮༷ᨀᴽ࣑DŽᖃ❦ˈ䖟Ԧҏ㜭䙊䗷ᢗ㹼 INT n ᤷԔӗ⭏ѝᯝDŽ 䙊ᑨˈѝᯝਁ⭏൘〻ᒿᢗ㹼Ⲵ䲿ᵪᰦˈԕ૽ᓄ⺜ԦਁࠪⲴؑਧDŽ㌫㔏⺜Ԧ֯⭘ѝᯝᶕ༴⨶ཆ䜘һԦˈ ಘ૽ᓄѝᯝᡆᔲᑨᡰ䟷ਆⲴ㹼ࣘ㻛〠Ѫѝᯝ/ᔲᑨᴽ࣑˄༴⨶˅DŽ Ѫѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿ˄interrupt handler˅ᡆᔲᑨ༴⨶〻ᒿ˄exception handler˅Ⲵ⢩↺䖟Ԧ࠭ᮠᡆԫ࣑ѝDŽ༴⨶ њһԦˈ䈕һԦ䴰㾱༴⨶ಘ䘋㹼༴⨶DŽ䙊ᑨˈ䘉⿽һԦՊሬ㠤ᢗ㹼᧗ࡦ㻛ᕪ䘛Ӿᖃࡽ䘀㹼〻ᒿ䖜〫ࡠ㻛〠 ѝᯝ˄Interrupt˅઼ᔲᑨ˄Exception˅ᱟᤷ᰾㌫㔏ǃ༴⨶ಘᡆᖃࡽᢗ㹼〻ᒿ˄ᡆԫ࣑˅ⲴḀ༴ࠪ⧠а 4.6 ѣᯣૂᔸᑮ༺⨼ ᣔDŽ؍ሩњ࡛亥䶒䘋㹼߉ ᣔᵪࡦਟ⭘ᶕ؍ᣔDŽֻྲˈྲ᷌ањਟ䈫ਟ߉ᮠᦞ⇥㻛࠶亥ˈ䛓Ѹ亥㓗؍ᣔਟ㻛⭘ᶕ໎ᕪ⇥㓗؍മDŽ亥㓗 ᣔỰḕՊ䱫→ԫօሩ亥䶒Ⲵ߉Ա؍֯亥䶒Ⲵ R/W ḷᘇ㻛䇮㖞ᡀਟ䈫ਟ߉ҏнՊ䇙亥䶒ਟ߉DŽ↔ᰦ⇥㓗 ᣔDŽֻྲˈ㤕ањԓ⸱⇥㻛䇮ᇊѪнਟ߉ˈ䛓Ѹԓ⸱⇥㻛࠶亥ਾˈণ؍ᣔн㜭ᴯԓᡆᘭ⮕⇥㓗؍亥㓗 њ亥ᔲᑨDŽ ᣔ䘍㿴䭉䈟ˈࡉՊ᭮ᔳᆈ䇯䰞ᒦӗ⭏ањᔲᑨDŽྲ᷌ᱟ⇥ᵪࡦӗ⭏Ⲵᔲᑨˈ䛓ѸቡнՊӗ⭏а؍ањ ᣔDŽྲ᷌ CPU ൘ԫօа㓗Ự⍻ࡠ؍ᣔˈ❦ਾ༴⨶亥㓗؍ᖃ⭘Ҷ࠶亥ᵪࡦˈCPU Պ俆ݸᢗ㹼⇥㓗 4.5.5 㓺ਾ享㓝ૂ⇫㓝ؓᣚ 㕃ߢDŽ ᆈԕ֯亥䶒ᆈ൘ᰦˈᡁԜн䴰㾱ࡧᯠ亥䖜ᦒ儈䙏ޕ儈䙏㕃ߢѝDŽᡰԕ൘ᢺањ亥䶒Ӿ⻱ⴈ䈳ޕнՊ㻛ᆈ ؞᭩ᰦˈণ֯ᱟᢺ P ḷᘇӾ 0 ᭩ᡀ 1 ᶕḷ⌘㺘亩ሩ亥䖜ᦒᴹ᭸ˈҏн䴰㾱ࡧᯠ儈䙏㕃ߢDŽഐѪᰐ᭸Ⲵ㺘亩 ᴹа⿽⢩↺ᛵߥˈ൘䘉⿽ᛵߥл؞᭩亥㺘亩н䴰㾱ࡧᯠ亥䖜ᦒ儈䙏㕃ߢDŽҏণᖃнᆈ൘亥䶒Ⲵ㺘亩㻛 є㘵а㠤DŽ䙊䗷ㆰঅൠ䟽ᯠ࣐䖭ᇴᆈಘ CR3ˈᡁԜቡਟԕᆼᡀሩ儈䙏㕃ߢⲴࡧᯠDŽ؍⺞ߢԕ 亥㺘㻛䖟Ԧ؞᭩䗷ҶDŽഐ↔㌫㔏ᗵ享൘᭩ࣘ䗷亥㺘ѻਾࡧᯠ儈䙏㕃ىа㠤DŽণ༴⨶ಘᒦн⸕䚃ӰѸᰦ ѝᯝ઼ᔲᑨ༴⨶ NMI ༴⨶⺜ԦDŽ ྲ᷌ NMI Ⲵੁ䟿ਧ 2 ⭘Ҿ䈕 INT ᤷԔˈቡՊ䈳⭘ NMI Ⲵѝᯝ༴⨶ಘ〻ᒿˈնᱟ↔ᰦᒦнՊ◰⍫༴⨶ಘⲴ ྲ᷌֯⭘Ҷ༴⨶ಘ亴ݸᇊѹⲴ NMI ੁ䟿ˈ䛓Ѹ༴⨶ಘሩᆳⲴ૽ᓄሶоᲞ䙊ᯩᔿӗ⭏Ⲵ䈕 NMI ѝᯝн਼DŽ ᢗ㹼 Linux Ⲵ㌫㔏ѝᯝ䈳⭘ѝᯝ 0x80DŽੁ䟿 0 ࡠ 255 ѝⲴԫօањ䜭ਟԕ⭘ INT ᤷԔⲴѝᯝਧDŽ❦㘼ˈ 䙊䗷൘ᤷԔᮠѝᨀѝᯝੁ䟿ਧˈINT n ᤷԔਟ⭘ҾӾ䖟Ԧѝӗ⭏ѝᯝDŽֻྲˈᤷԔ INT 0x80 Պ 㭭ᡰᴹ䘉Ӌ⺜ԦѝᯝDŽ 䜘ѝᯝ䜭㻛〠Ѫਟቿ㭭⺜Ԧѝᯝˈवᤜѝᯝੁ䟿ਧ 0 ࡠ 255DŽḷᘇᇴᆈಘ EFLAGS ѝⲴ IF ḷᘇਟ⭘ᶕቿ ᭦ࡠؑਧᰦˈቡӗ⭏ањ䶎ቿ㭭ѝᯝDŽᆳ֯⭘പᇊⲴѝᯝੁ䟿ਧ 2DŽԫօ䙊䗷༴⨶ಘ INTR ᕅ㝊᧕᭦Ⲵཆ ਧᰦˈ༴⨶ಘቡՊӾ㌫㔏ᙫ㓯к䈫ਆཆ䜘ѝ⇥᧗ࡦಘ˄ֻྲ 8259A˅ᨀⲴѝᯝੁ䟿ਧDŽᖃᕅ㝊 NMI ᧕ ཆ䜘ѝᯝ䙊䗷༴⨶ಘ㣟⡷кєњᕅ㝊˄INTR ઼ NMI˅᧕᭦DŽᖃᕅ㝊 INTR ᧕᭦ࡠཆ䜘ਁ⭏Ⲵѝᯝؑ 䖟Ԧӗ⭏ⲴѝᯝDŽ ཆ䜘˄⺜Ԧӗ⭏˅Ⲵѝᯝ˗ ༴⨶ಘӾє⿽ൠᯩ᧕᭦ѝᯝ˖ 4.6.2.1 ѣᯣⓆ 4.6.2 ѣᯣⓆૂᔸᑮⓆ ⮉˅ѝᯝ ѝᯝ ཆ䜘ѝᯝᡆ㘵 INT n ᤷԔDŽ؍32-255 -- ⭘ᡧᇊѹ˄䶎 ⮉ˈ䈧य֯⭘˅؍ 20-31 -- ˄Intel 䘋˅DŽ SSE ઼ SSE2 ⎞⛩ᤷԔ˄PIII ༴⨶ಘᕅ 19 #XF SIMD ⎞⛩ᔲᑨ ᭵䳌 ᰐ 㞮༴⨶ಘᕅ䘋˅DŽ྄˄ޣ 䭉䈟⸱˄㤕ᴹ˅઼ӗ⭏Ⓚо CPU ㊫රᴹ 18 #MC ᵪಘỰḕ ᔲᑨ㓸→ ᰐ 17 #AC ሩ䎧Ựḕ ᭵䳌 ᴹ˄0˅ ሩᆈѝԫօᮠᦞⲴᕅ⭘DŽ 16 #MF x87 FPU ⎞⛩䭉䈟˄ᮠᆖ䭉䈟˅ ᭵䳌 ᰐ x87 FPU ⎞⛩ᡆ WAIT/FWAIT ᤷԔDŽ ⮉ˈ䈧य֯⭘˅ ᰐ؍ 15 -- ˄Intel 14 #PF 亥䶒䭉䈟 ᭵䳌 ᴹ ԫօᆈᕅ⭘DŽ ᣔỰḕDŽ؍ᣔ䭉䈟 ᭵䳌 ᴹ ԫօᆈᕅ⭘઼ަԆ؍13 #GP а㡜 12 #SS ึḸ⇥䭉䈟 ᭵䳌 ᴹ ึḸ઼ SS ᇴᆈಘ࣐䖭DŽ 11 #NP ⇥нᆈ൘ ᭵䳌 ᴹ ࣐䖭⇥ᇴᆈಘᡆ䇯䰞㌫㔏⇥DŽ 10 #TS ᰐ᭸Ⲵԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥ TSS ᭵䳌 ᴹ ԫ࣑Ӕᦒᡆ䇯䰞 TSSDŽ ᑨ˅DŽ ⎞⛩ᤷԔ˄386 ԕਾⲴ CPU нӗ⭏䈕ᔲ ⮉˅ ᭵䳌 ᰐ؍˄9 -- ॿ༴⨶ಘ⇥䎵䎺 8 #DF ৼ䟽䭉䈟 ᔲᑨ㓸→ ᴹ˄0˅ ԫօਟӗ⭏ᔲᑨǃNMI ᡆ INTR ⲴᤷԔDŽ 7 #NM 䇮༷нᆈ൘˄ᰐᮠᆖॿ༴⨶ಘ˅ ᭵䳌 ᰐ ⎞⛩ᡆ WAIT/FWAIT ᤷԔDŽ ⲴᯠᤷԔ˅ޕѝ࣐ ⮉Ⲵ⸱DŽ˄྄㞮 Pro؍UD2 ᤷԔᡆ 6 #UD ᰐ᭸⸱˄ᵚᇊѹ⸱˅ ᭵䳌 ᰐ 5 #BR 䗩⭼㤳ത䎵ࠪ ᭵䳌 ᰐ BOUND ᤷԔDŽ 4 #OF ⓒࠪ 䲧䱡 ᰐ INTO ᤷԔDŽ 3 #BP ᯝ⛩ 䲧䱡 ᰐ INT 3 ᤷԔDŽ 2 -- NMI ѝᯝ ѝᯝ ᰐ 䶎ቿ㭭ཆ䜘ѝᯝDŽ 1 #DB 䈳䈅 ᭵䳌/䲧䱡 ᰐ ԫօԓ⸱ᡆᮠᦞᕅ⭘ˈᡆᱟ INT 1 ᤷԔDŽ 0 #DE 䲔ࠪ䭉 ᭵䳌 ᰐ DIV ᡆ IDIV ᤷԔDŽ ѝᯝ઼ᔲᑨ༴⨶ ᆈⲴ䘄എᤷԔᤷ䪸ᤷੁ༴؍ѝᯝՊѕṬൠ᭟ᤱ㻛ѝᯝ〻ᒿⲴ䟽ᯠᢗ㹼㘼нՊђཡԫօ䘎䍟ᙗDŽѝᯝᡰ 䰝〻ᒿ઼㌫㔏DŽޣ༴⨶ಘ⣦ᘱⲴ䇺ᯝؑˈᒦфቭਟ㜭ᚠᖃൠޣᴹ ѝ→ Abort ㊫ᔲᑨн᭟ᤱਟ䶐ൠ䟽ᯠᢗ㹼〻ᒿᡆԫ࣑DŽѝ→ᔲᑨⲴ༴⨶〻ᒿ䙊ᑨ⭘ᶕ᭦䳶ᔲᑨਁ⭏ᰦ ᤷԔ䲿ਾⲴаᶑᤷԔDŽ ൘ᢗ㹼 JMP ᤷԔᰦỰ⍻ࡠањ Trap ᔲᑨˈ䛓Ѹ䘄എᤷԔᤷ䪸Պᤷੁ JMP ᤷԔⲴⴞḷս㖞ˈ㘼䶎ᤷੁ JMP ᶑᢗ㹼᧗ࡦ䖜〫ⲴᤷԔᢗ㹼ᵏ䰤Ự⍻ࡠањ Trapˈࡉ䘄എᤷԔᤷ䪸Պ৽᱐ࠪ᧗ࡦⲴ䖜〫ᛵߥDŽֻྲˈྲ᷌ ᆈⲴ䘄എᤷ䪸ᤷੁᕅ䎧䲧䱡ⲴਾаᶑᤷԔDŽྲ᷌൘а؍ሩҾ䲧䱡 Trap ㊫ᔲᑨˈ༴⨶ಘӗ⭏ᔲᑨᰦ ᗵ㾱Ⲵᇴᆈಘ઼ึḸᤷ䪸ؑˈԕ֯ᗇ㠚ᐡ㜭ཏ䘄എࡠᢗ㹼ࠪ䭉ᤷԔѻࡽⲴ⣦ᘱDŽ ᆈ؍䟽ᯠᢗ㹼ሩҾᖃࡽᢗ㹼〻ᒿާᴹ䘿᰾ᙗˈ༴⨶ಘՊ؍⺞䙊䗷䟽ᯠᢗ㹼ࠪ䭉ᤷԔᶕᚒ༽〻ᒿᢗ㹼DŽѪҶ кⲴањᮠᰦቡՊࠪ⧠䘉⿽ᔲᑨDŽᖃ亥᭵䳌ᔲᑨਁ⭏ᰦˈᔲᑨ༴⨶〻ᒿਟԕᢺ䈕亥䶒࣐䖭ࡠᆈѝᒦ ᮠਇ䱫ⲴᛵߥDŽFault ᴰᑨ㿱Ⲵањֻᆀᱟ亥䶒᭵䳌˄Page-fault˅ᔲᑨDŽᖃ〻ᒿᕅ⭘н൘ᆈѝ亥䶒 〻ᒿ䘄എਾ䟽ᯠᔰᢗ㹼ᰦˈࠪ䭉ᤷԔՊ㻛䟽ᯠᢗ㹼DŽ䟽ᯠᢗ㹼ᕅਁࠪ䭉ⲴᤷԔ䙊ᑨ⭘Ҿ༴⨶䇯䰞ᤷԔ ᆈⲴ䘄എᤷ䪸ᤷੁࠪ䭉ᤷԔDŽഐѪˈᖃ〻ᒿᡆԫ࣑൘᭵䳌༴⨶؍ሩҾ᭵䳌㊫ᔲᑨˈ༴⨶ಘӗ⭏ᔲᑨᰦ 䇱ᱟ൘ᤷԔ䗩⭼кਁ⭏DŽ؍䜭㜭ᣕ㋮⺞ⲴᤷԔս㖞ˈᒦфᡰᴹѝᯝ ѪҶ䇙〻ᒿᡆԫ࣑൘ањᔲᑨᡆѝᯝ༴⨶ᆼѻਾ㜭䟽ᯠᚒ༽ᢗ㹼ˈ䲔Ҷѝ→˄Abort˅ѻཆⲴᡰᴹᔲᑨ 4.6.4 ぁᓅᡌԱࣗⲺ䠃᯦ᢝ㺂 ٬DŽ⌅㔗㔝ᢗ㹼DŽAbort ⭘Ҿᣕѕ䟽䭉䈟ˈֻྲ⺜Ԧ䭉䈟ԕ৺㌫㔏㺘ѝᆈ൘на㠤ᙗᡆ䶎 Abort ᱟа⿽нՊᙫᱟᣕሬ㠤ᔲᑨⲴᤷԔⲴ㋮⺞ս㖞Ⲵᔲᑨˈᒦфнݱ䇨ሬ㠤ᔲᑨⲴ〻ᒿ䟽ᯠ Trap ༴⨶〻ᒿⲴ䘄എൠ൰ᤷੁᕅ䎧䲧䱡ᤷԔⲴ䲿ਾаᶑᤷԔˈഐ↔൘䘄എਾՊᢗ㹼лаᶑᤷԔDŽ Trap ᱟањᕅ䎧䲧䱡ⲴᤷԔ㻛ᢗ㹼ਾ・ՊᣕⲴᔲᑨDŽTrap ҏ㜭ཏ䇙〻ᒿᡆԫ࣑䘎䍟ൠᢗ㹼DŽ ӗ⭏ Fault ⲴᤷԔˈ㘼нᱟަਾ䶒аᶑᤷԔDŽഐ↔൘䘄എਾӗ⭏ Fault ⲴᤷԔሶ㻛䟽ᯠᢗ㹼DŽ ༴⨶ಘՊᢺᵪಘ⣦ᘱᚒ༽ࡠӗ⭏ Fault ⲴᤷԔѻࡽⲴ⣦ᘱDŽ↔ᰦᔲᑨ༴⨶〻ᒿⲴ䘄എൠ൰Պᤷੁ Fault ᱟа⿽䙊ᑨਟԕ㻛㓐↓Ⲵᔲᑨˈᒦфаᰖ㻛㓐↓〻ᒿቡਟԕ㔗㔝䘀㹼DŽᖃࠪ⧠ањ Faultˈ 䱡˄Trap˅઼ѝ→˄Abort˅DŽ ṩᦞᔲᑨ㻛ᣕⲴᯩᔿԕ৺ሬ㠤ᔲᑨⲴᤷԔᱟ㜭ཏ㻛䟽ᯠᢗ㹼ˈᔲᑨਟ㻛㓶࠶ᡀ᭵䳌˄Fault˅ǃ䲧 4.6.3 ᔸᑮ࠼㊱ 㖞༴˅ᕩࠪึḸˈӾ㘼Պ䙐ᡀ䘄എս㖞䭉䈟DŽ 䭉䈟⸱DŽഐ↔ˈྲ᷌֯⭘ INT ᤷԔᶕ⁑ᤏӗ⭏ањᔲᑨˈ༴⨶〻ᒿࡉՊᢺ EIP˄↓ྭ༴Ҿ㕪ቁⲴ䭉䈟⸱ս Ⲵѝᯝ䙊ᑨՊӗ⭏ањ䭉䈟⸱DŽሩҾ䛓ӋՊӗ⭏䭉䈟⸱ⲴᔲᑨˈᔲᑨⲴ༴⨶〻ᒿՊ䈅മӾึḸкᕩࠪޣ Ḹˈণ֯⺜Ԧӗ⭏Ⲵ䈕ੁ䟿ึޕᒿDŽնᱟˈഐѪ䘉ᇎ䱵кᱟањѝᯝˈഐ↔༴⨶ಘᒦнՊᢺањ䭉䈟ਧ Ⲵᔲᑨ༴⨶〻ޣᑨⲴੁ䟿ਧѻаˈ䛓Ѹ༴⨶ಘሶѪ䈕ੁ䟿ਧӗ⭏ањѝᯝˈ䈕ѝᯝቡՊ৫ᢗ㹼о䈕ੁ䟿ᴹ INT n ᤷԔਟ⭘Ҿ൘䖟Ԧѝ⁑ᤏᤷᇊⲴᔲᑨˈնᴹањ䲀ࡦDŽྲ᷌ INT ᤷԔѝⲴᮠ n ᱟ 80X86 ᔲ ⢩↺ᔲᑨᶑԦ䘋㹼ỰḕDŽֻྲˈINT 3 ᤷԔՊӗ⭏ањᯝ⛩ᔲᑨDŽ ᤷԔ INTOǃINT 3 ઼ BOUND ᤷԔਟԕ⭘ᶕӾ䖟Ԧѝӗ⭏ᔲᑨDŽ䘉ӋᤷԔਟሩᤷԔ⍱ѝᤷᇊ⛩ᢗ㹼Ⲵ 㿱ਾ䶒䈤᰾DŽ ⨶ಘѪަỰ⍻ࡠⲴ⇿њᔲᑨᇊѹҶањੁ䟿DŽᔲᑨਟԕ㻛㓶࠶Ѫ᭵䳌˄faults˅ǃ䲧䱡˄traps˅઼ѝ→˄aborts˅ˈ ൘ᓄ⭘〻ᒿᡆ㌫㔏ᢗ㹼ᵏ䰤ˈྲ᷌༴⨶ಘỰ⍻ࡠ〻ᒿ䭉䈟ˈቡՊӗ⭏ањᡆཊњᔲᑨDŽ80X86 ༴ 䖟Ԧӗ⭏ⲴᔲᑨDŽ ༴⨶ಘỰ⍻ࡠⲴ〻ᒿ䭉䈟ᔲᑨ˗ ༴⨶ಘ᧕᭦ⲴᔲᑨҏᴹєњᶕⓀ˖ 4.6.2.2 ᔸᑮⓆ ⌘ˈEFLAGS ѝⲴ IF ḷᘇн㜭ቿ㭭֯⭘ INT ᤷԔӾ䖟Ԧѝӗ⭏ⲴѝᯝDŽ ѝᯝ઼ᔲᑨ༴⨶ IDT 㺘ਟԕ傫⮉൘㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤Ⲵԫօൠᯩˈ༴⨶ಘ֯⭘ IDTR ᇴᆈಘᶕᇊս IDT 㺘Ⲵս㖞DŽ䘉њᇴ 㜭ਁ⭏Ⲵᔲᑨᡆѝᯝ䴰㾱᧿䘠ㅖDŽн䗷 IDT ѝᡰᴹオ᧿䘠ㅖ亩ᓄ䈕䇮㖞ަᆈ൘ս˄ḷᘇ˅Ѫ 0DŽ ѝᯝᡆᔲᑨੁ䟿ˈᡰԕ IDT ᰐ䴰वਜ਼ཊҾ 256 њ᧿䘠ㅖDŽIDT ѝਟԕਜ਼ᴹቁҾ 256 њ᧿䘠ㅖˈഐѪਚᴹਟ ༴⨶ಘᢺᔲᑨᡆѝᯝⲴੁ䟿ਧ*8DŽഐѪᴰཊਚᴹ 256 њˈԕवਜ਼᧿䘠ㅖDŽѪҶᶴᡀ IDT 㺘ѝⲴањ㍒ᕅ٬ о GDT ઼ LDT 㺘㊫լˈIDT ҏᱟ⭡ 8 ᆇ㢲䮯᧿䘠ㅖ㓴ᡀⲴањᮠ㓴DŽо GDT н਼Ⲵᱟˈ㺘ѝㅜ 1 亩ਟ ѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 IDT˄Interrupt Descriptor Table˅ሶ⇿њᔲᑨᡆѝᯝੁ䟿࠶࡛оᆳԜⲴ༴⨶䗷〻㚄㌫䎧ᶕDŽ 4.6.7 ѣᯣᨅ䘦ㅜ㺞 ᣔǃᮠᦞ亥ǃሩ喀Ựḕǃ⎞⛩ᔲᑨ؍а㡜 ᢗ㹼ᤷԔ䭉䈟˖ⓒࠪǃ䗩⭼Ựḕǃᰐ᭸ TSSǃ⇥нᆈ൘ǃึḸ䭉ǃ 9˄ᴰվ˅ 8 лаᶑᤷԔ䈁⸱䭉䈟˖ᤷԔ䮯ᓖ>15 ᆇ㢲ǃᰐ᭸⸱ǃॿ༴⨶ಘнᆈ൘ 7 ਆлаᶑᤷԔ䭉䈟˖䘍৽ԓ⸱⇥䲀䮯ǃԓ⸱亥䭉䈟 6 ԓ⸱ᯝ⛩䭉䈟 5 ཆ䜘ѝᯝ˖NMI ѝᯝǃਟቿ㭭⺜Ԧѝᯝ ࡽаᤷԔ䲧䱡˖ᯝ⛩ǃ䈳䈅䲧䱡ᔲᑨ 4 ޕ3 ཆ䜘⺜Ԧӻ 2 ԫ࣑࠷ᦒ䲧䱡˖TSS ѝ䇮㖞Ҷ T ḷᘇ 1˄ᴰ儈˅ ⺜Ԧ༽ս˖RESET Ոݸ㓗 䈤᰾ ᔸᑮૂѣᯣⲺՎݾ㓝 㺞 ᔳⲴᔲᑨՊ䟽ᯠਁ⭏DŽ ᤱㅹᖵDŽᖃѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿ䘄എࡠӗ⭏ᔲᑨ઼/ᡆѝᯝⲴ〻ᒿᡆԫ࣑ᰦˈ㻛ђ؍ђᔳˈ㘼վՈݸ㓗ⲴѝᯝࡉՊ 㔉ࠪҶᔲᑨ઼ѝᯝⓀ㊫ⲴՈݸ㓗DŽ༴⨶ಘՊ俆ݸ༴⨶ᴰ儈Ոݸ㓗㊫ѝⲴᔲᑨᡆѝᯝDŽվՈݸ㓗ⲴᔲᑨՊ㻛 ྲ᷌൘аᶑᤷԔ䗩⭼ᴹཊњᔲᑨᡆѝᯝㅹᖵ༴⨶ᰦˈ༴⨶ಘՊ᤹㿴ᇊⲴ⅑ᒿሩᆳԜ䘋㹼༴⨶DŽ㺘 4-9 4.6.6 ᔸᑮૂѣᯣⲺՎݾ㓝 ྲ᷌ᱟ䙊䗷䲧䱡䰘ᶕ༴⨶ањѝᯝˈࡉ IF ḷᘇнՊ㻛༽սDŽ ᖃ䙊䗷ѝᯝ䰘༴⨶ањѝᯝᰦˈIF ḷᘇՊ㻛㠚ࣘ䲔˄༽ս˅ˈӾ㘼Պ⾱→ਟቿ㭭⺜ԦѝᯝDŽն ԫ࣑࠷ᦒǃPOPF ઼ IRET ᤷԔՊ࣐䖭 EFLAGS ᇴᆈಘDŽഐ↔ˈᆳԜਟ⭘ᶕ؞᭩ IF ḷᘇDŽ EFLAGS ᇴᆈಘѝDŽ ޕ㻛؞᭩䗷Ⲵḷᘇᇩ᭮ Ḹѝˈᒦфਟԕ൘䛓䟼㻛؞᭩DŽ㘼 POPF ᤷԔਟ⭘Ҿᢺᐢึޕ PUSHF ᤷԔՊᢺ EFLAGS ᇩᆈ ᣔᙗᔲᑨDŽIF ḷᘇҏՊਇалᖡ૽˖؍ࡉሶᕅਁа㡜 IF ḷᘇਟԕ֯⭘ᤷԔ STI ઼ CLI ᶕ䇮㖞ᡆ䲔DŽਚᴹᖃ〻ᒿⲴ CPL<=IOPL ᰦਟᢗ㹼䘉єᶑᤷԔˈ Ԇḷᘇаṧˈ༴⨶ಘ൘૽ᓄ⺜Ԧ༽սᰦՊ䲔 IF ḷᘇ˄IF=0˅DŽ IF ḷᘇᒦнᖡ૽ਁ䘱ࡠ NMI ᕅ㝊Ⲵ䶎ቿ㭭ѝᯝˈҏнᖡ૽༴⨶ಘӗ⭏ⲴᔲᑨDŽྲ਼ EFLAGS ѝⲴަ ᕅ㝊ⲴѝᯝؑਧՊ㻛༴⨶ಘ䘋㹼༴⨶DŽ Ⲵਟቿ㭭⺜Ԧѝᯝᨀᴽ࣑DŽᖃ IF=0 ᰦˈ༴⨶ಘ⾱→ਁ䘱ࡠ INTR ᕅ㝊Ⲵѝᯝ˗ᖃ IF=1 ᰦˈࡉਁ䘱ࡠ INTR ḷᘇᇴᆈಘ EFLAGS Ⲵѝᯝݱ䇨ḷᘇ IF˄Interrupt enable Flag˅㜭ཏ⾱→Ѫ༴⨶ಘ INTR ᕅ㝊к᭦ࡠ 4.6.5 ᔶૂ⾷↘ѣᯣ 㔃ᶏᒦфᇴᆈಘᐢѪла⅑䟽༽䇮㖞ྭᰦਁ⭏DŽ ⨶ಘ㧧ਆѝᯝᰦሶ㾱ᢗ㹼ⲴлаᶑᤷԔ䗩⭼༴DŽྲ᷌ࡊᢗ㹼ⲴᤷԔᴹањ䟽༽ࡽ㔰ˈࡉѝᯝՊ൘ᖃࡽ䟽༽ ѝᯝ઼ᔲᑨ༴⨶ 1 䰘᧿䘠ㅖ 䰘᧿䘠ㅖ 1 䰘᧿䘠ㅖ 䰘᧿䘠ㅖ ,'7 สൠ൰ ,'7 䲀䮯٬ ѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 ,'7 ,'75 ᇴᆈಘ ԫ࣑䰘᧿䘠ㅖѝਜ਼ᴹањԫ࣑ TSS ⇥Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖˈ䈕ԫ࣑⭘Ҿ༴⨶ᔲᑨ઼/ᡆѝᯝDŽ ⨶ಘ EFLAGS ᇴᆈಘ IF ḷᘇкDŽIDT ѝԫ࣑䰘᧿䘠ㅖⲴṬᔿо GDT ઼ LDT ѝԫ࣑䰘ⲴṬᔿ਼DŽ ⨶ಘ֯⭘䘉њ䮯ᤷ䪸ᢺ〻ᒿᢗ㹼ᵳ䖜〫ࡠԓ⸱⇥ѝᔲᑨᡆѝᯝⲴ༴⨶䗷〻ѝDŽ䘉єњ⇥Ⲵѫ㾱४࡛൘Ҿ༴ ༴ˈ˅٬〫ٿമ 4-27 㔉ࠪҶ䘉й⿽䰘᧿䘠ㅖⲴṬᔿDŽѝᯝ䰘઼䲧䱡䰘ਜ਼ᴹањ䮯ᤷ䪸˄ণ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ઼ ԫ࣑䰘˄Task gate˅᧿䘠ㅖ 䲧䱡䰘˄Trap gate˅᧿䘠ㅖ ѝᯝ䰘˄Interrupt gate˅᧿䘠ㅖ IDT 㺘ѝਟԕᆈ᭮й⿽㊫රⲴ䰘᧿䘠ㅖ˖ 4.6.8 IDT ᨅ䘦ㅜ ᣔᙗᔲᑨDŽ؍ྲ᷌ѝᯝᡆᔲᑨੁ䟿ᕅ⭘Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖ䎵䗷Ҷ IDT Ⲵ⭼䲀ˈ༴⨶ಘՊӗ⭏ања㡜 օ⢩ᵳ㓗кᢗ㹼DŽ ᰦⲴ㌫㔏ࡍॆԓ⸱ѝDŽSIDT ᤷԔ⭘Ҿᢺ IDTR ѝⲴสൠ൰઼䲀䮯ᇩ༽ࡦࡠᆈѝDŽ䈕ᤷԔਟ൘ԫ สൠ൰ᮠ࣐䖭ࡠ IDTR ᇴᆈಘѝDŽ䈕ᤷԔӵ㜭⭡ᖃࡽ⢩ᵳ㓗 CPL ᱟ 0 Ⲵԓ⸱ᢗ㹼ˈ䙊ᑨ㻛⭘Ҿࡋᔪ IDT ᆈ IDTR ᇴᆈಘⲴᇩDŽLIDT ᤷԔᢺ൘ᆈѝⲴ䲀䮯٬઼؍ᤷԔ LIDT ઼ SIDT ᤷԔ࠶࡛⭘Ҿ࣐䖭઼ ഴ ѣᯣᨅ䘦ㅜ㺞 ,'7 ૂᇺᆎಞ ,'75 ᆇ㢲䗩⭼кԕᨀ儈༴⨶ಘⲴ䇯䰞᭸⦷DŽ䲀䮯٬ᱟԕᆇ㢲ѪঅսⲴ IDT 㺘Ⲵ䮯ᓖDŽ 㿱മ 4-26 ᡰ⽪DŽIDT 㺘สൠ൰ᓄ䈕ሩ喀൘ 8ˈ٬˅ᆈಘѝਜ਼ᴹ IDT 㺘 32 սⲴสൠ൰઼ 16 սⲴ䮯ᓖ˄䲀䮯 ѝᯝ઼ᔲᑨ༴⨶ 3⇥ᆈ൘ḷᘇ '3/᧿䘠ㅖ⢩ᵳ㓗 ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ '3/ 3 ԫ࣑䰘˄7DVN*DWH˅ 䘹ᤙㅖ⇥ ٬〫ٿਓ⛩ޕ䗷〻 /3' 3 ٬〫ٿਓ⛩ޕ䗷〻 䲧䱡䰘˄7UDS*DWH˅ 䘹ᤙㅖ⇥ ٬〫ٿਓ⛩ޕ䗷〻 /3' 3 ٬〫ٿਓ⛩ޕ䗷〻 ѝᯝ䰘˄,QWHUUXSW*DWH˅ ༴DŽ ᆇ⇥ᤷੁᔲᑨᡆѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻Ⲵᔰ〫ٿᤷੁ GDT ᡆᖃࡽ LDT ѝⲴਟᢗ㹼ԓ⸱⇥᧿䘠ㅖDŽ䰘᧿䘠ㅖѝⲴ ᔲᑨᡆѝᯝ䰘ᕅ⭘䘀㹼൘ᖃࡽԫ࣑кл᮷ѝⲴᔲᑨᡆѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻ˈ㿱മ 4-28 ᡰ⽪DŽ䰘ѝⲴ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ 䰘ˈࡉ༴⨶ಘ֯⭘о CALL ᤷԔԫ࣑䰘㊫լⲴᯩ⌅䘋㹼ԫ࣑࠷ᦒˈᢗ㹼ᔲᑨᡆѝᯝⲴ༴⨶ԫ࣑DŽ 䱡䰘ˈࡉ༴⨶ಘ֯⭘о CALL ᤷԔ䈳⭘䰘㊫լⲴᯩ⌅䈳⭘ᔲᑨᡆѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻DŽྲ᷌㍒ᕅ٬ᤷੁԫ࣑ ૽ᓄањᔲᑨᡆѝᯝᰦˈ༴⨶ಘ֯⭘ᔲᑨᡆѝᯝⲴੁ䟿Ѫ IDT 㺘ѝⲴ㍒ᕅDŽྲ᷌㍒ᕅ٬ᤷੁѝᯝ䰘ᡆ䲧 ༴⨶ಘሩᔲᑨ઼ѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻Ⲵ䈳⭘ᯩ⌅о֯⭘ CALL ᤷԔ䈳⭘〻ᒿ䗷〻઼ԫ࣑Ⲵᯩ⌅㊫լDŽᖃ 4.6.9 ᔸᑮфѣᯣ༺⨼ ഴ ѣᯣ䰞Ƚ䲭䱧䰞ૂԱࣗ䰞ᨅ䘦ㅜṲᕅ ѝᯝ઼ᔲᑨ༴⨶ ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ 䰘᧿䘠ㅖ ⇥ส൰ ᙗ ⇥䲀䮯 ⇥䲀䮯 ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 *'7 ᡆ /'7 ༴⨶䗷〻 ᔲᑨᡆѝᯝ ѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 ,'7 ԓ⸱⇥ ٬ѝᯝੁ䟿〫ٿ 䘹ᤙㅖ ᙗ ᯠḸѝDŽޕ ྲ᷌ᔲᑨՊӗ⭏ањ䭉䈟ਧˈ䛓Ѹ䈕䭉䈟ਧҏՊ㻛ᴰਾ ᆈ൘ᖃࡽึḸкDŽ؍ ༴⨶ಘᢺ EFLAGSǃCS ઼ EIP ᇴᆈಘⲴᖃࡽ٬ ྲ᷌༴⨶䗷〻ሶ൘㻛ѝᯝԫ਼࣑ањ⢩ᵳ㓗к䘀㹼ˈ䛓Ѹ˖ ᯠḸѝDŽޕ ྲ᷌ᔲᑨՊӗ⭏ањ䭉䈟ਧˈ䛓Ѹ䈕䭉䈟ਧҏՊ㻛ᴰਾ ᯠḸѝDŽޕ ᧕⵰༴⨶ಘՊᢺ EFLAGSǃCS ઼ EIP ᇴᆈಘⲴᖃࡽ٬ҏ ᯠḸѝˈ㿱മ 4-29 ᡰ⽪DŽޕ 䪸˄ֻྲ tss.ss0ǃtss.esp0˅DŽ❦ਾ༴⨶ಘՊᢺ㻛ѝᯝ〻ᒿ˄ᡆԫ࣑˅ⲴḸ䘹ᤙㅖ઼Ḹᤷ䪸 ༴⨶ಘӾᖃࡽᢗ㹼ԫ࣑Ⲵ TSS ⇥ѝᗇࡠѝᯝᡆᔲᑨ༴⨶䗷〻֯⭘ⲴึḸⲴ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ઼Ḹᤷ ྲ᷌༴⨶䗷〻ሶ൘儈⢩ᵳ㓗˄ֻྲ 0 㓗˅кᢗ㹼ᰦቡՊਁ⭏ึḸ࠷ᦒDŽึḸ࠷ᦒ䗷〻ྲл˖ ᖃ༴⨶ಘᢗ㹼ᔲᑨᡆѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻䈳⭘ᰦՊ䘋㹼ԕл˖ ഴ ѣᯣ䗽ぁ䈹⭞ ѝᯝ઼ᔲᑨ༴⨶ 66 &6 ࠪ䭉⸱ (,3 ()/$*6 (63 ⢩ᵳ㓗ਁ⭏ਈॆᰦѝᯝ䗷〻֯⭘ᯠⲴึḸ 䖜〫ࡠ༴⨶䗷〻ѻਾ(63 (63䖜〫ࡠ༴⨶䗷〻ѻࡽ 㻛ѝᯝ〻ᒿⲴึḸ ⢩ᵳ㓗нਁ⭏ਈॆᰦѝᯝ䗷〻֯⭘ᖃࡽ㻛ѝᯝ〻ᒿⲴึḸ (63䖜〫ࡠ༴⨶䗷〻ѻਾ (63䖜〫ࡠ༴⨶䗷〻ѻࡽ &6 ࠪ䭉⸱ (,3 ()/$*6 㻛ѝᯝ〻ᒿⲴึḸ ѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻ⲴึḸ 2. ᔲᑨᡆѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻Ⲵḷᘇ֯⭘ᯩᔿ ᯝ〻ᒿᡆԫ࣑Ⲵᖃࡽ⢩ᵳ㓗 CPLDŽ ༴⨶䗷〻ਟԕ᭮൘ާᴹ⢩ᵳ㓗 0 Ⲵ䶎а㠤ԓ⸱⇥ѝDŽ䘉⿽༴⨶䗷〻ᙫᱟਟԕᢗ㹼Ⲵˈ㘼н㇑㻛ѝ ᣔਟ䀰ҶDŽ؍䰞䘉њᮠᦞ⇥DŽն䘉ṧаᶕቡ⋑ᴹ ༴⨶䗷〻˄ֻྲˈ䲔ࠪ䭉ᔲᑨ˅DŽྲ᷌༴⨶〻ᒿ䴰㾱ᮠᦞ⇥ѝⲴᮠᦞˈ䛓Ѹ⢩ᵳ㓗 3 ᗵ享㜭ཏ䇯 ᔲᑨᡆѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿਟԕᆈ᭮൘ања㠤ᙗԓ⸱⇥ѝDŽ䘉њᢰᵟਟԕ⭘Ҿਚ䴰䇯䰞ึḸкᮠᦞⲴ ᣔ˖؍ཏ䘀㹼Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗䲀ࡦDŽᡁԜਟԕ࡙⭘ԕлᢰᵟѻаᶕ䚯ݽ䘍৽⢩ᵳ㓗 ᵳ㓗Ⲵ㿴ࡉᴹ᭸ൠ໎ᕪҶᔲᑨ઼ѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻㜭⢩ޣഐѪᔲᑨ઼ѝᯝ䙊ᑨнՊᇊᵏਁ⭏ˈഐ↔䘉Ӌᴹ 䱡䰘ѝⲴ DPLDŽ ᴤ儈⢩ᵳ㓗Ⲵԓ⸱⇥ѝDŽሩҾ⺜Ԧӗ⭏Ⲵѝᯝ઼༴⨶ಘỰ⍻ࡠⲴᔲᑨˈ༴⨶ಘՊᘭ⮕ѝᯝ䰘઼䲧 䇮䘉Ӌ༴⨶䗷〻ᐢ㻛ᆈ᭮൘ٷˈᒿ֯⭘䖟Ԧѝᯝ䇯䰞䟽㾱Ⲵᔲᑨ༴⨶䗷〻ˈֻྲ亥䭉䈟༴⨶䗷〻 䱡䰘ѝⲴ DPLDŽ↔ᰦ CPL ᗵ享ሿҾㅹҾ䰘Ⲵ DPLDŽ䘉њ䲀ࡦਟԕ䱢→䘀㹼൘⢩ᵳ㓗 3 Ⲵᓄ⭘〻 ਚᴹᖃањᔲᑨᡆѝᯝᱟ࡙⭘֯⭘ INT nǃINT 3 ᡆ INTO ᤷԔӗ⭏ᰦˈ༴⨶ಘՊỰḕѝᯝᡆ䲧 ഐѪѝᯝ઼ᔲᑨੁ䟿⋑ᴹ RPLˈഐ↔൘䳀ᔿ䈳⭘ᔲᑨ઼ѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻ᰦнՊỰḕ RPLDŽ ᵪࡦ൘ԕлᯩ䶒оа㡜䈳⭘䰘䗷〻н਼˖ ᣔ؍ᣔᙗᔲᑨDŽਖཆˈѝᯝ઼ᔲᑨⲴ؍∄ CPL ᴤվ⢩ᵳ㓗ԓ⸱⇥Ⲵѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻ѝˈࡉሶӗ⭏ања㡜 ᣔᵪࡦо䙊䗷䈳⭘䰘䈳⭘Პ䙊䗷〻㊫լDŽ༴⨶ಘнݱ䇨ᢺ᧗ࡦ䖜〫ࡠ؍ᔲᑨ઼ѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗 ᣔ؍1. ᔲᑨ઼ѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻Ⲵ എᰦ IRET ᤷԔՊ࠷ᦒഎࡠᶕⲴึḸDŽ ᒦфਚᴹᖃ CPL<=IOPL ᰦˈIF ḷᘇՊ㻛᭩ਈDŽ ྲ᷌ᖃ䈳⭘ѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻ᰦਁ⭏ҶึḸ࠷ᦒˈ䛓Ѹ൘䘄 ᆈⲴᇴᆈಘᇩᚒ༽ࡠ EFLAGS ѝDŽн䗷ਚᴹᖃ CPL ᱟ 0 ᰦՊᚒ༽ EFLAGS ѝⲴ IOPL ᆇ⇥ˈ؍Պᢺ ѪҶӾѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻ѝ䘄എˈ༴⨶䗷〻ᗵ享֯⭘ IRET ᤷԔDŽIRET ᤷԔо RET ᤷԔ㊫լˈն IRET 䘈 䖢〱ࡦѣᯣ༺⨼䗽ぁᰬḾֵ⭞ᯯ⌋ ഴ ѝᯝ઼ᔲᑨ༴⨶ 766 ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ ԫ࣑䰘 ⇥ส൰ ᙗ ⇥䲀䮯 766 สൠ൰ ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 *'7 ѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 ,'7 ѝᯝ༴⨶ԫ࣑Ⲵ 766 ⇥ 䘹ᤙㅖ ᙗ ѝᯝੁ䟿 ഴ ѣᯣ༺⨼Աࣗ࠽ᦘ ༴⨶ಘѝᯝᵪࡦⲴ⺜Ԧ䈳ᓖDŽ֯⭘䖟Ԧ䈳ᓖᯩ⌅ᰦ䴰㾱㘳㲁ࡠѝᯝᔰᰦ䟷⭘ѝᯝ༴⨶ԫ࣑DŽ ᖃᔲᑨᡆѝᯝਕᷴԫ࣑⭘Ҿ㌫㔏ѝᰦˈᇎ䱵кᴹє⿽࠶⍮䈳ᓖԫ࣑Ⲵᵪࡦ˖㌫㔏䖟Ԧ䈳ᓖ઼ ⭏ањࠪ䭉⸱ˈࡉ䈕ࠪ䭉⸱Պ㻛༽ࡦࡠᯠԫ࣑ึḸкDŽ ᆈ൘ਕᷴԫ࣑ TSS Ⲵࡽаԫ࣑䬮᧕ᆇ⇥ѝDŽྲ᷌ањᔲᑨՊӗ؍䗷〻਼DŽࡠ㻛ѝᯝԫ࣑Ⲵ৽ੁ䬮᧕Պ㻛 IDT ѝⲴԫ࣑䰘Պᕅ⭘ GDT ѝⲴ TSS ᧿䘠ㅖˈമ 4-30 ᡰ⽪DŽ࠷ᦒࡠਕᷴԫ࣑Ⲵ䗷〻оᲞ䙊ԫ࣑࠷ᦒ ֯⭘ѝᯝ䰘Ⲵ૽ᓄ䙏ᓖ㾱ធˈሬ㠤ѝᯝᔦᰦ໎࣐DŽ ᆈˈ֯ᗇᆳ∄؍֯⭘⤜・ԫ࣑༴⨶ᔲᑨᡆѝᯝⲴн䏣ѻ༴ᱟ˖൘ԫ࣑࠷ᦒᰦᗵ享ሩབྷ䟿ᵪಘ⣦ᘱ䘋㹼 䙊䗷֯⭘অ⤜Ⲵ LDT 㔉ѝᯝᡆᔲᑨ༴⨶ԫ࣑⤜・Ⲵൠ൰オ䰤ˈਟԕᢺᆳоަԆԫ࣑䳄ᔰᶕDŽ 䙊䗷ԫ࣑䰘䇯䰞ѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻㜭ཏ䱢→㌫㔏ፙ⒳˗ Ḹᐢ⇱ൿᰦྲ᷌ਁ⭏Ҷањᔲᑨᡆѝᯝˈ䛓Ѹ൘Ѫѝᯝ䗷〻ᨀањᯠ⢩ᵳ㓗 0 ⲴึḸᶑԦлˈ ൘༴⨶ᔲᑨᡆѝᯝᰦˈᯠⲴ TSS ਟԕݱ䇨༴⨶䗷〻֯⭘ᯠ⢩ᵳ㓗 0 ⲴึḸDŽ൘ᖃࡽ⢩ᵳ㓗 0 Ⲵึ ᆈ˗؍ 㻛ѝᯝ〻ᒿᡆԫ࣑Ⲵᆼᮤкл᮷Պ㻛㠚ࣘ ѝᯝᴹྲлྭ༴˖ ᖃ䙊䗷 IDT ѝԫ࣑䰘ᶕ䇯䰞ᔲᑨᡆѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻ᰦቡՊሬ㠤ԫ࣑࠷ᦒDŽ֯⭘অ⤜Ⲵԫ࣑ᶕ༴⨶ᔲᑨᡆ 4.6.10 ѣᯣ༺⨼Աࣗ Პ䙊ԫ࣑࠷ᦒаṧDŽ⭡ҾᵜҖ䇘䇪Ⲵ Linux ㌫㔏⋑ᴹ֯⭘䘉⿽ѝᯝ༴⨶ᯩᔿˈഐ↔䘉䟼н䎈䘠DŽ ᢗ㹼ѝᯝᡆᔲᑨ༴⨶䗷〻DŽIDT 㺘ѝⲴԫ࣑䰘ᕅ⭘ GDT ѝⲴ TSS ᧿䘠ㅖDŽ࠷ᦒࡠ༴⨶䗷〻ԫ࣑Ⲵᯩ⌅о ᖃ䙊䗷 IDT 㺘ѝԫ࣑䰘䇯䰞ᔲᑨᡆѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻ᰦˈቡՊሬ㠤ԫ࣑࠷ᦒDŽӾ㘼ਟԕ൘ању⭘ԫ࣑ѝ 3. ᢗ㹼ѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻Ⲵԫ࣑ ᘇDŽ ᆈ൘ึḸкⲴᇩᚒ༽ EFLAGS ᇴᆈಘⲴ IF ḷᘇDŽ㘼䙊䗷䲧䱡䰘䇯䰞༴⨶䗷〻ᒦнՊᖡ૽ IF ḷ؍ࡉՊ⭘ ᔲᑨᡆѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻ᰦˈ༴⨶ಘՊ༽ս IF ḷᘇԕ䱢→ަԆѝᯝᒢᢠᖃࡽѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻DŽ䲿ਾⲴ IRET ᤷԔ ѝᯝ䰘о䲧䱡䰘ୟаⲴ४࡛൘Ҿ༴⨶ಘ EFLAGS ᇴᆈಘ IF ḷᘇⲴᯩ⌅DŽᖃ䙊䗷ѝᯝ䰘䇯䰞ањ Պ⭘ึḸкⲴᇩᚒ༽ EFLAGS Ⲵ TF ḷᘇDŽ Ḹкѻਾ䲔 EFLAGS ѝⲴ TF ḷᘇDŽ䲔 TF ḷᘇਟԕ䱢→ᤷԔ䐏䑚ᖡ૽ѝᯝ૽ᓄDŽ㘼䲿ਾⲴ IRET ᤷԔ ᆈࡠึ؍ᖃ䙊䗷ѝᯝ䰘ᡆ䲧䱡䰘䇯䰞ањᔲᑨᡆѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻ᰦˈ༴⨶ಘՊ൘ᢺ EFLAGS ᇴᆈಘᇩ ѝᯝ઼ᔲᑨ༴⨶ 7 ' , ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ㍒ᕅ , ⮉ 7؍ 7 ; ( : 5 6 8 ⮉؍ 3 ⌘ˈ䭉䈟нՊ㻛 IRET ᤷԔ㠚ࣘൠᕩࠪึḸˈഐ↔ѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿ൘䘄എѻࡽᗵ享䲔ึḸкⲴ䭉䈟 ഴ 享䶘᭻䳒䭏䈥⸷Ṳᕅ Ⲵ亥ⴞᖅ઼亥㺘亩DŽޣ֯⭘䘉њൠ൰ᶕᇊս ਖཆˈ༴⨶ಘ䘈Պᢺᕅ䎧亥䶒᭵䳌ᔲᑨᡰ䇯䰞⭘Ⲵ㓯ᙗൠ൰ᆈ᭮൘ CR2 ѝDŽ亥ࠪ䭉ᔲᑨ༴⨶〻ᒿਟԕ 㺘⽪ CPU ↓൘ᢗ㹼а㡜⭘ᡧԓ⸱DŽ ս 2˄U/S˅ˈਁ⭏ᔲᑨᰦ CPU ᢗ㹼Ⲵԓ⸱㓗࡛DŽU/S=0ˈ㺘⽪ CPU ↓൘ᢗ㹼䎵㓗⭘ᡧԓ⸱˗U/S=1ˈ ᕅ䎧DŽ ս 1˄W/R˅ˈᔲᑨᱟ⭡Ҿᆈ䈫ᡆ߉ᕅ䎧DŽW/R=0ˈ㺘⽪⭡䈫ᕅ䎧˗W/R=1ˈ㺘⽪⭡߉ ᣔᵳ䲀DŽ؍㓗 ս 0˄P˅ˈᔲᑨᱟ⭡Ҿ亥䶒нᆈ൘ᡆ䘍৽䇯䰞⢩ᵳ㘼ᕅਁDŽP=0ˈ㺘⽪亥нᆈ൘˗P=1 㺘⽪䘍৽亥 ᆳԜⲴ〠о亥㺘亩ѝⲴᴰਾйս਼˄U/SǃW/RǃP˅DŽਜ਼ѹ઼⭘࠶࡛ᱟ˖ 亥᭵䳌˄Page-fault˅ᔲᑨⲴ䭉䈟⸱Ṭᔿок䶒Ⲵн਼ˈ㿱മ 4-32 ᡰ⽪DŽਚᴹᴰվ 3 њ∄⢩սᴹ⭘ˈ ᕅ⭘Ҷањオ⇥᧿䘠ㅖDŽ DŽオ䭉䈟⸱㺘⽪䭉䈟нᱟ⭡Ҿᕅ⭘Ḁњ⢩ᇊ⇥䙐ᡀˈᡆ㘵ᱟ൘ѝ˅0 ޘߥл䭉䈟⸱ᱟオⲴ˄ণվ 16 ս ⇥䘹ᤙ㍒ᕅᆇ⇥ᨀҶ䭉䈟⸱ᕅ⭘Ⲵ IDTǃGDT ᡆ㘵ᖃࡽ LDT ѝ⇥ᡆ䰘᧿䘠ㅖⲴ㍒ᕅ٬DŽ൘ḀӋᛵ ഴ 䭏䈥⸷Ṳᕅ ᧿䘠ㅖDŽ ᕅ䜘࠶ᤷੁ LDT ѝⲴањ᧿䘠ㅖDŽᖃ TI=0 ᰦˈ䈤᰾䭉䈟⸱ѝⲴ㍒ᕅ䜘࠶ᤷੁ GDT 㺘ѝⲴањ ս 2 ᱟ GDT/LDT 㺘䘹ᤙḷᘇ TIDŽਚᴹᖃս 1 Ⲵ IDT=0 ᴹ⭘DŽᖃ䈕 TI=1 ᰦˈ㺘⽪䭉䈟⸱Ⲵ㍒ IDT ѝⲴањ䰘᧿䘠ㅖDŽᖃ䈕ս༽սᰦˈ㺘⽪㍒ᕅ䜘࠶ᤷੁ GDT ᡆ LDT ѝⲴањ⇥᧿䘠ㅖDŽ ս 1 ᱟ᧿䘠ㅖս㖞 IDT˄Descriptor location˅ḷᘇDŽᖃ䈕ս㖞սᰦˈ㺘⽪䭉䈟⸱Ⲵ㍒ᕅ䜘࠶ᤷੁ ֻྲ⺜ԦѝᯝDŽ ս 0 ᱟཆ䜘һԦ EXT˄External event˅ḷᘇDŽᖃ㖞սᰦˈ㺘⽪ᢗ㹼〻ᒿԕཆⲴһԦ䙐ᡀҶᔲᑨˈ ᔿ㿱മ 4-31 ᡰ⽪DŽ䭉䈟⸱ᖸ䊑ањ⇥䘹ᤙㅖˈնᱟᴰվ 3 ∄⢩нᱟ TI ઼ RPL ᆇ⇥ˈ㘼ᱟԕл 3 њḷᘇ˖ ᔲᑨ༴⨶䗷〻ⲴึḸкDŽࠪ䭉⸱ⲴṬޕᰦˈ༴⨶ಘՊᢺањ䭉䈟⸱ޣᖃᔲᑨᶑԦоањ⢩ᇊⲴ⇥ 4.6.11 䭏䈥⸷ ѝᯝ઼ᔲᑨ༴⨶ &5 ԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘ ึḸ⇥ ⢩ᵳ㓗 ึḸ⇥ ⢩ᵳ㓗 ึḸ⇥ ⢩ᵳ㓗 ᖃࡽ⢩ᵳ㓗 ึḸ⇥ ᮠᦞ⇥ ԓ⸱⇥ 766 ᇴᆈಘ ԫ࣑⣦ᘱ ⭡༴⨶ಘѝⲴԕлᡰᴹᇩ㓴ᡀ˖ ֯⭘Ҷ࠶亥ᵪࡦˈ䛓Ѹԫ࣑֯⭘Ⲵ亥ⴞᖅ㺘สൠ൰ቡՊ㻛࣐䖭䘋᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ CR3 ѝDŽᖃࡽᢗ㹼ԫ࣑Ⲵ⣦ᘱ ⇥䘹ᤙㅖǃสൠ൰ǃ⇥䲀䮯ԕ৺ TSS ⇥᧿䘠ㅖᙗቡՊ㻛࣐䖭䘋ԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘ TR˄Task Register˅ѝDŽྲ᷌ ањԫ࣑֯⭘ᤷੁަ TSS Ⲵ⇥䘹ᤙㅖᶕᤷᇊDŽ ᖃањԫ࣑㻛࣐䖭䘋༴⨶ಘѝᢗ㹼ᰦˈ䛓Ѹ䈕ԫ࣑Ⲵ ഴ ԱࣗⲺ㔉ᶺૂ⣬ᘷ фѪԫ࣑⣦ᘱؑᨀᆈۘオ䰤DŽ൘ཊԫ࣑⧟ຳѝˈTSS ҏѪԫ࣑ѻ䰤Ⲵ䬮᧕ᨀҶ༴⨶ᯩ⌅DŽ ԫ࣑ᢗ㹼オ䰤ቡ䴰㾱Ѫ⇿њ⢩ᵳ㓗ᨀањ⤜・ⲴึḸオ䰤DŽTSS ᤷᇊҶᶴᡀԫ࣑ᢗ㹼オ䰤Ⲵњ⇥ˈᒦ ᣔᵪࡦˈ䛓Ѹ؍⸱⇥ǃึḸ⇥઼ањᡆཊњᮠᦞ⇥ˈ㿱മ 4-33 ᡰ⽪DŽྲ᷌㌫㔏֯⭘Ҷ༴⨶ಘⲴ⢩ᵳ㓗 ањԫ࣑⭡є䜘࠶ᶴᡀ˖ԫ࣑ᢗ㹼オ䰤઼ԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥ TSS˄Task-state segment˅DŽԫ࣑ᢗ㹼オ䰤वᤜԓ 4.7.1 ԱࣗⲺ㔉ᶺૂ⣬ᘷ ᆈ൘ᆈѝ〠Ѫԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥˄Task state segment˅Ⲵᮠᦞ㔃ᶴѝDŽ؍Ḹѝˈ༴⨶ಘⲴ⣦ᘱؑ䜭㻛 ึޕDŽԫ࣑࠷ᦒнՊᢺԫօؑޕवᤜḷᘇᇴᆈಘ EFLAGS ઼ᡰᴹ⇥ᇴᆈಘDŽо䗷〻н䗷ˈԫ࣑нਟ䟽 ᆈ༴⨶ಘѝࠐѾᡰᴹᇴᆈಘⲴᖃࡽᇩˈ؍≳ањᯠⲴᢗ㹼⧟ຳˈণᯠԫ࣑Ⲵᢗ㹼⧟ຳDŽ䘉⿽䖜〫㾱 䖜〫ࡠޘᆈᴤཊⲴ༴⨶ಘ⣦ᘱؑDŽԫ࣑࠷ᦒՊᢺ᧗ࡦᵳᆼ؍ԫ࣑࠷ᦒᖸ䊑䗷〻䈳⭘ˈնԫ࣑࠷ᦒՊ ㅖᴹє㊫˖ԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ઼ԫ࣑䰘DŽᖃᢗ㹼ᵳՐ㔉䘉ԫօа㊫᧿䘠ㅖᰦˈ䜭Պ䙐ᡀԫ࣑࠷ᦒDŽ Ⲵ᧿䘠ޣⲴᇩа䎧֯⭘ᰦˈ䛓Ѹ䘉њ᧿䘠ㅖᱟа㊫ሬ㠤ᯠԫ࣑ᔰᢗ㹼Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖDŽ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ѝоԫ࣑ 䗷ѝᯝǃᔲᑨǃ䐣䖜ᡆ䈳⭘ˈᡁԜਟԕᢗ㹼ањԫ࣑DŽᖃ䘉Ӌ᧗ࡦ䖜〫ᖒᔿѻа઼Ḁњ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ѝᤷᇊ亩 80X86 ᨀҶཊԫ࣑Ⲵ⺜Ԧ᭟ᤱDŽԫ࣑ᱟањ↓൘䘀㹼Ⲵ〻ᒿˈᡆ㘵ᱟањㅹᖵ߶༷䘀㹼Ⲵ〻ᒿDŽ䙊 ᴤѪ༽ᵲⲴ㌫㔏ਟԕ֯⭘༴⨶ಘⲴԫ࣑㇑⨶࣏㜭ᶕ᭟ᤱཊԫ࣑ᓄ⭘DŽ ᣔ⁑ᔿлˈ༴⨶ಘᡰᴹ䘀㹼䜭൘ԫ࣑ѝDŽণ֯ᱟㆰঅ㌫㔏ҏᗵ享䎧⸱ᇊѹањԫ࣑DŽ؍њԫ࣑DŽᖃᐕ൘ ᆈԫ࣑Ⲵ⣦ᘱǃ࠶⍮ԫ࣑ᢗ㹼ԕ৺Ӿањԫ࣑࠷ᦒࡠਖа؍ 80X86 ᨀҶа⿽ᵪࡦˈ䘉⿽ᵪࡦਟ⭘ᶕ ㌫㔏ᴽ࣑ǃѝᯝᡆᔲᑨ༴⨶䗷〻઼Ṩԓ⸱DŽ ԫ࣑˄Task˅ᱟ༴⨶ಘਟԕ࠶䝽䈳ᓖǃᢗ㹼઼ᤲ䎧ⲴањᐕঅݳDŽᆳਟ⭘Ҿᢗ㹼〻ᒿǃԫ࣑ᡆ䘋〻ǃ 4.7 Աࣗ㇗⨼ ḸѝDŽึޕᯝᡆ㘵〻ᒿᢗ㹼 INT n ᤷԔӗ⭏ⲴᔲᑨᒦнՊᢺ䭉䈟⸱ ᆈࡠ༴⨶䗷〻ⲴึḸѝˈնᱟཆ䜘⺜Ԧѝ؍⸱DŽਖཆˈ㲭❦༴⨶ӗ⭏ⲴḀӋᔲᑨՊӗ⭏䭉䈟⸱ᒦՊ㠚ࣘൠ ԫ࣑㇑⨶ മ 4-34 㔉ࠪҶ 32 ս CPU ֯⭘Ⲵ TSS ⲴṬᔿDŽTSS ⇥ѝᆇ⇥ਟ࠶ᡀєབྷ㊫˖ࣘᘱᆇ⇥઼䶉ᘱᆇ⇥DŽ ᆈ൘〠Ѫԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥ TSS˄Task state segment˅Ⲵ⇥ѝDŽ؍⭘Ҿᚒ༽ањԫ࣑ᢗ㹼Ⲵ༴⨶ಘ⣦ᘱؑ㻛 4.7.3.1 Աࣗ⣬ᘷ⇫ ࣑䟽ᯠᢗ㹼DŽ ᆈԫ࣑Ⲵкл᮷ˈԕݱ䇨ԫ؍֯⭘䘉Ӌᮠᦞ㔃ᶴˈ༴⨶ಘਟԕӾањԫ࣑࠷ᦒࡠਖањԫ࣑ˈ਼ᰦ ḷᘇᇴᆈಘ EFLAGS ѝⲴ NT ḷᘇDŽ ԫ࣑䰘᧿䘠ㅖ˗ ԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘ TR˗ TSS ᧿䘠ㅖ˗ ԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥ TSS˗ ༴⨶ಘᇊѹҶалаӋ᭟ᤱཊԫ࣑Ⲵᇴᆈಘ઼ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴ˖ 4.7.3 Աࣗ㇗⨼ᮦᦤ㔉ᶺ њ䖟ԦᇊѹⲴԫ࣑൘ањ 80X86 փ㌫㔃ᶴⲴԫ࣑кл᮷ѝᢗ㹼DŽ ֯⭘༴⨶ಘⲴԫ࣑㇑⨶࣏㜭ᶕ༴⨶ཊԫ࣑ᓄ⭘ᱟԫ䘹ⲴDŽᡁԜҏਟԕ֯⭘䖟Ԧᶕᇎ⧠ཊԫ࣑ˈ֯ᗇ⇿ ᣔ᧚ᯭ㜭ཏ⭘ᶕ䳄㔍њԫ࣑ᒦф䱢→ᆳԜӂᒢᢠDŽ؍㠚ᐡⲴа྇亥㺘DŽ䘉Ӌ ᴹн਼䙫䗁ࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰Ⲵ᱐ሴDŽ਼ᰦˈ亥ⴞᖅᇴᆈಘ CR3 ҏՊ൘࠷ᦒᰦ㻛䟽ᯠ࣐䖭ˈഐ↔⇿њԫ࣑ਟԕᴹ Ѫԫ࣑࠷ᦒⲴа䜘ԭˈ༴⨶ಘҏՊ࠷ᦒࡠਖањ LDTˈӾ㘼ݱ䇨⇿њԫ࣑ሩสҾ LDT Ⲵ⇥ާ ԕ༴⨶൘ѝᯝԫ࣑ᢗ㹼ᰦਁ⭏ⲴѝᯝDŽ ⨶ѝᯝᡆᔲᑨˈ㘼фҏՊ൘ѝᯝᡆᔲᑨ༴⨶ԫ࣑䘄എᰦ㠚ࣘൠ࠷ᦒഎ㻛ѝᯝⲴԫ࣑ѝ৫DŽ䘉⿽ᯩᔿਟ ѝᯝᡆᔲᑨਟԕ䙊䗷࠷ᦒࡠањԫ࣑ᶕ䘋㹼༴⨶DŽ൘䘉⿽ᛵߥлˈ༴⨶ಘнӵ㜭ཏᢗ㹼ԫ࣑࠷ᦒᶕ༴ 䈳⭘Ⲵˈণԫ࣑н㜭䈳⭘ᡆ䐣䖜ࡠ㠚ᐡDŽ ᆈ൘㻛䈳⭘㘵 TSS ѝˈӾ㘼ᨀҶањ䘄എ䈳⭘㘵Ⲵ䬮᧕DŽሩҾᡰᴹ 80X86 ༴⨶ಘˈԫ࣑ᱟнਟ䙂ᖂ؍ ྲ᷌ᖃࡽᢗ㹼ԫ࣑˄䈳⭘㘵˅䈳⭘Ҷ㻛䈳ᓖⲴᯠԫ࣑˄㻛䈳⭘㘵˅ˈ䛓Ѹ䈳⭘㘵Ⲵ TSS ⇥䘹ᤙㅖՊ㻛 㹼DŽ↔ਾᯠ䈳ᓖԫ࣑Ⲵкл᮷Պ㻛࣐䖭䘋༴⨶ಘѝˈᒦфӾ࣐䖭Ⲵ EIP ᤷੁⲴᤷԔ༴ᔰᢗ㹼ᯠԫ࣑DŽ 䈕ԫ࣑ⲴᢗڌᆈࡠᆳⲴ TSS ѝᒦфᲲ؍ᵏ䰤ˈᖃࡽ䘀㹼ԫ࣑Ⲵᢗ㹼⧟ຳ˄〠Ѫԫ࣑Ⲵ⣦ᘱᡆкл᮷˅Պ㻛 ᖃ䈳ᓖањԫ࣑ᢗ㹼ᰦˈᖃࡽ↓൘䘀㹼ԫ઼࣑䈳ᓖԫ࣑ѻ䰤Պ㠚ࣘൠਁ⭏ԫ࣑࠷ᦒDŽ൘ԫ࣑࠷ᦒ њԫ࣑䰘ˈᒦфަѝਜ਼ᴹѝᯝᡆᔲᑨ༴⨶ԫ࣑Ⲵ TSS 䘹ᤙㅖDŽ TSS 䘹ᤙㅖⲴԫ࣑䰘DŽᖃ䈳ᓖањԫ࣑ᶕ༴⨶ањѝᯝᡆᔲᑨᰦˈ䛓Ѹ IDT ѝ䈕ѝᯝᡆᔲᑨ㺘亩ᗵ享ᱟа ⭘ CALL ᡆ JMP ᤷԔ䈳ᓖањԫ࣑ᰦˈᤷԔѝⲴ䘹ᤙㅖᰒਟԕⴤ᧕䘹ᤙԫ࣑Ⲵ TSSˈҏਟԕ䘹ᤙᆈ᭮ᴹ ᡰᴹ䘉Ӌ䈳ᓖԫ࣑ᢗ㹼Ⲵᯩ⌅䜭Պ֯⭘ањᤷੁԫ࣑䰘ᡆԫ࣑ TSS ⇥Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖᶕ⺞ᇊањԫ࣑DŽᖃ֯ 䳀ਜ਼ൠ䈳⭘ањᔲᑨਕᷴ༴⨶ԫ࣑˗ ˄⭡༴⨶ಘ˅䳀ਜ਼ൠ䈳⭘ањѝᯝਕᷴ༴⨶ԫ࣑˗ ֯⭘ JMP ᤷԔ᰾⺞ൠ䐣䖜ࡠањԫ࣑˄Linux Ṩ֯⭘Ⲵᯩᔿ˅˗ ֯⭘ CALL ᤷԔ᰾⺞ൠ䈳⭘ањԫ࣑˗ 䖟Ԧᡆ༴⨶ಘਟԕ֯⭘ԕлᯩ⌅ѻаᶕ䈳ᓖᢗ㹼ањԫ࣑˖ 4.7.2 ԱࣗⲺᢝ㺂 䬮᧕㠣ࡽањԫ࣑Ⲵ䬮ᤷ䪸˄൘ TSS ѝ˅DŽ ⢩ᵳ㓗 0ǃ1 ઼ 2 ⲴึḸᤷ䪸˄൘ TSS ѝ˅˗ I/O ᱐ሴսമสൠ൰઼ I/O սമؑ˄൘ TSS ѝ˅˗ ⇥ᇴᆈಘᤷᇊⲴԫ࣑ᖃࡽᢗ㹼オ䰤˗ ḷᘇᇴᆈಘ EFLAGSǃ〻ᒿᤷ䪸 EIPǃ᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ CR3ǃԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘ઼ LDTR ᇴᆈಘ˗ ᡰᴹ䙊⭘ᇴᆈಘ઼⇥ᇴᆈಘؑ˗ ԫ࣑㇑⨶ ⮉սˈ䇮㖞Ѫ DŽ؍ ˅ࡽаԫ࣑䬮᧕˄766 䘹ᤙㅖ (63 66 (63 66 (63 66 3'%5 亥ⴞᖅสൠ൰ᇴᆈಘ &5 (,3 ()/$*6 ($; (&; ('; (%; (63 (%3 (6, (', (6 &6 66 '6 )6 *6 /'7 ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ սമสൠ൰ 7 2, ] ] ] &] ] ] ] &] ] ] ] &] ] ] ] &] ] ] ] &] ] ] ] &] ] ] ٿ ⢩ᵳ㓗 0ǃ1 ઼ 2 ⲴึḸᤷ䪸ᆇ⇥DŽ䘉ӋึḸᤷ䪸⭡ึḸ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ˄SS0ǃSS1 ઼ SS2˅઼Ḹѝ ᖅสൠ൰ᇴᆈಘ PDBR˄Page directory base register˅DŽ CR3 ᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘᆇ⇥DŽਜ਼ᴹԫ࣑֯⭘Ⲵ亥ⴞᖅ⢙⨶สൠ൰DŽ᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ CR3 䙊ᑨҏ㻛〠Ѫ亥ⴞ LDT ⇥䘹ᤙㅖᆇ⇥DŽਜ਼ᴹԫ࣑Ⲵ LDT ⇥Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖDŽ 㖞ⲴDŽ䘉Ӌᆇ⇥ᴹ˖ 2. 䶉ᘱᆇ⇥DŽ༴⨶ಘՊ䈫ਆ䶉ᘱᆇ⇥Ⲵᇩˈն䙊ᑨнՊ᭩ਈᆳԜDŽ䘉Ӌᆇ⇥ᇩᱟ൘ԫ࣑㻛ࡋᔪᰦ䇮 䈕ᆇ⇥˄䙊ᑨҏ〠Ѫਾ䘎᧕ᆇ⇥˄Back link field˅˅ݱ䇨ԫ࣑֯⭘ IRET ᤷԔ࠷ᦒࡠࡽањԫ࣑DŽ ݸࡽԫ࣑䘎᧕ᆇ⇥DŽਜ਼ᴹࡽањԫ࣑ TSS ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ˄൘䈳⭘ǃѝᯝᡆᔲᑨ◰ਁⲴԫ࣑࠷ᦒᰦᴤᯠ˅DŽ ᆈ EIP ᇴᆈಘᇩDŽ؍ ᤷԔᤷ䪸 EIP ᆇ⇥DŽ൘࠷ᦒѻࡽ ᆈ EFLAGSDŽ؍ ḷᘇᇴᆈಘ EFLAGS ᆇ⇥DŽ൘࠷ᦒѻࡽ ᆈ ESǃCSǃSSǃDSǃFS ઼ GS ⇥ᇴᆈಘⲴᇩDŽ؍ ⇥䘹ᤙㅖᆇ⇥DŽ⭘Ҿ ᆈ EAXǃECXǃEDXǃEBXǃESPǃEBPǃESI ઼ EDI ᇴᆈಘⲴᇩDŽ؍ 䙊⭘ᇴᆈಘᆇ⇥DŽ⭘Ҿ 1. ࣘᘱᆇ⇥DŽᖃԫ࣑࠷ᦒ㘼㻛ᤲ䎧ᰦˈ༴⨶ಘՊᴤᯠࣘᘱᆇ⇥ⲴᇩDŽ䘉Ӌᆇ⇥वᤜ˖ ഴ փԱࣗ⣬ᘷ⇫ 766 Ṳᕅ ԫ࣑㇑⨶ % %DVH$GGUHVV สൠ൰ 6HJPHQW/LPLW ⇥䲀䮯 '3/ ⇥䲀䮯 / 9 $ 3 * 7<3( %DVH สൠ൰ %DVH สൠ൰ 㿱䜘࠶ᶕ㕃ߢ TSS ⇥᧿䘠ㅖᇩDŽ 㿱䜘࠶˅DŽ䘉ӋؑᱟӾ GDT ѝᖃࡽԫ࣑Ⲵ TSS ᧿䘠ㅖѝ༽ࡦ䗷ᶕⲴDŽ༴⨶ಘ֯⭘ԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘ TR Ⲵнਟ ԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘ TR˄Task Register˅ѝᆈ᭮⵰ 16 սⲴ⇥䘹ᤙㅖԕ৺ᖃࡽԫ࣑ TSS ⇥Ⲵᮤњ᧿䘠ㅖ˄нਟ 4.7.3.3 Աࣗᇺᆎಞ ሶሬ㠤ањᔲᑨDŽԱമ֯⭘ TI ḷᘇ㖞սⲴ䘹ᤙㅖ˄ণᖃࡽ LDT ѝⲴ䘹ᤙㅖ˅ᶕ䇯䰞 TSS ⇥ҏሶሬ㠤ᔲᑨDŽ ԕ֯⭘᱐ሴࡠᆈ਼ս㖞Ⲵᮠᦞ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ˄ণ࡛᧿䘠ㅖ˅ᶕDŽᢺ TSS ᧿䘠ㅖ࣐䖭䘋ԫօ⇥ᇴᆈಘ ਟ䇯䰞ањ TSS ⇥᧿䘠ㅖᒦ⋑ᴹ㔉〻ᒿ䈫߉䈕᧿䘠ㅖⲴ㜭࣋DŽ㤕ᜣ䈫ᡆ؞᭩ањ TSS ⇥᧿䘠ㅖˈਟ DPL ਟԕ䇮㖞ᡀ 3ˈԕ֯ᗇ൘⭘ᡧ⢩ᵳ㓗кҏ㜭䘋㹼ԫ࣑࠷ᦒDŽ 䇮㖞ᡀሿҾ 3DŽ䘉ṧˈਚᴹާᴹ⢩ᵳ㓗Ⲵ䖟Ԧਟԕᢗ㹼ԫ࣑࠷ᦒDŽ❦㘼൘ཊԫ࣑ᓄ⭘ѝˈḀӋ TSS Ⲵ ٬ᓄ䈕⇥Ⲵ〻ᒿަ CPL ᮠ٬ᗵ享ሿҾᡆㅹҾ TSS ᧿䘠ㅖⲴ DPLDŽ൘བྷཊᮠ㌫㔏ѝˈTSS ᧿䘠ㅖⲴ DPL ᆇ ֯⭘䈳⭘ᡆ䐣䖜ᤷԔˈԫօਟԕ䇯䰞 TSS ᧿䘠ㅖⲴ〻ᒿ䜭㜭ཏ䙐ᡀԫ࣑࠷ᦒDŽਟԕ䇯䰞 TSS ᧿䘠ㅖ ⇥ѝᆈ᭮ަԆаӋؑˈ䛓Ѹ TSS ⇥ቡ䴰㾱ᴤབྷⲴ䮯ᓖDŽ 㢲DŽྲ᷌ TSS ⇥ѝ䘈वਜ਼ I/O 䇨ਟսമˈ䛓Ѹ TSS ⇥䮯ᓖ䴰㾱བྷаӋDŽਖཆˈྲ᷌㌫㔏䘈ᜣ൘ TSS ণ TSS ⇥Ⲵᴰሿ䮯ᓖнᗇሿҾ 104 ᆇˈ࣏㜭DŽᖃ G=0 ᰦˈ䲀䮯ᆇ⇥ᗵ享ާᴹㅹҾᡆབྷҾ 103˄0x67˅Ⲵ٬ ަѝสൠ൰ǃ⇥䲀䮯ǃ᧿䘠ㅖ⢩ᵳ㓗 DPLǃ仇㋂ᓖ G ઼ᆈ൘սާᴹоᮠᦞ⇥᧿䘠ㅖѝᓄᆇ⇥਼ṧⲴ Ⲵ䈳⭘DŽ ⇥㺘⽪ԫ࣑↓ᘉDŽԫ࣑ᱟнਟԕ䙂ᖂᢗ㹼Ⲵˈഐ↔༴⨶ಘ֯⭘ᘉḷᘇ B ᶕỰ⍻ԫօԱമሩ㻛ѝᯝᢗ㹼ԫ࣑ ㅹᖵᢗ㹼˄㻛ᤲ䎧˅Ⲵԫ࣑DŽ٬Ѫ 0b1001 Ⲵ㊫රᆇ⇥㺘᰾ԫ࣑༴Ҿ䶎⍫ࣘ⣦ᘱ˗㘼٬Ѫ 0b1011 Ⲵ㊫රᆇ ㊫රᆇ⇥ TYPE ѝⲴᘉḷᘇ B ⭘Ҿᤷ᰾ԫ࣑ᱟ༴Ҿᘉ⣦ᘱDŽᘉ⣦ᘱⲴԫ࣑ᱟᖃࡽ↓൘ᢗ㹼Ⲵԫ࣑ᡆ ഴ 766 ⇫ᨅ䘦ㅜṲᕅ ᧿䘠ㅖਚ㜭ᆈ᭮൘ GDT ѝDŽ оަԆ⇥аṧˈԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥ TSS ҏᱟ֯⭘⇥᧿䘠ㅖᶕᇊѹDŽമ 4-35 㔉ࠪҶ TSS ᧿䘠ㅖⲴṬᔿDŽTSS 4.7.3.2 TSS ᨅ䘦ㅜ 䈕ᱟਟ䈫߉ⲴDŽ Ⲵ亥䶒ˈԕ৺ሩᓄⲴ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘㺘亩ᓄޣਖཆˈྲ᷌֯⭘Ҷ࠶亥ᵪࡦˈ䛓Ѹоԫ࣑ TSS ઼ᯠԫ࣑ TSS ᆈ亥䗩⭼DŽྲ᷌ TSS 䘉䜘࠶वਜ਼ᆈ亥䗩⭼ˈ䛓Ѹ䈕䗩⭼༴є䗩Ⲵ亥䶒䜭ᗵ享਼ᰦᒦф䘎㔝ᆈ൘ҾᆈѝDŽ ྲ᷌֯⭘Ҷ࠶亥ᵪࡦˈ䛓Ѹ൘ԫ࣑࠷ᦒᵏ䰤ᓄ䈕䚯ݽ༴⨶ಘⲴ TSS ⇥ѝ˄ࡽ 104 ᆇ㢲ѝ˅ਜ਼ᴹ ٬DŽ〫ٿ I/O սമสൠ൰ᆇ⇥DŽ䈕ᆇ⇥ਜ਼ᴹӾ TSS ⇥ᔰ༴ࡠ I/O 䇨ਟսമ༴Ⲵ 16 ս ࠷ᦒࡠ䈕ԫ࣑Ⲵሶӗ⭏ањ䈳䈅ᔲᑨDŽ 䈳䈅䲧䱡˄Debug Trap˅T ḷᘇᆇ⇥DŽ䈕ᆇ⇥սҾᆇ㢲 0x64 ∄⢩ 0 ༴DŽᖃ䇮㖞Ҷ䈕սᰦˈ༴⨶ಘ ഐ↔ˈྲ᷌ԫ࣑ѝਁ⭏ึḸ࠷ᦒˈᇴᆈಘ SS ઼ ESP ⲴᇩሶՊ᭩ਈDŽ 〫䟿ᤷ䪸˄ESP0ǃESP1 ઼ ESP2˅㓴ᡀDŽ⌘ˈሩҾᤷᇊⲴањԫ࣑ˈ䘉Ӌᆇ⇥Ⲵ٬ᱟнਈⲴDŽ ԫ࣑㇑⨶ ԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘ 75 䰘䘹ᤙㅖ 䰘䘹ᤙㅖ ѝᯝੁ䟿 ԫ࣑ 766 ⇥ 766 ᧿䘠ㅖ ԫ࣑䰘 ԫ࣑䰘 ԫ࣑䰘 ተ䜘㺘᧿䘠ㅖ /'7 ѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 ,'7 ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 *'7ޘ ѝᯝᴽ࣑䗷〻ᙫᱟᢺᢗ㹼ᵳ䘄എࡠ㻛ѝᯝⲴ䗷〻ѝˈ㻛ѝᯝⲴ䗷〻ਟ㜭൘ਖањԫ࣑ѝDŽྲ᷌ NT ḷ ㍒ᕅⲴᱟ IDT ѝⲴањѝᯝᡆ䲧䱡䰘ˈࡉнՊ䙐ᡀԫ࣑࠷ᦒDŽ ᖃѝᯝᡆᔲᑨⲴੁ䟿㍒ᕅⲴᱟ IDT ѝⲴањԫ࣑䰘ᰦˈањѝᯝᡆᔲᑨቡՊ䙐ᡀԫ࣑࠷ᦒDŽྲ᷌ੁ䟿 Ⲵ⭘਼ˈ䜭Պሬ㠤༴⨶ಘᢺ᧗ࡦ䖜〫ࡠᤷᇊⲴԫ࣑ѝˈ㿱മ 4-37 ᡰ⽪DŽ ѪҶ䘋㹼ԫ࣑࠷ᦒˈJMP ᡆ CALL ᤷԔ㜭ཏᢺ᧗ࡦ䖜〫ࡠ TSS ᧿䘠ㅖᡆԫ࣑䰘кDŽ֯⭘䘉є⿽ᯩᔿ ⺞ᇊҶᱟՊਁ⭏ԫ࣑࠷ᦒDŽ ሩҾ TSS ᧿䘠ㅖᡆԫ࣑䰘Ⲵᕅ⭘˄ᖃ䈳⭘ᡆ䐣䖜ࡠањԫ࣑˅ˈᡆ㘵 NT ḷᘇⲴ⣦ᘱ˄ᖃᢗ㹼 IRET ᤷԔᰦ˅ JMPǃCALL ઼ IRET ᤷԔԕ৺ѝᯝ઼ᔲᑨ䜭ᱟ༴⨶ಘⲴᲞ䙊ᵪࡦˈਟ⭘Ҿнਁ⭏ԫ࣑࠷ᦒⲴ⧟ຳѝDŽ 4. ᖃ EFLAGS ѝⲴ NT ḷᘇ㖞սᰦᖃࡽԫ࣑ᢗ㹼 IRET ᤷԔDŽ 3. ѝᯝᡆᔲᑨੁ䟿ᤷੁ IDT 㺘ѝⲴԫ࣑䰘᧿䘠ㅖ˗ 2. ᖃࡽԫ࣑ሩ GDT ᡆ LDT ѝⲴԫ࣑䰘᧿䘠ㅖᢗ㹼 JMP ᡆ CALL ᤷԔ˗ 1. ᖃࡽԫ࣑ሩ GDT ѝⲴ TSS ᧿䘠ㅖᢗ㹼 JMP ᡆ CALL ᤷԔ˗ ༴⨶ಘਟ֯⭘ал 4 ⿽ᯩᔿѻаᢗ㹼ԫ࣑࠷ᦒ˖ 4.7.4 Աࣗ࠽ᦘ ഴ ᕋ⭞ੂжԱࣗⲺԱࣗ䰞 ѝⲴԫ࣑䰘ྲօ䜭ᤷੁ਼ањԫ࣑DŽ 〻ᒿਟԕ䙊䗷ԫ࣑䰘᧿䘠ㅖᡆ㘵 TSS ⇥᧿䘠ㅖᶕ䇯䰞ањԫ࣑DŽമ 4-36 ⽪ࠪҶ LDTǃGDT ઼ IDT 㺘 䈧⌘ˈᖃ֯⭘ԫ࣑䰘ᰦˈⴞḷ TSS ⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴ DPL ᘭ⮕н⭘DŽ ٬ᗵ享ሿҾᡆㅹҾԫ࣑䰘᧿䘠ㅖѝⲴ DPLDŽ ࡠањԫ࣑ᰦˈ〻ᒿⲴ CPL ԕ৺ᤷੁԫ࣑䰘Ⲵ䰘䘹ᤙㅖⲴ RPL ฏн⭘DŽԫ࣑䰘᧿䘠ㅖѝⲴ DPL ⭘Ҿ൘ԫ࣑࠷ᦒᰦ᧗ࡦሩ TSS ⇥Ⲵ䇯䰞DŽᖃ〻ᒿ䙊䗷ԫ࣑䰘䈳⭘ᡆ䐣䖜 ԫ࣑䰘᧿䘠ㅖѝⲴ TSS 䘹ᤙㅖᆇ⇥ᤷੁ GDT ѝⲴањ TSS ⇥᧿䘠ㅖDŽ䘉њ TSS 䘹ᤙㅖᆇ⇥ѝⲴ RPL 䰘᧿䘠ㅖਟԕ㻛ᆈ᭮൘ GDTǃLDT ᡆ IDT 㺘ѝDŽ ᣔൠⲴᕅ⭘ˈަṬᔿ㿱മᡰ⽪DŽԫ࣑؍ԫ࣑䰘᧿䘠ㅖ˄Task gate descriptor˅ᨀሩањԫ࣑䰤᧕ǃਇ 4.7.3.4 Աࣗ䰞ᨅ䘦ㅜ 䘹ᤙㅖ˅ˈ䲿ਾ൘㌫㔏䘀㹼ᵏ䰤ˈTR ⲴᇩՊ൘ԫ࣑࠷ᦒᰦ㠚ࣘൠ㻛᭩ਈDŽ ԫ࣑ 0 Ⲵ TSS ⇥ˈྲֻ˄⢩ᵳ㓗 0 Ⲵ〻ᒿᢗ㹼DŽLTR ᤷԔ䙊ᑨ⭘Ҿ㌫㔏ࡍॆᵏ䰤㔉 TR ᇴᆈಘ࣐䖭ࡍ٬ ᆈԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘⲴਟ㿱䜘࠶ˈণ TSS ⇥Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖDŽLTR ᤷԔਚ㜭㻛؍ᤷԔ LTR ઼ STR ࠶࡛⭘Ҿ࣐䖭઼ ԫ࣑㇑⨶ 䮯䐣䖜㠣 766 ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ䙐ᡀ &38 ᢗ㹼ԫ࣑࠷ᦒ 75 ᰐ⭘ˈᘭ⮕ ٬OMPS 䘹ᤙㅖ〫ٿ ս /'75 66 *6 )6 (6 '6 &6 ()/$*6 (,3 (63 (%3 (', (6, ('; (&; (%; ($; ᯠ 766 ᧿䘠ㅖ 766 ᧿䘠ㅖ &5 ᯠ WVV *'7 㺘 &38 WVV ൰ˈᒦфᢺалᇴᆈಘᇩ༽ࡦࡠᖃࡽ TSS ѝ˖ᡰᴹ䙊⭘ᇴᆈಘǃ⇥ᇴᆈಘѝⲴ⇥䘹ᤙㅖǃḷᘇ ᆈࡠᖃࡽԫ࣑Ⲵ TSS ѝDŽ༴⨶ಘՊӾԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘѝਆᗇᖃࡽԫ࣑ TSS Ⲵสൠ؍6. ᢺᖃࡽԫ࣑Ⲵ⣦ᘱ ࣑࠷ᦒ⭡ CALLǃJMP ᤷԔᡆ㘵ᔲᑨᡆѝᯝӗ⭏ˈࡉн⭘᭩ࣘк䘠 NT ḷᘇDŽ ѝⲴ NT ḷᘇ༽ս˗ྲ᷌ԫۿᆈⲴ EFLAGS ᱐؍5. ྲ᷌ԫ࣑࠷ᦒ⭡ IRET ӗ⭏ˈࡉ༴⨶ಘՊᢺѤᰦ ᘇ B ༽ս˗ྲ᷌ԫ࣑࠷ᦒᱟ⭡ CALL ᤷԔǃᔲᑨᡆѝᯝӗ⭏ˈࡉᘉḷᘇ B нࣘDŽ 4. ྲ᷌ԫ࣑࠷ᦒӗ⭏㠚 JMP ᡆ IRET ᤷԔˈ༴⨶ಘቡՊᢺᖃࡽԫ࣑˄㘱ԫ࣑˅TSS ᧿䘠ㅖѝⲴᘉḷ 䘿᰾ⲴDŽޘ༴⨶ሩᓄ⭘〻ᒿᶕ䈤ᱟᆼޕԫ࣑DŽᔲᑨ༴⨶䗷〻Ⲵӻ ੁࠪ䭉ᤷԔˈ㘼䶎ࠪ䭉ᤷԔ䲿ਾⲴаᶑᤷԔDŽഐ↔ᔲᑨ༴⨶䗷〻ਟԕ༴⨶ࠪ䭉ᶑԦᒦф䟽ᯠᢗ㹼 㹼Պӗ⭏䭉䈟ⲴᤷԔᰦˈ䜭Պᚒ༽ሩ༴⨶ಘ⣦ᘱⲴԫօ᭩ਈDŽ䘉֯ᗇᔲᑨ༴⨶䗷〻Ⲵ䘄എൠ൰ᤷ 3. Ựḕᯠԫ࣑Ⲵ TSS ᧿䘠ㅖᱟḷ⌘Ѫᆈ൘Ⲵ˄P=1˅ˈᒦф TSS ⇥䮯ᓖᴹ᭸˄བྷҾ 0x67˅DŽᖃ䈅മᢗ Ⲵѝᯝ˅઼ IRET ᤷԔ䜭ݱ䇨ᢗ㹼ԫ࣑࠷ᦒDŽሩҾ INT n ᤷԔӗ⭏ⲴѝᯝሶỰḕ DPLDŽ ᔲᑨǃѝᯝ˄䲔Ҷ֯⭘ INT n ᤷԔӗ⭏ˈԫ࣑䰘DŽᰐ䇪ⴞḷԫ࣑䰘ᡆ TSS ⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴ DPL ᱟօ٬ ԫ࣑Ⲵ CPL ઼ᯠԫ࣑⇥䘹ᤙㅖⲴ RPL ᗵ享ሿҾᡆㅹҾ TSS ⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴ DPLˈᡆ㘵ᕅ⭘Ⲵᱟањ 2. Ựḕᖃࡽԫ࣑ᱟݱ䇨࠷ᦒࡠᯠԫ࣑DŽᢺᮠᦞ䇯䰞⢩ᵳ㓗㿴ࡉᓄ⭘ࡠ JMP ઼ CALL ᤷԔкDŽᖃࡽ Ҿ⭡ IRET ᕅ䎧Ⲵԫ࣑࠷ᦒ˅ѝਆᗇᯠԫ࣑Ⲵ TSS ⇥䘹ᤙㅖDŽ 1. ӾѪ JMP ᡆ CALL ᤷԔᮠѝˈᡆ㘵Ӿԫ࣑䰘ѝˈᡆ㘵Ӿᖃࡽ TSS Ⲵࡽаԫ࣑䬮᧕ᆇ⇥˄ሩ ᖃ࠷ᦒࡠањᯠԫ࣑ᰦˈ༴⨶ಘՊᢗ㹼ал˖ ഴ Աࣗ࠽ᦘᬃ֒⽰ᝅഴ Ⲵᯠԫ࣑⭡ѝᯝᴽ࣑䗷〻 TSS ѝⲴ TSS 䘹ᤙㅖ˄ࡽаԫ࣑䬮᧕ᆇ⇥˅ᤷᇊDŽ ᘇ༴Ҿ༽ս⣦ᘱˈࡉᢗ㹼а㡜䘄എ༴⨶DŽྲ᷌ NT ḷᘇᱟ㖞ս⣦ᘱˈࡉ䘄എՊӗ⭏ԫ࣑࠷ᦒDŽ࠷ᦒࡠ ԫ࣑㇑⨶ ԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘ 75 17 ()/$*6 ࡽԫ࣑䬮 17 ᴤ␡፼྇ԫ࣑ 766 ⇥ ࡽԫ࣑䬮 17 ፼྇Ⲵԫ࣑ 766 ⇥ ࡽԫ࣑䬮 17 亦ቲԫ࣑ 766 ⇥ ᖃࡽᢗ㹼ԫ࣑ 㺘 4-10 ᙫ㔃Ҷԫ࣑࠷ᦒᵏ䰤ˈᘉḷᘇ B˄൘ TSS ⇥᧿䘠ㅖѝ˅ǃNT ḷᘇǃࡽаԫ࣑䬮᧕ᆇ⇥઼ TS ḷ ᒦфн֯⭘ࡽаԫ࣑䬮᧕ᆇ⇥DŽJMP ᤷԔ⭘Ҿнᐼᵋࠪ⧠፼྇Ⲵԫ࣑࠷ᦒѝDŽ ⌘ˈᖃԫ࣑࠷ᦒᱟ⭡ JMP ᤷԔ䙐ᡀˈ䛓Ѹᯠԫ࣑ቡнՊᱟ፼྇ⲴDŽҏণˈNT ḷᘇՊ㻛䇮㖞Ѫ 0ˈ ᢗ㹼DŽ ḷᘇ䘄എࡠࡽањԫ࣑DŽҏণྲ᷌ NT ḷᘇᱟ㖞սⲴ䈍ˈ༴⨶ಘՊ࠷ᦒࡠࡽаԫ࣑䬮᧕ᆇ⇥ᤷᇊⲴԫ࣑৫ NT ᆈⲴ TSS ⇥䘹ᤙㅖDŽྲ᷌䖟Ԧ֯⭘ IRET ᤷԔᤲ䎧ᯠԫ࣑ˈ༴⨶ಘቡՊ֯⭘ࡽаԫ࣑䬮᧕ᆇ⇥ѝ٬઼ ؍аԫ࣑䬮᧕ᆇ⇥ѝˈ❦ਾ൘ EFLAGS ѝ䇮㖞 NT ḷᘇDŽNT ḷᘇᤷ᰾ TSS Ⲵࡽаԫ࣑䬮᧕ᆇ⇥ѝᆈ᭮ᴹ ᖃ CALL ᤷԔǃѝᯝᡆᔲᑨ䙐ᡀԫ࣑࠷ᦒˈ༴⨶ಘᢺᖃࡽ TSS ⇥Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖ༽ࡦࡠᯠԫ࣑ TSS ⇥Ⲵࡽ ഴ Աࣗ䬴⽰ᝅഴ ፼྇ቲѝᴤ儈ቲԫ࣑Ⲵ TSS 䘹ᤙㅖˈ㤕ᴹⲴ䈍˄㿱മ 4-38 ᡰ⽪˅DŽ ḷᘇᤷࠪҶᖃࡽᢗ㹼Ⲵԫ࣑ᱟᱟ፼྇൘ਖањԫ࣑ѝᢗ㹼ˈᒦфᖃࡽԫ࣑Ⲵࡽаԫ࣑䘎᧕ᆇ⇥ѝᆈ᭮⵰ TSS Ⲵࡽаԫ࣑䘎᧕˄Backlink˅ᆇ⇥ԕ৺ EFLAGS ѝⲴ NT ḷᘇ⭘Ҿ䘄എࡠࡽањԫ࣑ѝDŽNT 4.7.5 Աࣗ䬴 ࡽ↓൘ᢗ㹼ԫ࣑Ⲵна㠤DŽ Ԧਟ⭘ TS ḷᘇᶕॿ䈳༴⨶ಘ઼⎞⛩ॿ༴⨶ಘѻ䰤ⲴDŽTS ḷᘇ㺘᰾ॿ༴⨶ಘѝⲴкл᮷ᇩਟ㜭оᖃ ⇿⅑ԫ࣑࠷ᦒ䜭Պ䇮㖞᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ CR0 ѝⲴԫ࣑࠷ᦒḷᘇ TSDŽ䈕ḷᘇሩ㌫㔏䖟Ԧ䶎ᑨᴹ⭘DŽ㌫㔏䖟 ᐢ㓿᧗ࡦሩ TSS Ⲵ䇯䰞ˈᡰԕ൘ԫ࣑࠷ᦒᰦ䖟Ԧн䴰㾱䘋㹼⢩ᵳ㓗ỰḕDŽ ⇥ᤷᇊⲴ⢩ᵳ㓗кᔰ䘀㹼DŽഐѪњԫ࣑䙊䗷ᆳԜ⤜・Ⲵൠ൰オ䰤઼ TSS ⇥ӂ䳄㔍ˈᒦф⢩ᵳ㓗㿴ࡉ ㌫DŽᯠԫ࣑൘ CS ᇴᆈಘⲴ CPL ᆇޣᖃᢗ㹼ԫ࣑࠷ᦒᰦˈᯠԫ࣑Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗оԫ࣑Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗⋑ᴹԫօ ᆈⲴ EIP ᤷੁⲴᤷԔ༴ᔰᢗ㹼ˈᒦфᡰᴹᇴᆈಘ䜭ᚒ༽ࡠԫ࣑ᤲ䎧ᰦⲴ٬DŽ؍Ӿ ᆈ䎧ᶕDŽᖃԫ࣑ᚒ༽ᢗ㹼ᰦˈԫ࣑ሶ؍ᖃᡀ࣏ൠ䘋㹼Ҷԫ࣑࠷ᦒˈᖃࡽᢗ㹼ԫ࣑Ⲵ⣦ᘱᙫᱟՊ㻛 11. ᔰᢗ㹼ᯠԫ࣑˄ሩҾᔲᑨ༴⨶䗷〻ˈᯠԫ࣑ⲴㅜаᶑᤷԔᱮ⧠ࠪ䘈⋑ᴹᢗ㹼˅DŽ кл᮷ѝDŽ ᆈಘǃEIP ᇴᆈಘԕ৺䙊⭘ᇴᆈಘ઼⇥䘹ᤙㅖDŽ൘↔ᵏ䰤Ự⍻ࡠⲴԫօ䭉䈟䜭ሶࠪ⧠൘ᯠԫ࣑Ⲵ 10. ᢺᯠԫ࣑Ⲵ TSS ⣦ᘱ࣐䖭䘋༴⨶ಘDŽ䘉वᤜ LDTR ᇴᆈಘǃPDBR˄CR3˅ᇴᆈಘǃEFLAGS ᇴ TS ḷᘇDŽ 9. ֯⭘ᯠԫ࣑ TSS Ⲵ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ઼᧿䘠ㅖ࣐䖭ԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘ TR˄वᤜ䳀㯿䜘࠶˅DŽ䇮㖞 CR0 ᇴᆈಘⲴ ᘉḷᘇ BDŽྲ᷌ԫ࣑࠷ᦒ⭡ IRET ӗ⭏ˈࡉн৫᭩ࣘ B ḷᘇDŽ 8. ྲ᷌ԫ࣑࠷ᦒ⭡ CALLǃJMP ᤷԔᡆ㘵ᔲᑨᡆѝᯝӗ⭏ˈ༴⨶ಘቡՊ䇮㖞ᯠԫ࣑ TSS ᧿䘠ㅖѝⲴ Ⲵ NT ḷᘇ㖞սDŽྲ᷌ԫ࣑࠷ᦒӗ⭏㠚 JMP ᡆ IRET ᤷԔˈቡн᭩ࣘᯠ࣐䖭 EFLAGS ѝⲴḷᘇDŽ 7. ྲ᷌ԫ࣑࠷ᦒᱟ⭡ CALL ᤷԔǃᔲᑨᡆѝᯝӗ⭏ˈࡉ༴⨶ಘቡՊᢺӾᯠԫ࣑ѝ࣐䖭Ⲵ EFLAGS ѝ ᇴᆈಘ EFLAGS ԕ৺ᤷԔᤷ䪸 EIPDŽ ԫ࣑㇑⨶ ᧿⇥䙊䗷֯⭘ GDT ѝⲴ⇥᧿䘠ㅖDŽᡰᴹԫ࣑ᗵ享㜭ཏ䇯䰞 GDT ѝⲴ⇥᧿䘠ㅖDŽྲ᷌ GDT ѝⲴḀӋ ӛⲴ䙫䗁ࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤Ⲵ᱐ሴ˖ޡ・ӛᮠᦞˈਟ֯⭘лࡇᯩ⌅ѻаᶕѪᮠᦞ⇥ᔪޡѪҶ൘ԫ࣑ѻ䰤 4.7.6.2 Աࣗ䙱䗇൦൶グ䰪 ࡉቡїཡҶ GDT Ⲵ⭘DŽ ӛⲴ⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤ѝDŽޡнՊ᭩ਈˈቡ䴰㾱֯⭘䘉⿽᱐ሴᯩᔿDŽGDT ᡰ᱐ሴⲴ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ҏᓄ䈕᱐ሴࡠ ѝˈᒦфᡰᴹԫ࣑䜭㜭䇯䰞䘉њ४ฏDŽѪҶ䇙༴⨶ಘᢗ㹼ԫ࣑࠷ᦒ㘼䈫ਆᡆᴤᯠ TSS ᰦˈTSS ൠ൰Ⲵ᱐ሴ ӛⲴ⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤४ฏޡሩҾ᱐ሴԫ࣑㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤Ⲵ䘉є⿽ᯩ⌅ˈᡰᴹԫ࣑Ⲵ TSS 䜭ᗵ享ᆈ᭮൘ ӛԫօ⢙⨶ൠ൰DŽޡ਼Ⲵ亥㺘ˈ㘼ф亥㺘ҏᤷੁ⢙⨶ൠ൰ѝн਼Ⲵ亥䶒кˈ䛓Ѹњԫ࣑ቡнՊ н਼Ⲵ⢙⨶ൠ൰кDŽྲ᷌н਼亥ⴞᖅⲴᶑⴞ˄㺘亩˅ᤷੁнޘн਼ԫ࣑Ⲵ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ਟԕ᱐ሴࡠᆼ њԫ࣑ਟԕᴹн਼Ⲵ亥ⴞᖅDŽ ᡁԜቡਟԕ֯⭘䘉⿽᱐ሴᖒᔿDŽഐѪ⇿⅑ԫ࣑࠷ᦒ䜭Պ࣐䖭 PDBR˄᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ CR3˅ˈᡰԕ⇿ ⇿њԫ࣑ᴹ㠚ᐡⲴ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ˈᒦ᱐ሴࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤DŽ䙊䗷䇙⇿њԫ࣑֯⭘н਼Ⲵ亥ⴞᖅˈ ᤏᆈۘᢰᵟˈࡉ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ਟԕ䎵䗷⧠ᴹ⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤ⲴབྷሿDŽ ࣑֯⭘ањ亥ⴞᖅˈᡁԜቡਟԕ֯⭘䘉⿽Ӿ㓯ᙗࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤Ⲵ᱐ሴᖒᔿDŽྲ᷌᭟ᤱ䴰≲亥㲊 нᔰ࠶亥ᰦˈᡰᴹ㓯ᙗൠ൰᱐ሴࡠ਼Ⲵ⢙⨶ൠ൰кDŽᖃᔰҶ࠶亥ᵪࡦˈ䛓Ѹ䙊䗷䇙ᡰᴹԫ ӛањ㓯ᙗࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤Ⲵ᱐ሴDŽᖃ⋑ᴹᔰ࠶亥ᵪࡦᰦˈቡਚ㜭֯⭘䘉њ࣎⌅DŽޡ ᡰᴹԫ࣑ ᴹє⿽ᯩ⌅ਟԕᢺԫ࣑᱐ሴࡠ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤઼⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤˖ 4.7.6.1 ᣀԱࣗ᱖ሺࡦ㓵ᙝૂ⢟⨼൦൶グ䰪 ӛ਼亥㺘䳶DŽޡ࣑㜭ཏ ྲ᷌ᔰҶ࠶亥ᵪࡦˈࡉ TSS ѝⲴ CR3 ᇴᆈಘᆇ⇥ਟԕ䇙⇿њԫ࣑ᴹᆳ㠚ᐡⲴ亥㺘DŽᡆ㘵ˈࠐњԫ ӛ⇥DŽޡഐѪᡰᴹԫ࣑䜭ਟԕ䇯䰞 GDTˈᡰԕҏ਼ṧਟԕࡋᔪ䙊䗷↔㺘䇯䰞Ⲵ ᣔቿ䳌DŽ؍㘼ᰐ享ᣋᔳᮤњ㌫㔏Ⲵ ᖃ❦ˈࠐњԫ࣑ҏਟԕ֯⭘਼ањ LDTDŽ䘉ᱟа⿽ㆰঅ㘼ᴹ᭸Ⲵݱ䇨ḀӋԫ࣑ӂ䙊ؑᡆ᧗ࡦⲴᯩ⌅ˈ LDT ѝˈԫ࣑Ⲵൠ൰オ䰤ቡਟԕоަԆԫ࣑Ⲵ䳄㔍ᔰᶕDŽ ޕᡰᴹ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ᭮ Ⲵޣ TSS ѝⲴ LDT ᆇ⇥ਟԕ⭘Ҿ㔉ࠪ⇿њԫ࣑㠚ᐡⲴ LDTDŽሩҾањ㔉ᇊⲴԫ࣑ˈ䙊䗷ᢺоԫ࣑ ᡆ㘵䙊䗷࠶亥ᵪࡦ᱐ሴࡠ༴⨶ಘⲴ⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤ѝDŽ ⇥ԕ৺ԫ࣑ԓ⸱㜭ཏ䇯䰞ⲴԫօަԆ⇥DŽ䘉Ӌ⇥䜭㻛᱐ሴࡠ༴⨶ಘⲴ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝˈᒦф䲿ਾ㻛ⴤ᧕ൠ ԫ࣑Ⲵൠ൰オ䰤⭡ԫ࣑㜭ཏ䇯䰞Ⲵ⇥ᶴᡀDŽ䘉Ӌ⇥वᤜԓ⸱⇥ǃᮠᦞ⇥ǃึḸ⇥ǃTSS ѝᕅ⭘Ⲵ㌫㔏 4.7.6 Աࣗ൦൶グ䰪 CR0 ѝ TS ḷᘇ 䇮㖞ḷᘇ 䇮㖞ḷᘇ 䇮㖞ḷᘇ 㘱Ӫ⢙䬮᧕ᆇ⇥ нਈ нਈ нਈ ᯠԫ࣑䬮᧕ᆇ⇥ нਈ ᆈ᭮㘱ԫ࣑ TSS ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ нਈ 㘱ԫ࣑ NT ḷᘇ нਈ нਈ 䲔ḷᘇ ᯠԫ࣑ NT ḷᘇ 䇮㖞ᡀᯠԫ࣑ TSS ѝⲴ٬DŽ 䇮㖞ḷᘇ 䇮㖞ᡀᯠԫ࣑ TSS ѝⲴ٬DŽ 㘱ԫ࣑ᘉḷᘇ B 㻛䲔DŽ нਈDŽᖃࡽ༴Ҿ䇮㖞⣦ᘱDŽ 䇮㖞ḷᘇDŽ ᯠԫ࣑ᘉḷᘇ B 䇮㖞ḷᘇDŽԕࡽ享ᐢ㻛䲔 䇮㖞ḷᘇDŽԕࡽ享ᐢ㻛䲔 нਈDŽᗵ享ᐢ㻛䇮㖞DŽ ḷᘇᡆᆇ⇥ JMP ᤷԔⲴᖡ૽ CALL ᤷԔᡆѝᯝⲴᖡ૽ IRET ᤷԔⲴᖡ૽ 㺞 Աࣗ࠽ᦘሯᘏḽᘍȽ17 ḽᘍȽࢃжԱࣗ䬴ᆍ⇫ૂ 76 ḽᘍⲺᖧଃ ѪҶ䚯ݽ䘉⿽՚䙐Ⲵԫ࣑࠷ᦒᢗ㹼ᡀ࣏ˈ㌫㔏ᓄ䈕ᢺ⇿њ TSS Ⲵ䈕ᆇ⇥ࡍॆѪ 0DŽ Պ䇙༴⨶ಘ৫ᢗ㹼ᖃࡽԫ࣑ TSS Ⲵࡽаԫ࣑䬮᧕ᆇ⇥ᤷᇊⲴԫ࣑DŽ⌅ڊ㖞 NT ḷᘇᒦᢗ㹼 IRET ᤷԔDŽ䘉⿽ ᘇ˄൘ CR0 ѝ˅Ⲵ⭘⌅DŽ⌘ˈ䘀㹼Ҿԫօ⢩ᵳ㓗кⲴ〻ᒿ䜭ਟԕ؞᭩ NT ḷᘇˈഐ↔ԫօ〻ᒿ䜭ਟԕ䇮 ԫ࣑㇑⨶ 㺘DŽᖃ❦ GDT 㺘ㅜ 1 亩䘈䴰㾱᭮㖞ањオ᧿䘠ㅖDŽึḸਟԕ᭮㖞൘Პ䙊ਟ䈫߉ᮠᦞ⇥ѝˈഐ↔ᒦн䴰㾱 ѪҶᇎ⧠ᰐ࠶亥Ⲵᒣඖᆈ⁑රˈ䖟Ԧࡍॆԓ⸱ᗵ享䎧⸱䇮㖞ާᴹањԓ⸱⇥઼ањᮠᦞ⇥Ⲵ GDT Ⲵǃᒣඖᒦ᭟ᤱ࠶亥Ⲵǃ࠶⇥Ⲵᡆ㘵࠶⇥ᒦ᭟ᤱ࠶亥ⲴDŽ ᣔ⁑ᔿ㌫㔏㺘ѫ㾱䎆Ҿ㌫㔏ሶ㾱᭟ᤱⲴᆈ㇑⨶㊫ර˖ᒣඖ؍䖟Ԧࡍॆᵏ䰤൘ᆈѝ䇮㖞Ⲵ 4.8.1.1 ؓᣚ⁗ᕅ㌱㔕㔉ᶺ㺞 ᣔ⁑ᔿл䘀㹼DŽ؍0˅ˈ༴⨶ಘቡਟԕ࠷ᦒࡠ ᣔ⁑ᔿḷᘇ PE˄ս؍൘ࡍॆҶ䘉Ӌᮠᦞ㔃ᶴǃԓ⸱⁑ඇ઼㌫㔏ᇴᆈಘѻਾˈ䙊䗷䇮㖞 CR0 ᇴᆈಘⲴ ᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ CR1--CR3˗ ѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘สൠ൰ᇴᆈಘ IDTR˗ ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘สൠ൰ᇴᆈಘ GDTR˗ޘ ˖ᣔ⁑ᔿѻࡽˈ䖟Ԧࡍॆԓ⸱䘈ᗵ享䇮㖞ԕл㌫㔏ᇴᆈಘ؍൘㜭ཏ࠷ᦒࡠ ਜ਼ᴹѝᯝ઼ᔲᑨ༴⨶〻ᒿⲴԓ⸱⁑ඇDŽ ᣔ⁑ᔿл䘀㹼Ⲵԓ⸱⇥˗؍ ༴⨶ಘ࠷ᦒࡠ 㤕֯⭘࠶亥ᵪࡦˈࡉ䎧⸱䴰㾱䇮㖞ањ亥ⴞᖅ઼ањ亥㺘˗ ተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 LDT˗ ԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥ TSS˗ ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 GDT˗ޘ ˗ᣔ⁑ᔿѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 IDT؍ ˖䘉Ӌᮠᦞ㔃ᶴवᤜԕлࠐ⿽ ᣔ⁑ᔿл֯⭘Ⲵᮠᦞ㔃ᶴⲴสᵜؑDŽ؍ॆ䖟Ԧ˄bootsect.sǃsetup.s ઼ head.s˅ᗵ享൘ᆈѝݸ䇮㖞ྭ ᣔ⁑ᔿл䘀㹼ѻࡽˈ㌫㔏࣐䖭઼ࡍ؍ᆈ㇑⨶⺜Ԧ䇮㖞ᡰ㾱≲Ⲵᮠᦞ㔃ᶴDŽഐ↔൘༴⨶ಘ㜭ཏ㻛࠷ᦒࡠ ⭘ᶕ䜘࠶൘ᆈǃ䜘࠶൘⻱ⴈкⲴབྷරᮠᦞ㔃ᶴؑDŽ䘉є⿽ൠ൰䖜ᦒᖒᔿ䜭䴰㾱㌫㔏൘ᆈѝѪ ᣔൠ൰オ䰤Ⲵ儈ᓖ㔃ᶴॆⲴཊ⇥⁑රDŽ࠶亥ᵪࡦ㜭ཏ؍㔏аⲴൠ൰オ䰤ᒣඖ⁑රࡠ⇿њԫ࣑䜭ާᴹࠐњਇ ᣔ⁑ᔿᡰ䴰㾱ⲴаӋᮠᦞ㔃ᶴ⭡༴⨶ಘᆈ㇑⨶࣏㜭⺞ᇊDŽ༴⨶ಘ᭟ᤱ࠶⇥⁑රˈਟԕ֯⭘Ӿঅњǃ؍ ᣚ⁗ᕅᰬⲺࡓခौᬃ֒ؓޛ4.8.1 䘑 ᣔ⁑ᔿDŽ؍ᣔ⁑ᔿᗵ㾱Ⲵᮠᦞ㔃ᶴؑˈ❦ਾ࠷ᦒࡠ؍ ᣔ⁑ᔿлˈ䛓Ѹ㌫㔏䖟Ԧቡᗵ享࣐䖭؍䇨ᓄ⭘〻ᒿ㜭൘ᇎ⁑ᔿлਟ䶐ൠ䘀㹼DŽྲ᷌༴⨶ಘሶ㾱ᐕ൘ ˄ণѝᯝੁ䟿㺘˅DŽྲ᷌༴⨶ಘሶӽ❦ᐕ൘ᇎ⁑ᔿлˈ䛓Ѹ䖟Ԧᗵ享࣐䖭㌫㔏⁑ඇ઼ᓄᮠᦞԕݱ ࡍॆԓ⸱俆ݸᗵ享䇮㖞สᵜ㌫㔏࣏㜭ᗵ㾱Ⲵᮠᦞ㔃ᶴؑˈֻྲ༴⨶ѝᯝ઼ᔲᑨⲴᇎ⁑ᔿ IDT 㺘 ᇩⲴᇎൠ൰⁑ᔿлˈᒦфӾ⢙⨶ൠ൰ 0xFFFFFFF0 ༴ᔰᢗ㹼䖟Ԧࡍॆԓ⸱˄䙊ᑨ൘ EPROM ѝ˅DŽ䖟 Ԧ ᡁԜ⸕䚃ˈ80X86 ਟԕᐕ൘ࠐ⿽⁑ᔿлDŽᖃᵪಘк⭥ᡆ⺜Ԧ༽սᰦˈ༴⨶ಘᐕ൘ 8086 ༴⨶ಘެ 4.8 ؓᣚ⁗ᕅ㕌ぁࡓခौ ӛ㓯ᙗൠ൰४ฏDŽޡᤷੁ⤜・Ⲵᵚ ӛᯩᔿ㾱∄к䶒㔉ࠪⲴᯩᔿᶕᗇᴤྭˈഐѪ LDT ѝⲴަԆ⇥᧿䘠ㅖਟԕޡ᧿䘠ㅖ䙊ᑨ〠Ѫ࡛⇥DŽ䘉њ ӛ䘉Ӌ⇥DŽ䘉ṧⲴ⇥ޡ४ฏሩ⇿њԫ࣑䜭᱐ሴࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤Ⲵ਼४ฏˈ䛓Ѹ䘉Ӌ⇥᧿䘠ㅖቡݱ䇨ԫ࣑ ޡޜൠ൰४ฏⲴн਼ LDT ѝⲴ⇥᧿䘠ㅖDŽྲ᷌㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴ䘉њޡޜ䙊䗷᱐ሴࡠ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤 ӛ⇥Ⲵᵳ࡙DŽޡ䲀ҾᤷᇊⲴаӋԫ࣑ѝDŽ㌫㔏ѝᴹо↔н਼ LDT ⲴަԆԫ࣑⋑ᴹ䇯䰞䘉Ӌ ӛተޡਟԕᢺڊӛྭˈഐѪ䘉ṧޡӛᯩᔿ㾱∄䙊䗷 GDT ᶕޡӛ䘉Ӌ⇥ѝⲴᡰᴹԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞDŽ䘉⿽ޡਟԕ ӛ LDT Ⲵᡰᴹԫ࣑ޡ४ฏⲴ⇥ˈ䛓ѸޡޜӛⲴ LDT ѝḀӋ⇥᧿䘠ㅖᤷੁ᱐ሴࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤ޡྲ᷌ањ ӛⲴ LDTDŽєњᡆཊњԫ࣑ਟԕ֯⭘਼Ⲵ LDTˈྲ᷌ᆳԜ TSS ѝ LDT ᆇ⇥ᤷੁ਼ањ LDTDŽޡ䙊䗷 ӛ䘉Ӌ⇥ѝⲴԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞDŽޡ䜭ਟԕ ӛⲴ⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤ѝˈ䛓Ѹᡰᴹԫ࣑ޡ䘠ㅖᤷੁ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴаӋ⇥ˈᒦф䘉Ӌ⇥㻛᱐ሴࡠᡰᴹԫ࣑ ᣔ⁑ᔿ㕆〻ࡍॆ؍ ∄࠷ᦒഎᇎ⁑ᔿл䘀㹼ᴤѪᯩׯDŽ 䙊ᑨнՊ䴰㾱എࡠᇎൠ൰⁑ᔿDŽѪҶ䘈㜭䘀㹼Ѫᇎൠ൰⁑ᔿ㕆ࡦⲴ〻ᒿˈ䙊ᑨ൘㲊ᤏ-8086 ⁑ᔿѝ䘀㹼 ᣔ⁑ᔿˈ䖟Ԧ؍ޕᣔ⁑ᔿлˈᗵ享Ӿᇎൠ൰⁑ᔿл䘋㹼⁑ᔿ࠷ᦒDŽаᰖ䘋؍ѪҶ䇙༴⨶ಘᐕ൘ 4.8.2 ⁗ᕅ࠽ᦘ ઼ TSS ⇥᧿䘠ㅖਟԕ亴ݸ䇮㖞ྭˈҏਟԕ൘䴰㾱ᰦ䘋㹼䇮㖞DŽ ൘ LTR ᤷԔᢗ㹼ѻਾˈ䲿ਾሩԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘⲴ⭡ԫ࣑࠷ᦒ䘋㹼DŽоަԆⲴ⇥઼ LDT ㊫լˈTSS ⇥ ㅖˈഐѪԫ࣑࠷ᦒՊᢺᖃࡽԫ࣑⣦ᘱ༽ࡦࡠ䈕 TSS ѝDŽ ᣔ⁑ᔿѝˈ䖟Ԧ䘋㹼ㅜа⅑ԫ࣑࠷ᦒѻࡽᗵ享俆ݸ࣐䖭 TSS ⇥Ⲵ䘹ᤙ؍ᇊս⢩ᵳ㓗 0ǃ1 ઼ 2 ⲴึḸDŽ൘ 䘉њᤷԔՊᢺ TSS ḷ䇠ᡀᘉ⣦ᘱ˄B=1˅ˈնᱟᒦнᢗ㹼ԫ࣑࠷ᦒDŽ❦ਾ༴⨶ಘਟԕ֯⭘䘉њ TSS ᶕ ᣔ⁑ᔿѻਾˈਟԕ⭘ LTR ᤷԔᢺ TSS ⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴ䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭ࡠԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘ TR ѝDŽ؍൘༴⨶ಘ࠷ᦒࡠ TSS Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖҏᆈ᭮൘ GDT ѝDŽ н㾱ሶަḷ⌘Ѫᘉ˄н㾱䇮㖞ᘉḷᘇ˅ˈ䈕ḷᘇӵ⭡༴⨶ಘ൘ᢗ㹼ԫ࣑࠷ᦒᰦ䇮㖞DŽо LDT ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ਼ˈ ৺ᓄⲴ TSS ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ˄ഐѪ⢩ᵳ㓗 0ǃ1 ઼ 2 ⲴḸ⇥ᤷ䪸䴰㾱Ӿ TSS ѝਆᗇ˅DŽ൘ࡋᔪ TSS ᧿䘠ㅖᰦ ྲ᷌ሶ㾱֯⭘ཊԫ࣑ᵪࡦˈᒦф/ᡆ㘵ݱ䇨᭩ਈ⢩ᵳ㓗ˈ䛓Ѹ䖟Ԧࡍॆԓ⸱ᗵ享㠣ቁ䇮㖞ањ TSS 4.8.1.4 ཐԱࣗࡓခौ ਾⲴ⢙⨶ൠ൰਼˅Ⲵањ亥䶒кDŽ 䇮㖞 PG ḷᘇࡠ䐣䖜ᤷԔ JMP ѻ䰤Ⲵԓ⸱ᗵ享ᶕ㠚ሩㅹ᱐ሴ˄ণ䐣䖜ѻࡽⲴ㓯ᙗൠ൰оᔰ࠶亥 㾱DŽ ⴞḷ㕃ߢಘ BTB˄Branch Target Buffer˅Ѫ࠶᭟ԓ⸱ᇊੁˈഐ↔߿৫ҶѪ࠶᭟ᤷԔࡧᯠ䱏ࡇⲴ䴰 ᡰԕᆳՊオ 80X86 ༴⨶ಘᐢ㓿ਆᗇᡆᐢ䈁⸱ⲴᤷԔDŽ❦㘼ˈPentium ৺ԕк༴⨶ಘ֯⭘Ҷ࠶᭟ 䇮㖞 PG ḷᘇⲴᤷԔᓄ䈕・䐏䲿аᶑ JMP ᤷԔDŽMOV CR0 ᤷԔਾ䶒Ⲵ JMP ᤷԔՊ᭩ਈᢗ㹼⍱ˈ ᤱެᇩᙗˈ䇮㖞 PG ḷᘇ˄ԕ৺ PE ḷᘇ˅ᰦᗵ享䚥ᆸԕл㿴ࡉ˖؍Ѫ ᣔ⁑ᔿлDŽྲ᷌┑䏣ᡰᴹަԆ䲀ࡦˈࡉ PG ઼ PE ḷᘇਟԕ਼ᰦ䇮㖞DŽ؍ ༴⨶ಘ༴Ҿ ᢺ亥ⴞᖅ㺘Ⲵ⢙⨶สൠ൰࣐䖭ࡠ CR3 ᇴᆈಘѝ˄ҏ〠Ѫ PDBR ᇴᆈಘ˅DŽ ᰦˈਟԕн֯⭘亥㺘DŽ↔ᰦ亥ⴞᖅ㺘઼亥㺘㻛ᆈ᭮൘਼а亥䶒ѝDŽ 䖟Ԧᗵ享൘⢙⨶ᆈѝᔪ・㠣ቁањ亥ⴞᖅ઼ањ亥㺘DŽྲ᷌亥ⴞᖅ㺘ѝਜ਼ᴹᤷੁ㠚䓛Ⲵⴞᖅ亩 ᇴᆈಘ˖ 䰝˗ᖃ䇮㖞Ҷ PG ḷᘇˈቡᔰ࠶亥ᵪࡦDŽ൘䇮㖞 PG ḷᘇѻࡽˈᗵ享ݸࡍॆԕлᮠᦞ㔃ᶴ઼ޣᵪࡦ㻛 ࠶亥ᵪࡦ⭡᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ CR0 ѝⲴ PG ḷᘇ䇮㖞DŽᖃ䘉њḷᘇ㻛 0 ᰦ˄ণ⺜Ԧ༽սᰦⲴ⣦ᘱ˅ˈ࠶亥 4.8.1.3 ࠼享ᵰࡓခौ ൘ਟԕ֯⭘ IDT ѻࡽˈᗵ享֯⭘ LIDT ᤷԔᢺ IDT 㺘สൠ൰઼䮯ᓖ࣐䖭ࡠ IDTR ᇴᆈಘѝDŽ ⇥DŽྲ᷌ݱ䇨⺜Ԧӗ⭏ѝᯝˈ䛓Ѹᗵ享൘ IDT ѝѪањᡆཊњѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻䇮㖞䰘᧿䘠ㅖDŽ Ⲵԓ⸱ǃᮠᦞ઼ึḸޣ⇥DŽ㤕֯⭘Ҷԫ࣑䰘ˈ䛓Ѹ⇿њ֯⭘ԫ࣑䰘Ⲵᔲᑨ༴⨶䗷〻䜭䴰㾱ањ TSS ԕ৺ Ⲵ䰘᧿䘠ㅖDŽྲ᷌֯⭘Ҷѝᯝᡆ䲧䱡䰘ˈ䛓Ѹ䰘᧿䘠ㅖਟԕ䜭ᤷੁवਜ਼ѝᯝ઼ᔲᑨ༴⨶䗷〻Ⲵ਼ањԓ⸱ ᣔ⁑ᔿ IDTˈަѝᴰቁ䴰㾱ਜ਼ᴹ༴⨶ಘਟ㜭ӗ⭏Ⲵ⇿њᔲᑨੁ䟿ሩᓄ؍䖟Ԧࡍॆԓ⸱ᗵ享䇮㖞ањ 4.8.1.2 ؓᣚ⁗ᕅᔸᑮૂѣᯣࡓခौ ᭸Ⲵᯩ⌅DŽ ԕ亴ݸѪപᇊᮠ䟿Ⲵᓄ⭘〻ᒿ࠶䝽പᇊᮠ䟿Ⲵ⇥઼ LDTˈ䘉ᱟᇎ⧠ᇎᰦ㌫㔏䖟Ԧ⧟ຳ㔃ᶴⲴа⿽ㆰঅ㘼ᴹ ᔿ㌫㔏ਟޕ㕆〻⧟ຳᨀҶᴰབྷ⚥⍫ᙗˈֻྲ Linux ㌫㔏ቡ֯⭘Ҷ䘉⿽ᯩᔿDŽ䊑䗷〻᧗ࡦಘ䛓ṧⲴ፼ Ѫࣘᘱ⌅ڊ᧿䘠ㅖ㾱≲ᆈ᭮൘ GDT 㺘ѝDŽḀӋ㌫㔏ՊѪᓄ⭘〻ᒿਖ㹼࠶䝽ᯠ⇥઼ᯠⲴ LDT ⇥DŽ䘉⿽ 㘼ཊ⇥⁑රࡉ䘈䴰㾱⭘Ҿ㌫㔏ⲴަԆ⇥ˈԕ৺⭘Ҿ⇿њᓄ⭘〻ᒿⲴ⇥઼ LDT 㺘⇥DŽLDT 㺘Ⲵ⇥ 㺘ѻࡽˈᗵ享֯⭘ LGDT ᤷԔᢺ GDT 㺘Ⲵสൠ൰઼䮯ᓖ٬࣐䖭ࡠ GDTR ᇴᆈಘѝDŽ у䰘ⲴึḸ᧿䘠ㅖDŽ᭟ᤱ࠶亥ᵪࡦⲴᒣඖᆈ⁑ර䘈䴰㾱ањ亥ⴞᖅ઼㠣ቁањ亥㺘DŽ൘ਟԕ֯⭘ GDT ᣔ⁑ᔿ㕆〻ࡍॆ؍ ਸ䘲Ⲵสൠ൰઼䇯䰞ᵳ䲀٬DŽ 7. ᢗ㹼ањ䘌䐣䖜ᤷԔ䐣䖜ࡠањᇎ⁑ᔿ〻ᒿѝDŽ䘉↕ՊࡧᯠᤷԔ䱏ࡇᒦфѪ CS ᇴᆈಘ࣐䖭 6. 䲔 CR0 ѝⲴ PE ḷᘇᶕ࠷ᦒࡠᇎൠ൰⁑ᔿDŽ 5. ᢗ㹼 LIDT ᤷԔᶕᤷੁ൘ 1MB ᇎ⁑ᔿൠ൰㤳തⲴᇎൠ൰⁑ᔿѝᯝ㺘DŽ ᆈ൘˄P=1˅DŽ ਟ߉˄W=1˅DŽ ੁкᢙኅ˄E=0˅DŽ ᆇ㢲仇㋂ᓖ˄G=0˅DŽ ⇥䲀䮯 Limit = 64KB 4. ֯⭘ᤷੁਜ਼ᴹԕл䇮㖞٬Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖⲴ䘹ᤙㅖᶕ࣐䖭 SSǃDSǃESǃFS ઼ GS ⇥ᇴᆈಘDŽ 䖭 CS ᇴᆈಘDŽ 3. ᢺ〻ᒿⲴ᧗ࡦ䖜〫ࡠ䮯ᓖѪ 64KB˄0xFFFF˅Ⲵਟ䈫⇥ѝDŽ䘉↕֯⭘ᇎ⁑ᔿ㾱≲Ⲵ⇥䮯ᓖ࣐ CR3 ᇴᆈಘ㖞Ѫ 0x00ˈ⭘Ҿࡧᯠ TLB 㕃ߢDŽ 䲔 CR0 ѝⲴ PG ḷᘇDŽ GDT ઼ IDT ൘ሩㅹ᱐ሴⲴ亥䶒кDŽ ؍⺞ ᢺ〻ᒿⲴ᧗ࡦ䖜〫ࡠሩㅹ᱐ሴⲴ㓯ᙗൠ൰༴˄ণ㓯ᙗൠ൰ㅹҾ⢙⨶ൠ൰˅DŽ 2. ྲ᷌ᐢᔰ࠶亥ᵪࡦˈ䛓Ѹ䴰㾱ᢗ㹼˖ ൘⁑ᔿ࠷ᦒᵏ䰤нӗ⭏ᔲᑨ઼ѝᯝDŽ؍ ⺞1. ⾱→ѝᯝDŽ֯⭘ CLI ᤷԔਟԕ⾱→ਟቿ㭭⺜ԦѝᯝDŽNMI Պ⭡⺜Ԧ⭥䐟ᶕ⾱→DŽ਼ᰦ䖟Ԧᓄ䈕 ᇎൠ൰⁑ᔿⲴ䗷〻ᓄ䈕᤹➗ԕл↕僔䘋㹼˖ ޕ㤕ᜣ࠷ᦒഎᇎൠ൰⁑ᔿˈࡉਟԕ֯⭘ MOV CR0 ᤷԔᢺ᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ CR0 ѝⲴ PE ḷᘇ 0DŽ䟽ᯠ䘋 4.8.2.2 ࠽ᦘഔᇔ൦൶⁗ᕅ Ⲵ⢙⨶ൠ൰਼˅Ⲵањ亥䶒кDŽ㘼 JMP ᡆ CALL ᤷԔ䐣䖜ࡠⲴⴞḷᤷԔᒦн䴰㾱༴Ҿሩㅹ᱐ሴ亥䶒кDŽ MOV CR0 ᤷԔࡠ JMP ᡆ CALL ᤷԔѻ䰤Ⲵԓ⸱ᗵ享ᶕ㠚ሩㅹ᱐ሴ˄ণ䐣䖜ѻࡽⲴ㓯ᙗൠ൰оᔰ࠶亥ਾ ਖཆˈMOV CR0 ᤷԔѻਾ㍗᧕⵰Ⲵ JMP ᡆ CALL ᤷԔՊ᭩ਈᢗ㹼⍱DŽྲ᷌ᔰҶ࠶亥ᵪࡦˈ䛓Ѹ 9. ᢗ㹼 STI ᤷԔᔰਟቿ㭭⺜Ԧѝᯝˈᒦфᢗ㹼ᗵ㾱Ⲵ⺜Ԧᔰ NMI ѝᯝDŽ ᣔ⁑ᔿ IDT 㺘Ⲵสൠ൰઼䮯ᓖ࣐䖭ࡠ IDTR ᇴᆈಘѝDŽ؍8. ᢗ㹼 LIDT ᤷԔᢺ 䟽ᯠ࣐䖭ᡆ࠷ᦒࡠањᯠԫ࣑ᶕᴤᯠDŽ 䟽㖞 CS ᇴᆈಘDŽᢗ㹼ԕлѻаਟԕᴤᯠަ։⇥ᇴᆈಘⲴᇩ˖ަ։⇥ᇴᆈಘⲴᇩਟ䙊䗷 ᣔ⁑ᔿਾˈ⇥ᇴᆈಘӽ❦ਜ਼ᴹ൘ᇎൠ൰⁑ᔿᰦⲴᇩDŽㅜ 4 ↕ѝⲴ JMP ᡆ CALL ᤷԔՊ؍ޕ7. ൘䘋 TRDŽ䘉њਟ߉ᆈ४ฏ⭘Ҿ൘ԫ࣑࠷ᦒᰦᆈ᭮ԫ࣑Ⲵ TSS ؑDŽ ᣔ⁑ᔿԫ࣑Ⲵ⇥䘹ᤙㅖᡆ㘵ਟ߉ᆈ४ฏⲴ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ࣐䖭ԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘ؍6. ᢗ㹼 LTR ᤷԔˈ⭘ࡍ 5. 㤕㾱֯⭘ተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ˈࡉᢗ㹼 LLDT ᤷԔᢺ LDT ⇥Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭ࡠ LDTR ᇴᆈಘѝDŽ ᡆ䘌䈳⭘ᤷԔ⍱ѝⲴлаᶑᤷԔDŽ 4. ൘ MOV CR0 ᤷԔѻਾ・ᢗ㹼ањ䘌䐣䖜 JMP ᡆ䘌䈳⭘ CALL ᤷԔDŽ䘉њ䙊ᑨᱟ䘌䐣䖜ࡠ 3. ᢗ㹼൘᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ CR0 ѝ䇮㖞 PE ḷᘇ˄ਟ䘹਼ᰦ䇮㖞 PG ḷᘇ˅Ⲵ MOV CR0 ᤷԔDŽ 2. ᢗ㹼 LGDT ᤷԔᢺ GDT 㺘Ⲵสൠ൰࣐䖭䘋 GDTR ᇴᆈಘDŽ ൘⁑ᔿ࠷ᦒᵏ䰤нӗ⭏ᔲᑨ઼ѝᯝDŽ؍ ⺞1. ⾱→ѝᯝDŽ֯⭘ CLI ᤷԔਟԕ⾱→ਟቿ㭭⺜ԦѝᯝDŽNMI Պ⭡⺜Ԧ⭥䐟ᶕ⾱→DŽ਼ᰦ䖟Ԧᓄ䈕 䇱〻ᒿⲴެᇩᙗˈ࠷ᦒᓄ䈕᤹➗ԕл↕僔䘋㹼˖؍㹼ᰦˈ⢩ᵳ㓗ᱟ 0DŽѪҶ ᣔ⁑ᔿѝ䘀؍ޕᣔ⁑ᔿDŽ˄൘਼ањᤷԔѝˈCR0 Ⲵ PG ḷᘇਟ⭘Ҿᔰ࠶亥ᵪࡦDŽ˅ࡊ䘋؍Ԝቡਟԕ䘋㹼 ᣔ⁑ᔿѝDŽ䙊䗷ᢗ㹼൘ CR0 ᇴᆈಘѝ䇮㖞 PE ḷᘇⲴ MOV CR0 ᤷԔˈᡁ؍䖟Ԧࡍॆԓ⸱ቡਟԕ࠷ᦒࡠ ᣔ⁑ᔿѻࡽˈᗵ享俆ݸ࣐䖭аӋ䎧⸱Ⲵ㌫㔏ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴ઼ԓ⸱⁑ඇDŽаᰖᔪ・Ҷ䘉Ӌ㌫㔏㺘ˈ؍൘࠷ᦒࡠ 4.8.2.1 ࠽ᦘࡦؓᣚ⁗ᕅ ᣔ⁑ᔿ㕆〻ࡍॆ؍ KHDG ԓ⸱ERRW ԓ⸱ ᕅሬᡷ४ 4-40 ᡰ⽪DŽ ⁑ᔿḷᘇˈᒦ䐣䖜ࡠᆈ ༴ᔰᢗ㹼 KHDG ԓ⸱DŽERRW 〻ᒿԓ⸱൘ᆈѝ〫ࣘ KHDG ԓ⸱Ⲵ⽪മ㿱മ ᣔ䘀㹼؍ս㖞ᔰ༴ˈ❦ਾᢺ䘉⇥ KHDG ԓ⸱〫ࣘࡠᆈ ᔰ༴DŽᴰਾ䇮㖞᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ &5 ѝⲴᔰ ࡠᆈ [˄.%˅ޕᇎ䱵кˈERRWV 〻ᒿՊ俆ݸ࡙⭘ 520%,26 ѝᯝ LQW[ ᢺ䖟ⴈѝⲴ KHDG ԓ⸱䈫 ᣔ⁑ᔿлˈ❦ਾ䐣䖜ࡠ KHDG ԓ⸱༴৫䘀㹼Ṩԓ⸱DŽ؍ྭѤᰦ *'7 㺘ㅹؑਾˈᢺ༴⨶ಘ䇮㖞ᡀ䘀㹼൘ ᮷ԦѝⲴ KHDG Ṩԓ⸱࣐䖭ࡠᆈḀњᤷᇊս㖞༴ˈᒦ൘䇮㖞ۿ ERRW 〻ᒿⲴѫ㾱࣏㜭ᱟᢺ䖟ⴈᡆ᱐ ᮽԬ⽰ᝅഴ܅䖥ⴎ᱖ ഴ ༴ˈᒦᢺᢗ㹼ᵳ䖜〫ࡠ [F ༴ᔰ䘀㹼 ERRW 〻ᒿԓ⸱DŽ 3& ᵪ൘࣐⭥ࣘᰦˈ520%,26 ѝⲴ〻ᒿՊᢺࣘⴈкㅜањᡷ४࣐䖭ࡠ⢙⨶ᆈ [F˄.%˅ս㖞ᔰ ᮷ԦⲴㅜањᡷ४ѝˈ㿱മ 4-39 ᡰ⽪DŽۿᆇ㢲ˈሶ㻛ᆈ᭮൘䖟ⴈ᱐ ޡ ERRWV 〻ᒿ㕆䈁ࠪⲴԓ⸱ 䰝䘀㹼Ⲵ⁑ᤏ 3& 䘀㹼⧟ຳ䖟ԦDŽޣࡉ䴰㾱䟽ᯠࣘᵪಘˈᡆ㘵 DŽ㤕㾱㓸→䘉њṨᇎֻ〻ᒿˈ % ˗ԫ࣑ % ࡉаⴤᱮ⽪ᆇㅖ $ 㔝ᗚ⧟ൠ䈳⭘㌫㔏䈳⭘൘ቿᒅкᱮ⽪ᆇㅖ ˈⴤࡠ⇿њ ∛。࠷ᦒࡠਖањԫ࣑DŽԫ࣑ $ 䘎 % ઼ $ ⭘䘉њᱮ⽪㌫㔏䈳⭘൘ቿᒅк࠶࡛ᱮ⽪ࠪᆇㅖ кᱮ⽪ᆇㅖⲴањ㌫㔏䈳⭘DŽᡁԜᢺ䘉єњԫ࣑࠶࡛〠Ѫԫ࣑ A ઼ԫ࣑ B˄ᡆԫ࣑ 0 ઼ԫ࣑ 1˅ˈᆳԜՊ䈳 head.sˈަѝᇎ⧠Ҷєњ䘀㹼൘⢩ᵳ㓗 3 кⲴԫ࣑൘ᰦ䫏ѝᯝ᧗ࡦлӂ࠷ᦒ䘀㹼ˈᒦф䘈ᇎ⧠Ҷ൘ቿᒅ ᵪ㌫㔏࣐⭥ᰦӾࣘⴈкᢺṨԓ⸱࣐䖭ࡠᆈѝ˗ਖањᱟ֯⭘ GNU as ≷㕆䈝䀰㕆ࡦⲴṨ〻ᒿ ᵜ㢲㔉ࠪⲴṨᇎֻ⭡ 2 њ᮷ԦᶴᡀDŽањᱟ֯⭘ as86 䈝䀰㕆ࡦⲴᕅሬࣘ〻ᒿ boot.sˈ⭘Ҿ൘䇑㇇ 4.9.1 ཐԱࣗぁᓅ㔉ᶺૂᐛ֒⨼ ᣔ⁑ᔿཊԫ࣑Ṩ〻ᒿ head.sDŽ؍઼ ᴰਾᡁԜ㔉ࠪᇎ⧠䘉њㆰঅṨⲴⓀ〻ᒿ˖ࣘᕅሬ〻ᒿ boot.s ࣐䖭䘀㹼Ⲵสᵜ⨶ˈ❦ਾ᧿䘠ᆳᱟྲօ㻛࣐䖭䘋ᵪಘ RAM ᆈѝԕ৺єњԫ࣑ᱟྲօ䘋㹼࠷ᦒ䘀㹼ⲴDŽ ⽪ֻѝवਜ਼єњ⢩ᵳ㓗 3 Ⲵ⭘ᡧԫ઼࣑ањ㌫㔏䈳⭘ѝᯝ䗷〻DŽᡁԜ俆ݸ䈤᰾䘉њㆰঅṨⲴสᵜ㔃ᶴ઼ Ѫሩᵜㄐ઼ࡽࠐㄐᇩⲴᙫ㔃ˈᵜ㢲ᆼᮤ᧿䘠Ҷањㆰঅཊԫ࣑ṨⲴ䇮䇑઼ᇎ⧠ᯩ⌅DŽ䘉њṨ 4.9 жѠㆶঋⲺཐԱࣗṮᇔׁ 9. ᢗ㹼 STI ᤷԔᔰਟቿ㭭⺜Ԧѝᯝˈᒦфᢗ㹼ᗵ㾱Ⲵ⺜Ԧᔰ NMI ѝᯝDŽ 8. ࣐䖭ᇎൠ൰⁑ᔿ〻ᒿԓ⸱Պ֯⭘Ⲵ SSǃDSǃESǃFS ઼ GS ᇴᆈಘDŽ ањㆰঅⲴཊԫ࣑Ṩᇎֻ ⇥ᮠᦞ Ṩ ԓ⸱⇥ ԫ࣑ ᮠᦞ⇥ ԫ࣑ ⣦ᘱ⇥ WVV ⣦ᘱ⇥ WVV ተ䜘㺘 OGW 18// 18// ተൠ൰オ䰤 ተ䜘ൠ൰オ䰤ޘ /'7 *'7 18// ԓ⸱⇥ &RGH ᮠᦞ⇥ 'DWD ᱮ⽪⇥ ተ䜘㺘 OGW ԓ⸱⇥ ԫ࣑ ԓ⸱⇥ &RGH ᮠᦞ⇥ 'DWD ԫ࣑ 766 ԓ⸱⇥ ԫ࣑ ԓ⸱⇥ &RGH ᮠᦞ⇥ 'DWD ԫ࣑ 766 ԓ⸱⇥ Ṩ ԓ⸱ᢗ㹼ս㖞㓯䐟 KHDGV 〻ᒿԓ⸱ ERRWV 〻ᒿԓ⸱ . [ [ . [F ࡠᱮ⽪ᆈ४ฏкDŽ ተᱮ⽪ᮠᦞ⇥㻛䇮㖞ᡀ˖สൠ൰Ѫ [E˗⇥䲀䮯٬Ѫ [ˈᡰԕᇎ䱵⇥䮯ᓖѪ .%ˈሩᓄޘ0%DŽ㘼 ᦞ⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴᇩ䜭䇮㖞Ѫ˖สൠ൰Ѫ [˗⇥䲀䮯٬Ѫ [IIDŽഐѪ仇㋂ᓖѪ ˈᡰԕᇎ䱵⇥䮯ᓖѪ ተԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠޘᡰᴹԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ⇥䜭ሩᓄࡠ⢙⨶ᆈ਼ањ४ฏкˈণӾ⢙⨶ᆈ ᔰⲴ४ฏDŽ*'7 ѝ ൘㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤ѝ KHDGV 〻ᒿⲴṨԓ⸱઼ԫ࣑ԓ⸱࠶䝽മྲമ 4-41 ᡰ⽪DŽᇎ䱵кˈᵜṨ⽪ֻѝ ࡠԫ࣑ $ ѝᢗ㹼DŽ ķ䟽ᯠ䇮㖞 *'7 㺘˗ĸ䇮㖞㌫㔏ᇊᰦಘ㣟⡷˗Ĺ䟽ᯠ䇮㖞 ,'7 㺘ᒦф䇮㖞ᰦ䫏઼㌫㔏䈳⭘ѝᯝ䰘˗ĺ〫ࣘ ㌫㔏䈳⭘ѝᯝ LQW[ Ⲵ䗷〻ԓ⸱ԕ৺ԫ࣑ $ ઼ԫ࣑ % ㅹⲴԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞDŽަѝࡍ䇮㖞ᐕѫ㾱वᤜ˖ ᣔ⁑ᔿлˈަѝѫ㾱वᤜࡍ䇮㖞Ⲵԓ⸱ǃᰦ䫏ѝᯝ LQW[ Ⲵ䗷〻ԓ⸱ǃ؍ KHDGV 〻ᒿ䘀㹼൘ ս ԓ⸱ˈ֯⭘䘉⿽ᯩᔿⲴⓀ〻ᒿਟӾ ROGOLQX[RUJ 㖁ㄉл䖭ˈ㿱л䶒䈤᰾DŽ ѝᯝ䗷〻н㜭↓ᑨ䘀㹼DŽᖃ❦ᡁԜҏਟԕᢺ KHDG ԓ⸱࣐䖭ࡠᆈ [ ༴ਾቡⴤ᧕䐣䖜ࡠ䈕༴䘀㹼 KHDG ᯩˈᒦф൘ᆈ .% ᔰ༴ᱟ %,26 〻ᒿ֯⭘Ⲵᮠᦞ४ˈᡰԕ㤕ⴤ᧕ᢺ KHDG ԓ⸱࣐䖭ࡠᆈ ༴ሶ֯ᗇ %,26 ༴DŽഐѪ࣐䖭䴰㾱֯⭘ 520%,26 ᨀⲴѝᯝ䗷〻ˈ㘼 %,26 ֯⭘Ⲵѝᯝੁ䟿㺘↓༴Ҿᆈ ᔰⲴൠ ᮷Ԧѝⴤ᧕࣐䖭ࡠᆈۿ䇙 KHDGV 〻ᒿቭ䟿⸝аӋDŽնᱟᡁԜн㜭䇙 ERRW 〻ᒿᢺ KHDG ԓ⸱Ӿ䖟ⴈᡆ᱐ ᢺ KHDG Ṩԓ⸱〫ࣘࡠ⢙⨶ᆈ ᔰ༴Ⲵѫ㾱ഐᱟѪҶ䇮㖞 *'7 㺘ᰦਟԕㆰঅаӋˈഐ㘼ҏ㜭 ഴ Ṯԙ⸷൞⢟⨼ᆎѣⲺ〱ࣞૂ࠼ᐹ߫ ањㆰঅⲴཊԫ࣑Ṩᇎֻ ԫ࣑ ⲴṨḸ ԫ࣑ ⲴṨḸ 8VHUBVWN 7DVN&RGH 7DVN&RGH NUQBVWN /'7 ⇥ 766 ⇥ NUQBVWN ࡍ䇮㖞ԓ⸱ LQLWBVWDFN /'7 ⇥ ,'7 ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 *'7ޘѝᯝ઼ 766 ⇥ ԫ࣑ ઼ԫ࣑ ԓ⸱ [ ࡍึḸˈҏᱟԫ࣑ Ⲵ⭘ᡧḸ ԫ࣑㔃ᶴᮠᦞ䜘࠶ ᖃҾ /LQX[ Ṩ ԫ࣑ Ⲵ⭘ᡧḸ 䰤䳄ൠ䘎㔝нᯝൠᱮ⽪൘ቿᒅкˈ㿱മ 4-43 ᡰ⽪DŽ $ ઼а䘎ѢⲴᆇㅖ $ DŽഐ↔൘〻ᒿ䘀㹼ᰦᡁԜሶⴻࡠа䘎ѢⲴᆇㅖ % 㘼ԫ࣑ % 䘀㹼ᰦ $/ ѝ㓸ᆈ᭮ᆇㅖ ˈ $ ਁ⭏ҶᇊᰦѝᯝˈӾ㘼ԓ⸱Պ࠷ᦒࡠਖањԫ࣑৫䘀㹼DŽሩҾԫ࣑ $ˈᇴᆈಘ $/ ѝሶ㓸ᆈ᭮ᆇㅖ ԓ⸱Պ֯⭘ᗚ⧟䈝ਕᔦ䘏а⇥ᰦ䰤ˈ❦ਾ৸䐣䖜ࡠԫ࣑ԓ⸱ᔰ༴㔗㔝ᗚ⧟ᢗ㹼ˈⴤࡠ䘀㹼Ҷ ∛。㘼 ᢺᆇㅖᱮ⽪ⲴቿᒅⲴлањս㖞䇠ᖅлᶕˈѪла⅑ᱮ⽪ᆇㅖⲴቿᒅս㖞DŽ൘ᱮ⽪䗷ањᆇㅖਾˈԫ࣑ 㘼䈕㌫㔏䈳⭘༴⨶䗷〻ࡉՊ䈳⭘ањㆰঅⲴᆇㅖ߉ቿᆀ〻ᒿˈᢺᇴᆈಘ $/ ѝⲴᆇㅖᱮ⽪൘ቿᒅкˈ਼ᰦ ᇴᆈಘ $/ ѝˈ❦ਾ䈳⭘㌫㔏ѝᯝ䈳⭘ LQW[ˈޕ ⇿њԫ࣑൘ᢗ㹼ᰦˈՊ俆ݸᢺањᆇㅖⲴ $6&,, ⸱᭮ ᮠᢗ㹼䘌䐣䖜ᤷԔˈӾ㘼࠷ᦒࡠԫ࣑ ѝᢗ㹼ˈࡉ৽ѻDŽ ᯩ⌅ᱟḕⴻ FXUUHQW ਈ䟿ѝᖃࡽ䘀㹼ԫ࣑ਧDŽྲ᷌ FXUUHQW ᖃࡽᱟ ˈቡ࡙⭘ԫ࣑ Ⲵ 766 䘹ᤙㅖѪ ᯝ䈧≲ؑਧ䇮㖞ᡀѝᯝੁ䟿 ˈഐ↔ᡁԜ䴰㾱൘ѝᯝ Ⲵ༴⨶䗷〻ѝᢗ㹼ԫ࣑࠷ᦒDŽԫ࣑࠷ᦒⲴᇎ⧠ $ ѝᢺᰦ䫏ѝ $ ਁ䘱ањᰦ䫏ѝᯝ䈧≲ؑਧDŽ3& ᵪⲴ 520%,26 ᔰᵪᰦᐢ㓿൘ ቡੁѝᯝ᧗ࡦ㣟⡷ ѪҶ⇿䳄 ∛。࠷ᦒ䘀㹼Ⲵԫ࣑ˈKHDGV 〻ᒿѝᢺᇊᰦಘ㣟⡷ Ⲵ䙊䚃 䇮㖞ᡀ⇿㓿䗷 ∛。 ᆈಘѝˈӾ㘼ᔰᢗ㹼ԫ࣑ Ⲵԓ⸱ˈᆼᡀҶӾ⢩ᵳ㓗 ࡠ⢩ᵳ㓗 ԓ⸱Ⲵ᧗ࡦ䖜〫DŽ ᇴ 3,) 6& ޕ䇮Ⲵԫ࣑ ⲴḷᘇᇴᆈಘᇩˈᒦфᕩࠪḸѝԓ⸱ᤷ䪸᭮ٷ༽䪸Ѫԫ࣑ ⭘ᡧḸᤷ䪸ˈᚒ Ḹѝˈ❦ਾᢗ㹼ѝᯝ䘄എᤷԔ ,5(7DŽ䈕ᤷԔՊᕩࠪึḸкⲴึḸᤷޕWDVN˅ԕ৺ḷᘇᇴᆈಘ٬ ˄[I LQLWBVWDFN˅઼ԓ⸱ᤷ䪸 ᆈಘ /75 ѝǃ/'7 ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭ࡠ /'75 ѝԕਾˈᢺԫ࣑ Ⲵ⭘ᡧḸᤷ䪸˄[ ᇎ⧠ᯩ⌅ᱟ൘ࡍึḸ LQLWBVWDFN ѝӪᐕ䇮㖞ањ䘄എ⧟ຳDŽণᢺԫ࣑ Ⲵ 766 ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭ࡠԫ࣑ᇴ ഐ↔ᖃࡍॆ *'7ǃ,'7 ઼ᇊᰦ㣟⡷㔃ᶏਾˈᡁԜቡ࡙⭘ѝᯝ䘄എᤷԔ ,5(7 ᶕࣘ䘀㹼ㅜ њԫ࣑DŽާփ ⭡Ҿ༴Ҿ⢩ᵳ㓗 Ⲵԓ⸱н㜭ⴤ᧕ᢺ᧗ࡦᵳ䖜〫ࡠ⢩ᵳ㓗 Ⲵԓ⸱ѝᢗ㹼ˈնѝᯝ䘄എᱟਟԕⲴˈ ᮽԬૂᆎѣ KHDG ԙ⸷ૂᮦᦤ࠼ᐹ⽰ᝅഴ܅ഴ Ṯ᱖ ᮷Ԧѝˈԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞⲴ㓴㓷ᖒᔿ㿱മ 4-42 ᡰ⽪DŽۿⴞḷ᮷Ԧѝԕ৺ᴰ㓸ᗇࡠⲴ䖟ⴈ᱐ ൠ൰ ᔰᒦф⭡Ҿ⋑ᴹ䟷⭘࠶亥ᵪࡦˈᡰԕᆳԜ䜭ⴤ᧕ሩᓄ⢙⨶ൠ൰ ᔰ༴DŽ൘ KHDG 〻ᒿ㕆䈁ࠪⲴ ᇎ䱵⇥䮯ᓖѪ 0%DŽഐ↔൘㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝ䘉њĀṨāⲴԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ⇥оԫ࣑Ⲵԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ⇥䜭Ӿ㓯ᙗ єњԫ࣑Ⲵ൘ /'7 ѝԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴᇩҏ䜭䇮㖞Ѫ˖สൠ൰Ѫ [˗⇥䲀䮯٬Ѫ [IIˈ ഴ ṮૂԱࣗ൞㲐ᤕ൦൶グ䰪ѣⲺ࠼䞃⽰ᝅഴ ањㆰঅⲴཊԫ࣑Ṩᇎֻ PRYGVD[䇙 '6 ઼ 66 䜭ᤷੁ [F ⇥DŽ PRYD[FV൷Ѫ DŽ䈕䐣䖜䈝ਕՊᢺ &6 ᇴᆈಘ࣐䖭Ѫ [F˄Ѫ ˅DŽ JR JR ༴DŽᖃᵜ〻ᒿࡊ䘀㹼ᰦᡰᴹ⇥ᇴᆈಘ٬ MPSLJR%2276(*⇥䰤䐣䖜㠣 [F VWDUW HQWU\VWDUW 6<6/(1 Ṩঐ⭘Ⲵᴰབྷ⻱ⴈᡷ४ᮠDŽ 6<66(* [Ṩ˄KHDG˅ݸ࣐䖭ࡠ [ ༴ˈ❦ਾ〫ࣘࡠ [ ༴DŽ %2276(* [Fᕅሬᡷ४˄ᵜ〻ᒿ˅㻛 %,26 ࣐䖭ࡠᆈ [F ༴DŽ ᣔ⁑ᔿˈᒦ䐣䖜ࡠᆈ ˄KHDG ԓ⸱˅ᔰ༴㔗㔝䘀㹼DŽ؍ޕᴰਾ䘋 俆ݸ࡙⭘ %,26 ѝᯝᢺṨԓ⸱˄KHDG ԓ⸱˅࣐䖭ࡠᆈ [ ༴ˈ❦ਾ〫ࣘࡠᆈ ༴DŽ ERRWV〻ᒿ ѝᯝ 0x20 кˈ䈖㓶䈤᰾৲㿱ĀṨᕅሬࣘ〻ᒿāаㄐᇩDŽ ֯⭘Ⲵн਼DŽLinux ㌫㔏Պ൘Ṩࡍॆᰦ䟽ᯠ䇮㖞 8259A ѝᯝ᧗ࡦ㣟⡷ˈᒦᢺᰦ䫏ѝᯝ䈧≲ؑਧሩᓄࡠ ᧕֯⭘Ҷ ROM BIOS 唈䇔䇮㖞Ⲵѝᯝੁ䟿ਧˈণᇊᰦѝᯝ䈧≲༴⨶Ⲵѝᯝਧӽ❦ᱟ 8DŽ䘉о Linux ㌫㔏ѝ ѪҶቭ䟿䇙〻ᒿㆰঅˈ䘉њᕅሬࣘᡷ४〻ᒿӵ㜭ཏ࣐䖭䮯ᓖн䎵䗷 16 њᡷ४Ⲵ head ԓ⸱ˈᒦфⴤ 4.9.2 ᕋሲࣞぁᓅ boot.s ਾаㄐѝĀ㕆䈁䘀㹼ㆰঅṨ⽪ֻ〻ᒿāа㢲ᇩDŽ 䘉њㆰঅṨ⽪ֻⲴ㕆䈁઼䘀㹼ᯩ⌅䈧৲㘳ᵜҖᴰޣ л䶒㔉ࠪ ERRWV ઼ KHDGV 〻ᒿⲴ䈖㓶⌘䟺DŽᴹ ˈ❦ਾ䘰ࠪѝᯝDŽ & 䘀㹼䘉њ唈䇔ѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿˈҾᱟቡՊ൘ቿᒅкᱮ⽪ањᆇㅖ ഐѪᡁԜᐢ㓿൘〻ᒿѝ㔉ᡰᴹަԆѝᯝᆹ㻵Ҷањ唈䇔ѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿDŽᖃࠪ⧠ањަԆѝᯝᰦˈ㌫㔏ቡՊ ӗ⭏Ҷањнᱟᰦ䫏ѝᯝ઼㌫㔏䈳⭘ѝᯝⲴަԆѝᯝDŽ❦ڦDŽ䘉ᱟ⭡Ҿ 3& ᵪ & ㄟа㹼кᱮ⽪ࠪањᆇㅖ മ4-43 ᱟᡁԜ൘ %RFKV ⁑ᤏ䖟Ԧѝ䘀㹼䘉њṨ⽪ֻⲴቿᒅᱮ⽪ᛵߥDŽ㓶ᗳⲴ䈫㘵Պਁ⧠ˈ൘മѝᓅ ഴ ㆶঋṮ䘆㺂Ⲻኅᒋᱴ⽰߫ ањㆰঅⲴཊԫ࣑Ṩᇎֻ ZRUG[II*'7 㺘䮯ᓖᱟ ᆇ㢲ˈਟᇩ㓣 њ᧿䘠ㅖ亩DŽ JGWB ZRUG,'7 㺘Ⲵ㓯ᙗสൠ൰ҏᱟ DŽ ZRUG,'7 㺘䮯ᓖᱟ DŽ LGWB л䶒࠶࡛ᱟ /,'7 ઼ /*'7 ᤷԔⲴ ᆇ㢲ᮠDŽ ZRUG[&⇥ᙗ仇㋂ᓖ .%ˈDŽ ᱟᮠᦞ⇥ˈਟ䈫߉DŽ ZRUG[ ZRUG[⇥สൠ൰ [DŽ 0% DŽ ZRUG[))⇥᧿䘠ㅖ DŽ0E⇥䲀䮯٬ ZRUG[&⇥ᙗ仇㋂ᓖ .%ˈDŽ $ᱟԓ⸱⇥ˈਟ䈫ᢗ㹼DŽ ZRUG[ ZRUG[⇥สൠ൰ [DŽ 0% DŽ ZRUG[))⇥᧿䘠ㅖ DŽ0E⇥䲀䮯٬ ZRUG⇥᧿䘠ㅖ ˈн⭘DŽ⇿њ᧿䘠ㅖ亩ঐ ᆇ㢲DŽ JGW ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 *'7 ⲴᇩDŽަѝवਜ਼ њ⇥᧿䘠ㅖDŽㅜ њн⭘ˈਖ њᱟԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ⇥᧿䘠ㅖDŽޘл䶒ᱟ ٬ᐢᱟ⇥䘹ᤙㅖDŽ䈕⇥Ⲵ㓯ᙗสൠ൰ᱟ DŽ⇥MPSL⌘↔ᰦ ༴DŽ 〫ٿˈOPVZD[❦ਾ䐣䖜㠣⇥䘹ᤙㅖ٬ᤷᇊⲴ⇥ѝ ᣔ⁑ᔿḷᘇ 3(˄ս ˅DŽ؍PRYD[[൘ &5 ѝ䇮㖞 ሩᓄ *'7 㺘ѝㅜ њ⇥᧿䘠ㅖDŽ ᣔ⁑ᔿDŽ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ٬؍ޕ䇮㖞᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ &5˄ণᵪಘ⣦ᘱᆇ˅ˈ䘋 OJGWJGWB࣐䖭 *'75DŽ ᆇ㢲ᮠ˖ ᆇ㢲㺘䮯ᓖˈ ᆇ㢲㓯ᙗสൠ൰DŽ OLGWLGWB࣐䖭 ,'75DŽ ᆇ㢲ᮠ˖ ᆇ㢲㺘䮯ᓖˈ ᆇ㢲㓯ᙗสൠ൰DŽ PRYGVD[䇙 '6 䟽ᯠᤷੁ [F ⇥DŽ PRYD[%2276(* ࣐䖭 ,'7 ઼ *'7 สൠ൰ᇴᆈಘ ,'75 ઼ *'75DŽ UHSPRYZᢗ㹼䟽༽〫ࣘᤷԔDŽ VXEGLGL VXEVLVL ࣘ . ⅑ˈ⇿⅑〫ࣘањᆇ˄ZRUG˅DŽ〫ޡPRYF[[䇮㖞 PRYHVD[ [RUD[D[ PRYGVD[ DŽ ', ˗ⴞⲴս㖞 (6 6, [ PRYD[6<66(*〫ࣘᔰս㖞 '6 ѝᯝDŽޣFOL RNBORDG ࣘ .% ᆇ㢲˄Ṩ䮯ᓖн䎵䗷 .%˅DŽ〫ޡᢺṨԓ⸱〫ࣘࡠᆈ ᔰ༴DŽ MPSGLH GLH MQFRNBORDG㤕⋑ᴹਁ⭏䭉䈟ࡉ䐣䖜㔗㔝䘀㹼ˈࡉ↫ᗚ⧟DŽ LQW[ PRYD[[6<6/(1 [RUE[E[$+䈫ᡷ४࣏㜭ਧ˗$/䴰䈫Ⲵᡷ४ᮠ˄˅DŽ [˅DŽ 㕃ߢ४ս㖞˄[ޕ%;䈫 PRYHVD[(6 PRYD[6<66(*&/սǃᱟ⻱䚃ਧ儈 սˈս 䎧ᡷ४ਧ˄Ӿ 䇑˅DŽ PRYF[['+⻱ཤਧ˗'/傡ࣘಘਧ˗&+ ս⻱䚃ਧվ ս˗ PRYG[[࡙⭘ %,26 ѝᯝ LQW[ ࣏㜭 Ӿࣘⴈ䈫ਆ KHDG ԓ⸱DŽ ORDGBV\VWHP ࣐䖭Ṩԓ⸱ࡠᆈ [ ᔰ༴DŽ PRYVS[䇮㖞ѤᰦḸᤷ䪸DŽަ٬䴰བྷҾ〻ᒿᵛㄟᒦᴹаᇊオ䰤ণਟDŽ PRYVVD[ ањㆰঅⲴཊԫ࣑Ṩᇎֻ PRYZV\VWHPBLQWHUUXSWD[䇮㖞㌫㔏䈳⭘䲧䱡䰘᧿䘠ㅖDŽਆ㌫㔏䈳⭘༴⨶〻ᒿൠ൰DŽ HVL PRYOHG[ HVL PRYOHD[ ѝˈ❦ਾ䇮㖞䈕᧿䘠ㅖDŽ ,6) ޕHF[ HVLᢺ ,'7 ᧿䘠ㅖ [ ൠ൰᭮ OHDLGW PRYO[HF[ᔰᵪᰦ %,26 䇮㖞Ⲵᰦ䫏ѝᯝੁ䟿ਧ DŽ䘉䟼ⴤ᧕֯⭘ᆳDŽ PRYZ[(G[ѝᯝ䰘㊫රᱟ ˄ቿ㭭ѝᯝ˅ˈ⢩ᵳ㓗 ᡆ⺜Ԧ֯⭘DŽ PRYZWLPHUBLQWHUUXSWD[䇮㖞ᇊᰦѝᯝ䰘᧿䘠ㅖDŽਆᇊᰦѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿൠ൰DŽ PRYO[HD[ѝᯝ〻ᒿṨˈণ ($; 儈ᆇᱟṨԓ⸱⇥䘹ᤙㅖ [DŽ ൘ ,'7 㺘ㅜ ઼ㅜ ˄[˅亩༴࠶࡛䇮㖞ᇊᰦѝᯝ䰘᧿䘠ㅖ઼㌫㔏䈳⭘䲧䱡䰘᧿䘠ㅖDŽ RXWEDOG[ PRYEDKDO 䙊䚃 DŽޕRXWEDOG[࠶є⅑ᢺࡍ䇑ᮠ٬߉ PRYO[HG[䙊䚃 ⲴㄟਓDŽ ˅ˈণ仁⦷ +=DŽ PRYO/$7&+HD[ࡍ䇑ᮠ٬䇮㖞Ѫ /$7&+˄ RXWEDOG[ PRYO[HG[ 㣟⡷᧗ࡦᆇᇴᆈಘ߉ㄟਓDŽ PRYE[DO᧗ࡦᆇ˖䇮㖞䙊䚃 ᐕ൘ᯩᔿ ǃ䇑ᮠࡍ٬䟷⭘Ҽ䘋ࡦDŽ 䇮㖞 ᇊᰦ㣟⡷DŽᢺ䇑ᮠಘ䙊䚃 䇮㖞ᡀ⇿䳄 ∛。ੁѝᯝ᧗ࡦಘਁ䘱ањѝᯝ䈧≲ؑਧDŽ OVVLQLWBVWDFNHVS PRYD[JV PRYD[IV PRYD[HV PRYD[GV PRYO[HD[൘᭩ਈҶ *'7 ѻਾ䟽ᯠ࣐䖭ᡰᴹ⇥ᇴᆈಘDŽ FDOOVHWXSBJGW䇮㖞 *'7DŽ FDOOVHWXSBLGW䇮㖞 ,'7DŽݸᢺ њѝᯝ䰘䜭ປ唈䇔༴⨶䗷〻Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖDŽ ൘ᯠⲴս㖞䟽ᯠ䇮㖞 ,'7 ઼ *'7 㺘DŽ OVVLQLWBVWDFNHVS PRYD[GV PRYO[HD[[ ᱟ *'7 ѝᮠᦞ⇥䘹ᤙㅖDŽ 俆ݸ࣐䖭ᮠᦞ⇥ᇴᆈಘ '6ǃึḸ⇥ᇴᆈಘ 66 ઼ึḸᤷ䪸 (63DŽᡰᴹ⇥Ⲵ㓯ᙗสൠ൰䜭ᱟ DŽ VWDUWXSB WH[W /'7B6(/ [ԫ࣑ Ⲵ /'7 ⇥䘹ᤙㅖDŽ 766B6(/ ;ԫ࣑ Ⲵ 766 ⇥䘹ᤙㅖDŽ /'7B6(/ [ԫ࣑ Ⲵ /'7 ⇥䘹ᤙㅖDŽ 766B6(/ [ԫ࣑ Ⲵ 766 ⇥䘹ᤙㅖDŽ 6&51B6(/ [ቿᒅᱮ⽪ᆈ⇥䘹ᤙㅖDŽ ণ⇿䳄 ∛。ਁ䘱а⅑ѝᯝ䈧≲DŽˈᇊᰦಘࡍ䇑ᮠ٬ /$7&+ ൘ࡍॆᆼᡀѻਾ〻ᒿ〫ࣘࡠԫ࣑ ᔰᢗ㹼ˈᒦ൘ᰦ䫏ѝᯝ᧗ࡦл䘋㹼ԫ࣑ ઼ ѻ䰤Ⲵ࠷ᦒDŽ ᣔ⁑ᔿࡍॆ䇮㖞ԓ⸱ǃᰦ䫏ѝᯝԓ⸱ǃ㌫㔏䈳⭘ѝᯝԓ⸱઼єњԫ࣑Ⲵԓ⸱DŽ؍KHDGVवਜ਼ ս 䘲ᖃⲴ᧿䘠ㅖ亩ণਟDŽޕਟԕⴤ᧕֯⭘ boot.s ѝ䇮㖞Ⲵ IDT ઼ GDT 㺘ս㖞ˈປޘ ᤱа㠤DŽᖃ❦ˈቡᵜ〻ᒿᶕ䈤ᡁԜᆼ؍ᲠˈҏѪҶоਾ䶒 Linux 0.11 ṨⓀԓ⸱ѝ䘉єњ㺘Ⲵ䇮㖞ᯩᔿ ᣔ⁑ᔿਾˈhead.s 〻ᒿ䟽ᯠᔪ・઼䇮㖞 IDTǃGDT 㺘Ⲵѫ㾱ഐᱟѪҶ䇙〻ᒿ൘㔃ᶴк∄䖳؍ޕ൘䘋 4.9.3 ཐԱࣗṮぁᓅ head.s ZRUG[$$ᕅሬᡷ४ᴹ᭸ḷᘇDŽᗵ享༴Ҿᕅሬᡷ४ᴰਾ ᆇ㢲༴DŽ RUJ JGW ༴DŽ 〫ٿZRUG[FJGW*'7 㺘Ⲵ㓯ᙗสൠ൰൘ [F ⇥Ⲵ ањㆰঅⲴཊԫ࣑Ṩᇎֻ ൠ൰㾱҈DŽ〫ٿHE[ ᇎ䱵ᱮ⽪ս㖞ሩᓄⲴᱮ⽪ᆈ PRYEDOJV VKOHE[ഐѪ൘ቿᒅк⇿њᆇㅖ䘈ᴹањᙗᆇ㢲ˈഐ↔ᆇㅖ PRYOVFUBORFE[Ӿਈ䟿 VFUBORF ѝਆⴞࡽᆇㅖᱮ⽪ս㖞٬DŽ PRYE[JV PRY6&51B6(/HE[❦ਾ䇙 *6 ᤷੁᱮ⽪ᆈ⇥˄[E˅DŽ SXVKOHE[ ᆈDŽ؍ᆈ㾱⭘ࡠⲴᇴᆈಘˈ($; ⭡䈳⭘㘵䍏䍓؍SXVKJV俆ݸ ZULWHBFKDU ᱮ⽪ᆇㅖᆀ〻ᒿDŽਆᖃࡽݹḷս㖞ᒦᢺ $/ ѝⲴᆇㅖᱮ⽪൘ቿᒅкDŽᮤቿਟᱮ⽪ ; њᆇㅖDŽ UHW OLGWOLGWBRSFRGHᴰਾ⭘ ᆇ㢲ᮠ࣐䖭 ,'75 ᇴᆈಘDŽ MQHUSBLGW GHFHF[ DGGOHGL HGL PRYOHG[ HGL PRYOHD[ USBLGW PRYHF[ᗚ⧟䇮㖞ᡰᴹ њ䰘᧿䘠ㅖ亩DŽ OHDLGWHGL PRYZ[(G[ѝᯝ䰘㊫රˈ⢩ᵳ㓗Ѫ DŽ PRYZG[D[ PRYO[HD[䘹ᤙㅖѪ [DŽ OHDLJQRUHBLQWHG[䇮㖞ᯩ⌅о䇮㖞ᇊᰦѝᯝ䰘᧿䘠ㅖⲴᯩ⌅аṧDŽ ᢺᡰᴹ њѝᯝ䰘᧿䘠ㅖ䇮㖞Ѫ֯⭘唈䇔༴⨶䗷〻DŽ VHWXSBLGW ᆇ㢲઼ ᆇ㢲Ⲵᇩˈ❦ਾ࡙⭘䈕ᇴᆈಘሩᗚ⧟ᖰ ,'7 㺘ѝປݵ唈䇔ѝᯝ䰘᧿䘠ㅖᇩDŽ LJQRUHBLQWDŽ䇮㖞Ⲵާփᯩ⌅ᱟ˖俆ݸ൘ HD[ ઼ HG[ ᇴᆈಘሩѝ࠶࡛䇮㖞ྭ唈䇔ѝᯝ䰘᧿䘠ㅖⲴ ൷֯⭘唈䇔Ⲵѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻ˈ䘉⇥ԓ⸱Ჲᰦ䇮㖞 ,'7 㺘ѝᡰᴹ њѝᯝ䰘᧿䘠ㅖ䜭Ѫ਼ањ唈䇔٬ UHW OJGWOJGWBRSFRGH ֯⭘ ᆇ㢲ᮠ OJGWBRSFRGH 䇮㖞 *'7 㺘ս㖞઼䮯ᓖDŽ VHWXSBJGW ԕлᱟ䇮㖞 *'7 ઼ ,'7 ѝ᧿䘠ㅖ亩Ⲵᆀ〻ᒿDŽ LUHWᢗ㹼ѝᯝ䘄എᤷԔˈӾ㘼࠷ᦒࡠ⢩ᵳ㓗 Ⲵԫ࣑ ѝᢗ㹼DŽ ḸDŽޕSXVKOWDVNᢺԓ⸱ᤷ䪸 ḸDŽޕSXVKO[Iᢺᖃࡽተ䜘オ䰤ԓ⸱⇥䘹ᤙㅖ ḸDŽޕSXVKIOᢺḷᘇᇴᆈಘ٬ Ḹ˅DŽޕ Ḹ˄ҏਟԕⴤ᧕ᢺ (63ޕSXVKOLQLWBVWDFNᢺึḸᤷ䪸 ḸDŽޕSXVKO[ᢺԫ࣑ ᖃࡽተ䜘オ䰤ᮠᦞ⇥˄ึḸ⇥˅䘹ᤙㅖ VWL⧠൘ᔰѝᯝˈᒦ൘Ḹѝ㩕䙐ѝᯝ䘄എᰦⲴ൪ᲟDŽ ᆈ൘ FXUUHQW ਈ䟿ѝDŽ؍ PRYOFXUUHQWᢺᖃࡽԫ࣑ਧ OOGWD[75 ઼ /'75 ਚ䴰Ӫᐕ࣐䖭а⅑ˈԕਾ &38 Պ㠚ࣘ༴⨶DŽ PRYO/'7B6(/HD[ᢺԫ࣑ Ⲵ /'7 ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭ࡠተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᇴᆈಘ /'75DŽ OWUD[ PRYO766B6(/HD[ᢺԫ࣑ Ⲵ 766 ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭ࡠԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘ 75DŽ SRSIO HVS DQGO[IIIIEIII SXVKIO༽սḷᘇᇴᆈಘ ()/$*6 ѝⲴ፼྇ԫ࣑ḷᘇDŽ ྭҶˈ⧠൘ᡁԜѪ〫ࣘࡠԫ࣑ ˄ԫ࣑ $˅ѝᢗ㹼ᶕึḸᇩˈ൘ึḸѝӪᐕᔪ・ѝᯝ䘄എᰦⲴ൪ᲟDŽ HVL PRYOHG[ HVL PRYOHD[ ѝˈ❦ਾ䇮㖞䈕᧿䘠ㅖDŽ ,6) ޕHF[ HVLᢺ ,'7 ᧿䘠ㅖ亩 [ ൠ൰᭮ OHDLGW PRYO[HF[㌫㔏䈳⭘ੁ䟿ਧᱟ [DŽ PRYZ[HIG[䲧䱡䰘㊫රᱟ ˈ⢩ᵳ㓗 Ⲵ〻ᒿਟᢗ㹼DŽ ањㆰঅⲴཊԫ࣑Ṩᇎֻ ]SXVKOHD SXVKOHE[ SXVKOHF[ SXVKOHG[ SXVKGV V\VWHPBLQWHUUXSW DOLJQ ㌫㔏䈳⭘ѝᯝ LQW[ ༴⨶〻ᒿDŽ䈕⽪ֻਚᴹањᱮ⽪ᆇㅖ࣏㜭DŽ LUHW SRSGV SRSOHD[ OMPS766B6(/৫ᢗ㹼DŽ FXUUHQWˈᒦ䐣䖜ࡠԫ࣑ ޕPRYOFXUUHQW㤕ᖃࡽԫ࣑ᱟ ˈࡉᢺ ᆈ MPSI ٬ᰐ⭘ˈն䴰㾱߉кDŽ〫ٿOMPS766B6(/৫ᢗ㹼DŽ⌘䐣䖜Ⲵ FXUUHQWˈᒦ䐣䖜ࡠԫ࣑ ޕPRYOHD[FXUUHQW㤕ᖃࡽԫ࣑ᱟ ˈࡉᢺ ᆈ MHI FPSOHD[FXUUHQW PRYOHD[᧕⵰ࡔᯝᖃࡽԫ࣑ˈ㤕ᱟԫ࣑ ࡉ৫ᢗ㹼ԫ࣑ ˈᡆ৽ѻDŽ RXWEDO[ $ ਁ䘱 (2, ભԔDŽ PRYE[DO❦ਾ・ݱ䇨ަԆ⺜Ԧѝᯝˈণੁ PRYD[GV PRYO[HD[俆ݸ䇙 '6 ᤷੁṨᮠᦞ⇥DŽ SXVKOHD[ SXVKGV WLPHUBLQWHUUXSW DOLJQ 䘉ᱟᇊᰦѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿDŽަѝѫ㾱ᢗ㹼ԫ࣑࠷ᦒDŽ LUHW SRSGV SRSOHD[ FDOOZULWHBFKDU Ⲵԓ⸱ˈ䈳⭘ᱮ⽪〻ᒿᱮ⽪൘ቿᒅкDŽ & PRYOHD[൘ $/ ѝᆈ᭮ᆇㅖ PRYD[GV PRYO[HD[俆ݸ䇙 '6 ᤷੁṨᮠᦞ⇥ˈഐѪѝᯝ〻ᒿҾṨDŽ SXVKOHD[ SXVKGV LJQRUHBLQW DOLJQ DŽ & LJQRUHBLQW ᱟ唈䇔Ⲵѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿˈ㤕㌫㔏ӗ⭏ҶަԆѝᯝˈࡉՊ൘ቿᒅкᱮ⽪ањᆇㅖ ԕлᱟ њѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿ˖唈䇔ѝᯝǃᇊᰦѝᯝ઼㌫㔏䈳⭘ѝᯝDŽ UHW SRSJV ᆈⲴᇴᆈಘᇩˈ䘄എDŽ؍SRSOHE[ᒦᕩࠪ ᆈ䎧ᶕ˄VFUBORF˅ˈ؍PRYOHE[VFUBORFᴰਾᢺ䘉њս㖞٬ PRYOHE[ MEI FPSOHE[ LQFOHE[ᓄлањᱮ⽪ս㖞DŽྲ᷌䈕ս㖞བྷҾ ˈࡉ༽սᡀ DŽ VKUHE[ᢺᆇㅖ᭮ࡠᱮ⽪ᆈਾᢺս㖞٬䲔 ࣐ ˈ↔ᰦս㖞٬ሩ ањㆰঅⲴཊԫ࣑Ṩᇎֻ OGWWUDFHELWPDS ORQJ/'7B6(/[ HVFVVVGVIVJV ORQJ HE[HVSHESHVLHGL ORQJ HLSHIODJVHD[HF[HG[ ORQJ HVSVVHVSVVFU ORQJ HVSVV ORQJNUQBVWN[ EDFNOLQN ORQJ WVV л䶒ᱟԫ࣑ Ⲵ 766 ⇥ⲴᇩDŽ⌘ަѝḷਧㅹᆇ⇥൘ԫ࣑࠷ᦒᰦнՊ᭩ਈDŽ TXDG[FIIIㅜ њተ䜘ᮠᦞ⇥᧿䘠ㅖˈሩᓄ䘹ᤙㅖᱟ [DŽ TXDG[FIDIIㅜ њተ䜘ԓ⸱⇥᧿䘠ㅖˈሩᓄ䘹ᤙㅖᱟ [IDŽ TXDG[ㅜ њ᧿䘠ㅖˈн⭘DŽ OGW DOLJQ л䶒ᱟԫ࣑ Ⲵ /'7 㺘⇥ѝⲴተ䜘⇥᧿䘠ㅖDŽ ZRUG[ึḸ⇥਼Ṩᮠᦞ⇥DŽ ս㖞DŽ〫ٿ⇥ORQJLQLWBVWDFNึḸ (63 ึḸᤷ䪸٬DŽ ᣔ⁑ᔿᰦ⭘Ҿ࣐䖭 66؍ޕࡊ䘋 LQLWBVWDFN ILOOࡍṨึḸオ䰤DŽ HQGBJGW ZRUG[OGW[H[ㅜ њᱟ /'7 ⇥Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖDŽަ䘹ᤙㅖᱟ [ [ㅜ њᱟ 766 ⇥Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖDŽަ䘹ᤙㅖᱟ [ ZRUG[WVV[H ZRUG[OGW[H[ㅜ 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HD[HF[HG[HE[ ORQJ HLSHIODJV ORQJWDVN[ HVSVVHVSVVFU ORQJ HVSVV ORQJNUQBVWN[ EDFNOLQN ORQJ WVV TXDG[FIII䘹ᤙㅖᱟ [ˈสൠ൰ [DŽ TXDG[FIDII䘹ᤙㅖᱟ [Iˈสൠ൰ [DŽ TXDG[ㅜ њ᧿䘠ㅖˈн⭘DŽ OGW DOLJQ л䶒ᱟԫ࣑ Ⲵ /'7 㺘⇥ᇩ઼ 766 ⇥ᇩDŽ NUQBVWN ILOO䘉ᱟԫ࣑ ⲴṨḸオ䰤DŽ ањㆰঅⲴཊԫ࣑Ṩᇎֻ ⺜Ԧ㌫㔏 ㌫㔏Ṩ ㌫㔏ᴽ࣑ ⭘ᡧᓄ⭘〻ᒿ ⢩ᇊⲴ࣏㜭DŽ൘ᆼᡀҶᓄ⭘〻ᒿᡰ㾱≲Ⲵᴽ࣑ਾˈ㌫㔏৸֯ CPU ӾṨᗳᘱ࠷ᦒഎ⭘ᡧᘱˈӾ㘼䘄എ Ⲵ৲ᮠ٬䈳⭘⢩ᇊⲴ㌫㔏䈳⭘ᴽ࣑〻ᒿˈ㘼䘉Ӌᴽ࣑〻ᒿࡉṩᦞ䴰㾱䈳⭘ᓅቲⲴаӋ᭟ᤱ࠭ᮠԕᆼᡀ ⭘ᤷԔ(int x80)ˈ֯ CPU Ӿ⭘ᡧᘱ˄User Mode˅࠷ᦒࡠṨᗳᘱ˄Kernel Model˅ˈ❦ਾ㌫㔏ṩᦞާփ ൘অṨ⁑ᔿⲴ㌫㔏ѝˈ㌫㔏ᡰᨀᴽ࣑Ⲵ⍱〻Ѫ˖ᓄ⭘ѫ〻ᒿ֯⭘ᤷᇊⲴ৲ᮠ٬ᢗ㹼㌫㔏䈳 ᓖᘛˈн䏣ѻ༴ѫ㾱ᱟቲ⅑㔃ᶴᙗнᕪDŽ ⌘䟺Ⲵ Linux 0.11 Ṩˈࡉᱟ䟷⭘ҶঅṨ⁑ᔿDŽঅṨ⁑ᔿⲴѫ㾱Ո⛩ᱟṨԓ⸱㔃ᶴ㍗ࠁǃᢗ㹼䙏 ⴞࡽˈ㌫㔏ṨⲴ㔃ᶴ⁑ᔿѫ㾱ਟ࠶ѪᮤփᔿⲴঅṨ⁑ᔿ઼ቲ⅑ᔿⲴᗞṨ⁑ᔿDŽ㘼ᵜҖᡰ 5.1 Linux Ṯ⁗ᕅ ᇎ傼⧟ຳⲴᯩ⌅DŽ 㾱ᶴᡀ⁑ඇDŽ❦ਾሩⓀԓ⸱ѝࠪ⧠Ⲵࠐњ䟽㾱ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴ䘋㹼䈤᰾DŽᴰਾ᧿䘠Ҷᶴᔪ Linux 0.11 Ṩ㕆䈁 ൘ᵜㄐᇩѝˈᡁԜ俆ݸสҾ Linux 0.11 ⡸ⲴṨⓀԓ⸱ˈㆰ᰾ൠ᧿䘠 Linux ṨⲴสᵜփ㌫㔃ᶴǃѫ 䈳ᓖሩ⺜Ԧ䍴ⓀⲴ䇯䰞ˈᒦѪ䇑㇇ᵪкⲴ⭘ᡧ〻ᒿᨀањ儈㓗Ⲵᢗ㹼⧟ຳ઼ሩ⺜ԦⲴ㲊ᤏ᧕ਓDŽ Linux ṨⲴѫ㾱⭘䙄ቡᱟѪҶо䇑㇇ᵪ⺜Ԧ䘋㹼Ӕӂˈᇎ⧠ሩ⺜Ԧ䜘ԦⲴ㕆〻᧗ࡦ઼᧕ਓˈ ഴ ᬃ֒㌱㔕㓺ᡆ䜞࠼Ⱦ 䏓Ⲵ䜘࠶ˈᆳѫ㾱⭘Ҿሩ⺜Ԧ䍴ⓀⲴᣭ䊑઼䇯䰞䈳ᓖDŽޤᱟᵜҖᡰᝏ 䘉Ӌ〻ᒿवᤜ X デਓ㌫㔏ǃshell ભԔ䀓䟺㌫㔏ԕ৺䛓ӋṨ㕆〻᧕ਓㅹ㌫㔏〻ᒿ˗㌫㔏Ṩ〻ᒿণ ㌫㔏ᴽ࣑〻ᒿᱟᤷ䛓Ӌੁ⭘ᡧᨀⲴᴽ࣑㻛ⴻᱟ㌫㔏䜘࠶࣏㜭Ⲵ〻ᒿDŽ൘ Linux ㌫㔏кˈ 㿱മ 5-1 ᡰ⽪DŽ⭘ᡧᓄ⭘〻ᒿᱟᤷ䛓Ӌᆇ༴⨶〻ᒿǃInternet ⍿㿸ಘ〻ᒿᡆ⭘ᡧ㠚㹼㕆ࡦⲴ⿽ᓄ⭘〻ᒿ˗ ањᆼᮤਟ⭘Ⲵ㌫㔏ѫ㾱⭡ 4 䜘࠶㓴ᡀ˖⺜Ԧǃ㌫㔏Ṩǃ㌫㔏ᴽ઼࣑⭘ᡧᓄ⭘〻ᒿˈ ⁑ᔿ䘀㹼ᯩᔿᐕ⨶DŽ ᣔ؍ 80X86 ޣᇩᰦ䘄എᶕ৲㘳ᵜㄐᇩDŽ൘䰵䈫ᵜㄐѻࡽ䈧ݸ༽ҐᡆᆖҐᴹޣ䗷ˈᖵ䰵䈫ࡠਾ䶒 ⴻᱟሩṨⓀԓ⸱Ⲵᙫ㔃ᾲ䘠ˈҏਟԕѪ䰵䈫ਾ㔝ㄐ㢲Ⲵ৲㘳ؑDŽሩҾ䖳䳮⨶䀓Ⲵൠᯩਟԕݸ䐣 ṨⓀ᮷Ԧ Linux/ⴞᖅлⲴㅜањ᮷Ԧ Makefile ᔰˈሩ⇿а㹼ԓ⸱䘋㹼䈖㓶⌘䟺䈤᰾DŽᵜㄐᇩਟԕ 仈ˈӾ↓ޕ㌫DŽ᧕лᶕቡⴤ᧕࠷ޣ㓴㓷ᖒᔿԕ৺ᆀⴞᖅѝњԓ⸱᮷ԦⲴѫ㾱࣏㜭ԕ৺สᵜ䈳⭘Ⲵቲ⅑ ᵜㄐ俆ݸᾲ㾱ӻ㓽Ҷ Linux ṨⲴ㕆ࡦ⁑ᔿ઼փ㌫㔃ᶴˈ❦ਾ䈖㓶᧿䘠Ҷ Linux ṨⓀԓ⸱ⴞᖅѝ ㅜ5ㄐLinux Ṩփ㌫㔃ᶴ LQX[ Ṩ⁑ᔿ/ ᭟ᤱ࠭ᮠ ㌫㔏ᴽ࣑ ѫ〻ᒿ ࡠ 0.96 ⡸ᴹ˅DŽ 㺘⽪ Linux 0.11 ѝ䘈ᵚᇎ⧠Ⲵ䜘࠶˄Ӿ Linux 0.95 ⡸ᔰ䙀↕ᇎ⧠㲊ᤏ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ˈ㘼㖁㔌᧕ਓⲴ᭟ᤱ ㌫ˈ㲊㓯઼㲊Ṷ䜘࠶ޣ㌫㿱മ 5-3 ᡰ⽪DŽަѝⲴ䘎㓯ԓ㺘ᆳԜѻ䰤Ⲵ䎆ޣ䘉ࠐњ⁑ඇѻ䰤Ⲵ䎆 ⿽㖁㔌䙊ؑḷ߶Ⲵ䇯䰞ᒦ᭟ᤱ䇨ཊ㖁㔌⺜ԦDŽ ⿽᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ṬᔿDŽ䘋〻䰤䙊ؑ⁑ඇᆀ㌫㔏⭘Ҿ᭟ᤱཊ⿽䘋〻䰤ⲴؑӔᦒᯩᔿDŽ㖁㔌᧕ਓ⁑ඇᨀሩཊ ᨀањ䙊⭘Ⲵ᮷Ԧ᧕ਓˈ䳀㯿Ҷ⿽⺜Ԧ䇮༷Ⲵн਼㓶㢲DŽӾ㘼ᨀᒦ᭟ᤱоަԆ㌫㔏ެᇩⲴཊ എᶕDŽ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏⁑ඇ⭘Ҿ᭟ᤱሩཆ䜘䇮༷Ⲵ傡઼ࣘᆈۘDŽ㲊ᤏ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏⁑ඇ䙊䗷ੁᡰᴹⲴཆ䜘ᆈۘ䇮༷ Ⲵᆈᇩ䟿DŽᒦਟԕ࡙⭘᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ᢺᲲᰦн⭘ⲴᆈᮠᦞඇӔᦒࡠཆ䜘ᆈۘ䇮༷к৫ˈᖃ䴰㾱ᰦӔᦒ ᆈ४ˈ਼ᰦˈᆈ㇑⨶⁑ඇ䘈᭟ᤱ㲊ᤏᆈ㇑⨶ᯩᔿˈ֯ᗇ Linux ᭟ᤱ䘋〻֯⭘∄ᇎ䱵ᆈオ䰤ᴤཊ ӛᵪಘѫޡൠޘᡰᴹ䘋〻㜭ཏᆹ؍⺞䇱Ṩ㜭৺ᰦൠᢗ㹼⺜ԦDŽᆈ㇑⨶⁑ඇ⭘Ҿ؍䰞 CPUˈ਼ᰦ ᒣਸ⨶ൠ䇯ޜ䘋〻䈳ᓖ⁑ඇ⭘ᶕ䍏䍓᧗ࡦ䘋〻ሩ CPU 䍴ⓀⲴ֯⭘DŽᡰ䟷ਆⲴ䈳ᓖㆆ⮕ᱟ䘋〻㜭ཏ 〻䰤䙊ؑ⁑ඇ઼㖁㔌᧕ਓ⁑ඇDŽ Linux Ṩѫ㾱⭡ 5 њ⁑ඇᶴᡀˈᆳԜ࠶࡛ᱟ˖䘋〻䈳ᓖ⁑ඇǃᆈ㇑⨶⁑ඇǃ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏⁑ඇǃ䘋 5.2 Linux Ṯ㌱㔕։㌱㔉ᶺ ഴ ঋṮ⁗ᕅⲺㆶঋ㔉ᶺ⁗ශ ᴽ࣑Ⲵѫ〻ᒿቲǃᢗ㹼㌫㔏䈳⭘Ⲵᴽ࣑ቲ઼᭟ᤱ㌫㔏䈳⭘Ⲵᓅቲ࠭ᮠDŽ㿱മ 5-2 ᡰ⽪DŽ ࡠᓄ⭘〻ᒿѝ㔗㔝ᢗ㹼ਾ䶒ⲴᤷԔDŽഐ↔ᾲ㾱ൠ䇢ˈঅṨ⁑ᔿⲴṨҏਟ㋇⮕ൠ࠶Ѫйњቲ⅑˖䈳⭘ LQX[ Ṩ㌫㔏փ㌫㔃ᶴ/ 㖁㔌᧕ਓ ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏 㲊ᤏ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏 ᆈ㇑⨶ 䘋〻䈳ᓖ 䘋〻䰤䙊ؑ ᡀമ 5-4 ᡰ⽪ⲴṶമ㔃ᶴDŽ 㤕ӾঅṨ⁑ᔿ㔃ᶴ⁑රࠪਁˈᡁԜ䘈ਟԕṩᦞ Linux 0.11 ṨⓀԓ⸱Ⲵ㔃ᶴሶṨѫ㾱⁑ඇ㔈ࡦ ༷DŽ㘼ᆈ㇑⨶ᆀ㌫㔏ҏՊ֯⭘᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ᶕ᭟ᤱᆈᮠᦞඇⲴӔᦒDŽ ⭘㖁㔌᧕ਓᶕ᭟ᤱ㖁㔌᮷Ԧ㌫㔏˄NFS˅ˈ਼ṧҏ㜭֯⭘ᆈ㇑⨶ᆀ㌫㔏ᨀᆈ㲊ᤏⴈ˄ramdisk˅䇮 ࡦDŽ䘉⿽䙊ؑᵪࡦݱ䇨єњ䘋〻䇯䰞ᆈⲴ਼ањ४ฏԕ䘋㹼䘋〻䰤ؑⲴӔᦒDŽ㲊ᤏ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ҏՊ֯ ӛᆈ䙊ؑᵪޡᮤа⢩ᇊ䘋〻ᡰ֯⭘Ⲵ⢙⨶ᆈオ䰤DŽ䘋〻䰤䙊ؑᆀ㌫㔏ࡉ䴰㾱䶐ᆈ㇑⨶ಘᶕ᭟ᤱ ㌫ᴹӋнཚ᰾ᱮˈն਼ṧҏᖸ䟽㾱DŽ䘋〻䈳ᓖᆀ㌫㔏䴰㾱֯⭘ᆈ㇑⨶ᶕ䈳ޣަԆࠐњ⁑ඇⲴ䎆 ㌫DŽޣඇҏᱟ⭡Ҿ㊫լⲴഐ㘼о䘋〻䈳ᓖ⁑ඇᆈ൘䎆 ࡠ↓ᑨ䖜䙏ਾ֯ᗇ䈕䘋〻㜭㔗㔝䘀㹼DŽਖཆ 3 њ⁑ޕ䖜ᵏ䰤ሶ䈕䘋〻㖞Ѫᤲ䎧ㅹᖵ⣦ᘱˈ㘼൘䖟ⴈ䘋 ਟ㔗㔝䘀㹼DŽֻྲˈᖃањ䘋〻䈅മሶаᮠᦞඇ߉ࡠ䖟ⴈк৫ᰦˈ䖟ⴈ傡ࣘ〻ᒿቡਟ㜭൘ࣘ䖟ⴈ ᡆ䟽ᯠ䘀㹼ᆳԜⲴ䘋〻DŽ䙊ᑨˈањ⁑ඇՊ൘ㅹᖵ⺜Ԧᵏ䰤㻛ᤲ䎧ˈ㘼൘ᆼᡀਾ˅ڌᤲ䎧˄Ჲ ㌫DŽഐѪᆳԜ䜭䴰㾱䶐䘋〻䈳ᓖ〻ᒿᶕޣ⭡മਟԕⴻࠪˈᡰᴹⲴ⁑ඇ䜭о䘋〻䈳ᓖ⁑ඇᆈ൘䎆 䎌ީ㌱דഴ /LQX[ Ṯ㌱㔕⁗ඍ㔉ᶺӈ LQX[ Ṩ㌫㔏փ㌫㔃ᶴ/ 䈳ᓖ〻ᒿ 䘋〻䰤䙊ؑ ᆈ㇑⨶ ⭘ᡧ〻ᒿ ࠭ ᮠ ᓃ ⺜Ԧ ⺜ Ԧ ᧗ ࡦ ᆀ㌫㔏 䘋〻᧗ࡦ 䇮༷傡ࣘ〻ᒿ ᆇㅖ䇮༷ ඇ䇮༷ 儈䙏㕃ߢ ᮷Ԧᆀ㌫㔏 ㌫㔏䈳⭘᧕ਓ ⺜Ԧ㓗 Ṩ㓗 Ṩ㓗 ⭘ᡧ㓗 㜭४ฏˈ㿱മ 5-5 ᡰ⽪DŽ ൘ Linux 0.11 ṨѝˈѪҶᴹ᭸ൠ֯⭘ᵪಘѝⲴ⢙⨶ᆈˈ൘㌫㔏ࡍॆ䱦⇥ᆈ㻛ࡂ࠶ᡀࠐњ࣏ 5.3.1 ⢟⨼ᆎ ㌫DŽޣⲴሩᓄ ᰾ Linux 0.11 ㌫㔏ѝṨԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞԕ৺њԫ࣑Ⲵԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ൘㲊ᤏൠ൰ǃ㓯ᙗൠ൰઼⢙⨶ൠ൰ѻ䰤 ᣔᯩᔿDŽᴰਾᡁԜ㔬ਸ䈤؍ᛵߥˈ࠶࡛ᾲ㾱᧿䘠ᆈⲴ࠶⇥઼࠶亥㇑⨶ᵪࡦԕ৺ CPU ཊԫ઼࣑ ᵜ㢲俆ݸ䈤᰾ Linux 0.11 ㌫㔏ѝ∄䖳ⴤ㿲Ⲵ⢙⨶ᆈ֯⭘ᛵߥˈ❦ਾ㔃ਸ Linux 0.11 ṨѝⲴᓄ⭘ 5.3 Linux ṮሯᆎⲺ㇗⨼ૂֵ⭞ ᤜṨᡰᴹᆀ㌫㔏䜭Պ䈳⭘Ⲵᆈ࠶䝽઼᭦എ࠭ᮠǃᢃঠ䆖ᡆࠪ䭉ؑ࠭ᮠԕ৺аӋ㌫㔏䈳䈅࠭ᮠDŽ ㌫ԕཆˈᡰᴹ䘉Ӌ⁑ඇ䘈Պ䎆ҾṨѝⲴ䙊⭘䍴ⓀDŽ䘉Ӌ䍴Ⓚवޣ䲔Ҷ䘉Ӌമѝᐢ㓿㔉ࠪⲴ䎆 㔃ᶴDŽ ަѝṨ㓗ѝⲴࠐњᯩṶˈ䲔Ҷ⺜Ԧ᧗ࡦᯩṶԕཆˈަԆ㋇㓯ᯩṶ࠶࡛ሩᓄṨⓀԓ⸱Ⲵⴞᖅ㓴㓷 ഴ Ṯ㔉ᶺṼഴ LQX[ ṨሩᆈⲴ㇑⨶઼֯⭘/ ᱮᆈ઼ %,26520 㲊ᤏⴈ ѫᆈ४ Ṩ⁑ඇ 儈䙏㕃ߢ४ 0. 㤕⋑ᴹ⭘࠶亥ᵪࡦˈ䛓Ѹ㓯ᙗൠ൰ⴤ᧕ቡᱟ⢙⨶ൠ൰DŽIntel 80386 Ⲵ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ᇩ䟿Ѫ 4GDŽ สൠ൰ቡ⭏ᡀҶањ㓯ᙗൠ൰DŽྲ᷌⭘Ҷ࠶亥ᵪࡦˈ䛓Ѹ㓯ᙗൠ൰ਟԕ㓿ਈᦒԕӗ⭏ањ⢙⨶ൠ൰DŽ ൠ൰ˈ࣐кᓄ⇥Ⲵ〫ٿ˄〠Ѫ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤˅ѝⲴൠ൰DŽ〻ᒿԓ⸱Պӗ⭏䙫䗁ൠ൰ˈᡆ㘵䈤ᱟ⇥ѝⲴ 㓯ᙗൠ൰˄Linear Address˅ᱟ㲊ᤏൠ൰ࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰ਈᦒѻ䰤Ⲵѝ䰤ቲˈᱟ༴⨶ಘਟራ൰Ⲵᆈオ䰤 ൠ൰઼㲊ᤏൠ൰Ⲵᾲᘥˈ㘼ᱟሶᆳԜ㔏〠Ѫ䙫䗁ൠ൰DŽ 䘿᰾Ⲵˈӵ⭡㌫㔏㕆〻Ӫઈ⎹৺DŽн䗷ᴹӋ䍴ᯉᒦн४࠶䙫䗁ޘӔ䚃ˈ㘼࠶⇥઼࠶亥ᵪࡦሩԆᶕ䈤ᱟᆼ аṧ˅DŽᓄ⭘〻ᒿઈӵ䴰о䙫䗁ൠ൰ᢃޘᇊԓ⸱⇥ǃᮠᦞ⇥ᆼٷ˄ൠ൰〫ٿᤷ〻ᒿᢗ㹼ԓ⸱⇥䲀䮯Ⲵ ᣔ⁑ᔿлণᱟ؍ ൠ൰䜘࠶DŽ൘ Intel〫ٿⲴޣ䙫䗁ൠ൰˄Logical Address˅ᱟᤷ⭡〻ᒿӗ⭏Ⲵо⇥ 㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤㤳തᱟ 16384 * 4G = 64TDŽ 4Gˈࡉᴰབྷ ਟԕ㍒ᕅ 16384 њ䘹ᤙㅖDŽ㤕⇿њ⇥Ⲵ䮯ᓖ䜭ਆᴰབྷ٬ޡ њ∄⢩սˈഐ↔ Intel 80X86 CPU ⭡ LDT ᱐ሴⲴተ䜘ൠ൰オ䰤㓴ᡀDŽ䘹ᤙㅖⲴ㍒ᕅ䜘࠶⭡ 13 њ∄⢩ս㺘⽪ˈ࣐к४࠶ GDT ઼ LDT Ⲵ 1 ተൠ൰オ䰤઼ޘሩᓄࡠ⢙⨶ᆈൠ൰кˈഐ↔䘉⿽ൠ൰㻛〠Ѫ㲊ᤏൠ൰DŽ㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤⭡ GDT ᱐ሴⲴ Ѫ䘉є䜘࠶㓴ᡀⲴൠ൰ᒦ⋑ᴹⴤ᧕⭘ᶕ䇯䰞⢙⨶ᆈˈ㘼ᱟ䴰㾱䙊䗷࠶⇥ൠ൰ਈᦒᵪࡦ༴⨶ᡆ᱐ሴਾ ൠ൰єњ䜘࠶㓴ᡀⲴൠ൰DŽഐ〫ٿ㲊ᤏൠ൰˄Virtual Address˅ᱟᤷ⭡〻ᒿӗ⭏Ⲵ⭡⇥䘹ᤙㅖ઼⇥ a. 〻ᒿ˄䘋〻˅Ⲵ㲊ᤏ઼䙫䗁ൠ൰˗b. CPU Ⲵ㓯ᙗൠ൰˗c. ᇎ䱵⢙⨶ᆈൠ൰DŽ Linux 0.11 Ṩѝˈ൘䘋㹼ൠ൰᱐ሴᰦˈᡁԜ䴰㾱俆ݸ࠶ 3 ⿽ൠ൰ԕ৺ᆳԜѻ䰤Ⲵਈᦒᾲᘥ˖ 5.3.2 ᆎ൦൶グ䰪Ᾰᘫ ㇑⨶ᵪࡦDŽ 〻ᒿઈ䙊䗷㕆〻ᶕ⺞ᇊᱟ䟷⭘DŽѪҶ㜭ᴹ᭸ൠ֯⭘⢙⨶ᆈˈLinux ㌫㔏਼ᰦ䟷⭘Ҷᆈ࠶⇥઼࠶亥 ࠶⇥㌫㔏˄Segmentation System˅઼࠶亥㌫㔏˄Paging System˅DŽަѝ࠶亥㇑⨶㌫㔏ᱟਟ䘹ᤙⲴˈ⭡㌫㔏 Ⲵᆈ䘋㹼ᴹ᭸Ⲵ㇑⨶DŽ൘ Intel 80386 ৺ԕਾⲴ CPU ѝᨀҶє⿽ᆈ㇑⨶˄ൠ൰ਈᦒ˅㌫㔏˖ᆈ ⭡Ҿ䇑㇇ᵪ㌫㔏ѝᡰਜ਼Ⲵᇎ䱵⢙⨶ᆈᇩ䟿ᴹ䲀ˈഐ↔ CPU ѝ䙊ᑨ䜭ᨀҶᆈ㇑⨶ᵪࡦሩ㌫㔏ѝ 㲊ᤏⴈᆈ᭮ᮠᦞDŽ ᨀࠪ⭣䈧ˈᒦ൘⭣䈧ᡀ࣏ਾᯩ㜭֯⭘DŽሩҾਜ਼ᴹ RAM 㲊ᤏⴈⲴ㌫㔏ˈѫᆈ४ཤ䜘䘈㾱ࡂ৫а䜘࠶ˈ 〻ᒿਟԕ䲿ᰦ⭣䈧઼֯⭘Ⲵѫᆈ४DŽṨ〻ᒿ൘֯⭘ѫᆈ४ᰦˈҏ਼ṧ俆ݸ㾱ੁṨᆈ㇑⨶⁑ඇ ҏᱟݸሶᮠᦞ᭮ࡠ儈䙏㕃ߢ४ѝˈ❦ਾ⭡ඇ䇮༷傡ࣘ〻ᒿ߉ࡠᓄⲴ䇮༷кDŽᆈⲴᴰਾ䜘࠶ᱟᡰᴹ 䈫ਆඇ䇮༷ѝⲴᮠᦞᰦˈ㌫㔏Պ俆ݸᢺᮠᦞ䈫ࡠ儈䙏㕃ߢ४ѝ˗ᖃᴹᮠᦞ䴰㾱߉ࡠඇ䇮༷к৫ᰦˈ㌫㔏 ߢ४䜘࠶˄ަѝ㾱ᢓ䲔ᱮ⽪ᆈ઼ ROM BIOS ᡰঐ⭘Ⲵᆈൠ൰㤳ത 640K--1MB˅DŽᖃањ䘋〻䴰㾱 ަѝˈLinux Ṩ〻ᒿঐᦞ൘⢙⨶ᆈⲴᔰ䜘࠶ˈ᧕лᶕᱟ⺜ⴈᡆ䖟ⴈㅹඇ䇮༷֯⭘Ⲵ儈䙏㕃 ഴ ⢟⨼ᆎֵ⭞Ⲻࣕ㜳࠼ᐹഴ LQX[ ṨሩᆈⲴ㇑⨶઼֯⭘/ ⢙⨶ൠ൰ ࠶亥ᵪࡦ ᔰ" ࠶亥 㓯ᙗൠ൰ ࠶⇥ᵪࡦ 䙫䗁ൠ൰ 㲊ᤏൠ൰ ٬〫ٿ 䘹ᤙㅖ 䙫䗁ൠ൰ ᱟ ٬㻛ᆈ᭮൘⇥ᇴᆈಘѝ˄ֻྲ ds˅ˈᒦ⇥ˈ٬〫ٿ઼⇥൘ᇎ⁑ᔿлˈራ൰ањᆈൠ൰ѫ㾱ᱟ֯⭘ ᣔ⁑ᔿ䘀㹼ᵪࡦлᆈራ൰Ⲵѫ㾱⢩⛩DŽ؍ᯩᔿⲴн਼ˈ⭘∄䖳Ⲵᯩ⌅ᶕㆰঅ䈤᰾ 32 ս ᣔ⁑ᔿлራ൰؍ᇊབྷᇦ⸕ᲃᇎ⁑ᔿлᆈራ൰⨶ˈ⧠൘ᡁԜṩᦞ CPU ൘ᇎ⁑ᔿ઼ٷⲴՈݸ㓗ㅹؑDŽ Intel CPU ֯⭘⇥˄Segment˅Ⲵᾲᘥᶕሩ〻ᒿ䘋㹼ራ൰DŽ⇿њ⇥ᇊѹҶᆈѝⲴḀњ४ฏԕ৺䇯䰞 ᆈѝDŽ䘉ҏቡᱟᆈ㇑⨶Ⲵ㕪亥࣐䖭ᵪࡦˈ൘ Linux 0.11 Ṩѝᱟ൘〻ᒿ mm/memory.c ѝᇎ⧠DŽ ޕ࠶ѪӔᦒ㕃ߢ४˄Swapper˅ᢺᆈѝᲲᰦн֯⭘Ⲵ亥䶒ӔᦒࡠҼ㓗㕃ߢ४ѝˈ❦ਾᢺ㾱≲Ⲵ亥䶒䈳 䜘ঐ⭘ˈ䛓ѸਟԕُࣙҼ㓗ᆈۘオ䰤Ⲵа䜘ޘྲ⺜ⴈк˅࣐䖭ࡠ⢙⨶ᆈѝDŽྲ᷌↔ᰦ⢙⨶ᆈᐢ㓿㻛 ༴⨶䈕ѝᯝⲴ䗷〻ቡਟԕ⸕䚃ਁ⭏亥ᔲᑨⲴ⺞࠷ൠ൰ˈӾ㘼ਟԕᢺ䘋〻㾱≲Ⲵ亥䶒ӾҼ㓗ᆈۘオ䰤˄∄ ൠ൰ᰦˈቡՊ䀖ਁ CPU ӗ⭏亥ࠪ䭉ᔲᑨѝᯝˈᒦᢺᕅ䎧ѝᯝⲴ㓯ᙗൠ൰᭮ࡠ CR2 ᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘѝDŽഐ↔ ᗇ⸕䘉њᛵߥDŽ䘉ᱟ䙊䗷 80386 Ⲵ亥䭉䈟ᔲᑨѝᯝᶕᇎ⧠ⲴDŽᖃањ䘋〻ᕅ⭘ањнᆈ൘亥䶒ѝⲴᆈ аඇнᆈ൘Ⲵᆈᰦ˄ҏণ൘ᆈ亥㺘亩ѝᐢḷࠪᓄᆈ亥䶒н൘ᆈѝ˅ˈCPU ቡ䴰㾱а⿽ᯩ⌅ᶕ 䛓Ѹ㲊ᤏᆈۘ㇑⨶ᱟᘾṧᇎ⧠Ⲵ˛⨶ок䘠ࡇ䖖䘀㹼Ⲵ∄௫㊫լDŽ俆ݸˈᖃањ〻ᒿ䴰㾱֯⭘ ⿽ᯩ⌅DŽ䙊ᑨ㲊ᤏᆈオ䰤㾱∄ᇎ䱵⢙⨶ᆈ䟿བྷᗇཊDŽ ᆈオ䰤Ⲵਜ਼ѹᱟᤷа⿽࡙⭘Ҽ㓗ᡆཆ䜘ᆈۘオ䰤ˈ֯〻ᒿ㜭нਇᇎ䱵⢙⨶ᆈ䟿䲀ࡦ㘼֯⭘ᆈⲴа CPU 䘋㹼ൠ൰ਈᦒ˄᱐ሴ˅Ⲵѫ㾱ⴞⲴᱟѪҶ䀓ߣ㲊ᤏᆈオ䰤ࡠ⢙⨶ᆈオ䰤Ⲵ᱐ሴ䰞仈DŽ㲊ᤏ ഴ 㲐ᤕ൦൶δ䙱䗇൦൶εࡦ⢟⨼൦൶Ⲻᦘ䗽ぁ ᵪࡦˈࡉ䈕㓯ᙗൠ൰ቡ㻛䘱ࡠ CPU Ⲵཆ䜘ൠ൰ᙫ㓯кˈ⭘Ҿⴤ᧕ራ൰ሩᓄⲴ⢙⨶ᆈDŽ㿱മ 4-4 ᡰ⽪DŽ 䗷ᢺᓄⲴ⇥ส൰࣐ࡠ〻ᒿઈⴻᗇ㿱Ⲵ䙫䗁ൠ൰кቡᖒᡀҶањሩᓄⲴ㓯ᙗൠ൰DŽ↔ᰦ㤕⋑ᴹ⭘࠶亥 㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝDŽ〻ᒿ⇿⅑ሩᆈⲴᕅ⭘䜭ᱟሩᆈ⇥ѝᆈⲴᕅ⭘DŽᖃ〻ᒿᕅ⭘ањᆈൠ൰ᰦˈ䙊 ൘ᆈ࠶⇥㌫㔏ѝˈањ〻ᒿⲴ䙫䗁ൠ൰䙊䗷࠶⇥ᵪࡦ㠚ࣘൠ᱐ሴ˄ਈᦒ˅ࡠѝ䰤ቲⲴ 4GB˄232˅ 5.3.3 ᆎ࠼⇫ᵰ DŽޣҏᱟоᇎ䱵⢙⨶ᆈᇩ䟿ᰐ ྲкᡰ䘠ˈᴹᰦᡁԜҏᢺ䙫䗁ൠ൰〠Ѫ㲊ᤏൠ൰DŽഐѪ䙫䗁ൠ൰о㲊ᤏᆈオ䰤Ⲵᾲᘥ㊫լˈᒦф Ⲵ㲊ᤏᆈオ䰤DŽഐ↔〻ᒿⲴ䙫䗁ൠ൰㤳തᱟ 0x0000000 ࡠ 0x4000000DŽ ቡᱟ㲊ᤏᆈ㇑⨶䴰㾱ᆼᡀⲴԫ࣑DŽ൘ Linux 0.11 Ṩѝˈ㔉⇿њ〻ᒿ˄䘋〻˅䜭ࡂ࠶Ҷᙫᇩ䟿Ѫ 64MB ・䬪ࡠ⚛䖖Ⲵࡽ䶒ˈਚ㾱Ⲵ䏣ཏᘛᒦ㜭┑䏣㾱≲ˈࡇ䖖ቡ㜭䊑൘аᶑᆼᮤⲴ䖘䚃к䘀㹼DŽ䘉ҏ 䟼˅ቡਟԕᆼᡀ䘉њԫ࣑DŽ䟷ਆⲴᯩ⌅ᱟᢺਾ䶒Ⲵ䫱䖘ޜ ᔰࡠेӜDŽਚ䴰㾱䏣ཏ䮯Ⲵ䫱䖘˄∄ྲ䈤 3 ާᴹᴹ䲀ᆈ䍴ⓀⲴ㌫㔏кᇎ⧠DŽањᖸᚠᖃⲴ∄௫ᱟ˖н䴰㾱ᖸ䮯Ⲵ䖘䚃ቡਟԕ䇙аࡇ⚛䖖Ӿк⎧ 䟿DŽഐ↔ᆳݱ䇨〻ᒿઈ㕆ࡦᒦ䘀㹼∄ᇎ䱵㌫㔏ᤕᴹⲴᆈབྷᗇཊⲴ〻ᒿDŽ䘉֯ᗇ䇨ཊབྷර亩ⴞҏ㜭ཏ൘ 㲊ᤏᆈۘ˄ᡆ㲊ᤏᆈ˅˄Virtual Memory˅ᱟᤷ䇑㇇ᵪ⧠ࠪ㾱∄ᇎ䱵ᤕᴹⲴᆈབྷᗇཊⲴᆈ ྲ᷌⋑ᴹ⭘࠶亥ᵪࡦˈ䛓Ѹ㓯ᙗൠ൰ቡⴤ᧕ᡀѪ⢙⨶ൠ൰ҶDŽ ਈᦒⲴᴰ㓸㔃᷌ൠ൰DŽྲ᷌⭘Ҷ࠶亥ᵪࡦˈ䛓Ѹ㓯ᙗൠ൰Պ֯⭘亥ⴞᖅ઼亥㺘ѝⲴ亩ਈᦒᡀ⢙⨶ൠ൰DŽ ⢙⨶ൠ൰˄Physical Address˅ᱟᤷࠪ⧠൘ CPU ཆ䜘ൠ൰ᙫ㓯кⲴራ൰⢙⨶ᆈⲴൠ൰ؑਧˈᱟൠ൰ LQX[ ṨሩᆈⲴ㇑⨶઼֯⭘/ ᇴᆈಘ ᇴᆈಘ ᣔ⁑ᔿлራ൰؍ E D ᇎ⁑ᔿлራ൰ ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 NE ਟਈ JGWU HVL GV VL GV ⇿њ〻ᒿ䜭ਟᴹ㤕ᒢњᆈ⇥㓴ᡀDŽ〻ᒿⲴ䙫䗁ൠ൰˄ᡆ〠Ѫ㲊ᤏൠ൰˅ণᱟ⭘Ҿራ൰䘉Ӌ⇥઼⇥ 㺘ѝⲴ᧿䘠ㅖˈࡉᱟ LDT 㺘ѝⲴ᧿䘠ㅖDŽ ˄0--8191˅њⲴ᧿䘠ㅖ亩DŽ䘹ᤙㅖѝս 2˄TI˅⭘ᶕᤷᇊ֯⭘ଚњ㺘DŽ㤕䈕սᱟ 0 ࡉ䘹ᤙㅖᤷᇊⲴᱟ GDT ѝˈ⇥ᇴᆈಘѝⲴ٬ਣ〫 3 սণᱟ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ѝањ᧿䘠ㅖⲴ㍒ᕅ٬DŽ13 սⲴ㍒ᕅ٬ᴰཊਟᇊս 8192 ᖃ CPU 㾱ራ൰ањ⇥ᰦˈቡՊ֯⭘ 16 սⲴ⇥ᇴᆈಘѝⲴ䘹ᤙㅖᶕᇊսањ⇥᧿䘠ㅖDŽ൘ 80X86 CPU 䘉Ӌᇴᆈಘѝሶᆈۘሩᓄ㺘Ⲵ 32 ս㓯ᙗสൠ൰઼㺘Ⲵ䲀䮯ᆇ㢲٬DŽ㺘䲀䮯٬ᱟ㺘Ⲵ䮯ᓖ٬-1DŽ ս GDT 㺘ǃIDT 㺘઼ᖃࡽⲴ LDT 㺘ˈ䴰㾱Ѫ CPU ࠶࡛䇮㖞 GDTRǃIDTR ઼ LDTR йњ⢩↺ᇴᆈಘDŽ ᆈ൘㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ⲴԫօൠᯩDŽѪҶ䇙 CPU 㜭ᇊ؍⇿њԫ࣑ᨀҶਟራ൰ᆈオ䰤Ⲵ㤳തDŽ䘉Ӌ㺘ਟԕ ⭘ањ LDT 㺘DŽѪሩ GDT 㺘Ⲵᢙݵˈ⇿њ LDT 㺘Ѫሩᓄԫ࣑ᨀҶᴤཊⲴਟ⭘᧿䘠ㅖ亩ˈഐ㘼ҏѪ ⿽㊫රⲴ㺘ᱟተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 LDT˄Local Descriptor Table˅DŽ䈕㺘ᓄ⭘Ҿཊԫ࣑㌫㔏ѝˈ䙊ᑨ⇿њԫ࣑֯ ᣔ⁑ᔿл↓ᑨ䘀㹼ˈᡁԜᗵ享Ѫ CPU ᇊѹањ GDT 㺘઼ањ IDT 㺘DŽᴰਾа؍ 䟿㺘DŽѪҶ㜭൘ 80X86 ᆈᴹᇊѹѝᯝᡆᔲᑨ༴⨶䗷〻Ⲵ⇥᧿䘠ㅖDŽIDT 㺘ⴤ᧕ᴯԓҶ 8086 ㌫㔏ѝⲴѝᯝੁ؍˅Descriptor Table Table˅ᱟѫ㾱Ⲵสᵜ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ˈ䈕㺘ਟ㻛ᡰᴹ〻ᒿ⭘Ҿᕅ⭘䇯䰞ањᆈ⇥DŽѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 IDT˄Interrupt ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 GDT˄Global Descriptorޘᆈ᧿䘠ㅖ亩Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᴹ 3 ⿽㊫රˈ⇿⿽⭘Ҿн਼ⴞⲴDŽ؍ Ⲵ㊫ර˄ֻྲԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥˅ǃ⇥Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗઼࡛ަԆаӋؑDŽањ⇥ਟԕᇊѹⲴᴰབྷ䮯ᓖᱟ 4GBDŽ ⇿њ᧿䘠ㅖঐ⭘ 8 њᆇ㢲ˈަѝਜ਼ᴹᡰ᧿䘠⇥൘㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴ䎧ൠ൰˄ส൰˅ǃ⇥Ⲵ䮯ᓖǃ⇥ ഴ ᇔ⁗ᕅфؓᣚ⁗ᕅсሱ൶ᯯᕅⲺ∊䖹 㔍䇯䰞䈕ൠ൰४ฏDŽ н㜭㻛ራ൰ˈCPU ሶᤂޘн൘ањ⇥᧿䘠ㅖѝᇊѹањᆈ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤४ฏˈ䛓Ѹ䈕ൠ൰४ฏቡᆼ ⇥䴰㾱Ⲵؑ∄䖳ཊˈ㘼ањ 16 սⲴ⇥ᇴᆈಘ᭮нл䘉ѸཊᇩDŽ⽪മ㿱മ 5-7 (b)ᡰ⽪DŽ⌘ˈྲ᷌ ᣔ⁑ᔿл䇯䰞ањᆈ؍ᆈൠ൰ቡ䴰㾱∄ᇎ⁑ᔿлཊа䚃㔝ˈҏণ䴰㾱֯⭘⇥᧿䘠ㅖ㺘DŽ䘉ᱟ⭡Ҿ൘ ᣔ⁑ᔿлራ൰ањ؍٬䘈ᱟ֯⭘Ҷᇎ⁑ᔿлⲴᾲᘥDŽ䘉ṧˈ൘〫ٿ䘹ᤙㅖ˄Segment Selector˅ˈն Ⲵራ൰∄ˈ⇥ᇴᆈಘ٬ᦒᡀҶ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ѝᓄ⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴ㍒ᕅ٬ԕ৺⇥㺘䘹ᤙս઼⢩ᵳ㓗ˈ〠Ѫ⇥ ٬㓴ਸ㘼ᡀDŽ⇥Ⲵ䮯ᓖਟਈˈ⭡᧿䘠ㅖѝⲴᇩᤷᇊDŽਟ㿱ˈ઼ᇎ⁑ᔿл〫ٿⲴ⇥สൠ൰٬оањ⇥ Ⲵ䇯䰞⢩ᵳ㓗࡛ㅹؑDŽራ൰Ⲵᆈս㖞ᱟ⭡䈕⇥᧿䘠ㅖ亩ѝᤷᇊ⇥Ⲵᆈ⇥Ⲵสൠ൰ǃ⇥Ⲵ䮯ᓖ٬઼ ˄Segment Descriptor Table˅ѝḀа᧿䘠ㅖ亩൘㺘ѝⲴ㍒ᕅ٬DŽ㍒ᕅ٬ᤷᇊⲴ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ亩ѝਜ਼ᴹ䴰㾱ራ൰ ᣔ⁑ᔿ䘀㹼ᯩᔿлˈ⇥ᇴᆈಘѝᆈ᭮Ⲵнᱟ㻛ራ൰⇥Ⲵสൠ൰ˈ㘼ᱟањ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ㺘؍㘼൘ ቡਟԕ㇇ࠪᇎ䱵ᤷੁⲴᆈൠ൰ˈ㿱മ 5-7 (a)ᡰ⽪DŽˈᇴᆈಘѝⲴ٬〫ٿᦞ⇥ᇴᆈಘ઼ ൠ൰ᆈ᭮൘ԫањਟ⭘Ҿራ൰Ⲵᇴᆈಘѝ˄ֻྲ si˅DŽഐ↔ˈṩ〫ٿф⇥Ⲵ䮯ᓖ㻛പᇊѪ 64KBDŽ⇥ LQX[ ṨሩᆈⲴ㇑⨶઼֯⭘/ //18 18// ተൠ൰オ䰤 ተ䜘ൠ൰オ䰤ޘ ተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 /'7 ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 *'7 ተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 /'7ޘ //18 ԓ⸱⇥ &RGH ᮠᦞ⇥ 'DWD V\VFDOO ᵚ⭘ ⣦ᘱ⇥ WVV ተ䜘㺘 OGW ⣦ᘱ⇥ WVV ተ䜘㺘 OGW ⭘ᡧԓ⸱ ԫ࣑ ⭘ᡧᮠᦞ ԫ࣑ ԓ⸱⇥ &RGH ᮠᦞ⇥ 'DWD ԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥ ԫ࣑ ⭘ᡧԓ⸱ ԫ࣑ ⭘ᡧᮠᦞ ԫ࣑ ԓ⸱⇥ &RGH ᮠᦞ⇥ 'DWD ԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥ ԫ࣑ Ṩᮠᦞ⇥ Ṩԓ⸱⇥ ⣦ᘱ⇥ WVV1 ተ䜘㺘 OGW1 ᓄᡁԜⲴ⢩↺㾱≲DŽ֯⭘࠶亥ᵪࡦᴰᲞ䙽Ⲵ൪ਸᱟᖃ㌫㔏ᆈᇎ䱵к㻛࠶ᡀᖸཊҡⲴඇᰦ,ᆳਟԕᔪ・ ሴࡠᇎ䱵⢙⨶ᆈൠ൰кDŽо࠶⇥ᵪࡦ㊫լˈ࠶亥ᵪࡦݱ䇨ᡁԜ䟽ᯠᇊੁ˄ਈᦒ˅⇿⅑ᆈᕅ⭘ˈԕ䘲 㤕䟷⭘Ҷ࠶亥ᵪࡦˈࡉ↔ᰦ㓯ᙗൠ൰ਚᱟањѝ䰤㔃᷌ˈ䘈䴰㾱֯⭘࠶亥ᵪࡦ䘋㹼ਈᦒˈᴰ㓸᱐ 5.3.4 ᆎ࠼享㇗⨼ 766/'7766HWF (QWU\LQWRJGWZKHUHWRILQGILUVW766QXOFVGVV\VFDOO лᡰ⽪˅ਟԕ⥌ᜣࡠˈLinus ᖃᰦ䇮䇑Ṩᰦᴮ㓿ᜣᢺ㌫㔏䈳⭘Ⲵԓ⸱᭮൘䘉њу䰘⤜・Ⲵ⇥ѝDŽ 㺘ѝㅜ 4 њ᧿䘠ㅖ˄മѝ syscall ᧿䘠ㅖ亩˅DŽӾ include/linux/sched.h ᮷Ԧѝㅜ 150 㹼кⲴ㤡᮷⌘䟺˄ྲ ᆈ൘䈕ԫ࣑Ⲵԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴѝDŽਖཆˈLinux 0.11 Ṩѝ⋑ᴹ֯⭘ࡠ GDT؍ѝˈ⇿њԫ࣑Ⲵ TSS ⇥ᇩ㻛 ԫ࣑Ⲵ TSS ⇥ѝⲴؑᶕ䇮㖞ᇴᆈಘˈԕᚒ༽䈕ԫ࣑Ⲵᢗ㹼⧟ຳˈ৲㿱മ 4-37 ᡰ⽪DŽ൘ Linux 0.11 ᆈ൘䈕ԫ࣑Ⲵ TSS ⇥ѝˈ਼ᰦ CPU ֯⭘ᯠ࠷ᦒ䘋؍ֻྲሩҾ࠷ᦒࠪⲴԫ࣑ˈCPU ቡᢺަᇴᆈಘㅹؑ ԫ࣑Ⲵᖃࡽᢗ㹼кл᮷˄CPU ᖃࡽ⣦ᘱ˅DŽޣᆈᡆᚒ༽؍State Segment˅⭘Ҿ൘ԫ࣑࠷ᦒᰦ CPU 㠚ࣘ 䟽ਐⲴˈԫ࣑Ⲵԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥࠶࡛ҏᱟ䟽ਐⲴˈ৲㿱മ 5-10 ᡆമ 5-11 ᡰ⽪DŽԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥ TSS˄Task ઼ᮠᦞ⇥䜭࠶࡛㻛᱐ሴࡠ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝ਼ส൰༴ˈф⇥䲀䮯ҏаṧˈഐ↔ṨⲴԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥ᱟ ᆈ൘Ṩԓ⸱⇥ѝDŽ⭡Ҿ൘ Linux 0.11 ṨѝˈṨ઼ԫ࣑Ⲵԓ⸱⇥؍ሩҾѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 idtˈᆳ ᆈ⇥ˈަ⇥䲀䮯ҏਚ㾱┑䏣㜭ཏᆈ᭮ањ TSS ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴቡཏҶDŽ 䲀䮯䙊ᑨਚ㾱བྷҾ 24 ᆇ㢲ণਟDŽ਼ṧˈ⇿њԫ࣑Ⲵԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥ TSS ҏᱟ⭡ GDT ѝ᧿䘠ㅖᇊѹⲴањ ᧿䘠ㅖᇊѹⲴањᆈ⇥ˈ൘䈕⇥ѝᆈ᭮⵰ሩᓄԫ࣑Ⲵԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥᧿䘠ㅖˈഐ↔ LDT ⇥ᖸ⸝ˈަ⇥ മѝ⭫ࠪҶާᴹєњԫ࣑ᰦⲴᛵߥDŽਟԕⴻࠪˈ⇿њԫ࣑Ⲵተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 LDT ᵜ䓛ҏᱟ⭡ GDT ѝ ഴ /LQX[ ㌱㔕ѣ㲐ᤕ൦൶グ䰪࠼䞃ഴ Ѫተ䜘ൠ൰オ䰤ˈ㘼䘉є㘵ᶴᡀҶ㲊ᤏൠ൰Ⲵオ䰤DŽާփⲴ֯⭘ᯩᔿ㿱മ 5-8 ᡰ⽪DŽ ተൠ൰オ䰤ˈ⭡ LDT ᱐ሴⲴൠ൰オ䰤ࡉ〠ޘGDT ઼ተ䜘⇥᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 LDTDŽ⭡ GDT ᱐ሴⲴൠ൰オ䰤〠Ѫ ተ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ޘѝާփൠ൰ս㖞DŽ൘ Linux 0.11 ѝˈ〻ᒿ䙫䗁ൠ൰ࡠ㓯ᙗൠ൰Ⲵਈᦒ䗷〻֯⭘Ҷ CPU Ⲵ LQX[ ṨሩᆈⲴ㇑⨶઼֯⭘/ ⢙⨶ൠ൰ &5 亥㺘亩 ٬〫ٿ 亥ⴞᖅ亩 亥㺘亩 亥 㓯ᙗൠ൰ 亥ⴞᖅ亩 亥㺘 亥Ṷ亥ⴞᖅ㺘 ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 GDT ѝⲴ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ亩ᮠᴰབྷѪ 256ˈަѝ 2 亩オ䰢ǃޘሩҾ Linux 0.11 ㌫㔏ˈṨ䇮㖞 ൰DŽ ൰DŽн䗷൘⌘䟺ѝˈ൘н㠣ҾᩎⲴᛵߥлᡁԜᴹᰦሶ䘋〻ѝⲴ↔㊫ൠ൰ㆰঅൠ〠Ѫ䙫䗁ൠ൰ᡆ㓯ᙗൠ ᆈオ䰤ᇊѹѪ 64MBˈഐ↔⇿њ䘋〻Ⲵ䙫䗁ൠ൰䙊䗷࣐к(ԫ࣑ਧ)*64MBˈণਟ䖜ᦒѪ㓯ᙗオ䰤ѝⲴൠ ᆈ亥㺘ࣘᘱൠ᱐ሴࡠѫᆈ४ฏⲴн਼⢙⨶ᆈ亥кDŽ⭡Ҿ Linux 0.11 ѝᢺ⇿њ䘋〻ᴰབྷਟ⭘㲊ᤏ 亥㺘 PT˄Ҽ㓗亥㺘˅᱐ሴࡠᇎ䱵⢙⨶ൠ൰亥кDŽѪҶ֯⭘ᇎ䱵⢙⨶ᆈˈ⇿њ䘋〻Ⲵ㓯ᙗൠ൰䙊䗷Ҽ㓗 䗷ަተ䜘⇥᧿䘠ㅖਈᦒѪ CPU ᮤњ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴൠ൰ˈ❦ਾ֯⭘亥ⴞᖅ㺘 PDT˄а㓗亥㺘˅઼ ሩҾ Intel 80386 ㌫㔏ˈަ CPU ਟԕᨀཊ䗮 4G Ⲵ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤DŽањԫ࣑Ⲵ㲊ᤏൠ൰䴰㾱俆ݸ䙊 㓵ᙝ൦൶ࡦ⢟⨼൦൶Ⲻᦘ⽰ᝅഴ ഴ ᤏൠ൰オ䰤᱐ሴࡠ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤Ⲵн਼ս㖞ˈণঐ⭘н਼Ⲵ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤㤳തDŽ ࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤Ⲵ᱐ሴ࠭ᮠ䜭аṧDŽഐ↔ѪҶ䇙Ṩ઼ᡰᴹԫ࣑䜭нӂ䟽ਐ઼ᒢᢠˈᆳԜ䜭ᗵ享Ӿ㲊 ⭘਼ањ亥ⴞᖅ㺘ˈ֯ᗇԫօᰦ༴⨶ಘ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ޡ⭡Ҿ Linux 0.1x ㌫㔏ѝṨ઼ᡰᴹԫ࣑䜭 ᇩ䟿ⲴᆈDŽণањ亥ⴞᖅ㺘ቡਟԕ᱐ሴᮤњ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤㤳തDŽ њ亥ⴞᖅ㺘ᴰཊᴹ 1024 亩ˈሩᓄ 1024 њҼ㓗亥㺘ˈഐ↔ањ亥ⴞᖅ㺘ᴰཊਟԕ᱐ሴ 1024 * 4MB = 4GB ս㖞DŽഐѪ 1 њ亥㺘ਟᴹ 1024 亩ˈഐ↔ањ亥㺘ᴰཊਟԕ᱐ሴ 1024 * 4KB = 4MB ᆈ˗৸ഐѪа〫ٿ ࠶࡛⭘ᶕ൘亥ⴞᖅ㺘઼亥㺘ѝᇊսሩᓄⲴ亥ⴞᖅ亩઼亥㺘亩ԕ৺൘ሩᓄⲴ⢙⨶ᆈ亥䶒ѝᤷᇊ亥䶒Ⲵ ᆈѝⲴสൠ൰˄ഐ↔ CR3 ҏ㻛〠Ѫ亥ⴞᖅสൠ൰ᇴᆈಘ PDBR˅DŽ32 սⲴ㓯ᙗൠ൰㻛࠶ᡀйњ䜘࠶ˈ ᆈ⵰ᱟᖃࡽ亥ⴞᖅ㺘൘⢙⨶؍ 㓯ᙗൠ൰ࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰Ⲵਈᦒ䗷〻㿱മ 5-9 ᡰ⽪DŽമѝ᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ CR3 Ⲵሿ४࡛൘Ҿ亥㺘亩ᴹњᐢ߉ս D˄Dirty˅ˈ㘼亥ⴞᖅ亩ࡉ⋑ᴹDŽ ঐ⭘ 1 亥ᆈDŽ亥ⴞᖅ亩઼亥㺘亩ޡ㺘ᗵ享ਚ㜭वਜ਼ 1024 њ亥㺘亩DŽഐ↔ањ亥ⴞᖅ㺘ᡆањ亥㺘࠶࡛ ֯⭘Ҷ亥ⴞᖅ㺘઼亥㺘DŽ亥ⴞᖅ㺘亩о亥㺘亩Ṭᔿสᵜ਼ˈ䜭ঐ⭘ 4 њᆇ㢲ˈᒦф⇿њ亥ⴞᖅ㺘ᡆ亥 㔝ൠ൰オ䰤DŽѪҶ൘֯⭘࠶亥ᵪࡦⲴᶑԦлᢺ㓯ᙗൠ൰᱐ሴࡠᇩ䟿ሩᖸሿⲴ⢙⨶ᆈオ䰤кˈ80386 ൘֯⭘䘉⿽ᆈ࠶亥㇑⨶ᯩ⌅ᰦˈ⇿њᢗ㹼ѝⲴ䘋〻˄ԫ࣑˅ਟԕ֯⭘∄ᇎ䱵ᆈᇩ䟿བྷᗇཊⲴ䘎 亥ᵪࡦˈ䴰㾱ᢺ᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ CR0 Ⲵᴰ儈∄⢩ս˄ս 31˅㖞սDŽ ᣔ⁑ᔿл֯⭘࠶؍ ᣔᵪࡦDŽѪҶ൘ 80X86؍ᣔкᴤ໎࣐Ҷ࠶亥؍⚥⍫Ⲵ᧗ࡦᵳˈᒦф൘࠶⇥ᵪࡦⲴᆈ ᒦнྲ࠶⇥ᵪࡦ䛓ѸᆼழDŽഐѪ࠶亥ᵪࡦᱟ൘࠶⇥ᵪࡦѻкᇎ⧠Ⲵˈᡰԕަ㔃᷌ᱟሩ㌫㔏ᆈާᴹ䶎ᑨ ᒿ⭣䈧֯⭘ᆈᰦˈ㌫㔏ቡԕᆈ亥Ѫঅս䘋㹼࠶䝽DŽᆈ࠶亥ᵪࡦⲴᇎ⧠ᯩᔿо࠶⇥ᵪࡦᖸլˈն ᆈ࠶亥㇑⨶ᵪࡦⲴสᵜ⨶ᱟሶ CPU ᮤњ㓯ᙗᆈ४ฏࡂ࠶ᡀ 4096 ᆇ㢲Ѫ 1 亥Ⲵᆈ亥䶒DŽ〻 ᧚ᯭ㘼ਚᱟ䘋㹼ᴤ䘋а↕ⲴỰḕDŽ ᣔ؍ᣔ᧚ᯭᒦнՊਆԓ⇥ਈᦒⲴ؍Ⲵᙗ㜭DŽਖཆˈ亥ൠ൰ਈᦒᔪ・൘⇥ਈᦒสѻкˈԫօ࠶亥ᵪࡦⲴ 䇙〻ᒿн⭘ᗳ઼㇑⨶䘉Ӌ࠶ᮓⲴᆈඇDŽ࠶亥ᵪࡦ໎ᕪҶ࠶⇥ᵪࡦྭˈۿањབྷ㘼䘎㔝Ⲵᆈオ䰤᱐ LQX[ ṨሩᆈⲴ㇑⨶઼֯⭘/ 0 *. 0 0 ԫ࣑ ԫ࣑ 0 0 Ṩ४ ԫ࣑ ԫ࣑ 7 ᢗ㹼ԓ⸱ ᮠᦞԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ 0 *. 0 0 ԫ࣑ 䘋〻 0 0 䘋〻 䘋〻 䘋〻 ৲ᮠ઼ึḸ४ 䈧䘈䴰⌘ˈ䘋〻䙫䗁ൠ൰オ䰤ѝԓ⸱⇥˄Code Section˅઼ᮠᦞ⇥˄Data Section˅Ⲵᾲᘥо CPU ഴ /LQX[ ㌱㔕Աࣗ൞㲐ᤕグ䰪ѣ亰ᓅᧈࡍᡶখⲺグ䰪㤹പ ԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥˄वᤜᮠᦞ઼ึḸᇩ˅Ⲵս㖞⽪മDŽ ⸱઼ᮠᦞ൘㲊ᤏオ䰤ѝᡰঐ⭘Ⲵ㤳തDŽਖཆˈ൘മѝሩҾ䘋〻 2 ઼䘋〻 3 䘈࠶࡛㔉ࠪҶ㠚䙫䗁オ䰤ѝ ਼ᰦਟᤕᴹᡰᴹԫ࣑൘㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴ⽪മˈᡰঐ⭘㲊ᤏオ䰤㤳തҏᱟ 4GBDŽަѝ⋑ᴹ㘳㲁Ṩԓ ྲ᷌ҏ᤹➗㓯ᙗオ䰤ѝԫ࣑Ⲵᧂࡇ亪ᒿᧂࡇ㲊ᤏオ䰤ѝⲴԫ࣑ˈ䛓ѸᡁԜਟԕᴹമ 5-11 ᡰ⽪Ⲵ㌫㔏 ഴ /LQX[ 㓵ᙝ൦൶グ䰪Ⲻֵ⭞⽰ᝅഴ 4GBˈഐ↔൘ 0.11 Ṩѝ∄䖳ᇩ᱃⏶й⿽ൠ൰ᾲᘥDŽ ф൘ᢺԫ࣑ 0 ઼ԫ࣑ 1 Ⲵ䙫䗁ൠ൰㤳തⴻ 64MB ᰦˈ㌫㔏ѝ਼ᰦਟᴹԫ࣑Ⲵ䙫䗁ൠ൰㤳തᙫ઼ҏᱟ 64MBDŽ⭡Ҿ 4G ൠ൰オ䰤㤳ത↓ྭᱟ CPU Ⲵ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤㤳ത઼ਟራ൰Ⲵᴰབྷ⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤㤳തˈ㘼 ᰾DŽԫ࣑ 2 ઼ԫ࣑ 3 ࠶࡛㻛᱐ሴ㓯ᙗൠ൰ 128MB ઼ 192MB ᔰⲴൠᯩˈᒦфᆳԜⲴ䙫䗁ൠ൰㤳ത൷ᱟ ㌫㿱ਾ䶒䈤ޣԫ࣑ 1 Ⲵ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤㤳തҏਚᴹӾ 64MB ᔰⲴ 640KB 䮯ᓖDŽᆳԜѻ䰤Ⲵ䈖㓶ሩᓄ ণањ䘋〻Ⲵᡰᴹԓ⸱ǃᮠᦞ઼ึḸ䜘࠶䜭༴Ҿ਼аᆈ⇥ѝˈҏণᱟ I&D н࠶Ⲵа⿽֯⭘ᯩᔿDŽ ࠶DŽᇎ䱵кˈLinux 0.11 ѝᡰᴹԫ࣑ⲴᤷԔオ䰤 I˄Instruction˅઼ᮠᦞオ䰤 D˄Data˅䜭ਸ⭘аඇᆈˈ 䟽ਐˈᒦфоṨԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥ᴹ䟽ਐⲴ䜘ޘӾ㓯ᙗൠ൰ 0 ᔰⲴ 640KB 㤳തˈަԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ⇥ҏᆼ Ṩԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞѝˈഐ↔䈕ԫ࣑ᡰঐ⭘Ⲵ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤㤳ത∄䖳⢩↺DŽԫ࣑ 0 Ⲵԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥Ⲵ䮯ᓖᱟ ӂ䟽ਐDŽ㘼ㅜ 1 њԫ࣑˄ԫ࣑ 0˅ᱟ⭡ṨĀӪᐕāࣘ䘀㹼Ⲵˈަԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞवਜ਼൘ޘ४ฏˈᆼ ߥDŽṨԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥㻛᱐ሴࡠ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤Ⲵᔰ 16MB 䜘࠶ˈᒦфԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ⇥䜭᱐ሴࡠ਼ањ ᡰ֯⭘Ⲵ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤㤳തᱟ 64MB*64 =4Gˈ㿱മ 5-10 ᡰ⽪DŽമѝ⽪ࠪҶᖃ㌫㔏ާᴹ 4 њԫ࣑ᰦⲴᛵ 䜘ԫ࣑ޘ↔࣑䙫䗁ൠ൰㤳തᱟ 64Mˈᒦфњԫ࣑൘㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴ䎧ս㖞ᱟ (ԫ࣑ਧ)*64MBDŽഐ 㤳തᱟ ((256-4)/2)* 64MB 㓖ㅹҾ 8GDŽն 0.11 ṨѝӪᐕᇊѹᴰབྷԫ࣑ᮠ NR_TASKS = 64 њˈ⇿њԫ 2 亩㌫㔏֯⭘ˈ⇿њ䘋〻֯⭘є亩DŽഐ↔ˈ↔ᰦ㌫㔏ਟԕᴰཊᇩ㓣(256-4)/2 =126 њԫ࣑ˈᒦф㲊ᤏൠ൰ LQX[ ṨሩᆈⲴ㇑⨶઼֯⭘/ ⧟ຳ৲ᮠඇ ަѝ QU ᱟԫ࣑ਧ 䮯ᓖ EUN EVV VWDUWBFRGH 䮯ᓖ HQGBGDWD ึḸᤷ䪸 0䮯ᓖ HQGBFRGH QU 0 QU ԓ⸱ ᮠᦞ ৲ᮠ 䘋〻䘀㹼⣦ᘱа㢲ѝᴤ䈖㓶Ⲵ䈤᰾DŽޣᴹ ᒿሶ֯⭘ᖃࡽ䘋〻ⲴṨḸDŽ䘉о༴ҾṨᘱⲴ䘋〻Ⲵ⣦ᘱᴹӋ㊫լDŽ䘋〻ⲴṨᘱ઼⭘ᡧᘱሶ൘ਾ䶒 〻ᒿ㘼ケ❦㻛ѝᯝ〻ᒿѝᯝᰦˈ↔ᰦ⭘ᡧ〻ᒿҏਟԕ䊑ᖱᙗൠ〠Ѫ༴Ҿ䘋〻ⲴṨᘱDŽഐѪѝᯝ༴⨶〻 ަ༴Ҿ⭘ᡧ䘀㹼ᘱ˄⭘ᡧᘱ˅DŽণ↔ᰦ༴⨶ಘ൘⢩ᵳ㓗ᴰվⲴ˄3 㓗˅⭘ᡧԓ⸱ѝ䘀㹼DŽᖃ↓൘ᢗ㹼⭘ᡧ Ṩԓ⸱Պ֯⭘ᖃࡽ䘋〻ⲴṨḸDŽ⇿њ䘋〻䜭ᴹ㠚ᐡⲴṨḸDŽᖃ䘋〻൘ᢗ㹼⭘ᡧ㠚ᐡⲴԓ⸱ᰦˈࡉ〠 〠ѪṨᘱ˅DŽ↔ᰦ༴⨶ಘ༴Ҿ⢩ᵳ㓗ᴰ儈Ⲵ˄0 㓗˅Ṩԓ⸱ѝᢗ㹼DŽᖃ䘋〻༴ҾṨᘱᰦˈᢗ㹼Ⲵ Ṩԓ⸱ѝᢗ㹼ᰦˈᡁԜቡ〠䘋〻༴ҾṨ䘀㹼ᘱ˄ᡆㆰޕᖃањԫ࣑˄䘋〻˅ᢗ㹼㌫㔏䈳⭘㘼䲧 ⲴDŽޣԫ࣑ 1 ѝⲴൠ൰оԫ࣑ 2 ѝ਼ൠ൰༴ᱟᰐ ተൠ൰४ฏˈޘ㌫㔏ѝⲴњԫ࣑DŽ⇿ᶑᖴੁሴ㓯ᤷࠪҶԫ࣑Ⲵ䗩⭼DŽ䲔Ҷ⇿њԫ࣑㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤Ⲵ ᣔቲ˅ˈ䘉䟼ӵ֯⭘Ҷ CPU Ⲵ 0 㓗઼ 3 㓗DŽ㘼ᖴੁሴ㓯ࡉ⭘ᶕ४࠶؍˄ᣔ㓗࡛؍മѝ਼ᗳശԓ㺘 CPU Ⲵ ተൠ൰オ䰤ѝDŽമ 5-13 㔉ࠪҶ䘉⿽㔃ᶴⲴ⽪മDŽޘᆈ൘؍ӛⲴˈഐ↔ᆳޡṨԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞᱟ⭡ᡰᴹԫ࣑ ᆈҾተ䜘ൠ൰オ䰤ˈഐ↔㌫㔏ѝⲴަԆԫ࣑ᱟⴻн㿱Ⲵ˄н㜭䇯䰞Ⲵ˅DŽ㘼؍ԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ४ˈ䘉єњ४ฏ ӛDŽ㘼⇿њԫ࣑ࡉ䜭ᴹ㠚ᐡⲴޡᣔ㓗DŽṨԓ⸱ᵜ䓛Պ⭡㌫㔏ѝⲴᡰᴹԫ࣑؍֯⭘Ҷ CPU Ⲵ 0 ઼ 3 єњ ᣔ㓗ˈ0 㓗ާᴹᴰ儈Ոݸ㓗ˈ㘼 3 㓗Ոݸ㓗ᴰվDŽLinux 0.11 ㌫㔏؍࠶ 4 њޡ Intel 80X86 CPU 5.3.5 CPU ཐԱࣗૂؓᣚᯯᕅ ഴ 䘑ぁԙ⸷ૂᮦᦤ൞ެ䙱䗇൦൶グ䰪ѣⲺ࠼ᐹ 䰤Ⲵ䈤᰾䈧৲㿱ᆈ㇑⨶аㄐᇩDŽ 䙫䗁ൠ൰オޣⲴᮠᦞ४ฏԕ৺ึḸ४ฏDŽ䘋〻䙫䗁ൠ൰オ䰤ѝԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥ㅹ㔃ᶴᖒᔿ㿱മᡰ⽪DŽᴹ ൘㕆䈁〻ᒿ઼㌫㔏൘࣐䖭〻ᒿᰦ㿴ᇊⲴ൘䘋〻䙫䗁オ䰤ѝ亪ᒿᧂࡇⲴԓ⸱४ฏǃࡍॆ઼ᵚࡍॆ 䟽ਐᡆ䜘࠶䟽ਐDŽ㘼䘋〻൘ަ䙫䗁ൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥ࡉᱟᤷ⭡㕆䈁ಘޘԕӂ⤜・ҏਟԕᆼ ⇥Ⲵ⭘䙄ԕ৺㻛ᢗ㹼ᡆ䇯䰞Ⲵ㓖ᶏ઼䲀ࡦˈ⇿њ⇥ਟԕ䇮㖞൘ 4GB 㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴԫօൠᯩˈᆳԜਟ ࠶⇥ᵪࡦѝⲴԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥нᱟ਼ањᾲᘥDŽCPU ࠶⇥ᵪࡦѝ⇥Ⲵᾲᘥ⺞ᇊҶ൘㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝањ LQX[ ṨሩᆈⲴ㇑⨶઼֯⭘/ ᮠᦞึḸ ᮠᦞ ⭘ᡧԓ⸱઼ *'7,'73',5 ઼ᮠᦞ Ṩԓ⸱ ԫ࣑ ԫ࣑ ԫ࣑ Q ԫ࣑ ㌫ਟ⭘മ 5-14 ᶕ㺘⽪DŽޣ↔ᰦṨⲴ㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤ǃ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤઼⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤й㘵ѻ䰤Ⲵ ণ 4 њҼ㓗亥㺘DŽഐ↔ሩҾṨԓ⸱ᡆᮠᦞⲴൠ൰ᶕ䈤ˈᡁԜਟԕⴤ᧕ᢺᆳԜⴻᱟ⢙⨶ᆈѝⲴൠ൰DŽ ަ亥ⴞᖅ㺘઼Ҽ㓗亥㺘ᐢ䇮㖞ᡀᢺ 0--16MB Ⲵ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ааሩᓄࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰кˈঐ⭘Ҷ 4 њⴞᖅ亩ˈ ᖅ㺘઼ṨⲴҼ㓗亥㺘ǃṨተ䜘ᮠᦞԕ৺ṨѤᰦึḸ˄ሶ㻛⭘ㅜ 1 њԫ࣑ণԫ࣑ 0 Ⲵ⭘ᡧึḸ˅DŽ 16MB ൠ൰㤳തDŽ൘䈕㤳തѝਜ਼ᴹṨᡰᴹⲴԓ⸱ǃṨ⇥㺘˄GDTǃIDTǃTSS˅ǃ亥ⴞ ޡ 0xFFFFFF 䇮㖞ᡀѪ䮯ᓖѪ 16MB Ⲵ⇥DŽ൘㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝ䘉єњ⇥Ⲵ㤳ത䟽ਐˈ䜭ᱟӾ㓯ᙗൠ൰ 0 ᔰࡠൠ൰ ሩҾ Linux 0.11 Ṩԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞᶕ䈤ˈ൘ head.s 〻ᒿⲴࡍॆѝᐢ㓿ᢺṨԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥䜭 Ṯԙ⸷ૂᮦᦤⲺ൦൶ ㌫DŽ⭡Ҿԫ࣑ 0 ઼ԫ࣑ 1 Ⲵ⭏ᡀᡆࡋᔪ䗷〻∄䖳⢩↺ˈᡁԜሶሩᆳԜ࠶࡛䘋㹼᧿䘠DŽޣѝⲴሩᓄ ֻˈ䈖㓶䈤᰾Ṩԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞԕ৺ԫ࣑Ⲵԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ൘㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤ǃ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤઼⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤 ࡽ䶒ᡁԜṩᦞᆈ࠶⇥઼࠶亥ᵪࡦ䈖㓶䈤᰾Ҷ CPU Ⲵᆈ㇑⨶ᯩᔿDŽ⧠൘ᡁԜԕ Linux 0.11 ㌫㔏Ѫ 5.3.6 㲐ᤕ൦൶Ƚ㓵ᙝ൦൶ૂ⢟⨼൦൶ҁ䰪Ⲻީ㌱ ഴ ཐԱࣗ㌱㔕 LQX[ ṨሩᆈⲴ㇑⨶઼֯⭘/ %. *'7 㺘 㲊ᤏൠ൰ 㓯ᙗൠ൰ ⢙⨶ൠ൰ ԓ⸱⇥ Ṩ ᮠᦞ⇥ Ṩ ㌫㔏⇥ 18// ԓ⸱⇥ &RGH ᮠᦞ⇥ 'DWD 0% *% 32MB Ⲵ㓯ᙗൠ൰㤳ത᱐ሴࡠ⢙⨶ᆈкDŽ ֻྲ൘㌫㔏ѝᴹ 32MB ⢙⨶ᆈⲴᛵߥлˈᡁԜቡ䴰㾱ѪṨԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ⇥ᔪ・ 8 њҼ㓗亥㺘亩ᶕᢺ 䙊䗷൘䘉䟼ѪṨ໎࣐аӋ亥㺘ˈᒦфሩ init/main.c 〻ᒿ〽؞᭩ˈᡁԜਟԕሩ↔䲀ࡦ䘋㹼ᢙኅDŽ ൘ 16MB ѻкⲴ⢙⨶ᆈሶнՊ⭘ࡠDŽ 〻ᒿѝࡍॆᰦ䲀ࡦҶሩ 16MB ԕкᆈⲴ֯⭘ˈᒦф䘉䟼Ṩҏӵ᱐ሴҶ 0--16MB Ⲵᆈ㤳തˈഐ↔ ᢙኅˈᇎ䱵ᒦнՊ⭘ࡠнᆈ൘Ⲵ⢙⨶ᆈ४ฏDŽྲ᷌㌫㔏ᴹཊҾ 16MB Ⲵ⢙⨶ᆈˈ⭡Ҿ൘ init/main.c ᙗൠ൰亥䶒᱐ሴࡠнᆈ൘Ⲵ 4MB--16MB ѝ৫DŽṨѝ䘉ṧⲴ唈䇔䇮㖞ѫ㾱ᱟѪҶׯҾ㌫㔏⢙⨶ᆈⲴ ൘ࡍॆᰦṨᆈ㇑⨶〻ᒿՊ⸕䚃ᵪಘѝᡰਜ਼⢙⨶ᆈ䟿Ⲵ⺞࠷བྷሿˈഐ㘼нՊ䇙 CPU ࠶亥ᵪࡦᢺ㓯 ↔ᰦṨ 4MB--16MB ൠ൰㤳തቡՊ᱐ሴࡠнᆈ൘Ⲵ⢙⨶ᆈൠ൰кDŽն䘉ᒦн࿘⺽㌫㔏Ⲵ䘀㹼DŽഐѪ ਟԕ䘀㹼 Linux 0.11 ㌫㔏ҶDŽ㤕ᵪಘਚᴹ 4MB ⢙⨶ᆈˈ䛓Ѹޘ㾱ᴹ 4MB˄⭊㠣 2MB˅⢙⨶ᆈቡᆼ 㲭❦ Linux 0.11 唈䇔ਟ㇑⨶ 16MB ⢙⨶ᆈˈնᱟ㌫㔏ѝᒦнᱟаᇊ㾱ᴹ䘉Ӌ⢙⨶ᆈDŽᵪಘѝਚ ᱐ሴ㺘亩DŽ ઼亥㺘亩DŽ㲭❦ԫ࣑ 1 Ⲵԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞҏ൘Ṩѝˈն⭡ҾԆ䴰㾱ਖ㹼࠶䝽㧧ᗇᆈˈഐ↔ҏ䴰㾱㠚ᐡⲴ ൠ൰ѝⲴн਼ᡆ䜘࠶н਼ˈഐ↔Ṩ䴰㾱ࣘᘱൠ൘ѫᆈ४ѝѪᆳԜ᱐ሴˈࣘᘱൠᔪ・亥ⴞᖅ亩 ࣘˈഐ↔ᰐ享䟽ᯠᔪ・ᡆ〫ࣘ㺘ս㖞DŽĹ䲔ԫ࣑ 0 ԕཆˈᡰᴹަԆԫ࣑ᡰ䴰㾱Ⲵ⢙⨶ᆈ亥䶒о㓯ᙗ ઼ IDTR ᤷੁᯠⲴ GDT ઼ IDTˈ᧿䘠ㅖҏ䴰㾱䟽ᯠ࣐䖭DŽն⭡Ҿᔰ࠶亥ᵪࡦᰦ䘉єњ㺘Ⲵս㖞⋑ᴹਈ ᣔ⁑ᔿਾˈ൘䘀㹼Ⲵㅜ 1 њ〻ᒿ head.s ѝᡁԜ䴰㾱䟽ᯠ䇮㖞䘉єњ㺘DŽণ䇮㖞 GDTR؍ޕߢ˅ˈഐ↔൘䘋 ᣔ⁑ᔿਾṨ㌫㔏⁑ඇ༴Ҿ⢙⨶ᆈ 0 ᔰս㖞ˈᒦф 0x90200 ༴Ⲵオ䰤ሶ㻛ᥚԆ⭘˄⭘Ҿ儈䙏㕃؍ ޕᣔ⁑ᔿѻࡽᗵ享䇮㖞ⲴDŽ⭡Ҿ䘉єњ㺘ᖃᰦ༴Ҿ⢙⨶ᆈབྷ㓖 0x90200 ༴ˈ㘼䘋؍ޕ઼ IDTˈ䘉ᱟ䘋 ൠ൰ҏ਼ṧㅹҾᆳԜⲴ⢙⨶ൠ൰DŽ൘ᇎ⁑ᔿлⲴ setup.s 〻ᒿࡍॆѝˈᡁԜᴮ㓿䇮㖞䗷ѤᰦⲴ GDT ᱟаṧⲴDŽ䘉ṧ䇮㖞ਟԕབྷབྷㆰॆṨⲴࡍॆDŽĸGDT ઼ IDT ൘Ṩᮠᦞ⇥ѝˈഐ↔ᆳԜⲴ㓯ᙗ ⇿њ亥䶒 4KBDŽ䙊䗷к䘠࠶᷀ਟԕⴻࠪ˖ķṨԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥४ฏ൘㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤઼⢙⨶ൠ൰オ䰤ѝ ᴹ 4096 њ⢙⨶亥䶒˄亥ᑗ˅ˈޡˈഐ↔ˈ唈䇔ᛵߥл Linux 0.11 Ṩᴰཊਟ㇑⨶ 16MB Ⲵ⢙⨶ᆈ ഴ Ṯԙ⸷ૂᮦᦤ⇫൞п〃൦൶グ䰪ѣⲺީ㌱ LQX[ ṨሩᆈⲴ㇑⨶઼֯⭘/ %. %. /'7 㺘 766 ⇥ ԓ⸱⇥ &RGH ᮠᦞ⇥ 'DWD ⣦ᘱ⇥ 766 ተ䜘㺘 /'7 *'7 㺘 㲊ᤏൠ൰ 㓯ᙗൠ൰ ⢙⨶ൠ൰ ԓ⸱⇥ ԫ࣑ ᮠᦞ⇥ ԫ࣑ ㌫㔏⇥ 18// ԓ⸱⇥ &RGH ᮠᦞ⇥ 'DWD 0% *% Ⲵ TSS ⇥㔃ᶴؑDŽ㿱മ 5-16 ᡰ⽪DŽ ԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴ઼⭘ԫ࣑ 1 ⲴṨึḸオ䰤DŽԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴ˄ҏ〠䘋〻᧗ࡦඇ PCB˅ؑѝवᤜԫ࣑ 1 ⭘ањ亥ⴞᖅ亩઼ањҼ㓗亥㺘DŽਖཆˈ㌫㔏䘈ՊѪԫ࣑ 1 ൘ѫᆈ४ฏѝ⭣䈧а亥ᆈ⭘ᶕᆈ᭮ᆳⲴ ᱐ሴࡠҶ⢙⨶ൠ൰ 0--640KB ༴DŽ↔ᰦԫ࣑ 1 Ⲵ䮯ᓖҏᱟ 640KBˈᒦфަԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥䟽ਐˈਚঐ ઼亥㺘㺘亩ˈᆳᢺԫ࣑ 1 ঐ⭘Ⲵ㓯ᙗオ䰤㤳ത 64MB--128MB˄ᇎ䱵кᱟ 64MB--64MB+640KB˅ҏ਼ṧ 䈧Ҷа亥ᆈᶕᆈ᭮ˈᒦ༽ࡦҶ⡦䘋〻˄ԫ࣑ 0˅Ⲵ亥ⴞᖅ઼Ҽ㓗亥㺘亩DŽഐ↔ԫ࣑ 1 ᴹ㠚ᐡⲴ亥ⴞᖅ 㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝˈ㌫㔏൘֯⭘ fork()ࡋᔪԫ࣑ 1˄init 䘋〻˅ᰦѪᆈ᭮ԫ࣑ 1 ⲴҼ㓗亥㺘㘼൘ѫᆈ४⭣ оԫ࣑ 0 ㊫լˈԫ࣑ 1 ҏᱟањ⢩↺Ⲵԫ࣑DŽᆳⲴԓ⸱ҏ൘Ṩԓ⸱४ฏѝDŽоԫ࣑ 0 н਼Ⲵᱟ൘ Աࣗ 1 Ⲻ൦൶ሯᓊީ㌱ 䰤㲭❦൘Ṩオ䰤ѝˈնԫ࣑ 0 ӽ❦㜭ሩަ䘋㹼䈫߉DŽ 㺘亩ѝⲴᙗ䜭ᐢ㓿㻛䇮㖞ᡀҶ 0b111ˈণሩᓄ亥䶒⭘ᡧਟ䈫߉ᒦфᆈ൘ˈഐ↔⭘ᡧึḸ user_stack[]オ ᘱึḸ઼⭘ᡧᘱึḸオ䰤ҏ䜭൘Ṩԓ⸱४ѝˈᒦф⭡Ҿ൘Ṩࡍॆᰦ˄head.s˅䘉ӋṨ亥䶒൘亥 ⭡Ҿԫ࣑ 0 ⴤ᧕㻛वਜ਼൘Ṩԓ⸱ѝˈഐ↔н䴰㾱Ѫަਖཆ࠶䝽ᆈ亥DŽᆳ䘀㹼ᰦᡰ䴰㾱ⲴṨ ഴ Աࣗ ൞пѠ൦൶グ䰪ѣⲺӈީ㌱ ㌫㿱മ 5-15 ᡰ⽪DŽޣѝĀԫ࣑ 0 㔃ᶴؑāа亩ᡰ⽪DŽйњൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴ᱐ሴሩᓄ ㅜ 113 㹼ᔰⲴᮠᦞDŽTSS0 ⇥սҾṨ sched.c 〻ᒿⲴԓ⸱ѝˈ䮯ᓖѪ 104 ᆇ㢲ˈާփս㖞ਟ৲㿱മ 5-23 䟽ਐⲴDŽሩᓄⲴԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥ TSS0 ҏᱟᐕ亴䇮㖞ྭⲴˈᒦфսҾԫ࣑ 0 ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴؑѝˈ৲㿱 sched.h Ṩԓ⸱ᐢ㓿䇮㖞ྭⲴ亥ⴞᖅ઼亥㺘䘋㹼࠶亥ൠ൰ਈᦒDŽ਼ṧˈᆳⲴԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ⇥൘㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝҏᱟ ԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞⴤ᧕वਜ਼൘Ṩԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞѝˈᱟӾ㓯ᙗൠ൰ 0 ᔰⲴ 640KB ᇩˈഐ↔ਟԕᆳⴤ᧕֯⭘ ԫ࣑ 0 ᱟ㌫㔏ѝањӪᐕࣘⲴㅜањԫ࣑DŽᆳⲴԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥䮯ᓖ㻛䇮㖞Ѫ 640KBDŽ䈕ԫ࣑Ⲵ Աࣗ 0 Ⲻ൦൶ሯᓊީ㌱ LQX[ ṨሩᆈⲴ㇑⨶઼֯⭘/ ⣦ᘱ⇥ 766 ተ䜘㺘 /'7 0% .% ⸱ᮠᦞ Ṩԓ .% /'7 㺘 766 ⇥ ԓ⸱⇥ &RGH ᮠᦞ⇥ 'DWD ⣦ᘱ⇥ 766 ተ䜘㺘 /'7 *'7 㺘 㲊ᤏൠ൰ 㓯ᙗൠ൰ ⢙⨶ൠ൰ ԓ⸱⇥ ԫ࣑ ᮠᦞ⇥ ԫ࣑ ㌫㔏⇥ 18// ԓ⸱⇥ &RGH ᮠᦞ⇥ 'DWD 0% *% 0%.% ަ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝDŽ䘉⿽࠶䝽઼᱐ሴ⢙⨶ᆈ亥䶒Ⲵᯩ⌅〠Ѫ䴰≲࣐䖭˄Load on demand˅DŽ৲㿱ᆈ㇑ ᢗ㹼ᰦ⭡Ҿਁ⭏㕪亥㘼ᕅ䎧ᔲᑨᰦՊ⭡ᆈ㇑⨶〻ᒿѪަ൘ѫᆈ४ѝ࠶䝽ᒦ᱐ሴа亥⢙⨶ᆈࡠ ԫ࣑ 2 ࠶䝽Ҷ 64MB Ⲵオ䰤㤳തˈնᱟṨᒦнՊ・Ѫަ࠶䝽઼᱐ሴ⢙⨶ᆈ亥䶒DŽਚᴹᖃԫ࣑ 2 ᔰ 㓿᱐ሴҶа亥⢙⨶ᆈ亥䶒ⲴᛵߥDŽ䘉䟼䈧⌘ˈ൘ᢗ㹼 execve()࠭ᮠᰦˈ㌫㔏㲭❦൘㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤Ѫ ߥˈণԫ࣑ 2 ݸ༽ࡦԫ࣑ 1 Ⲵԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ㻛 shell 〻ᒿⲴԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥ᴯᦒਾⲴᛵߥDŽമѝᱮ⽪ࠪᐢ 亥ⴞᖅ઼亥㺘㺘亩DŽമ 5-17 㔉ࠪⲴᱟԫ࣑ 2 ѝᔰᢗ㹼 shell 〻ᒿᰦⲴᛵޣⲴᢗ㹼〻ᒿ shell 䟽ᯠ䇮㖞 ᒦᢗ㹼 shell 〻ᒿᰦˈ䈕㌫㔏䈳⭘Պ䟺᭮ᦹӾԫ࣑ 1 ༽ࡦⲴ亥ⴞᖅ઼亥㺘㺘亩৺ᓄᆈ亥䶒ˈ❦ਾѪᯠ ㌫оԫ࣑ 1 Ⲵ㊫լDŽᖃԫ࣑ 2 Ⲵԓ⸱˄init()˅䈳⭘ execve()㌫㔏䈳⭘ᔰ࣐䖭ޣᦞ൘й⿽ൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴ ࡋᔪԫ࣑ 2 ᰦˈ䲔Ҷঐ⭘㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤㤳തн਼ཆ˄128MB--128MB+640KB˅ˈ↔ᰦԫ࣑ 2 Ⲵԓ⸱઼ᮠ ൘ԫ࣑ 2 㻛ࡋᔪࠪᶕѻਾˈሶ൘ަѝ䘀㹼 execve()࠭ᮠᶕᢗ㹼 shell 〻ᒿDŽᖃṨ䙊䗷༽ࡦԫ࣑ 1 ࡊ ㌫DŽޣമ 5-17 ᱮ⽪ࠪҶԫ࣑ 2 Ⲵԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥൘й⿽ൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴሩᓄ 䟽ਐDŽޘⴞᖅ亩DŽ㲊ᤏオ䰤ѝԫ࣑ԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥䜭㻛᱐ሴࡠ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤਼Ⲵ㤳തˈഐ↔ᆳԜҏᆼ ঐ⭘ 64MB/4MB = 16 њ亥ޡˈ㻛䇮㖞Ѫ 64MBˈഐ↔ԫ࣑ 2 ঐᴹⲴ㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤㤳തᱟ 128MB--192MB nr*64MB ༴DŽֻྲԫ࣑ 2 Ⲵᔰս㖞= nr*64MB = 2 * 64MB = 128MBDŽԫ࣑ԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥Ⲵᴰབྷ䮯ᓖ Ӿԫ࣑ 2 ᔰˈྲ᷌ԫ࣑ਧԕ nr ᶕ㺘⽪ˈ䛓Ѹԫ࣑ nr ൘㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴ䎧ս㖞ሶ㻛䇮ᇊ൘ Ⲵ֯⭘ᛵߥDŽ ਟԕᴹ 64 њ䘋〻਼ᰦᆈ൘DŽл䶒ᡁԜԕԫ࣑ 2 Ѫֻᶕ䈤᰾ަԆԫօԫ࣑ሩൠ൰オ䰤ޡLinux 0.11 ㌫㔏ѝ ሩҾ㻛ࡋᔪⲴӾԫ࣑ 2 ᔰⲴަԆԫ࣑ˈᆳԜⲴ⡦䘋〻䜭ᱟ init˄ԫ࣑ 1˅䘋〻DŽᡁԜᐢ㓿⸕䚃ˈ൘ ެԌԱࣗⲺ൦൶ሯᓊީ㌱ ᆈ४亥䶒ѪึḸオ䰤֯⭘DŽ ༴Ⲵ亥㺘亩㻛䇮㖞ᡀਚ䈫ˈ֯ᗇԫ࣑ 1 ൘ᢗ㹼ึḸᰦሶՊᕅ䎧߉亥䶒ᔲᑨˈӾ㘼⭡Ṩਖ㹼࠶䝽ѫ ӛ֯⭘ˈնᖃԫ࣑ 1 ᔰ䘀㹼ᰦˈ⭡Ҿԫ࣑ 1 ᱐ሴࡠ user_stack[]ޡ Ⲵ⭘ᡧᘱึḸ user_stack[]оԫ࣑ 1 㻛༽ࡦ⭘Ҿԫ࣑ 1 ⲴึḸнਜ਼ᴹᰐ⭘ᮠᦞDŽ൘ࡊᔰࡋᔪԫ࣑ 1 ᰦˈԫ࣑ 0؍⺞ᤱĀᒢ߰āˈԕ؍⭘ѻࡽ Ⲵ⭘ᡧᘱึḸオ䰤 user_stack[]˄৲㿱 kernel/sched.cˈㅜ 67--72 㹼˅ˈഐ↔䘉њึḸ䴰㾱൘ԫ࣑ 1 ᇎ䱵֯ ӛ֯⭘༴ҾṨԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ४ฏ˄㓯ᙗൠ൰ 0--640KB˅ѝԫ࣑ 0ޡԫ࣑ 1 Ⲵ⭘ᡧᘱึḸオ䰤ሶⴤ᧕ ഴ Աࣗ ൞п〃൦൶グ䰪ѣⲺީ㌱ LQX[ ṨሩᆈⲴ㇑⨶઼֯⭘/ 亥ᆈ ⣦ᘱ⇥ 766 ተ䜘㺘 /'7 ⣦ᘱ⇥ 766 ተ䜘㺘 /'7 0% 0% .% ⸱ᮠᦞ Ṩԓ .% /'7 㺘 766 ⇥ ԓ⸱⇥ &RGH ᮠᦞ⇥ 'DWD ⣦ᘱ⇥ 766 ተ䜘㺘 /'7 *'7 㺘 㲊ᤏൠ൰ 㓯ᙗൠ൰ ⢙⨶ൠ൰ ԓ⸱⇥ ԫ࣑ ᮠᦞ⇥ ԫ࣑ ㌫㔏⇥ 18// ԓ⸱⇥ &RGH ᮠᦞ⇥ 'DWD 0% *% ᖃ⭘ᡧ֯⭘ᆈ䟺᭮࠭ᮠ free()ࣘᘱ䟺᭮ᐢ⭣䈧ⲴᆈඇᰦˈC ᓃѝⲴᆈ㇑⨶࠭ᮠቡՊᢺᡰ䟺᭮Ⲵ ⮉㔉〻ᒿ⭣䈧ᆈᰦ֯⭘DŽ؍࠭ᮠࡉާփ䇠ᖅ⭘ᡧ〻ᒿ֯⭘Ҷа亥ᆈⲴཊቁᆇ㢲DŽ࢙։Ⲵᇩ䟿ሶ ާփս㖞ˈࡉ൷⭡ C ᓃѝᆈ࠶䝽࠭ᮠ malloc()䍏䍓㇑⨶DŽṨԕ亥䶒Ѫঅս࠶䝽઼᱐ሴ⢙⨶ᆈˈ䈕 亥䶒࠶䝽ᒦ᱐ሴа亥⢙⨶ᆈ亥䶒DŽ㠣Ҿ⭘ᡧ〻ᒿ↔⅑⭣䈧ᆈⲴᆇ㢲䮯ᓖᮠ䟿઼൘ሩᓄ⢙⨶亥䶒ѝⲴ ᮷ԦሩᓄⲴᆈ㤳തѝˈ䛓Ѹ CPU ቡՊӗ⭏ањ㕪亥ᔲᑨˈᒦ൘ᔲᑨ༴⨶〻ᒿѝѪᤷᇊⲴۿᢗ㹼᮷Ԧ᱐ 㤕䘋〻ԓ⸱ራ൰ⲴḀњᮠᦞᡰ൘Ⲵ亥䶒нᆈ൘ˈᒦф䈕亥䶒ᡰ༴ս㖞Ҿ䘋〻ึ㤳തˈণнҾަ ᆈ亥䶒Ⲵ᱐ሴDŽ⨶⢙ޣṨՊ䘋㹼 ↔ᰦᒦнѪᯠ⭣䈧Ⲵオ䰤᱐ሴ⢙⨶ᆈ亥䶒DŽਚᴹᖃ〻ᒿራ൰ࡠḀњнᆈ൘ሩᓄ⢙⨶亥䶒Ⲵൠ൰ᰦˈ նᒦˈ〻ᒿ㾱≲ᯠ໎Ⲵオ䰤䮯ᓖ䙊⸕ṨˈṨԓ⸱Ӿ㘼ਟԕṩᦞ malloc()ᡰᨀⲴؑᶕᴤᯠ brk Ⲵ٬ ᦞオ䰤˅൘䘋〻ൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴᵛㄟս㖞DŽᖃ malloc()࠭ᮠѪ〻ᒿ࠶䝽ᆈᰦˈᆳՊ䙊䗷㌫㔏䈳⭘ brk()ᢺ ᆈ൘⇿њ䘋〻Ⲵᮠᦞ㔃ᶴѝDŽᆳᤷࠪҶ䘋〻ԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ˄वᤜࣘᘱ࠶䝽Ⲵᮠ؍brkˈ䘉њ٬ ᖃࡽս㖞٬ ራ൰ሩᓄⲴ亥䶒࠶䝽⢙⨶ᆈ亥䶒ᒦ䘋㹼᱐ሴDŽնᱟṨՊѪ䘋〻֯⭘Ⲵԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞオ䰤㔤ᣔањ 䰤ˈᡰԕਚ㾱䘋〻ᢗ㹼ᰦራ൰Ⲵ㤳ത൘ᆳⲴ 64MB 㤳തˈṨҏ਼ṧՊ䙊䗷ᆈ㕪亥㇑⨶ᵪࡦ㠚ࣘѪ ˄䲔Ҷԫ࣑ 0 ઼ 1ˈᆳԜоṨԓ⸱а䎧ᑨ傫ᆈѝ˅൘ CPU Ⲵ 4G 㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝ࠶䝽Ҷ 64MB Ⲵオ བྷሿ൷⭡儈ቲ⅑Ⲵ C ᓃ࠭ᮠ malloc()ᶕ䘋㹼㇑⨶ˈṨᵜ䓛ᒦнՊᨂ㇑⨶DŽഐѪṨᐢ㓿Ѫ⇿њ䘋〻 ᖃ⭘ᡧᓄ⭘〻ᒿ֯⭘ C ࠭ᮠᓃѝⲴᆈ࠶䝽࠭ᮠ malloc()⭣䈧ᆈᰦˈ䘉Ӌࣘᘱ⭣䈧Ⲵᆈᇩ䟿ᡆ 5.3.7 ⭞ᡭ⭩䈭ᆎⲺࣞᘷ࠼䞃 ֯⭘Ⲵᆈ㇑⨶⨶ҏ㜭・᰾ⲭDŽ⭡Ҿㇷᑵᡰ䲀ˈ䘉䟼ሩ↔н䈤᰾DŽ ൠ൰オ䰤㤳തDŽྲ᷌ᡁԜ㜭⨶䀓ᵜ㢲䈤᧿䘠Ⲵᆈ㇑⨶ᾲᘥˈ䛓ѸሩҾ⧠൘ᡰ֯⭘Ⲵ Linux 2.x Ṩѝᡰ Ӿ Linux Ṩ 0.99 ⡸ԕਾˈሩᆈオ䰤Ⲵ֯⭘ᯩᔿਁ⭏ҶਈॆDŽ⇿њ䘋〻ਟԕঅ⤜ӛ⭘ᮤњ 4G Ⲵ ഴ ެԌԱࣗ൦൶グ䰪ѣⲺሯᓊީ㌱ 䘠DŽ᧿ޣ⨶аㄐѝⲴ LQX[ ṨሩᆈⲴ㇑⨶઼֯⭘/ ࡠҶ PC ᵪ㌫ࡇⲴੁлڊ֯ᗇԫօ֯⭘ IRQ2 Ⲵ PC/XT Ⲵ 8 ս䇮䝽൘ PC/AT ᵪл䶒ӽ❦㜭↓ᑨ֯⭘DŽ BIOS ѝⲴ䖟Ԧᢺ IRQ9 Ⲵѝᯝ int 71 䟽ᯠᇊੁࡠҶ IRQ2 Ⲵѝᯝ int 0x0A Ⲵѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻DŽ䘉ṧаᶕਟ ণ PC/AT ᵪ࡙⭘⺜Ԧ⭥䐟ᢺ֯⭘ IRQ2 Ⲵ䇮༷Ⲵ IRQ2 ᕅ㝊䟽ᯠᇊੁࡠҶ PIC Ⲵ IRQ9 ᕅ㝊кˈᒦ࡙⭘ ਧDŽѫ 8259A 㣟⡷Ⲵㄟਓสൠ൰ᱟ 0x20ˈӾ㣟⡷ᱟ 0xA0DŽIRQ9 ᕅ㝊Ⲵ⭘о PC/XT Ⲵ IRQ2 ਼ˈؑޕ INT ᕅ㝊䘎᧕ࡠѫ㣟⡷Ⲵ IR2 ᕅ㝊кˈণ 8259A Ӿ㣟⡷ਁࠪⲴѝᯝؑਧሶѪ 8259A ѫ㣟⡷Ⲵ IRQ2 䗃 ਟ㇑⨶ 15 㓗ѝᯝੁ䟿DŽަ㓗䘎⽪മ㿱മ 5-18 ᡰ⽪DŽަѝӾ㣟⡷Ⲵޡˈ⡷ᵪѝˈ֯⭘Ҷє⡷ 8259A 㣟 ⨶ 8 њѝᯝⓀDŽ䙊䗷ཊ⡷㓗㚄ᯩᔿˈ8259A 㜭ᶴᡀᴰཊ㇑⨶ 64 њѝᯝੁ䟿Ⲵ㌫㔏DŽ൘ PC/AT ㌫ࡇެᇩ ൘֯⭘ 80X86 㓴ᡀⲴᗞᵪᵪ㌫㔏ѝ䟷⭘Ҷ 8259A ਟ㕆〻ѝᯝ᧗ࡦಘ㣟⡷DŽ⇿њ 8259A 㣟⡷ਟԕ㇑ 5.4.2 80X86 ᗤᵰⲺѣᯣᆆ㌱㔕 ⨶䗷〻ѝỰ⍻ࡠ䭉䈟㘼ӗ⭏ⲴѝᯝDŽਚᴹл䶒ᨀ৺ⲴаӋѝᯝ㻛⭘Ҿ䇮༷кDŽ ᨀҶሩ 256 њѝᯝⲴ᭟ᤱˈަѝབྷ䜘࠶䜭⭘Ҿ䖟Ԧѝᯝᡆᔲᑨˈᔲᑨᱟ༴⨶ಘ൘༴ޡPC/AT ㌫ࡇᗞᵪ Ҿ䖟ԦѝDŽ䙊䗷֯⭘ int ᤷԔᒦ֯⭘ަᮠᤷ᰾ѝᯝਧˈቡਟԕ䇙༴⨶ಘ৫ᢗ㹼ᓄⲴѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻DŽ ᆳҏਟԕ⭘ˈޣ䗃ࠪ䇮༷Ⲵѝᯝᴽ࣑༴⨶䗷〻DŽնᱟѝᯝᯩ⌅ᒦ䶎аᇊо⺜Ԧޕԕк᧿䘠Ⲵᱟ䗃 ࣑〻ᒿDŽᖃѝᯝᴽ࣑〻ᒿᢗ㹼㔃ᶏˈ༴⨶ಘቡ㔗㔝ᢗ㹼㻛ѝᯝؑਧᢃᯝⲴ〻ᒿDŽ 䇮༷Ⲵѝᯝੁ䟿˄ণѝᯝᴽ࣑〻ᒿⲴൠ൰˅ᒦᔰᢗ㹼ѝᯝᴽޣᣔ⁑ᔿлⲴѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘˅ਆᗇ؍ս ᯝਧᶕ⸕༴⨶ಘ㾱ᢗ㹼ଚњѝᯝᴽ࣑䗷〻DŽ༴⨶ಘࡉṩᦞ䈫ਆⲴѝᯝਧ䙊䗷ḕ䈒ѝᯝੁ䟿㺘˄ᡆ 32 Ⲵһᛵᒦ䈒䰞 PIC 䴰㾱ᢗ㹼ଚњѝᯝᴽ࣑䈧≲DŽPIC ࡉ䙊䗷ੁᮠᦞᙫ㓯ਁ䘱ࠪоѝᯝ䈧≲ሩᓄⲴѝڊᡰ лᖃᰦڌੁ༴⨶ಘਁࠪањѝᯝؑਧDŽᖃ PIC ੁ༴⨶ಘⲴ INT ᕅ㝊ਁࠪањѝᯝؑਧᰦˈ༴⨶ಘՊ・ PIC 䘈䴰㾱ᢺ䘹ࠪⲴѝᯝ䈧≲о↓൘༴⨶Ⲵѝᯝ䈧≲ⲴՈݸ㓗䘋㹼∄䖳ˈᒦสҾ䈕∄䖳㔃᷌ᶕ⺞ᇊᱟ ∄䖳ᒦ䘹ࠪᴰ儈Ոݸ㓗Ⲵѝᯝ䈧≲䘋㹼༴⨶DŽྲ᷌↔ᰦ༴⨶ಘ↓൘ᢗ㹼ањ䇮༷Ⲵѝᯝᴽ࣑䗷〻ˈ䛓Ѹ ؑਧᰦˈPIC ・ՊỰ⍻ࡠDŽ൘਼ᰦ᭦ࡠࠐњ䇮༷Ⲵѝᯝᴽ࣑䈧≲ⲴᛵߥлˈPIC ՊሩᆳԜ䘋㹼Ոݸ㓗 㘵DŽᆳ䙊䗷䘎᧕ࡠ䇮༷Ⲵѝᯝ䈧≲ᕅ㝊᧕ਇ䇮༷ਁࠪⲴ㓸ㄟᴽ࣑䈧≲ؑਧDŽᖃ䇮༷◰⍫ަѝᯝ䈧≲ IRQ ਟ㕆〻ѝᯝ᧗ࡦಘ˄PIC - Programmable Interrupt Controller˅ᱟᗞᵪ㌫㔏ѝ㇑⨶䇮༷ѝᯝ䈧≲Ⲵ㇑⨶ Service Routine˅DŽ 〻ᒿࡉ㻛〠Ѫѝᯝᴽ࣑〻ᒿᡆѝᯝᴽ࣑䗷〻˄ISR - InterruptޣRequest˅DŽ༴⨶ಘ૽ᓄ䈧≲㘼ᢗ㹼Ⲵ䇮༷ ѝᯝ˄Interrupt˅ᯩ⌅ˈ㘼䇮༷ੁ༴⨶ಘਁࠪⲴᴽ࣑䈧≲ࡉ〠Ѫѝᯝ䈧≲˄IRQ - Interruptڊ⨶ᯩᔿቡਛ ࡊ㻛ѝᯝⲴ〻ᒿDŽ䘉⿽༴ڊᴽ࣑〻ᒿDŽᖃᴽ࣑〻ᒿᢗ㹼ᆼᡀਾˈ༴⨶ಘՊ᧕⵰৫ޣ㘼ᢗ㹼䈕䇮༷Ⲵ ᖃ䇮༷ੁ༴⨶ಘᨀࠪᴽ࣑䈧≲ᰦˈ༴⨶ಘՊ൘ᢗ㹼ᆼᖃࡽⲴаᶑᤷԔਾ・ᓄㆄ䇮༷Ⲵ䈧≲ˈᒦ䖜 ᰦ㠚ᐡੁ༴⨶ಘᨀࠪ䈧≲DŽ༴⨶ಘҏਚᴹ൘䇮༷ᨀࠪ䈧≲ᰦѪަᨀᴽ࣑DŽ 㕆〻ㆰঅˈն㕪⛩ᱟཚ㙇༴⨶ಘ䍴Ⓚˈᖡ૽㌫㔏ᙗ㜭DŽੁ䇮༷ᨀᴽ࣑Ⲵਖа⿽ᯩ⌅ᱟ൘䇮༷䴰㾱ᴽ࣑ ൘䘉⿽ᯩ⌅ѝ༴⨶ಘ亪ᒿൠḕ䈒㌫㔏ѝⲴ⇿њ䇮༷ˈĀ䈒䰞āᆳԜᱟ䴰㾱ᴽ࣑DŽ䘉⿽ᯩ⌅ⲴՈ⛩ᱟ䖟Ԧ 䗃ࠪ䇮༷DŽ༴⨶ಘੁ䘉Ӌ䇮༷ᨀᴽ࣑Ⲵа⿽ᯩ⌅ᱟ֯⭘䖞䈒ᯩᔿDŽޕᗞර䇑㇇ᵪ㌫㔏䙊ᑨवᤜ䗃 5.4.1 ѣᯣᬃ֒⨼ ਟ㕆〻᧗ࡦಘⲴާփ㕆〻ᯩ⌅䈧৲㿱лаㄐ setup.s 〻ᒿਾⲴ䈤᰾DŽޣ Ⲵਟ㕆〻᧗ࡦಘ⺜Ԧ䙫䗁ԕ৺ Linux ㌫㔏ѝ֯⭘ѝᯝⲴᯩ⌅DŽᴹޣᵜ㢲ӻ㓽ѝᯝᵪࡦสᵜ⨶઼ 5.4 Linux ㌱㔕Ⲻѣᯣᵰ ᓃ࠭ᮠ malloc()઼ free()Ⲵާփԓ⸱ᇎ⧠䈧৲㿱ṨᓃѝⲴ lib/malloc.c 〻ᒿDŽޣᴹ ⢙⨶ᆈ亥䶒DŽ 䶒᭦എᐢ࠶䝽઼᱐ሴࡠ䈕䘋〻ൠ൰オ䰤㤳തⲴᡰᴹޘᒦнՊ㻛䟺᭮ᦹDŽਚᴹᖃ䘋〻ᴰ㓸㔃ᶏᰦṨՊ ᆈඇḷ䇠Ѫオ䰢ˈԕ༷〻ᒿ⅑⭣䈧ᆈᰦ֯⭘DŽ൘䘉њ䗷〻ѝṨѪ䈕䘋〻ᡰ࠶䝽Ⲵ䘉њ⢙⨶亥䶒 LQX[ ㌫㔏Ⲵѝᯝᵪࡦ/ ''ᮠᦞ &38 ,175 ൠ൰ [$[EI ⮉,54؍ ⺜ⴈ,54 ॿ༴⨶ಘ,54 36 啐ḷ,54 ⮉,54؍ ⮉,54؍ ,17$+,54 ᇎᰦ䫏 ,54 &6 $ ,5 ,5 ,5 ,5Ӿ⡷ $ ,5 ,5 ,5,17 ,5 &$6 ൠ൰ [[I ᒦ㹼ਓ ,54 䖟ⴈ,54 ᒦ㹼ਓ ,54 Ѣ㹼ਓ ,54 Ѣ㹼ਓ ,54 ᧕㚄LQW,54 䭞ⴈ,54 ᰦ䫏,54 &$6 &6 $ ,5 ,5 ,5 ,5ѫ⡷ $ ,5 ,5 ,5,17 ,5 BIOS ᨀⲴᱮ⽪઼⻱ⴈ䈫ѝᯝ࣏㜭ˈ൘Ṩ↓ᑨ䘀㹼ѻࡽࡉՊ൘ setup.s 〻ᒿѝ䟽ᯠࡍॆ 8259A ᆳՊ䟽ᯠ䇮㖞ѝᯝ 0x20—0x2f Ⲵѝᯝੁ䟿٬DŽ㘼ሩҾ Linux ㌫㔏ˈ䲔Ҷ൘ࡊᔰ࣐䖭Ṩᰦ䴰㾱⭘ࡠ ൰DŽԕਾ൘㌫㔏ᕅሬ࣐䖭㌫㔏ᰦՊṩᦞᇎ䱵䴰㾱؞᭩ḀӋѝᯝੁ䟿Ⲵ٬DŽֻྲˈሩҾ DOS ㌫㔏ˈ ѤᰦⲴଁѝᯝᴽ࣑〻ᒿⲴൠޕᯝਧѪ 0x10—0x1f Ⲵѝᯝ䈳⭘࣏㜭ੁ䟿ㅹDŽሩҾᇎ䱵⋑ᴹ֯⭘Ⲵੁ䟿ࡉປ ൘ BIOS ᢗ㹼ࡍॆᰦˈᆳ䇮㖞Ҷєњ 8259A 㣟⡷᭟ᤱⲴ 16 њ⺜Ԧѝᯝੁ䟿઼ BIOS ᨀⲴѝ 0x0000:N*4 ս㖞༴DŽ ᆈ൘⢙⨶ᆈ؍ਓൠ൰ޕᆳሩᓄⲴѝᯝੁ䟿൘ᆈѝⲴս㖞ቡᱟ 0x0000:N*4ˈণሩᓄⲴѝᯝᴽ࣑〻ᒿ 〻ᒿࡉ൘ BIOS ѝ㔉ࠪDŽ⭡Ҿѝᯝੁ䟿㺘ѝⲴੁ䟿ᱟ᤹ѝᯝਧ亪ᒿᧂࡇˈഐ↔㔉ᇊањѝᯝਧ Nˈ䛓Ѹ ѝⲴ〻ᒿՊ൘⢙⨶ᆈᔰൠ൰ 0x0000:0x0000 ༴ࡍॆᒦ䇮㖞ѝᯝੁ䟿㺘ˈ㘼ѝᯝⲴ唈䇔ѝᯝᴽ࣑ ٬DŽഐ↔ᮤњੁ䟿㺘Ⲵ䮯ᓖѪ 1024 ᆇ㢲DŽᖃ 80X86 ᗞᵪࣘᰦˈROM BIOS〫ٿ⇥٬઼⇥ᯝᴽ࣑〻ᒿⲴ ѝᯝᴽ࣑〻ᒿDŽ൘ 80X86 ᇎ⁑ᔿ䘀㹼ᯩᔿлˈ⇿њѝᯝੁ䟿⭡ 4 њᆇ㢲㓴ᡀDŽ䘉 4 њᆇ㢲ᤷ᰾Ҷањѝ ⁑ᔿл䈕㺘〠Ѫѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ˈ㿱л䶒䈤᰾˅DŽ80X86 ᗞᵪ᭟ᤱ 256 њѝᯝˈሩᓄ⇿њѝᯝ䴰㾱ᆹᧂањ ᣔ؍CPU ⭡ѝᯝਧḕࡠሩᓄᗇѝᯝੁ䟿ˈቡ䴰㾱൘ᆈѝᔪ・аᕐḕ䈒㺘ˈণѝᯝੁ䟿㺘˄൘ 32 ս ਓൠ൰٬DŽഐ↔ѪҶ䇙ޕণሩᓄѝᯝᴽ࣑〻ᒿⲴˈк㢲ᐢᤷࠪ CPU ᱟṩᦞѝᯝਧ㧧ਆѝᯝੁ䟿٬ 5.4.3 ѣᯣੇ䠅㺞 ᒦᢗ㹼ѝᯝᴽ࣑〻ᒿDŽˈ䊑Ⲵѝᯝਧ䘱ࠪˈCPU ⭡↔㧧ਆሩᓄⲴѝᯝੁ䟿٬ ᕅ㝊 INT 䙊⸕ CPU ཆѝᯝ䈧≲ⲴࡠᶕˈCPU ૽ᓄਾˈ㣟⡷Ӿᮠᦞᙫ㓯 D7-D0 ሶ㕆〻䇮ᇊⲴᖃࡽᴽ࣑ሩ ༴⨶ᯩᔿDŽ䙊䗷ѝᯝࡔՈ䘹ᤙˈ㣟⡷ሶ䘹ѝᖃࡽᴰ儈Ոݸ㓗Ⲵѝᯝ䈧≲Ѫѝᯝᴽ࣑ሩ䊑ˈᒦ䙊䗷 CPU ਟ䲿ᰦ૽ᓄཆ䜘䇮༷ᨀࠪⲴѝᯝ䈧≲˄IRQ0 – IRQ15˅ˈ਼ᰦ㌫㔏䘈ਟԕ֯⭘ભԔᆇ䲿ᰦ؞᭩ަѝᯝ ⣦ᘱˈ↔ᰦ㣟⡷ণޕᤷԔሩ 8259A 㣟⡷䘋㹼ࡍॆ㕆〻Ⲵ⣦ᘱDŽаᰖᆼᡀҶࡍॆ㕆〻ˈ㣟⡷ণ䘋 ൘ᙫ㓯᧗ࡦಘ᧗ࡦлˈ8259A 㣟⡷ਟԕ༴Ҿ㕆〻⣦ᘱ઼⣦ᘱDŽ㕆〻⣦ᘱᱟ CPU ֯⭘ IN ᡆ OUT ㌱㔕 ഴ 3&$7 ᗤᵰ㓝䘔ᕅ ެᇩᙗDŽ LQX[ ㌫㔏Ⲵѝᯝᵪࡦ/ IRQ13 0x2d ˄45˅ ᮠᆖॿ༴⨶ಘѝᯝ IRQ12 0x2c ˄44˅ PS/2 啐ḷਓѝᯝ ⮉˄㖁㔌᧕ਓ˅؍ ˅IRQ11 0x2b ˄43 ⮉؍˅IRQ10 0x2a ˄42 ⮉؍˅IRQ9 0x29 ˄41 IRQ8 0x28 ˄40˅ ᇎᰦ䫏ѝᯝ IRQ7 0x27 ˄39˅ ᒦ㹼ਓ 1 IRQ6 0x26 ˄38˅ 䖟ⴈ傡ࣘಘ IRQ5 0x25 ˄37˅ ᒦ㹼ਓ 2 IRQ4 0x24 ˄36˅ Ѣ㹼ਓ 1 IRQ3 0x23 ˄35˅ Ѣ㹼ਓ 2 IRQ2 0x22 ˄34˅ ᧕䘎Ӿ㣟⡷ IRQ1 0x21 ˄33˅ 䭞ⴈѝᯝ IRQ0 0x20 ˄32˅ 8253 ਁࠪⲴ 100HZ ᰦ䫏ѝᯝ ѝᯝ䈧≲ਧ ѝᯝਧ ⭘䙄 $ 㣥⡽ѣᯣ䈭≸ਇ࠰Ⲻѣᯣਭࡍ㺞 㺞 ̢/LQX[ ㌱㔕ѣ ㌫㔏䈳⭘ѝᯝᱟ⭘ᡧ〻ᒿ֯⭘㌫㔏䍴ⓀⲴୟа⭼䶒᧕ਓDŽ ؑਧ IRQ0--IRQ15˄㿱㺘 5–2 ᡰ⽪˅ˈᒦᢺ〻ᒿ㕆〻ਁࠪⲴ㌫㔏䈳⭘˄system call˅ѝᯝ䇮㖞Ѫ int128˄0x80˅DŽ ൘ Linux ㌫㔏ѝˈࡉሶ int32--int47˄0x20--0x2f˅ሩᓄҾ 8259A ѝᯝ᧗ࡦ㣟⡷ਁࠪⲴ⺜Ԧѝᯝ䈧≲ Abort ᭮ᔳ˄㓸→˅ ൘䭉䈟ਁ⭏ѻਾỰ⍻ࡠ ᕅ䎧䘉⿽䭉䈟Ⲵ〻ᒿᓄ䈕㻛㓸→DŽ Trap 䲧䱡 ൘䭉䈟ਁ⭏ѻਾỰ⍻ࡠ CPU 㔗㔝ᢗ㹼ਾ䶒ⲴᤷԔDŽ䖟Ԧ Fault 䭉䈟 ൘䭉䈟ਁ⭏ѻࡽỰ⍻ࡠ CPU 䟽ᯠᢗ㹼ᕅ䎧䭉䈟ⲴᤷԔDŽ Nonmaskable нਟቿ㭭ѝᯝ CPU ᕅ㝊 NMI нਟቿ㭭ѝᯝDŽ ⺜Ԧ Maskable ਟቿ㭭ѝᯝ CPU ᕅ㝊 INTR ḷᘇᇴᆈಘ eflags Ⲵ IF ḷᘇਟቿ㭭ѝᯝDŽ ѝᯝ 㤡᮷〠 〠 CPU Ự⍻ᯩᔿ ༴⨶ᯩᔿ 㺞 ̢ѣᯣ࠼㊱ԛѣᯣ䘶࠰ &38 Ⲻ༺⨼ᯯᕅ ᡰᴹѝᯝⲴ࠶㊫ԕ৺ᢗ㹼ਾ CPU Ⲵࣘᯩᔿ㿱㺘 5–1 ᡰ⽪DŽ 䎧ⲴDŽ䙊ᑨ䘈ਟ࠶Ѫ᭵䳌(Fault)઼䲧䱡(traps)є㊫DŽѝᯝ int32--int255 (0x20--0xff)ਟԕ⭡⭘ᡧ㠚ᐡ䇮ᇊDŽ ਨ〠ѻѪᔲᑨDŽഐѪ䘉Ӌѝᯝᱟ൘ CPU ᢗ㹼ᤷԔᰦ᧒⍻ࡠᔲᑨᛵߥ㘼ᕅޜ ⭘, Ҿ䖟Ԧѝᯝˈն Intel ⮉؍ਨപᇊ䇮ᇊᡆޜ ѻ䰤Ⲵањᮠᆇᶕḷ䇶DŽሩҾѝᯝ int0--int31(0x00--0x1f)ˈ⇿њѝᯝⲴ࣏㜭⭡ Intel ሩҾ Linux Ṩᶕ䈤ˈѝᯝؑਧ䙊ᑨ࠶Ѫє㊫˖⺜Ԧѝᯝ઼䖟Ԧѝᯝ(ᔲᑨ)DŽ⇿њѝᯝᱟ⭡ 0-255 5.4.4 Linux ṮⲺѣᯣ༺⨼ ᯝⲴĀੁ䟿āؑDŽ ᆈѝ؍ᣔ⁑ᔿлˈഐ↔ᆳ֯⭘ѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᶕ䇮㖞઼؍㊫࡛ㅹؑDŽLinux ㌫㔏ᐕҾ 80X86 Ⲵ ᵳ㓗઼᧿䘠ㅖ⢩ޣᯝੁ䟿㺘ˈਚᱟަѝ⇿њѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ亩ѝ䲔Ҷਜ਼ᴹѝᯝᴽ࣑〻ᒿൠ൰ԕཆˈ䘈वਜ਼ᴹ ㇑⨶ѝᯝᡆᔲᑨDŽIDT ᱟ Intel 8086 -- 80186 CPU ѝ֯⭘Ⲵѝᯝੁ䟿㺘Ⲵⴤ᧕ᴯԓ⢙DŽަ⭘ҏ㊫լҾѝ ᣔ⁑ᔿлᰦˈ䴰㾱֯⭘ѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 IDT˄Interrupt Descriptor Table˅ᶕ؍ᖃ Intel CPU 䘀㹼൘ 32 ս ࣑࣏㜭DŽ ᣋᔳҶ BIOS ᡰᨀⲴѝᯝᴽޘ㣟⡷ᒦф൘ head.s 〻ᒿѝ䟽ᯠ䇮㖞аᕐѝᯝੁ䟿㺘˄ѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘˅DŽᆼ LQX[ ㌫㔏Ⲵѝᯝᵪࡦ/ ᴹḷ߶᧕ਓᇊѹⲴ C ࠭ᮠᓃѝⲴ࠭ᮠ䰤᧕ൠ֯⭘ṨⲴ㌫㔏䈳⭘ˈ㿱മ 5-19 ᡰ⽪DŽ ᇴᆈಘѝᤷᇊ㌫㔏䈳⭘࣏㜭ਧˈণਟ֯⭘Ṩ䍴Ⓚˈवᤜ㌫㔏⺜Ԧ䍴ⓀDŽн䗷䙊ᑨᓄ⭘〻ᒿ䜭ᱟ֯⭘ާ ᡰ⽪DŽӾሩѝᯝᵪࡦⲴ䈤᰾ਟ⸕ˈ⭘ᡧ〻ᒿ䙊䗷ⴤ᧕ᡆ䰤᧕˄䙊䗷ᓃ࠭ᮠ˅䈳⭘ѝᯝ int 0x80ˈᒦ൘ eax ㌫㔏䈳⭘˄䙊ᑨ〠Ѫ syscalls˅ᱟ Linux Ṩокቲᓄ⭘〻ᒿ䘋㹼Ӕӂ䙊ؑⲴୟа᧕ਓˈ৲㿱മ 5-4 5.5.1 ㌱㔕䈹⭞ਙ 5.5 Linux Ⲻ㌱㔕䈹⭞ ४Ⲵ਼ᰦཊ䟽ˈᕅ䎧䎵㓗ඇᮠᦞⲴна㠤ᙗˈѕ䟽ᰦՊሬ㠤Ṩ㌫㔏ፙ⒳DŽ ↔ᰦ䈕ԫ࣑нՊ৫ࡔᯝ䬱ᇊḷᘇቡՊ㔗㔝ᢗ㹼䇮㖞䎵㓗ඇⲴ䬱ᇊḷᘇˈӾ㘼䙐ᡀєњԫ࣑ሩѤ⭼ԓ⸱ ᰦ䘉њަԆԫ࣑Պݸ䇮㖞䎵㓗ඇⲴ䬱ᇊḷᘇᒦфሩ䎵㓗ඇ䘋㹼؞᭩DŽᖃ㌫㔏৸࠷ᦒഎᶕⲴԫ࣑ᰦˈ ᰦ↓ྭਁ⭏㌫㔏ᰦ䫏ѝᯝ㘼࠷ᦒࡠަԆԫ࣑৫䘀㹼ˈᒦф⻠ᐗަԆԫ࣑ҏ䴰㾱؞᭩䘉њ䎵㓗ඇˈ䛓Ѹ↔ 䰝ሩཆ䜘ѝᯝⲴ૽ᓄˈ䛓Ѹ൘؞᭩ѻࡽࡔᯝࠪ䈕䎵㓗ඇ䬱ᇊḷᘇ⋑ᴹ㖞ս㘼ᜣ䇮㖞䘉њḷᘇᰦˈ㤕↔ޣ ᤷԔᔰሩཆ䜘ѝᯝⲴ૽ᓄDŽྲ᷌н֯⭘ cliǃsti ᤷԔሩˈণ൘䴰㾱؞᭩ањ᮷Ԧ䎵㓗ඇᰦн֯⭘ cli ᶕ 䰝 CPU ሩཆ䜘ѝᯝⲴ૽ᓄˈ൘ᆼᡀѻਾ֯⭘ stiޣ䘰ࠪㅹᖵ䱏ࡇᰦ䜭䴰㾱俆ݸ֯⭘ cli ᤷԔ/ޕ ᰦṨቡՊᢗ㹼 sti ᤷԔԕ䟽ᯠݱ䇨 CPU ૽ᓄཆ䜘ѝᯝDŽֻྲˈ൘؞᭩᮷Ԧ䎵㓗ඇⲴ䬱ᇊḷᘇ઼ԫ࣑䘋 䰝ሩཆ䜘ѝᯝⲴ૽ᓄˈ㘼൘ᢗ㹼ᆼㄎҹԓ⸱४ޣ㜭ᕅ䎧ㄎҹᶑԦⲴԓ⸱४ᰦˈṨѝቡՊ֯⭘ cli ᤷԔᶕ ਟޕsti ᤷԔ⭘ᶕ䇮㖞ḷᘇᇴᆈಘѝⲴѝᯝḷᘇˈԕݱ䇨 CPU 㜭䇶࡛ᒦ૽ᓄཆ䜘䇮༷ਁࠪⲴѝᯝDŽᖃ䘋 ᤷԔDŽcli ᤷԔ⭘ᶕ༽ս CPU ḷᘇᇴᆈಘѝⲴѝᯝḷᘇˈ֯ᗇ㌫㔏൘ᢗ㹼 cli ᤷԔਾнՊ૽ᓄཆ䜘ѝᯝDŽ ѪҶ䚯ݽㄎҹᶑԦ઼ѝᯝሩѤ⭼ԓ⸱४Ⲵᒢᢠˈ൘ Linux 0.11 Ṩԓ⸱ѝ䇨ཊൠᯩ֯⭘Ҷ cli ઼ sti 5.4.5 ḽᘍᇺᆎಞⲺѣᯣḽᘍ 㘼䙊䗷䲧䱡䰘ᢗ㹼ⲴѝᯝࡉнՊᖡ૽ IF ḷᘇDŽ৲㿱ㅜ 11 ㄐѝሩ include/asm/system.h ᮷ԦⲴ䈤᰾DŽ ˗ഐ↔ਟԕ䚯ݽަᆳѝᯝᒢᢠᖃࡽѝᯝⲴ༴⨶ˈ䲿ਾⲴѝᯝ㔃ᶏᤷԔ iret ՊӾึḸкᚒ༽ IF ḷᘇⲴ٬ ൘Ҿሩḷᘇᇴᆈಘ EFLAGS ѝⲴѝᯝݱ䇨ḷᘇ IF Ⲵᖡ૽DŽ⭡ѝᯝ䰘᧿䘠ㅖᢗ㹼ⲴѝᯝՊ༽ս IF ḷᘇˈ ਖཆˈ൘䇮㖞ѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 IDT ᰦ Linux Ṩ֯⭘Ҷѝᯝ䰘઼䲧䱡䰘є⿽᧿䘠ㅖDŽᆳԜѻ䰤Ⲵ४࡛ 㹼Ҷ䟽ᯠ䇮㖞˄kernel/sched.cˈ385˅DŽ ॆ࠭ᮠѝ䘋㹼Ҷ䟽ᯠ䇮㖞˄kernl/traps.cˈ181˅ˈ㘼㌫㔏䈳⭘ѝᯝ int128 ࡉ൘䈳ᓖ〻ᒿࡍॆ࠭ᮠѝ䘋 ᧿䘠ㅖ亩ˈ䇙ᆳԜᤷੁሩᓄⲴᇎ䱵༴⨶䗷〻DŽ䙊ᑨˈᔲᑨѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻˄int0 --int 31˅䜭൘ traps.c Ⲵࡍ 㔏ѝ䴰㾱֯⭘ⲴаӋѝᯝˈṨՊ൘ަ㔗㔝ࡍॆⲴ༴⨶䗷〻ѝ˄init/main.c˅䟽ᯠ䇮㖞䘉ӋѝᯝⲴѝᯝ ᣔࠪ䭉DŽሩҾ㌫؍0xff)Ѫੁ䟿ˈഐ↔Պ৫䈫ਆ IDT 㺘ѝⲴㅜ 256 亩ˈഐ↔ҏՊ䙐ᡀа㡜)1 ޘޕ㓯к䈫 ˄ᔲᑨ 13˅DŽਖཆˈྲ᷌⺜Ԧࠪ⧠䰞仈㘼⋑ᴹᢺ䇮༷Ⲵੁ䟿᭮ࡠᮠᦞᙫ㓯кˈ↔ᰦ CPU 䙊ᑨՊӾᮠᦞᙫ ᣔࠪ䭉؍䛓Ѹ൘ањ㾱≲ⲴѝᯝᡰᤷᇊⲴ᧿䘠ㅖ亩བྷҾ䇮㖞Ⲵᴰབྷ᧿䘠ㅖ亩ᰦˈCPU ቡՊӗ⭏ања㡜 ᣔᙗ䭉䈟˄A gerneal protection fault˅(ᔲᑨ 13)DŽࡉⲴ䈍ˈྲ᷌䇮㖞Ⲵ IDT ቁҾ 256 亩ˈ؍䱢→ࠪ⧠а㡜 䈕ѝᯝੁ䟿ᰦቡՊᱮ⽪ؑĀᵚ⸕ѝᯝ˄Unknown interrupt˅āDŽ䘉䟼ሩᡰᴹ 256 亩䜭䘋㹼䇮㖞ਟԕᴹ᭸ ੁ䟿ᤷੁањ唈䇔ⲴĀᰐѝᯝā༴⨶䗷〻˄boot/head.sˈ150˅DŽᖃਁ⭏Ҷањѝᯝ㘼৸⋑ᴹ䟽ᯠ䇮㖞䗷 ˄Interrupt Descriptor Table - IDT˅ѝᡰᴹ 256 њ᧿䘠ㅖ䘋㹼Ҷ唈䇔䇮㖞˄boot/head.sˈ78˅DŽ䘉њଁѝᯝ ൘㌫㔏ࡍॆᰦˈṨ൘ head.s 〻ᒿѝ俆ݸ֯⭘ањଁѝᯝੁ䟿˄ѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ˅ሩѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 ⮉؍˅IRQ15 0x2f ˄47 IRQ14 0x2e ˄46˅ ⺜ⴈѝᯝ LQX[ Ⲵ㌫㔏䈳⭘/ Ṩ & ࠭ᮠᓃ ᓄ⭘〻ᒿ ㌫㔏䈳⭘ ZULWH ᓃ࠭ᮠ ZULWH ᓃ࠭ᮠ SULQWI 䈳⭘ SULQWI ᢙኅᡀवਜ਼፼≷㕆䈝ਕⲴ C ࠭ᮠˈ㿱ྲлᡰ⽪DŽ 䘄എ٬Ⲵ㊫ර˗ㅜ 2 њ৲ᮠᱟ㌫㔏䈳⭘Ⲵ〠˗䲿ਾᱟ㌫㔏䈳⭘ᡰᩪᑖ৲ᮠⲴ㊫ර઼〠DŽ䘉њᆿՊ㻛 ሩҾ include/unistd.h ѝ㔉ࠪⲴ⇿њ㌫㔏䈳⭘ᆿˈ䜭ᴹ 2+2*n њ৲ᮠDŽަѝㅜ 1 њ৲ᮠሩᓄ㌫㔏䈳⭘ аṧDŽޘᮠᓃѝӻDŽᇎ䱵к C ࠭ᮠᓃѝ࠭ᮠᴰ㓸䈳⭘㌫㔏䈳⭘Ⲵᖒᔿ઼䘉䟼㔉ࠪⲴᆼ ഐ↔ᡁԜਟԕ൘⭘ᡧ〻ᒿѝⴤ᧕֯⭘к䶒Ⲵ_syscall3()ᶕᢗ㹼ањ㌫㔏䈳⭘ read()ˈ㘼н⭘䙊䗷 C ࠭ EXILQWQ LQWUHDGLQWIGFKDU BV\VFDOO XQLVWGK! LQFOXGH GHILQHBB/,%5$5@ ٬DŽ〫ٿս ؑਧDŽᱟսമˈ⇿њ∄⢩սԓ㺘а⿽ؑਧˈؑਧ٬ ORQJVLJQDO 䘀㹼ՈݸᮠDŽԫ࣑ᔰ䘀㹼ᰦ FRXQWHU SULRULW\ˈ䎺བྷ䘀㹼䎺䮯DŽ ORQJSULRULW\ 䙂߿ ˄┤ㆄᮠ˅ˈ䘀㹼ᰦ䰤⡷DŽ ԫ࣑䘀㹼ᰦ䰤䇑ᮠ ORQJFRXQWHU DŽ˅→ڌቡ㔚 ˈ! ᐢ ԫ࣑Ⲵ䘀㹼⣦ᘱ˄ нਟ䘀㹼ˈ ਟ䘀㹼 ORQJVWDWH VWUXFWWDVNBVWUXFW^ ⽪DŽ 䇑٬ǃ↓൘֯⭘Ⲵ᮷Ԧ઼ᵜԫ࣑Ⲵተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖԕ৺ԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥ؑDŽ䈕㔃ᶴ⇿њᆇ⇥Ⲵާփਜ਼ѹྲлᡰ ࡦ઼㇑⨶䘋〻ⲴᡰᴹؑDŽѫ㾱वᤜ䘋〻ᖃࡽ䘀㹼Ⲵ⣦ᘱؑǃؑਧǃ䘋〻ਧǃ⡦䘋〻ਧǃ䘀㹼ᰦ䰤㍟ ᆈ⵰⭘Ҿ᧗؍䘋〻᧗ࡦඇ PCB˄Process Control Block˅ᡆ䘋〻᧿䘠ㅖ PD˄Processor Descriptor˅DŽަѝ ᱟањ task_struct ԫ࣑㔃ᶴᤷ䪸DŽԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴᇊѹ൘ཤ᮷Ԧ include/linux/sched.h ѝDŽᴹӋҖк〠ަѪ Ṩ〻ᒿ䙊䗷䘋〻㺘ሩ䘋〻䘋㹼㇑⨶ˈ⇿њ䘋〻൘䘋〻㺘ѝঐᴹа亩DŽ൘ Linux ㌫㔏ѝˈ䘋〻㺘亩 5.7.1 Աࣗᮦᦤ㔉ᶺ ൘ቭ䟿䚥ᆸ䘉њ唈䇔㿴ࡉⲴ਼ᰦ⭘䘉єњᵟ䈝DŽ ਖཆ൘ Linux Ṩѝˈ䘋〻䙊ᑨ㻛〠ԫ࣑˄task˅ˈ㘼ᢺ䘀㹼൘⭘ᡧオ䰤Ⲵ〻ᒿ〠䘋〻DŽᵜҖሶ ৲ᮠǃተ䜘ਈ䟿ㅹᮠᦞ˗ṨึḸࡉਜ਼ᴹṨ〻ᒿᢗ㹼࠭ᮠ䈳⭘ᰦⲴؑDŽ ᆈ䈳⭘࠭ᮠⲴ؍ᒦф࠶࡛֯⭘㠚⤜・ⲴṨᘱึḸ઼⭘ᡧᘱึḸDŽ⭘ᡧึḸ⭘Ҿ䘋〻൘⭘ᡧᘱлѤᰦ ᡁԜᐢ㓿⸕䚃ˈLinux ㌫㔏ѝањ䘋〻ਟԕ൘Ṩᘱ˄kernel mode˅ᡆ⭘ᡧᘱ˄user mode˅лᢗ㹼ˈ 䈳ᓖњ䘋〻䘀㹼DŽ 䈳⭘ᶕ䘋㹼DŽሩҾਚᴹањ CPU Ⲵ㌫㔏ˈ൘Ḁаᰦਚ㜭ᴹањ䘋〻↓൘䘀㹼DŽṨ䙊䗷䈳ᓖ〻ᒿ࠶ᰦ ⇥ǃᮠᦞ⇥DŽ⇿њ䘋〻ਚ㜭ᢗ㹼㠚ᐡⲴԓ⸱઼䇯䰞㠚ᐡⲴᮠᦞ৺ึḸ४DŽ䘋〻ѻ䰤Ⲵ䙊ؑ䴰㾱䙊䗷㌫㔏 〻⭡ਟᢗ㹼ⲴᤷԔԓ⸱ǃᮠᦞ઼ึḸ४㓴ᡀDŽ䘋〻ѝⲴԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ䜘࠶࠶࡛ሩᓄањᢗ㹼᮷ԦѝⲴԓ⸱ 㘵ˈࡉ〠Ѫ⡦䘋〻˄parent process˅DŽṨ〻ᒿ֯⭘䘋〻ḷ䇶ਧ˄process IDˈpid˅ᶕḷ䇶⇿њ䘋〻DŽ䘋 ަ։Ⲵ䜭ᱟ⧠ᴹ䘋〻֯⭘㌫㔏䈳⭘ fork ࡋᔪⲴᯠ䘋〻ˈ㻛ࡋᔪⲴ䘋〻〠Ѫᆀ䘋〻˄child process˅ˈࡋᔪ ሩҾ Linux 0.11 Ṩᶕ䇢ˈ㌫㔏ᴰཊਟᴹ 64 њ䘋〻਼ᰦᆈ൘DŽ䲔Ҷㅜањ䘋〻⭘Āᐕāᔪ・ԕཆˈ њ䘋〻䘀㹼Ⲵᰦ䰤⡷ᖸ⸝˄ֻྲ 15 њ㌫㔏┤ㆄ=150 ∛。˅ˈᡰԕ㺘䶒ⴻᶕྭ䊑ᡰᴹ䘋〻൘਼ᰦ䘀㹼⵰DŽ ࡠਖањ䘋〻৫䘀㹼DŽഐ↔ᇎ䱵кሩҾާᴹঅњ CPU Ⲵᵪಘᶕ䈤Ḁаᰦਚ㜭䘀㹼ањ䘋〻DŽն⭡Ҿ⇿ ᰦ䰤⡷(time slice)ˈ䇙⇿њ䘋〻൘ањᰦ䰤⡷䘀㹼DŽᖃ䘋〻Ⲵᰦ䰤⡷⭘ᆼᰦ㌫㔏ቡ࡙⭘䈳ᓖ〻ᒿ࠷ᦒ ㌫㔏к਼ᰦਟԕ䘀㹼ཊњ䘋〻DŽ࠶ᰦᢰᵟⲴสᵜ⨶ᱟᢺ CPU Ⲵ䘀㹼ᰦ䰤ࡂ࠶ᡀањњ㿴ᇊ䮯ᓖⲴ 〻ᒿᱟањਟᢗ㹼Ⲵ᮷Ԧˈ㘼䘋〻˄process˅ᱟањᢗ㹼ѝⲴ〻ᒿᇎֻDŽ࡙⭘࠶ᰦᢰᵟˈ൘ Linux 5.7 Linux 䘑ぁ 㹼DŽ ᘱൠ䬰DŽ൘ Linux 0.11 Ṩѝᇊᰦಘ਼ᰦᴰཊਟԕᴹ 64 њDŽᇊᰦಘⲴ༴⨶ԓ⸱൘ sched.c 〻ᒿ 264--336 ᘱᇊᰦಘ˄Dynamic Timer˅ˈӵṨ֯⭘DŽ䘉⿽ᇊᰦಘਟԕ൘䴰㾱ᰦࣘᘱൠࡋᔪˈ㘼൘ᇊᰦࡠᵏᰦࣘ LQX[ 䘋〻᧗ࡦ/ ᓄањؑਧDŽ ᆈ༴⨶ؑਧᡰ֯⭘Ⲵ઼ᙗDŽᮠ㓴Ⲵ⇿а亩ሩ؍ƹstruct sigaction sigaction[32] 㔃ᶴᮠ㓴⭘ᶕ ਧսമሩؑਧ䘋㹼亴༴⨶DŽ 1DŽഐ↔ Linux Ṩᴰཊᴹ 32 њؑਧDŽ൘⇿њ㌫㔏䈳⭘༴⨶䗷〻Ⲵᴰਾˈ㌫㔏Պ֯⭘䈕ؑ+٬〫ٿս=٬ њ∄⢩սˈ⇿њ∄⢩սԓ㺘а⿽ؑਧˈؑਧ 32 ޡˈƹlong signal ᆇ⇥ᱟ䘋〻ᖃࡽᡰ᭦ࡠؑਧⲴսമ ᖃ❦ˈpriority Ⲵঅսҏᱟᰦ䰤┤ㆄᮠDŽ 㿱 sched.c 〻ᒿ઼ fork.c 〻ᒿDŽ৲ˈరం˅DŽᖃ䴰㾱ᰦ䈳ᓖ〻ᒿՊ֯⭘ priority Ⲵ٬Ѫ counter 䍻ањࡍ٬ ƹlong priority ⭘Ҿ㔉 counter 䍻ࡍ٬DŽ൘ Linux 0.11 ѝ䘉њࡍ٬Ѫ 15 њ㌫㔏ᰦ䫏ઘᵏᰦ䰤˄15 њ priorityDŽ ᢗ㹼Ⲵ䘋〻ˈഐ↔ counter ਟԕⴻᱟањ䘋〻Ⲵࣘᘱ⢩ᙗDŽ൘ањ䘋〻ࡊ㻛ࡋᔪᰦ counter Ⲵࡍ٬ㅹҾ ٬ᶕ䘹ᤙлањ㾱 л䘈䴰㾱㓿䗷ࠐњ㌫㔏ᰦ䫏ઘᵏ࠷ᦒࡠਖањ䘋〻DŽ䈳ᓖ〻ᒿՊ֯⭘䘋〻Ⲵ counter ᵜ⅑䘀㹼ѻࡽ䘈㜭ᢗ㹼Ⲵᰦ䰤┤ㆄᮠˈণ൘↓ᑨᛵߥ→ڌᆈ⵰䘋〻൘㻛Ჲᰦ؍⇥ƹlong counter ᆇ њ䘋〻൘䘉Ӌ⣦ᘱѻ䰤Ⲵ䖜ᦒ䗷〻㿱л㢲䈤᰾DŽ TASK_ZOMBIE ⣦ᘱ⭘Ҿ᧿䘠ањ䘋〻ᐢ㓿㻛㓸→ˈնަԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴ亩ӽ❦ᆈ൘Ҿԫ࣑㔃ᶴ㺘ѝDŽа SIGTTOU ㅹ˅ᡆ㘵ᖃ䘋〻㻛ਖањ䘋〻֯⭘ ptrace ㌫㔏䈳⭘ⴁ᧗ᒦф᧗ࡦᵳ൘ⴁ᧗䘋〻ѝᰦDŽ ਧᰦ˄ֻྲ SIGSTOPǃSIGTTIN ᡆؑޣᘱDŽֻྲ䘋〻൘᭦ࡠањ⣦→ڌҾ䈤᰾ањ䘋〻↓༴Ҿ Ⲵ䘋〻ࡉ䙊ᑨᱟ൘ⴤ᧕ᡆ䰤᧕ൠㅹᖵ⺜ԦᶑԦⲴ┑䏣ഐ㘼нՊ᧕ਇԫօؑਧDŽTASK_STOPPED ⣦ᘱ⭘ TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE ⣦ᘱⲴ䘋〻㜭ཏ㻛ؑਧ䟂ᒦ◰⍫ˈ㘼༴Ҿ TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE ⣦ᘱ ᱟ TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE ᡆ㘵 TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE DŽ䘉єњ٬ਜ਼ѹⲴ४࡛൘Ҿ༴Ҿ state Ⲵ٬ᱟ TASK_RUNNINGDŽྲ᷌䘋〻↓൘ㅹᖵḀаһԦⲴਁ⭏ഐ㘼༴Ҿオ䰢⣦ᘱˈ䛓Ѹ state Ⲵ٬ቡ ƹlong state ᆇ⇥ਜ਼ᴹ䘋〻Ⲵᖃࡽ⣦ᘱԓਧDŽྲ᷌䘋〻↓൘ㅹᖵ֯⭘ CPU ᡆ㘵䘋〻↓㻛䘀㹼ˈ䛓Ѹ ` 䘋〻Ⲵԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥ؑ㔃ᶴDŽ VWUXFWWVVBVWUXFWWVV VVDŽ ተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘DŽオˈԓ⸱⇥ FVˈᮠᦞ઼ึḸ⇥ GV VWUXFWGHVFBVWUXFWOGW>@ ᮷Ԧ㔃ᶴᤷ䪸㺘ˈᴰཊ 亩DŽ㺘亩ਧণᱟ᮷Ԧ᧿䘠ㅖⲴ٬DŽ ILOS>15B23(1@ VWUXFWILOH 䰝᮷ԦਕᷴսമḷᘇDŽ˄৲㿱 LQFOXGHIFQWOK˅ޣᢗ㹼ᰦ XQVLJQHGORQJFORVHBRQBH[HF ᢗ㹼᮷Ԧ L 㢲⛩㔃ᶴᤷ䪸DŽ H[HFXWDEOH VWUXFWPBLQRGH ṩⴞᖅ L 㢲⛩㔃ᶴᤷ䪸DŽ URRW VWUXFWPBLQRGH ᖃࡽᐕⴞᖅ L 㢲⛩㔃ᶴᤷ䪸DŽ SZG VWUXFWPBLQRGH ᮷Ԧࡋᔪᙗቿ㭭սDŽ XQVLJQHGVKRUWXPDVN 䘋〻֯⭘ WW\ 㓸ㄟⲴᆀ䇮༷ਧDŽ 㺘⽪⋑ᴹ֯⭘DŽ LQWWW\ ḷᘇ˖ᱟ֯⭘Ҷॿ༴⨶ಘDŽ XQVLJQHGVKRUWXVHGBPDWK 䘋〻ᔰ䘀㹼ᰦDŽ ORQJVWDUWBWLPH ᆀ䘋〻㌫㔏ᘱ䘀㹼ᰦ䰤DŽ ORQJFVWLPH ᆀ䘋〻⭘ᡧᘱ䘀㹼ᰦ䰤DŽ ORQJFXWLPH ㌫㔏ᘱ䘀㹼ᰦ䰤˄┤ㆄᮠ˅DŽ ORQJVWLPH ⭘ᡧᘱ䘀㹼ᰦ䰤˄┤ㆄᮠ˅DŽ ORQJXWLPH ㆄᮠ˅DŽ┤˄ᣕ䆖ᇊᰦ٬ ORQJDODUP ᆈⲴ㓴 LGDŽ؍ XQVLJQHGVKRUWVJLG ᴹ᭸㓴 LGDŽ XQVLJQHGVKRUWHJLG 㓴ḷ䇶ਧ˄㓴 LG˅DŽ XQVLJQHGVKRUWJLG ᆈⲴ⭘ᡧ LGDŽ؍ XQVLJQHGVKRUWVXLG ᴹ᭸⭘ᡧ LGDŽ XQVLJQHGVKRUWHXLG ⭘ᡧḷ䇶ਧ˄⭘ᡧ LG˅DŽ XQVLJQHGVKRUWXLG Պ䈍俆亶DŽ ORQJOHDGHU Պ䈍ਧDŽ ORQJVHVVLRQ 䘋〻㓴ਧDŽ ORQJSJUS ⡦䘋〻ਧDŽ ORQJIDWKHU LQX[ 䘋〻᧗ࡦ/ 䀓᷀㔍ሩ䐟ᖴDŽਚᴹ䎵㓗⭘ᡧ㜭䙊䗷㌫㔏䈳⭘ chroot ᶕ؞᭩䘉њṩⴞᖅDŽ ƹstruct m_inode * root ᱟ䘋〻㠚ᐡⲴṩⴞᖅ i 㢲⛩㔃ᶴDŽ⇿њ䘋〻䜭ਟᴹ㠚ᐡᤷᇊⲴṩⴞᖅˈ⭘Ҿ 䀓᷀ሩ䐟ᖴˈᒦфਟԕ֯⭘㌫㔏䈳⭘ chdir ᶕ᭩ਈѻDŽ ƹstruct m_inode * pwd ᱟ䘋〻Ⲵᖃࡽᐕⴞᖅ i 㢲⛩㔃ᶴDŽ⇿њ䘋〻䜭ᴹањᖃࡽᐕⴞᖅˈ⭘Ҿ ƹunsigned short umask ᱟ䘋〻ࡋᔪᯠ᮷Ԧᰦᡰ֯⭘Ⲵᙗቿ㭭սˈণᯠᔪ᮷Ԧᡰ䇮㖞Ⲵ䇯䰞ᙗDŽ ƹint tty ᱟ䘋〻֯⭘ tty 㓸ㄟⲴᆀ䇮༷ਧDŽ-1 㺘⽪⋑ᴹ֯⭘DŽ ƹunsigned short used_math ᱟањḷᘇˈᤷ᰾ᵜ䘋〻ᱟ֯⭘Ҷॿ༴⨶ಘDŽ ƹlong start_time ᱟ䘋〻⭏ᡀᒦᔰ䘀㹼ⲴᰦDŽ ƹlong cstime ᱟ㍟䇑䘋〻Ⲵᆀ䘋〻Ṩᘱ䘀㹼Ⲵᰦ䰤˄┤ㆄᮠ˅DŽ ƹlong cutime ᱟ㍟䇑䘋〻Ⲵᆀ䘋〻൘⭘ᡧᘱ䘀㹼Ⲵᰦ䰤˄┤ㆄᮠ˅DŽ ƹlong stime ᱟ㍟䇑䘋〻൘㌫㔏ᘱ˄Ṩᘱ˅䘀㹼Ⲵᰦ䰤˄┤ㆄᮠ˅DŽ ƹlong utime ᱟ㍟䇑䘋〻൘⭘ᡧᘱ䘀㹼Ⲵᰦ䰤˄┤ㆄᮠ˅DŽ ᡆ sigaction()˅ᶕᦅ䈕ؑਧ䘋㹼ᤷᇊⲴDŽ ਁ䘱ањ SIGALRM ؑਧDŽ唈䇔ᰦ䈕ؑਧՊ㓸→〻ᒿⲴᢗ㹼DŽᖃ❦ᡁԜҏਟԕ֯⭘ؑਧᦅ࠭ᮠ˄signal() ٬ᰦˈṨቡՊੁ䈕䘋〻⇥ᆈ൘䈕ᆇ⇥ѝ˅ˈ䛓Ѹ↔ਾᖃ㌫㔏ᰦ䰤┤ㆄ٬䎵䗷Ҷ alarm ᆇ؍䰤┤ㆄ٬ѻਾ ࣐к㌫㔏ᖃࡽᰦˈ൘ kernel/sched.c ㅜ 338 㹼ᔰ༴DŽṨՊᢺ䈕࠭ᮠԕ。ѪঅսⲴ৲ᮠ٬䖜ᦒᡀ┤ㆄ٬ alarm()˄٬⇥ㆄᮠ˅DŽྲ᷌䘋〻֯⭘㌫㔏䈳⭘ alarm()䇮㖞䗷䈕ᆇ┤˄ƹlong alarm ᱟ䘋〻Ⲵᣕ䆖ᇊᰦ٬ sys.c 〻ᒿࡽⲴᾲ䘠DŽ 䘉Ӌ⭘ᡧਧ઼㓴ਧⲴ᧿䘠䈧৲㿱ㅜ 5 ㄐޣᆈ⵰ᢗ㹼᮷ԦⲴ gidDŽࡉ sgid ㅹҾ䘋〻Ⲵ egidDŽᴹ؍sgid ѝ ᆈⲴ⭘ᡧ㓴ḷ䇶ਧDŽᖃᢗ㹼᮷ԦⲴ䇮㖞㓴 ID ḷᘇ˄set-group-ID˅㖞սᰦˈ؍ƹunsigned short sgid ᱟ ƹunsigned short egid ᱟᴹ᭸㓴ḷ䇶ਧˈ⭘Ҿᤷ᰾䈕㓴⭘ᡧ䇯䰞᮷ԦⲴᵳ䲀DŽ ƹunsigned short gid ᱟ⭘ᡧᡰ㓴ḷ䇶ਧ˄㓴 id˅DŽᤷ᰾Ҷᤕᴹ䈕䘋〻Ⲵ⭘ᡧ㓴DŽ ᆈ⵰ᢗ㹼᮷ԦⲴ uidDŽࡉ suid ㅹҾ䘋〻Ⲵ euidDŽ؍suid ѝ ᆈⲴ⭘ᡧḷ䇶ਧDŽᖃᢗ㹼᮷ԦⲴ䇮㖞⭘ᡧ ID ḷᘇ˄set-user-ID˅㖞սᰦˈ؍ƹunsigned short suid ᱟ ƹunsigned short euid ᱟᴹ᭸⭘ᡧḷ䇶ਧˈ⭘Ҿᤷ᰾䇯䰞᮷ԦⲴᵳ࣋DŽ ƹunsigned short uid ᱟᤕᴹ䈕䘋〻Ⲵ⭘ᡧḷ䇶ਧ˄⭘ᡧ id˅DŽ 䘋〻㓴઼Պ䈍Ⲵᾲᘥ䈧৲㿱ㅜ 4 ㄐ〻ᒿࡇ㺘ਾⲴ䈤᰾DŽޣƹlong leader ᱟՊ䈍俆䘋〻ਧDŽᴹ ƹlong session ᱟ䘋〻ⲴՊ䈍ਧˈণᡰՊ䈍Ⲵ䘋〻ਧDŽ ƹlong pgrp ᱟᤷ䘋〻ᡰ䘋〻㓴ਧDŽ ƹlong father ᱟࡋᔪᵜ䘋〻Ⲵ⡦䘋〻Ⲵ䘋〻ਧDŽ ƹlong pid ᱟ䘋〻ḷ䇶ਧˈণ䘋〻ਧDŽᆳ㻛⭘ᶕୟаൠḷ䇶䘋〻DŽ ึḸᤷ䪸ս㖞DŽ ٬ᤷੁ䘋〻䙫䗁ൠ൰オ䰤ѝึḸⲴ䎧༴DŽ਼ṧ䈧৲㿱മ 10-6 ѝⲴ⇥ƹunsigned long start_stack ᆇ DŽ Ѫ䘋〻઼࣐䟺᭮ࣘᘱ࠶䝽ⲴᆈDŽ䘉䙊ᑨᱟ䙊䗷䈳⭘ malloc()࠭ᮠᒦ䙊䗷 brk ㌫㔏䈳⭘⭡Ṩ䘋㹼 ᮠᦞ४ bssˈ৲㿱മ 10-6 ᡰ⽪DŽ䘉ᱟ brk ൘ањ䘋〻ᔰᢗ㹼ᰦⲴࡍ٬DŽ䙊䗷؞᭩䘉њᤷ䪸ˈṨਟԕ նᱟ䘈वᤜᵚࡍॆⲴⲴˈ˅ᤷ䪸٬˄ƹunsigned long brk ᆇ⇥ҏᱟ䘋〻ԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞⲴᙫᆇ㢲䮯ᓖ٬ ᆈ⵰䘋〻Ⲵԓ⸱䮯ᓖ + ᮠᦞ䮯ᓖⲴᙫᆇ㢲䮯ᓖ٬DŽ؍⇥ƹunsigned long end_data ᆇ ᆈ⵰䘋〻ԓ⸱Ⲵᆇ㢲䮯ᓖ٬DŽ؍⇥ƹunsigned long end_code ᆇ ѝަ٬ᱟ 64MB ⲴᮤᮠؽDŽ ƹunsigned long start_code ᆇ⇥ᱟ䘋〻ԓ⸱൘ CPU 㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴᔰൠ൰ˈ൘ Linux 0.1x Ṩ ᆈ〻ᒿ㓸→ᰦⲴ䘰ࠪ⸱DŽ൘ᆀ䘋〻㔃ᶏਾ⡦䘋〻ਟԕḕ䈒ᆳⲴ䘉њ䘰ࠪ⸱DŽ؍ƹint exit ᆇ⇥ᱟ⭘ᶕ 㺘а⿽㻛䱫ຎⲴؑਧDŽ ƹlong blocked ᆇ⇥ᱟ䘋〻ᖃࡽнᜣ༴⨶ⲴؑਧⲴ䱫ຎսമDŽо signal ᆇ⇥㊫լˈަ⇿а∄⢩սԓ LQX[ 䘋〻᧗ࡦ/ ⣦ᘱDŽ൘ Linux ㌫㔏ѝˈⶑⵐㅹᖵ⣦ᘱ㻛࠶ѪਟѝᯝⲴ઼нਟѝᯝⲴㅹᖵ⣦ᘱDŽ ൘䘋〻ԫ࣑㔃ᶴⲴ state ᆇ⇥ѝDŽᖃ䘋〻↓൘ㅹᖵ㌫㔏ѝⲴ䍴Ⓚ㘼༴Ҿㅹᖵ⣦ᘱᰦˈࡉ〠ަ༴Ҿⶑⵐㅹᖵ ᆈ؍ањ䘋〻൘ަ⭏ᆈᵏˈਟ༴Ҿа㓴н਼Ⲵ⣦ᘱлˈ〠Ѫ䘋〻⣦ᘱDŽ㿱മ 5-20 ᡰ⽪DŽ䘋〻⣦ᘱ 5.7.2 䘑ぁ䘆㺂⣬ᘷ ⮉ᡰᴹ䴰㾱⭘ࡠⲴ䍴Ⓚˈԕׯѝᯝᴽ࣑㔃ᶏᰦ㜭ᚒ༽㻛ѝᯝ䘋〻Ⲵᢗ㹼DŽ؍ᢗ㹼ѝᯝᴽֻ࣑〻DŽն਼ᰦՊ ᆈ൘䘋〻Ⲵԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴѝDŽ൘ਁ⭏ѝᯝᰦˈṨቡ൘㻛ѝᯝ䘋〻Ⲵкл᮷ѝˈ൘Ṩᘱл؍кл᮷൷ 䘋〻Ⲵкл᮷ˈԕׯ൘⅑ᢗ㹼䈕䘋〻ᰦˈ㜭ཏᚒ༽ࡠ࠷ᦒᰦⲴ⣦ᘱᢗ㹼л৫DŽ൘ Linux ѝˈᖃࡽ䘋〻 ᆈᖃࡽ؍ᆈᖃࡽ䘋〻Ⲵᡰᴹ⣦ᘱˈҏণ؍л᮷DŽᖃṨ䴰㾱࠷ᦒ˄switch˅㠣ਖањ䘋〻ᰦˈᆳቡ䴰㾱 ᖃањ䘋〻൘ᢗ㹼ᰦˈCPU ⲴᡰᴹᇴᆈಘѝⲴ٬ǃ䘋〻Ⲵ⣦ᘱԕ৺ึḸѝⲴᇩ㻛〠Ѫ䈕䘋〻Ⲵк ⭘䘉Ӌ٬ᚒ༽ࡠԫ࣑㻛࠷ᦒࠪᰦⲴ⣦ᘱˈᒦᔰᢗ㹼DŽ ᆈҶᖃࡽ༴⨶ಘⲴᡰᴹᇴᆈಘ٬DŽᖃԫ࣑৸㻛 CPU 䟽ᯠᢗ㹼ᰦˈCPU ቡՊ࡙؍࠷ᦒࠪᰦ tss_struct 㔃ᶴ ƹstruct tss_struct tss ᱟ䘋〻Ⲵԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥ TSS˄Task State Segment˅ؑ㔃ᶴDŽ൘ԫ࣑Ӿᢗ㹼ѝ㻛 ᮠᦞ⇥DŽަѝᮠ㓴亩 0 ᱟオ亩ˈ亩 1 ᱟԓ⸱⇥᧿䘠ㅖˈ亩 2 ᱟᮠᦞ⇥˄वਜ਼ᮠᦞ઼ึḸ˅᧿䘠ㅖDŽ ƹstruct desc_struct ldt[3] ᱟ䈕䘋〻ተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘㔃ᶴDŽᇊѹҶ䈕ԫ࣑൘㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴԓ⸱⇥઼ ㅖⲴ٬ণᱟ䈕㔃ᶴѝⲴ㍒ᕅ٬DŽަѝ⇿а亩⭘Ҿ᮷Ԧ᧿䘠ㅖᇊս᮷Ԧᤷ䪸઼䇯䰞᮷ԦDŽ ƹstruct file * filp[NR_OPEN] ᱟ䘋〻֯⭘Ⲵᡰᴹᢃᔰ᮷ԦⲴ᮷Ԧ㔃ᶴᤷ䪸㺘ˈᴰཊ 32 亩DŽ᮷Ԧ᧿䘠 䰝DŽࡉ䈕᮷Ԧ᧿䘠ㅖሶ㓸༴Ҿᢃᔰ⣦ᘱDŽޣ䰝ˈণ൘ᯠ〻ᒿѝ䈕᮷Ԧ᧿䘠ㅖ㻛ޣሶ㻛 close_on_exec ѝⲴሩᓄ∄⢩սᱟ㖞ս⣦ᘱˈ䛓Ѹ൘ᆀ䘋〻ᢗ㹼 execve()䈳⭘ᰦሩᓄᢃᔰ⵰Ⲵ᮷Ԧ᧿䘠ㅖ 㻛ᯠ〻ᒿᴯᦒᦹˈᒦ൘ᆀ䘋〻ѝᔰᢗ㹼ᯠ〻ᒿDŽ㤕ањ᮷Ԧ᧿䘠ㅖ൘ޘᒿDŽ↔ᰦᆀ䘋〻ሶᆼ 〻ᒿ֯⭘ fork()࠭ᮠࡋᔪҶањᆀ䘋〻ᰦˈ䙊ᑨՊ൘䈕ᆀ䘋〻ѝ䈳⭘ execve()࠭ᮠ࣐䖭ᢗ㹼ਖањᯠ〻 䰝Ⲵ᮷Ԧ᧿䘠ㅖ˄৲㿱 include/fcntl.h˅DŽᖃањޣ᮷Ԧ᧿䘠ㅖˈ⭘Ҿ⺞ᇊ൘䈳⭘㌫㔏䈳⭘ execve()ᰦ䴰㾱 ƹunsigned long close_on_exec ᱟањ䘋〻᮷Ԧ᧿䘠ㅖ˄᮷Ԧਕᷴ˅սമḷᘇDŽ⇿њ∄⢩սԓ㺘ањ ቡ㻛䍻ҸҶ㻛ᢗ㹼᮷ԦⲴᆈ i 㢲⛩Ⲵᤷ䪸DŽ↔ਾᡰᴹԫ࣑Ⲵ䈕٬ቡ൷нՊѪ 0 ҶDŽ fork()Պ༽ࡦ⡦䘋〻Ⲵԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴˈഐ↔ԫ࣑ 1 Ⲵ executable ҏᱟ 0DŽն൘ᢗ㹼Ҷ execve()ѻਾˈexecutable ٬Ѫ 0DŽਖཆˈࡋᔪᯠ䘋〻ᰦˈ Ԧ㌫㔏к࣐䖭䘀㹼Ⲵᢗ㹼᮷Ԧˈഐ↔Ṩԓ⸱ѝപᇊ䇮㖞ᆳⲴ executable Ṩԓ⸱ѝⲴᡰᴹԫ࣑Ⲵ executable 䜭ᱟ 0DŽഐѪԫ࣑ 0 Ⲵԓ⸱वਜ਼൘Ṩԓ⸱ѝˈᆳнᱟ⭡㌫㔏Ӿ᮷ 䘉Ӌԫ࣑वᤜԫ࣑ 0ǃԫ ࣑ 1 ԕ৺ԫ࣑ 1 ⴤ᧕ࡋᔪⲴ⋑ᴹᢗ㹼䗷 execve()Ⲵᡰᴹԫ࣑ˈণԓ⸱ⴤ᧕वਜ਼൘ ൘㌫㔏ࡍॆᰦˈ൘ㅜ 1 ⅑䈳⭘ᢗ㹼 execve()࠭ᮠѻࡽˈ㌫㔏ࡋᔪⲴᡰᴹԫ࣑Ⲵ executable 䜭ᱟ 0DŽ ӛDŽޡᒿᱟᴹཊњᤧ䍍ᆈ൘˄䎧⸱ 2 њ˅DŽ㤕ᱟⲴ䈍ࡉ൘ԆԜѻ䰤ቍ䈅亥䶒 share_page()࠭ᮠѝDŽ䈕࠭ᮠԓ⸱ṩᦞ䘋〻Ⲵ executable ᡰᤷ㢲⛩Ⲵᕅ⭘䇑ᮠਟࡔᯝ㌫㔏ѝᖃࡽ䘀㹼Ⲵ〻 ᤷᆈ i 㢲⛩Ⲵᕅ⭘䇑ᮠՊ㻛߿ 1ˈᒦф䈕ᆇ⇥ሶ㻛㖞オDŽ䈕ᆇ⇥Ⲵѫ㾱⭘փ⧠൘ memory.c 〻ᒿⲴ Պ㻛ᴯᦒᡀ exec()࠭ᮠᡰᢗ㹼〻ᒿⲴᆈ i 㢲⛩ᤷ䪸DŽᖃ䘋〻䈳⭘ exit()࠭ᮠ㘼ᢗ㹼䘰ࠪ༴⨶ᰦ䈕ᆇ⇥ᡰ ٬ቡ⇥о⡦䘋〻䘀㹼਼ањ〻ᒿDŽᖃ൘䘋〻ѝ䈳⭘ exec()㊫࠭ᮠ㘼৫ᢗ㹼ањᤷᇊⲴᢗ㹼᮷Ԧᰦˈ䈕ᆇ ণ㺘⽪↓൘ˈexecutable->i_count ՊབྷҾ 1DŽ൘䘋〻㻛ࡋᔪᰦ䈕ᆇ⇥㻛䍻Ҹ઼⡦䘋〻਼аᆇ⇥਼Ⲵ٬ ٬ ᶕࡔᯝ㌫㔏ѝᱟ䘈ᴹਖањ䘋〻൘䘀㹼਼ањᢗ㹼᮷ԦDŽྲ᷌ᴹⲴ䈍䛓Ѹ䘉њᆈѝ i 㢲⛩ᕅ⭘䇑ᮠ ƹstruct m_inode * executable ᱟ䘋〻䘀㹼Ⲵᢗ㹼᮷Ԧ൘ᆈѝ i 㢲⛩㔃ᶴᤷ䪸DŽ㌫㔏ਟṩᦞ䈕ᆇ⇥ LQX[ 䘋〻᧗ࡦ/ 㔗㔝 UXQQLQJ Ṩ䘀㹼ᘱ XQLQWHUUXSWLEOH нਟѝᯝⶑⵐ⣦ᘱ LQWHUUXSWLEOH ਟѝᯝⶑⵐ⣦ᘱ VWRSSHG ᘱ⣦ڌᲲ ]RPELH ᘱ⣦↫ܥ 䟂 ⶑⵐ ⶑⵐ 䟂 䈳ᓖ 㓸→ ڌᲲ UXQQLQJ ⭘ᡧ䘀㹼ᘱ ㌫㔏䈳⭘ᡆѝᯝ ѝᯝѝᯝ䘄എ䘄എ UXQQLQJ ቡ㔚ᘱ 䘋〻൘Ṩᘱᢗ㹼ᰦ䴰㾱ㅹᖵ㌫㔏ⲴḀњ䍴Ⓚˈ↔ᰦ䈕䘋〻ቡՊ䈳⭘ sleep_on()ᡆ interruptible_sleep_on() ᖃањ䘋〻Ⲵ䘀㹼ᰦ䰤⡷⭘ᆼˈ㌫㔏ቡՊ֯⭘䈳ᓖ〻ᒿᕪࡦ࠷ᦒࡠަԆⲴ䘋〻৫ᢗ㹼DŽਖཆˈྲ᷌ 〻䈳⭘ wait()ਆᗇҶᆀ䘋〻Ⲵؑˈࡉ༴Ҿ䈕⣦ᘱ䘋〻Ⲵԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴቡՊ㻛䟺᭮ᦹDŽ ⮉⵰DŽаᰖ⡦䘋؍䘀㹼Ⲵؑˈ↔ᰦᆀ䘋〻Ⲵԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴؑ䘈䴰㾱→ڌҶ䇙⡦䘋〻㜭ཏ㧧ਆަ ᘱDŽѪҶ⣦↫ܥ䘀㹼ˈնަ⡦䘋〻䘈⋑ᴹ䈳⭘ wait()䈒䰞ަ⣦ᘱᰦˈࡉ〠䈕䘋〻༴Ҿ→ڌᖃ䘋〻ᐢ ᘱ˄TASK_ZOMBIE˅⣦↫ܥƹ 0.11 ѝˈ䘈ᵚᇎ⧠ሩ䈕⣦ᘱⲴ䖜ᦒ༴⨶DŽ༴Ҿ䈕⣦ᘱⲴ䘋〻ሶ㻛Ѫ䘋〻㓸→ᶕ༴⨶DŽ 䈕⣦ᘱDŽ൘LinuxޕSIGCONTؑਧ䇙䘋〻䖜ᦒࡠਟ䘀㹼⣦ᘱDŽ䘋〻൘䈳䈅ᵏ䰤᧕᭦ࡠԫօؑਧ൷Պ䘋 ᘱDŽਟੁަਁ䘱⣦ڌᲲޕᖃ䘋〻᭦ࡠؑਧ SIGSTOPǃSIGTSTPǃSIGTTIN ᡆ SIGTTOU ᰦቡՊ䘋 ᘱ˄TASK_STOPPED˅⣦ڌƹᲲ 㘵ᡰㅹᖵһԦՊᖸᘛਁ⭏ᰦ֯⭘DŽ wake_up()࠭ᮠ᰾⺞䟂ᰦ㜭䖜ᦒࡠਟ䘀㹼Ⲵቡ㔚⣦ᘱDŽ䈕⣦ᘱ䙊ᑨ൘䘋〻䴰㾱нਇᒢᢠൠㅹᖵᡆ 䲔ҶнՊഐѪ᭦ࡠؑਧ㘼㻛䟂ˈ䈕⣦ᘱоਟѝᯝⶑⵐ⣦ᘱ㊫լDŽն༴Ҿ䈕⣦ᘱⲴ䘋〻ਚᴹ㻛֯⭘ ƹнਟѝᯝⶑⵐ⣦ᘱ˄TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE˅ Ҷ䘋〻↓൘ㅹᖵⲴ䍴Ⓚˈᡆ㘵䘋〻᭦ࡠањؑਧˈ䜭ਟԕ䟂䘋〻䖜ᦒࡠቡ㔚⣦ᘱ˄ਟ䘀㹼⣦ᘱ˅DŽ ᖃ䘋〻༴Ҿਟѝᯝㅹᖵ˄ⶑⵐ˅⣦ᘱᰦˈ㌫㔏нՊ䈳ᓖ䈕䘋〻ᢗ㹼DŽᖃ㌫㔏ӗ⭏ањѝᯝᡆ㘵䟺᭮ ƹਟѝᯝⶑⵐ⣦ᘱ˄TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE˅ ᖃањᯠ䘋〻ࡊ㻛ࡋᔪࠪਾቡ༴Ҿᵜ⣦ᘱѝ˄ᴰлањ 0 ༴˅DŽ 㔚ᘱDŽ䘉Ӌ⣦ᘱ˄മѝѝ䰤аࡇ˅൘Ṩѝ㺘⽪ᯩ⌅਼ˈ䜭㻛ᡀѪ༴Ҿ TASK_RUNNING ⣦ᘱDŽ ߶༷䘀㹼⣦ᘱˈ䈕⣦ᘱ〠Ѫቡޕᡧ䘀㹼ᘱ˄⭘ᡧᘱ˅DŽᖃ㌫㔏䍴Ⓚᐢ㓿ਟ⭘ᰦˈ䘋〻ቡ㻛䟂㘼䘋 ަ༴ҾṨ䘀㹼ᘱˈᡆㆰ〠ѪṨᘱ˗ᖃањ䘋〻↓൘ᢗ㹼⭘ᡧ㠚ᐡⲴԓ⸱ᰦˈᡁԜ〠ަѪ༴Ҿ⭘ Ⲵ⣦ᘱDŽ䘋〻ਟԕ൘Ṩᘱ䘀㹼ˈҏਟԕ൘⭘ᡧᘱ䘀㹼DŽᖃањ䘋〻൘Ṩԓ⸱ѝ䘀㹼ᰦˈᡁԜ〠 ˄running˅DŽ㤕↔ᰦ䘋〻⋑ᴹ㻛 CPU ᢗ㹼ˈࡉ〠ަ༴Ҿቡ㔚䘀㹼⣦ᘱDŽ㿱മ 5-20 ѝйњḷਧѪ 0 ᖃ䘋〻↓൘㻛 CPU ᢗ㹼ˈᡆᐢ㓿߶༷ቡ㔚䲿ᰦਟ⭡䈳ᓖ〻ᒿᢗ㹼ˈࡉ〠䈕䘋〻Ѫ༴Ҿ䘀㹼⣦ᘱ ƹ䘀㹼⣦ᘱ˄TASK_RUNNING˅ ഴ 䘑ぁ⣬ᘷ䖢ᦘީ㌱ LQX[ 䘋〻᧗ࡦ/ ึḸᢙኅᯩੁ (63 63LUHW ᤷԔᢗ㹼ࡽᯠⲴ 66 (63 766 ѝⲴ 66 63 (,3 ()/$*6 (63 &6 66 031 ഴ ⢯ᵹ㓝ਇ⭕ौᰬѣᯣ䘊ഔḾ㔉ᶺ⽰ᝅഴ 㓗 0 䐣䖜ࡠཆቲⲴ⢩ᵳ㓗 3 к䘀㹼DŽ৲㿱മ 5-21 ᡰ⽪Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗ਁ⭏ਈॆᰦѝᯝ䘄എึḸ㔃ᶴ⽪മDŽ ᤙㅖ䇮㖞ᡀԫ࣑ 0 ԓ⸱⇥䘹ᤙㅖˈަ⢩ᵳ㓗Ѫ 3DŽ↔ਾᢗ㹼ѝᯝ䘄എᤷԔ iret ᰦሶሬ㠤㌫㔏 CPU Ӿ⢩ᵳ എվ㓗࡛ԓ⸱Ⲵᯩ⌅DŽ䈕ᯩ⌅Ⲵѫ㾱ᙍᜣᱟ൘ึḸѝᶴㆁѝᯝ䘄എᤷԔ䴰㾱Ⲵᇩˈᢺ䘄എൠ൰Ⲵ⇥䘹 ᡆѝᯝǃ䲧䱡䰘ᶕ䈳⭘ᡆ䖜〫ࡠ儈㓗࡛ԓ⸱ѝ䘀㹼ˈն৽ѻࡉн㹼DŽഐ↔Ṩ䟷⭘Ҷ䘉⿽⁑ᤏ IRET 䘄 ᣔᵪࡦ䙐ᡀⲴDŽCPU ݱ䇨վ㓗࡛˄ྲ⢩ᵳ㓗 3˅ԓ⸱䙊䗷䈳⭘䰘؍ ⭘䘉⿽ᯩ⌅䘋㹼᧗ࡦᵳ䖜〫ᱟ⭡ CPU ൘〫ࣘࡠԫ࣑ 0 Ⲵ䗷〻ѝˈᆿ move_to_user_mode ֯⭘Ҷѝᯝ䘄എᤷԔ䙐ᡀ⢩ᵳ㓗᭩ਈⲴᯩ⌅DŽ֯ 3 㓗ˈնᱟӽ❦㔗㔝ᢗ㹼ᶕⲴԓ⸱ᤷԔ⍱DŽ 0 䘀㹼⵰ main.c 〻ᒿDŽᆿ move_to_user_mode Ⲵ࣏㜭ቡᱟᢺ䘀㹼⢩ᵳ㓗ӾṨᘱⲴ 0 㓗ਈᦒࡠ⭘ᡧᘱⲴ ⇥ѝDŽṨࡍॆ〻ᒿ main.c ҏণᱟԫ࣑ 0 ѝⲴԓ⸱ˈਚᱟ൘〫ࣘࡠԫ࣑ 0 ѻࡽ㌫㔏↓ԕṨᘱ⢩ᵳ㓗 ⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥Ⲵส൰ᱟ 0ǃ⇥䲀䮯ᱟ 16MBˈഐ↔ԫ࣑ 0 Ⲵԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥࠶࡛वਜ਼൘Ṩԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴѝ䇮㖞Ⲵࡍᮠᦞਟ⸕ˈԫ࣑ 0 Ⲵԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥Ⲵส൰ᱟ 0ǃ⇥䲀䮯ᱟ 640KBDŽ㘼Ṩԓ⸱ 䘉䟼䴰㾱ᕪ䈳ⲴᱟˈṨࡍॆᱟањ⢩↺䗷〻ˈṨࡍॆԓ⸱ҏণᱟԫ࣑ 0 Ⲵԓ⸱DŽӾԫ࣑ 0 㺘ᇴᆈಘ ldtr ѝDŽ ˄TSS˅᧿䘠ㅖ઼ተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘˄LDT˅Ⲵ⇥᧿䘠ㅖˈᒦᢺᆳԜ࠶࡛࣐䖭ࡠԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘ tr ઼ተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖ ԫ࣑ 0 Ⲵԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥ޕተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ѝޘinclude/linux/sched.h˅ǃ൘˄䇮㖞ྭԫ࣑ 0 ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴᆇ⇥Ⲵ٬ ൘ሩ䈳ᓖ〻ᒿⲴࡍॆ䗷〻˄sched_init()˅ѝˈ俆ݸሩԫ࣑ 0 Ⲵ䘀㹼⧟ຳ䘋㹼Ҷ䇮㖞DŽ䘉वᤜӪᐕ亴ݸ 〻ᒿᢗ㹼⍱ӾṨᘱ˄⢩ᵳ㓗 0˅〫ࣘࡠҶ⭘ᡧᘱ˄⢩ᵳ㓗 3˅Ⲵԫ࣑ 0 ѝ㔗㔝䘀㹼DŽ൘〫ࣘѻࡽˈ㌫㔏 Ā〫ࣘࡠԫ࣑ 0 ѝᢗ㹼ā䘉њ䗷〻⭡ᆿ move_to_user_mode˄include/asm/system.h˅ᆼᡀDŽᆳᢺ main.c ⭘ˈަѝ৸Պ৫ᢗ㹼䈳ᓖ࠭ᮠDŽ ॆᒦᢗ㹼 shell ⲫᖅ〻ᒿDŽ㘼䘋〻 0 ࡉՊ൘㌫㔏オ䰢ᰦ㻛䈳ᓖᢗ㹼ˈ↔ᰦԫ࣑ 0 ӵᢗ㹼 pause()㌫㔏䈳 0˄䘋〻 0˅ѝ䘀㹼ˈᒦ֯⭘ fork()䈳⭘俆⅑ࡋᔪࠪ䘋〻 1DŽ൘䘋〻 1 ѝ〻ᒿሶ㔗㔝䘋㹼ᓄ⭘⧟ຳⲴࡍ ༴⨶DŽ൘ᆼᡀҶ䘉Ӌѻਾˈ㌫㔏䜘࠶ᐢ㓿༴Ҿਟ䘀㹼⣦ᘱDŽ↔ਾ〻ᒿᢺ㠚ᐡĀᐕā〫ࣘࡠԫ࣑ ࡍॆ࠭ᮠ࠶࡛ሩᆈ㇑⨶ǃѝᯝ༴⨶ǃඇ䇮઼༷ᆇㅖ䇮༷ǃ䘋〻㇑⨶ԕ৺⺜ⴈ઼䖟ⴈ⺜Ԧ䘋㹼ࡍॆ ᢗ㹼㌫㔏ࡍॆ〻ᒿ init/main.cDŽ䈕〻ᒿ俆ݸ⺞ᇊྲօ࠶䝽֯⭘㌫㔏⢙⨶ᆈˈ❦ਾ䈳⭘Ṩ䜘࠶Ⲵ ᣔ⁑ᔿл䘀㹼ਾˈቡᔰ؍ޕ൘ boot/ⴞᖅѝˈᕅሬ〻ᒿᢺṨӾ⻱ⴈк࣐䖭ࡠᆈѝˈᒦ䇙㌫㔏䘋 5.7.3 䘑ぁࡓခौ Ṩᮠᦞ䭉䈟ˈṨ൘ᢗ㹼Ѥ⭼४ԓ⸱ᰦՊ⾱→а࠷ѝᯝDŽ 㹼Ⲵ䘋〻н㜭㻛ަԆ䘋〻ᣒঐˈ㘼фањ䘋〻н㜭᭩ਈਖањ䘋〻Ⲵ⣦ᘱDŽѪҶ䚯ݽ䘋〻࠷ᦒᰦ䙐ᡀ ਚᴹᖃ䘋〻ӾĀṨ䘀㹼ᘱā䖜〫ࡠĀⶑⵐ⣦ᘱāᰦˈṨՊ䘋㹼䘋〻࠷ᦒDŽ൘Ṩᘱл䘀 ˄TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE ᡆ TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE˅DŽ ⶑⵐ⣦ᘱޕ㠚ᝯൠ᭮ᔳ CPU Ⲵ֯⭘ᵳˈ㘼䇙䈳ᓖ〻ᒿ৫ᢗ㹼ަԆ䘋〻DŽ䘋〻ࡉ䘋 LQX[ 䘋〻᧗ࡦ/ ⸕ˈLinux 䘋〻ᱟᣒঐᔿⲴˈն㻛ᣒঐⲴ䘋〻ӽ❦༴Ҿ TASK_RUNNING ⣦ᘱˈਚᱟᲲᰦ⋑ᴹ㻛 CPU 䘀 DŽ䈳ᓖ〻ᒿਟԕⴻѪ൘ᡰᴹ༴Ҿ䘀㹼⣦ᘱⲴ䘋〻ѻ䰤࠶䝽 CPU 䘀㹼ᰦ䰤Ⲵ㇑⨶ԓ⸱DŽ⭡ࡽ䶒᧿䘠ਟ ṨѝⲴ䈳ᓖ〻ᒿ⭘Ҿ䘹ᤙ㌫㔏ѝлањ㾱䘀㹼Ⲵ䘋〻DŽ䘉⿽䘹ᤙ䘀㹼ᵪࡦᱟཊԫ࣑㌫㔏Ⲵส 5.7.5 䘑ぁ䈹ᓜ 亥䶒ˈ❦ਾ CPU ৸䟽ᯠᢗ㹼ᕅ䎧ᔲᑨⲴᤷԔDŽࡠ↔ᰦᯠ〻ᒿⲴԓ⸱ⵏ↓ᔰ㻛ᢗ㹼DŽ CPU ቡՊ・ӗ⭏ԓ⸱亥䶒нᆈ൘Ⲵᔲᑨ˄Fault˅ˈ↔ᰦᆈ㇑⨶〻ᒿቡՊӾඇ䇮༷к࣐䖭ᓄⲴԓ⸱ ቡՊ㻛ᦹ˄䟺᭮˅DŽᖵ䈕ᆀ䘋〻ᔰ䘀㹼ᯠ〻ᒿᰦˈ⭡Ҿ↔ᰦṨ䘈⋑ᴹӾඇ䇮༷к࣐䖭䈕〻ᒿⲴԓ⸱ˈ exec()ਾˈᆀ䘋〻ᶕⲴԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ४ ޕ〻ᒿᰦˈа㡜ᱟ൘ᆀ䘋〻ѝ䘀㹼 exec()㌫㔏䈳⭘ᶕⲴDŽ൘䘋 ࡦҶ⡦䘋〻Ⲵԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ४ˈᒦՊ൘ަѝᢗ㹼ᆀ䘋〻䜘࠶Ⲵԓ⸱DŽ㘼ᢗ㹼ඇ䇮༷кⲴањ༽ޘᰦˈᆳᆼ ਖཆ䈧⌘ˈࡋᔪањᯠⲴᆀ䘋〻઼࣐䖭䘀㹼ањᢗ㹼〻ᒿ᮷Ԧᱟєњн਼ⲴᾲᘥDŽᖃࡋᔪᆀ䘋〻 ਟ䘀㹼⣦ᘱᒦ䘄എᯠ䘋〻ਧDŽ Ⲵ TSS ઼ LDT ᧿䘠ㅖ亩ˈަѝสൠ൰ؑᤷੁᯠ䘋〻ԫ࣑㔃ᶴѝⲴ tss ઼ ldtDŽᴰਾሶᯠԫ࣑䇮㖞ᡀ 䲿ਾˈྲ᷌⡦䘋〻ѝᴹ᮷ԦᱟᢃᔰⲴˈࡉᓄሶሩᓄ᮷ԦⲴᢃᔰ⅑ᮠ໎ 1DŽ᧕⵰൘ GDT ѝ䇮㖞ᯠԫ࣑ ⿽༴⨶ᯩᔿ〠Ѫ߉ᰦ༽ࡦ˄Copy On Write˅ᢰᵟDŽ Ⲵ⤜㠚֯⭘Ⲵᆈ亥䶒DŽ䘉ޣᯠ䘋〻ѝԫањᴹ߉ᆈᰦˈ㌫㔏ՊѪᢗ㹼߉Ⲵ䘋〻࠶䝽 ӛަ⡦䘋〻Ⲵᆈ亥䶒DŽਚᴹᖃ⡦䘋〻ᡆޡᰦ㌫㔏ᒦнѪᯠⲴ䘋〻࠶䝽ᇎ䱵Ⲵ⢙⨶ᆈ亥䶒ˈ㘼ᱟ䇙ᆳ ↔ਾ㌫㔏䇮㖞ᯠԫ࣑Ⲵԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ⇥ส൰ǃ䲀䮯ˈᒦ༽ࡦᖃࡽ䘋〻ᆈ࠶亥㇑⨶Ⲵ亥㺘DŽ⌘ˈ↔ ᆈࡠᯠ䘋〻Ⲵ tss.i387 㔃ᶴѝDŽ؍ಘˈࡉ䘈䴰㾱ᢺॿ༴⨶ಘⲴᆼᮤ⣦ᘱ 㖞ᡀṨᮠᦞ⇥䘹ᤙㅖDŽtss.ldt 㻛䇮㖞Ѫተ䜘㺘᧿䘠ㅖ൘ GDT ѝⲴ㍒ᕅ٬DŽྲ᷌ᖃࡽ䘋〻֯⭘Ҷॿ༴⨶ 䘋〻ṨᘱึḸᤷ䪸 tss.esp0 㻛䇮㖞ᡀᯠ䘋〻ԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴᡰ൘ᆈ亥䶒Ⲵ亦ㄟˈ㘼ึḸ⇥ tss.ss0 㻛䇮 ⣦ᘱ⇥˄TSS˅ѝᇴᆈಘⲴ٬DŽ⭡Ҿࡋᔪ䘋〻ᰦᯠ䘋〻䘄എ٬ᓄѪ 0ˈᡰԕ䴰㾱䇮㖞 tss.eax = 0DŽᯠᔪ ٬Ѫ 15 њ㌫㔏┤ㆄᮠ˄150 ∛。˅DŽ᧕⵰ṩᦞᖃࡽ䘋〻䇮㖞ԫ࣑⡷ᒦ䇮㖞ࡍ䘀㹼ᰦ䰤ˈ䘋〻㔏䇑٬ 䲿ਾሩ༽ࡦⲴԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴ䘋㹼؞᭩DŽᢺᖃࡽ䘋〻䇮㖞Ѫᯠ䘋〻Ⲵ⡦䘋〻ˈ䲔ؑਧսമᒦ༽սᯠ ↔ᰦᓄ䈕・ሶᯠ䘋〻⣦ᘱ㖞ѪнਟѝᯝⲴㅹᖵ⣦ᘱ˄TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE˅DŽ ѝⲴᡰᴹᇩѪᯠ䘋〻ԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴⲴ⁑ᶯDŽѪҶ䱢→䘉њ䘈ᵚ༴⨶ᆼᡀⲴᯠᔪ䘋〻㻛䈳ᓖ࠭ᮠᢗ㹼ˈ ㌫㔏Ѫᯠᔪ䘋〻൘ѫᆈ४ѝ⭣䈧а亥ᆈᶕᆈ᭮ަԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴؑˈᒦ༽ࡦᖃࡽ䘋〻ԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴ ᷌㌫㔏ᐢ㓿ᴹ 64 њ䘋〻൘䘀㹼ˈࡉ fork()㌫㔏䈳⭘ՊഐѪԫ࣑ᮠ㓴㺘ѝ⋑ᴹਟ⭘オ亩㘼ࠪ䭉䘄എDŽ❦ਾ ൘ࡋᔪᯠ䘋〻Ⲵ䗷〻ѝˈ㌫㔏俆ݸ൘ԫ࣑ᮠ㓴ѝࠪањ䘈⋑ᴹ㻛ԫօ䘋〻֯⭘Ⲵオ亩˄オ˅DŽྲ Ⲵᆀ䘋〻DŽ Linux ㌫㔏ѝࡋᔪᯠ䘋〻֯⭘ fork()㌫㔏䈳⭘DŽᡰᴹ䘋〻䜭ᱟ䙊䗷༽ࡦ䘋〻 0 㘼ᗇࡠⲴˈ䜭ᱟ䘋〻 0 5.7.4 ࡑᔰ᯦䘑ぁ ᤱĀᒢ߰ā⣦ᘱDŽ؍ᔪԫ࣑ 1˄䘋〻 1˅ѻࡽ ᯠ䘋〻ᰦˈ䴰㾱༽ࡦԫ࣑ 0 Ⲵԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴˈवᤜަ⭘ᡧึḸᤷ䪸ˈഐ↔㾱≲ԫ࣑ 0 Ⲵ⭘ᡧᘱึḸ൘ࡋ ึḸࡉ㻛ᤷᇊѪަԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴᡰ൘亥䶒Ⲵ亦ㄟᔰ˄PAGE_SIZE + (long)&init_task˅DŽ⭡Ҿԕਾ൘ࡋᔪ ԕ⢩ᵳ㓗 3 䘀㹼൘ԫ࣑ 0 Ⲵԓ⸱кDŽᡰ֯⭘Ⲵ⭘ᡧᘱึḸ䘈ᱟᶕ൘〫ࣘѻࡽ֯⭘ⲴึḸDŽ㘼ަṨᘱ CPU Պᢺ䘉Ӌ⇥ᇴᆈಘ䴦DŽഐ↔൘ᢗ㹼Ҷ iret ᤷԔਾ䴰㾱䟽ᯠ࣐䖭䘉Ӌ⇥ᇴᆈಘDŽ↔ਾˈ㌫㔏ቡᔰ Ḹᤷ䪸ᕩࠪࡠ SS:ESP ѝDŽ⭡Ҿ⢩ᵳ㓗ਁкҶਈॆˈ⇥ᇴᆈಘ DSǃESǃFS ઼ GS Ⲵ٬ਈᗇᰐ᭸ˈ↔ᰦ ࡔᯝࠪⴞⲴԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗ᱟ 3ˈоᖃࡽṨᘱⲴ 0 㓗н਼DŽҾᱟ CPU ՊᢺึḸѝⲴึḸ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ઼ึ CS:EIP ѝˈ਼ᰦᕩࠪึḸѝḷᘇᇴᆈಘᇩDŽ⭡Ҿ CPU ޕᖃᢗ㹼 iret ᤷԔᰦˈCPU ᢺ䘄എൠ൰䘱 ս㖞ᱟ iret ਾⲴаᶑᤷԔ༴DŽ〫ٿս㖞DŽ䈕〫 ٿԫ࣑ 0 ԓ⸱⇥䘹ᤙㅖ઼ᢗ㹼ѝᯝ䘄എਾ䴰㾱ᢗ㹼ⲴлаᶑᤷԔⲴޕḷᘇᇴᆈಘᇩDŽᴰਾޕ❦ਾ ԫ࣑ 0 ึḸ⇥˄ণᮠᦞ⇥˅䘹ᤙㅖ઼ṨึḸᤷ䪸DŽޕᆿ move_to_user_mode 俆ݸᖰṨึḸѝ LQX[ 䘋〻᧗ࡦ/ 䘉њ䗷〻ਟ৲㿱മ 5-22 ᡰ⽪DŽ ੁⲴᯠԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴѝ tss 㔃ᶴѝⲴᇴᆈಘؑᚒ༽ࡠ CPU ѝˈ㌫㔏ቡ↓ᔿᔰ䘀㹼ᯠ࠷ᦒⲴԫ࣑ҶDŽ ಘ TR ѝ TSS ⇥䘹ᤙㅖᡰᤷੁⲴᖃࡽ䘋〻ԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴⲴ tss 㔃ᶴѝˈ❦ਾᢺᯠԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥䘹ᤙㅖᡰᤷ ᆈࡠᖃࡽԫ࣑ᇴᆈ؍㓴ᡀⲴൠ൰༴ˈ䙐ᡀ CPU ᢗ㹼ԫ࣑࠷ᦒDŽ↔ᰦ CPU ՊᢺަᡰᴹᇴᆈಘⲴ⣦ᘱ ተਈ䟿 current 㖞Ѫᯠԫ࣑Ⲵᤷ䪸ˈ❦ਾ䮯䐣䖜ࡠᯠԫ࣑Ⲵԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥ TSSޘ䘰ࠪDŽࡉቡ俆ݸᢺṨ ⴤ᧕ˈڊ൘䘋㹼࠷ᦒѻࡽˈswitch_to()俆ݸỰḕ㾱࠷ᦒࡠⲴ䘋〻ᱟቡᱟᖃࡽ䘋〻ˈྲ᷌ᱟࡉӰѸҏн switch_to()ᆿᢗ㹼ᇎ䱵䘋〻࠷ᦒDŽ䈕ᆿՊᢺ CPU Ⲵᖃࡽ䘋〻⣦ᘱ˄кл᮷˅ᴯᦒᡀᯠ䘋〻Ⲵ⣦ᘱDŽ ⇿ᖃ䘹ᤙࠪањᯠⲴਟ䘀㹼䘋〻ᰦˈschedule()࠭ᮠቡՊ䈳⭘ᇊѹ൘ include/asm/system.h ѝⲴ 䘑ぁ࠽ᦘ ༴ҾӰѸ⣦ᘱDŽਚ㾱㌫㔏オ䰢ቡ䈳ᓖ䘋〻 0 䘀㹼DŽ ᢺ㠚ᐡ㖞ѪਟѝᯝⲴⶑⵐ⣦ᘱᒦ⅑䈳⭘ schedule()DŽн䗷൘䈳ᓖ䘋〻䘀㹼ᰦˈschedule()ᒦн൘䘋〻 0 ྲ᷌↔ᰦ⋑ᴹަԆ䘋〻ਟ䘀㹼ˈ㌫㔏ቡՊ䘹ᤙ䘋〻 0 䘀㹼DŽሩҾ Linux 0.11 ᶕ䈤ˈ䘋〻 0 Պ䈳⭘ pause() 䈳⭘ switch_to()ᢗ㹼ᇎ䱵Ⲵ䘋〻࠷ᦒDŽ ԫ࣑ᮠ㓴ѝᡰᴹ༴Ҿ TASK_RUNNING ⣦ᘱⲴ䘋〻ˈᒦ䟽༽к䘠䗷〻ˈⴤࡠ䘹ᤙࠪањ䘋〻Ѫ→DŽᴰਾ ٬DŽ❦ਾ schedule()࠭ᮠ䟽ᯠᢛ᧿ 䘉ṧሩҾ↓൘ⶑⵐⲴ䘋〻ᖃᆳԜ㻛䟂ᰦቡާᴹ䖳儈Ⲵᰦ䰤⡷ counter prioritycountercounter 2 ᔿᱟ˖ޜ䇑㇇Ⲵ counterDŽ ٬⡷priorityˈሩ㌫㔏ѝᡰᴹ䘋〻˄वᤜ↓൘ⶑⵐⲴ䘋〻˅䟽ᯠ䇑㇇⇿њԫ࣑䴰㾱䘀㹼Ⲵᰦ䰤 ᵳ٬ ྲ᷌↔ᰦᡰᴹ༴Ҿ TASK_RUNNING ⣦ᘱ䘋〻Ⲵᰦ䰤⡷䜭ᐢ㓿⭘ᆼˈ㌫㔏ቡՊṩᦞ⇿њ䘋〻ⲴՈݸ ᱟቡ䘹ѝ䈕䘋〻ˈᒦ֯⭘ԫ࣑࠷ᦒᆿ࠭ᮠ࠷ᦒࡠ䈕䘋〻䘀㹼DŽ ┤ㆄ䇑ᮠ counter Ⲵ٬ᶕ⺞ᇊᖃࡽଚњ䘋〻䘀㹼Ⲵᰦ䰤ᴰቁDŽଚањⲴ٬བྷˈቡ㺘⽪䘀㹼ᰦ䰤䘈н䮯ˈҾ schedule()࠭ᮠ俆ݸᢛ᧿ԫ࣑ᮠ㓴DŽ䙊䗷∄䖳⇿њቡ㔚ᘱ˄TASK_RUNNING˅ԫ࣑Ⲵ䘀㹼ᰦ䰤䙂߿ 䈹ᓜぁᓅ аᇊⲴ䈳ᓖㆆ⮕DŽ൘ Linux 0.11 ѝ䟷⭘ҶสҾՈݸ㓗ᧂ䱏Ⲵ䈳ᓖㆆ⮕DŽ ѪҶ㜭䇙䘋〻ᴹ᭸ൠ֯⭘㌫㔏䍴Ⓚˈ৸㜭֯䘋〻ᴹ䖳ᘛⲴ૽ᓄᰦ䰤ˈቡ䴰㾱ሩ䘋〻Ⲵ࠷ᦒ䈳ᓖ䟷⭘ 㹼DŽ䘋〻Ⲵᣒঐਁ⭏൘䘋〻༴Ҿ⭘ᡧᘱᢗ㹼䱦⇥ˈ൘Ṩᘱᢗ㹼ᰦᱟн㜭㻛ᣒঐⲴDŽ LQX[ 䘋〻᧗ࡦ/ 䮯䐣䖜㠣 766 ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ䙐ᡀ &38 ᢗ㹼ԫ࣑࠷ᦒ 75 ᰐ⭘ˈᘭ⮕ ٬䘹ᤙㅖ〫ٿ ս /'75 66 *6 )6 (6 '6 &6 ()/$*6 (,3 (63 (%3 (', (6, ('; (&; (%; ($; ᯠ 766 ᧿䘠ㅖ 766 ᧿䘠ㅖ &5 ᯠ WVV *'7 㺘 &38 WVV OMPS ᣔ؍ޕ⭘Ҷഋ⿽ึḸDŽа⿽ᱟ㌫㔏ᕅሬࡍॆᰦѤᰦ֯⭘ⲴึḸ˗а⿽ᱟ䘋֯ޡ Linux 0.11 ㌫㔏ѝ ㌫∄䖳ᇶ࠷ˈਟԕݸ䐣䗷DŽ൘ᔰ䰵䈫ᓄԓ⸱ᰦഎᶕԄ㓶⹄ウDŽޣⲴ䈤᰾оṨԓ⸱ ᵜ㢲ᇩᾲ㾱᧿䘠Ҷ Linux ṨӾᔰᵪᕅሬࡠ㌫㔏↓ᑨ䘀㹼䗷〻ѝሩึḸⲴ֯⭘ᯩᔿDŽ䘉䜘࠶ᇩ 5.8 Linux ㌱㔕ѣḾⲺֵ⭞ᯯ⌋ 㓸→ᆀ䘋〻ԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴᡰঐ⭘Ⲵᆈ亥䶒ˈᒦ㖞オᆀ䘋〻൘ԫ࣑ᮠ㓴ѝঐ⭘Ⲵᤷ䪸亩DŽ ᘱᰦˈ⡦䘋〻ቡՊᢺᆀ䘋〻䘀㹼ᡰ֯⭘Ⲵᰦ䰤㍟࣐ࡠ㠚ᐡ䘋〻ѝDŽᴰ㓸䟺᭮ᐢ⣦↫ܥ䘋〻㻛㓸→ᒦ༴Ҿ ൘ᆀ䘋〻൘ᢗ㹼ᵏ䰤ˈ⡦䘋〻䙊ᑨ֯⭘ wait()ᡆ waitpid()࠭ᮠㅹᖵަḀњᆀ䘋〻㓸→DŽᖃㅹᖵⲴᆀ ⮉⵰DŽഐѪަ⡦䘋〻䘈䴰㾱֯⭘ަѝⲴؑDŽ؍❦㿱൘䘋〻㻛㓸→ᰦˈᆳⲴԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴӽ 䘱 SIGCHLD ؑਧˈ䙊⸕ަḀњᆀ䘋〻ᐢ㓿㓸→DŽᴰਾ do_exit()䈳⭘䈳ᓖ࠭ᮠ৫ᢗ㹼ަԆ䘋〻DŽ⭡↔ਟ ᘱ TASK_ZOMBIEDŽᒦੁަ⡦䘋〻ਁ⣦↫ܥ䘉䙊ᑨՊ㓸→䈕Պ䈍ѝⲴᡰᴹ䘋〻DŽ❦ਾᢺ䘋〻⣦ᘱ㖞Ѫ ањՊ䈍ཤ䘋〻ᒦфᴹ᧗ࡦ㓸ㄟˈࡉ䟺᭮᧗ࡦ㓸ㄟˈᒦੁҾ䈕Պ䈍Ⲵᡰᴹ䘋〻ਁ䘱ᤲᯝؑਧ SIGHUPˈ ᒿⲴ i 㢲⛩䘋㹼਼↕DŽྲ᷌䘋〻ᴹᆀ䘋〻ˈࡉ䇙 init 䘋〻Ѫަᡰᴹᆀ䘋〻Ⲵ⡦䘋〻DŽྲ᷌䘋〻ᱟ 䰝䘋〻ᢃᔰ⵰Ⲵᡰᴹ᮷Ԧˈሩ䘋〻֯⭘Ⲵᖃࡽᐕⴞᖅǃṩⴞᖅ઼䘀㹼〻ޣˈ઼ᮠᦞ⇥ঐ⭘Ⲵᆈ亥䶒 ᖃањ⭘ᡧ〻ᒿ䈳⭘ exit()㌫㔏䈳⭘ᰦˈቡՊᢗ㹼Ṩ࠭ᮠ do_exit()DŽ䈕࠭ᮠՊ俆ݸ䟺᭮䘋〻ԓ⸱⇥ वᤜ䘋〻䘀㹼ᰦᢃᔰⲴ᮷Ԧǃ⭣䈧ⲴᆈㅹDŽ ᖃањ䘋〻㔃ᶏҶ䘀㹼ᡆ൘ॺ䙄ѝ㓸→Ҷ䘀㹼ˈ䛓ѸṨቡ䴰㾱䟺᭮䈕䘋〻ᡰঐ⭘Ⲵ㌫㔏䍴ⓀDŽ䘉 5.7.6 㓾↘䘑ぁ ഴ Աࣗ࠽ᦘᬃ֒⽰ᝅഴ LQX[ ㌫㔏ѝึḸⲴ֯⭘ᯩ⌅/ GUY ㅹ⁑ඇᮠᦞ NHUQHOPPIV N ᆈ亥ⴞᖅ㺘 N; ᆈ亥㺘 ަԆ䜘࠶ N ѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 LGW N ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 JGWޘ ަԆ䜘࠶ ԫ࣑ 㔃ᶴؑ KHDG ԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ WDVN>@ᤷ䪸ᮠ㓴 XVHUBVWDFN>N@ 亥 ަԆ䜘࠶ ⁑ඇԓ⸱ ަԆ䜘࠶ ึḸᤷ䪸 HVS ึḸ⇥ VV [ [ [F GUY ㅹ⁑ඇԓ⸱ NHUQHOPPIV HQG [HH V\VWHP ⁑ඇ ᣚ⁗ᕅᰬṮֵ⭞ⲺḾ⽰ᝅഴؓޛഴ ࡐ䘑 DŽ䘉Ӌൠ൰ս㖞ᱟӾ㕆䈁Ṩᰦ⭏ᡀⲴ system.map ᮷ԦѝḕࡠⲴDŽޣ䈁ᰦⲴᇎ䱵䇮㖞৲ᮠᴹ ᆳԜо㕆ˈമਟ৲㿱лമ 5-23 ᡰ⽪DŽ↔ᰦ䈕ึḸᱟṨ〻ᒿ㠚ᐡ֯⭘ⲴึḸDŽަѝⲴ㔉ࠪൠ൰ᱟབྷ㓖٬ ਜ਼ᴹ 1024 њ䮯ᆇDŽᆳ൘⢙⨶ᆈѝⲴս㖞⽪ޡˈḸ֯⭘DŽuser_stack ᮠ㓴ᇊѹ൘ sched.c Ⲵ 67--72 㹼 ⮉Ҷ 1 亥ᆈ˄4K˅Ѫึ؍ˈ˅Ḹᤷ䪸 esp 䇮㖞ᡀᤷੁ user_stack ᮠ㓴Ⲵ亦ㄟ˄৲㿱 head.sˈㅜ 31 㹼 ᣔ⁑ᔿл䘀㹼DŽ↔ᰦึḸ⇥㻛䇮㖞ѪṨᮠᦞ⇥˄0x10˅ˈึ؍Ӿ head.s 〻ᒿ䎧ˈ㌫㔏ᔰ↓ᔿ൘ ᣚ⁗ᕅᰬ(head.s)ؓޛ䘑 〻ᒿѝҏ⋯⭘Ҷ bootsect ѝ䇮㖞ⲴึḸ⇥DŽ䘉ቡᱟ㌫㔏ࡍॆᰦѤᰦ֯⭘ⲴึḸDŽ esp ᇴᆈಘ䇮㖞Ѫ 0xff00ˈҏণึḸ亦ㄟ൘ 0x9000:0xff00 ༴ˈ৲㿱 boot/bootsect.s ㅜ 61ǃ62 㹼DŽsetup.s ⋑ᴹ֯⭘ึḸDŽⴤࡠ bootsect 㻛〫ࣘࡠ 0x9000:0 ༴ᰦˈᢺึḸ⇥ᇴᆈಘ SS 䇮㖞Ѫ 0x9000ˈึḸᤷ䪸 ᖃ bootsect ԓ⸱㻛 ROM BIOS ᕅሬ࣐䖭ࡠ⢙⨶ᆈ 0x7c00 ༴ᰦˈᒦ⋑ᴹ䇮㖞ึḸ⇥ˈᖃ❦〻ᒿҏ ᔶᵰࡓခौᰬ(bootsect.sθsetup.s) 5.8.1 ࡓခौ䱬⇫ 䶒࠶࡛ሩᆳԜ䘋㹼䈤᰾DŽ ᆈ൘ṨḸѝDŽ㘼ᖃӾṨᘱ䘄എ⭘ᡧᘱᰦˈቡՊᚒ༽֯⭘⭘ᡧᘱⲴึḸDŽл؍ḸDŽ⭘ᡧḸᤷ䪸Պ㻛 Ṩᘱ䘀㹼ᰦˈቡՊ֯⭘ަ TSS ⇥ѝ㔉ࠪⲴ⢩ᵳ㓗 0 ⲴึḸᤷ䪸 tss.ss0ǃtss.esp0ˈণṨޕањԫ࣑䘋 ᣔ䰞仈ˈᢗ㹼 0 㓗ⲴṨԓ⸱઼ᢗ㹼 3 㓗Ⲵ⭘ᡧԓ⸱䴰㾱֯⭘н਼ⲴḸDŽᖃ؍ӛ֯⭘ึḸᑖᶕⲴޡᵳ㓗 ᗇ CPU ሩᆈራ൰䇯䰞ᯩᔿਁ⭏Ҷਈॆˈഐ↔䴰㾱䟽ᯠ䈳ᮤ䇮㖞Ḹ४ฏDŽਖཆˈѪҶ䀓ߣн਼ CPU ⢩ ᣔ⁑ᔿˈ֯؍ޕ֯⭘ཊњḸᡆ൘н਼ᛵߥл֯⭘н਼ḸⲴѫ㾱ഐᴹєњDŽ俆ݸᱟ⭡ҾӾᇎ⁑ᔿ䘋 〻˅䙫䗁ൠ൰オ䰤䘁ᵛㄟ༴DŽ ṨᘱึḸDŽ⇿њԫ࣑䜭ᴹ㠚ᐡ⤜・ⲴṨᘱึḸ˗ᴰਾа⿽ᱟԫ࣑൘⭘ᡧᘱᢗ㹼ⲴึḸˈսҾԫ࣑˄䘋 ֯⭘Ⲵ⭘ᡧᘱึḸ˗ਖа⿽ᱟ⇿њԫ࣑䙊䗷㌫㔏䈳⭘ˈᢗ㹼Ṩ〻ᒿᰦ֯⭘ⲴึḸˈᡁԜ〠ѻѪԫ࣑Ⲵ ⁑ᔿѻਾᨀṨ〻ᒿࡍॆ֯⭘ⲴึḸˈսҾṨԓ⸱ൠ൰オ䰤പᇊս㖞༴DŽ䈕ึḸҏᱟਾᶕԫ࣑ 0 LQX[ ㌫㔏ѝึḸⲴ֯⭘ᯩ⌅/ 0% Ḹᖃࡽᤷ䪸 Ḹᓅ ⧟ຳ৲ᮠભԔ㹼৲ᮠԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ ḸᇩDŽޕᆈ؍ਾ൘ esp ᤷ䪸༴❦ˈ٬ 㹼ึḸᰦᱟݸ䙂߿ึḸᤷ䪸 esp ᡰ⽪DŽᇎ䱵к tss.esp0 㻛䇮㖞ᡀᤷੁ䈕亥䶒˄ཆ˅каᆇ㢲༴˄മѝึḸᓅ༴˅DŽ䘉ᱟഐѪ Intel CPU ᢗ ᆈ task_struct 㔃ᶴ亥䶒ⲴᵛㄟDŽ㿱മ 5-25؍䇮㖞ᡀѪ 0x10˄ণṨᮠᦞ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ˅ˈ㘼 tss.esp0 ࡉᤷੁ tss.ss0 ҏ㻛 ٬⇥task_struct 㔃ᶴᮠᦞˈ㘼 tss 㔃ᶴ˄⇥˅ᱟ task_struct ѝⲴањᆇ⇥DŽ䈕ԫ࣑ⲴṨึḸ ᆈަ؍ަѝ p ᱟᯠԫ࣑Ⲵԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴᤷ䪸ˈtss ᱟԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥㔃ᶴDŽṨѪᯠԫ࣑⭣䈧ᆈ⭘ S!WVVVV [ ORQJ S S!WVVHVS 3$*(B6,=( kernel/fork.cˈ93 㹼˖ ൘ᔪ・ᯠԫ࣑ᰦˈfork()〻ᒿ൘ԫ࣑ tss ⇥ⲴṨ㓗ึḸᆇ⇥(tss.esp0 ઼ tss.ss0)ѝ䇮㖞Ⲵˈ৲㿱 ൘սҾަԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴᡰ൘亥䶒Ⲵᵛㄟˈণоԫ࣑Ⲵԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴ˄task_struct˅᭮൘਼а亥䶒DŽ䘉ᱟ Ṩԓ⸱ѝᢗ㹼ᰦˈԫ࣑ⲴṨᘱḸᙫᱟオⲴDŽԫ࣑ṨᘱึḸ㻛䇮㖞ޕ↔⇿ᖃԫ࣑Ӿ⭘ᡧԓ⸱䖜〫䘋 ԫ࣑ TSS ⇥ѝ ss0 ઼ esp0 єњᆇ⇥ᤷᇊDŽss0 ᱟԫ࣑ṨᘱึḸⲴ⇥䘹ᤙㅖˈesp0 ᱟึḸḸվᤷ䪸DŽഐ ⇿њԫ࣑ᴹަ㠚ᐡⲴṨᘱึḸˈ⭘Ҿԫ࣑൘Ṩԓ⸱ѝᢗ㹼ᵏ䰤DŽަᡰ൘㓯ᙗൠ൰ѝⲴս㖞⭡䈕 ൞Ṯᘷ䘆㺂ᰬ ഴ 䙱䗇グ䰪ѣⲺ⭞ᡭᘷḾ 䘋〻࠶䝽ᯠⲴᆈ亥䶒DŽ㘼䘋〻 0 ઼䘋〻 1 Ⲵ⭘ᡧึḸ∄䖳⢩↺ˈ㿱ਾ䶒䈤᰾DŽ ⢙⨶ᆈ亥䶒DŽਚᴹᖃަѝањ䘋〻ᢗ㹼ึḸ߉˄ֻྲ push ˅ᰦṨᆈ㇑⨶〻ᒿՊѪ߉ ӛ਼аึḸሩᓄⲴޡon Write˅ˈഐ↔൘䘋〻㻛ࡋᔪਾˈ㤕䈕䘋〻৺ަ⡦䘋〻䜭⋑ᴹ֯⭘ึḸˈࡉє㘵 ⭘䘉њึḸDŽึḸᇎ䱵֯⭘Ⲵ⢙⨶ᆈࡉ⭡ CPU ࠶亥ᵪࡦ⺞ᇊDŽ⭡Ҿ Linux ᇎ⧠Ҷ߉ᰦ༽ࡦ࣏㜭˄Copy 〻ᒿⲴ৲ᮠ઼⧟ຳਈ䟿ˈ❦ਾᱟ⭘ᡧึḸオ䰤ˈ㿱മ 5-24 ᡰ⽪DŽᓄ⭘〻ᒿ൘⭘ᡧᘱл䘀㹼ᰦቡаⴤ֯ Ⲵ⭘ᡧᘱึḸᤷ䪸㻛䇮㖞൘ަൠ൰オ䰤Ⲵ䶐䘁ᵛㄟ˄64MB 亦ㄟ˅䜘࠶DŽᇎ䱵кᵛㄟ䜘࠶䘈㾱वᤜᢗ㹼 ⇿њԫ࣑˄䲔Ҷԫ࣑ 0 ઼ԫ࣑ 1˅ᴹ㠚ᐡⲴ 64MB ൠ൰オ䰤DŽᖃањԫ࣑˄䘋〻˅ࡊ㻛ࡋᔪᰦˈᆳ ൞⭞ᡭᘷ䘆㺂ᰬ ൘⭘ᡧⲴ 64MB オ䰤ᔦըDŽ ᮠᦞ䟿ᴰཊн㜭䎵䗷˄4096 – ԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴඇ˅њᆇ㢲ˈབྷ㓖Ѫ 3K ᆇ㢲DŽ㘼ԫ࣑Ⲵ⭘ᡧᘱึḸতਟԕ ᆈⲴ؍ึḸDŽ䲔Ҷ༴Ҿн਼ CPU ⢩ᵳ㓗ѝˈ䘉єњึḸѻ䰤Ⲵѫ㾱४࡛൘Ҿԫ࣑ⲴṨᘱึḸᖸሿˈᡰ ⇿њԫ࣑䜭ᴹєњึḸˈ࠶࡛⭘Ҿ⭘ᡧᘱ઼Ṩᘱ〻ᒿⲴᢗ㹼ˈᒦф࠶࡛〠Ѫ⭘ᡧᘱึḸ઼Ṩᘱ 5.8.2 ԱࣗⲺḾ ḸⲴ䈖㓶᧿䘠㿱ਾ䶒䈤᰾DŽ Ҿԫ࣑ 0 ᡰ֯⭘ึޣᡀѪԫ࣑ 0 ਾˈӽ❦㔗㔝֯⭘к䘠Ṩ〻ᒿ㠚ᐡⲴึḸѪԫ࣑ 0 Ⲵ⭘ᡧᘱึḸDŽ fork()㌫㔏䈳⭘ˈmain.c ѝⲴ init()ሶ൘ԫ࣑ 1 ѝᢗ㹼ˈᒦ֯⭘ԫ࣑ 1 ⲴึḸDŽ㘼 main()ᵜ䓛ࡉ൘㻛“࠷ᦒ” к䘠ึḸDŽ㘼൘ᢗ㹼䗷 move_to_user_mode()ѻਾˈmain.c Ⲵԓ⸱㻛Ā࠷ᦒāᡀԫ࣑ 0 ѝᢗ㹼DŽ䙊䗷ᢗ㹼 ൘ init/main.c 〻ᒿѝˈ൘ᢗ㹼 move_to_user_mode()ԓ⸱ᢺ᧗ࡦᵳ〫Ӕ㔉ԫ࣑ 0 ѻࡽˈ㌫㔏аⴤ֯⭘ ࡓခौᰬ(main.c) LQX[ ㌫㔏ѝึḸⲴ֯⭘ᯩ⌅/ ᆇ㢲 亥ᆈ HVS ึḸᓅ HVS ึḸᤷ䪸 FXUUHQW 䘋〻ᤷ䪸 ṨᘱึḸ ԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴ Ҿ߉ᰦ༽ࡦ˄&RS\RQ:ULWH˅ᢰᵟⲴ䈤᰾䈧৲㿱ㅜ ㄐᆈ㇑⨶ˈ 㢲DŽޣ Ā䘄എāࡠԫ࣑ 0 Ⲵԓ⸱ѝ㔗㔝ᢗ㹼ҶDŽ ḸDŽ䘉ṧˈ䙊䗷ᢗ㹼 IRET ᤷԔণਟึޕѪḸѝ CS ⇥Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖˈᢺлаᶑᤷԔⲴᤷ䪸Ѫ EIP Ḹึޕ㖞ᡀ 0x17ˈণ䇮㖞ᡀ⭘ᡧᘱተ䜘㺘 LDT ѝⲴᮠᦞ⇥䘹ᤙㅖDŽ❦ਾᢺԫ࣑ 0 ԓ⸱⇥䘹ᤙㅖ 0x0f 㘼 ss ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ㻛䇮ˈ٬㻛䇮㖞ᡀӽ❦ᱟ user_stack ѝᶕⲴս㖞٬ њӪᐕ䇮㖞ᇩⲴึḸѝˈ esp Ḹˈ❦ਾᢗ㹼 IRET ᤷԔণਟᇎ⧠ᢺ᧗ࡦᵳӾ⢩ᵳ㓗 0 Ⲵԓ⸱䖜〫ࡠ⢩ᵳ㓗 3 Ⲵԫ࣑ 0 ԓ⸱ѝDŽ൘䘉ึ ޕᖃࡽ༴Ҿ⢩ᵳ㓗 0 ⲴึḸѝˈ਼ᰦᢺԓ⸱ᤷ䪸ҏޕᯠึḸѝDŽഐ↔䘉䟼ݸᢺԫ࣑ 0 ⭘ᡧึḸᤷ䪸 ⮉൘؍ᵳ㓗Պਁ⭏ਈॆⲴ᧗ࡦᵳ䖜〫ᰦˈⴞⲴԓ⸱Պ֯⭘ᯠ⢩ᵳ㓗ⲴึḸˈ㘼⢩ᵳ㓗ԓ⸱ึḸᤷ䪸ሶ move_to_user_mode()ᰦˈ൘⁑ᤏ iret 䘄എѻࡽⲴึḸѝ䇮㖞Ⲵˈ৲㿱മ 5-21 ᡰ⽪DŽᡁԜ⸕䚃ˈᖃ䘋㹼⢩ ԫ࣑ 0 ⲴṨᘱึḸᱟ൘ަӪᐕ䇮㖞Ⲵࡍॆԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴѝᤷᇊⲴˈ㘼ᆳⲴ⭘ᡧᘱึḸᱟ൘ᢗ㹼 ਜ਼ᴹԫ࣑ 0 ⲴᮠᦞDŽ ࡦⲴึḸ亥䶒ѝн༽؍⺞ᤱĀᒢ߰āˈণԫ࣑ 0 ↔ᰦн㜭֯⭘ึḸˈԕ؍䴰㾱൘ԫ࣑ 1 ᇎ䱵ᔰ֯⭘ѻࡽ ѪึḸオ䰤֯⭘DŽਚᴹࡠ↔ᰦˈԫ࣑ 1 ᔰ֯⭘㠚ᐡ⤜・Ⲵ⭘ᡧึḸᆈ亥䶒DŽഐ↔ԫ࣑ 0 ⲴึḸ ൘ᢗ㹼ึḸᰦሶՊᕅ䎧߉亥䶒ᔲᑨˈӾ㘼ṨՊ֯⭘߉ᰦ༽ࡦᵪࡦ2Ѫԫ࣑ 1 ਖ㹼࠶䝽ѫᆈ४亥䶒 オ䰤DŽնᱟᖃԫ࣑ 1 ᔰ䘀㹼ᰦˈ⭡Ҿԫ࣑ 1 ᱐ሴࡠ user_stack[]༴Ⲵ亥㺘亩㻛䇮㖞ᡀਚ䈫ˈ֯ᗇԫ࣑ 1 ӛ֯⭘਼ањ⭘ᡧึḸޡ ⭡Ҿԫ࣑ 1 ൘ࡋᔪᰦ༽ࡦҶԫ࣑ 0 Ⲵ⭘ᡧึḸˈഐ↔ࡊᔰᰦԫ࣑ 0 ઼ԫ࣑ 1 ᣔ⁑ᔿਾᡰ֯⭘ⲴึḸˈণ sched.c Ⲵ user_stack[]ᮠ㓴Ⲵս㖞DŽ؍ޕ㘼ԫ࣑ 0 Ⲵ⭘ᡧᘱึḸቡᱟࡽ䶒䘋 move_to_user_mode()ѻਾˈԫ࣑ 0 ઼ԫ࣑ 1 ⲴṨᘱึḸ࠶࡛սҾ㠚ԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴᡰ൘亥䶒Ⲵᵛㄟˈ 0--640KB 㤳തѝDŽ䘉њൠ൰㤳തҏቡᱟṨԓ⸱઼สᵜᮠᦞᡰᆈ᭮ⲴൠᯩDŽ൘ᢗ㹼Ҷ 䜭᱐ሴࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰ޘⲴ⇥สൠ൰Ӿ㓯ᙗൠ൰ 0 ᔰˈ㘼ԫ࣑ 1 Ⲵ⇥สൠ൰Ӿ 64MB ᔰDŽնᱟᆳԜ ઼ԫ࣑ 1 Ⲵԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥਼ˈ䲀䮯ҏ䜭ᱟ 640KBˈնᆳԜ㻛᱐ሴࡠн਼Ⲵ㓯ᙗൠ൰㤳തѝDŽԫ࣑ 0 ԫ࣑ 0˄オ䰢䘋〻 idle˅઼ԫ࣑ 1˄ࡍॆ䘋〻 init˅ⲴึḸ∄䖳⢩↺ˈ䴰㾱⢩࡛Ҹԕ䈤᰾DŽԫ࣑ 0 Աࣗ 0 ૂԱࣗ 1 ⲺḾ Ṩᘱᢗ㹼ᰦˈަṨᘱึḸᙫᱟオⲴDŽޕ䘉єњ٬ᱟਚ䈫ⲴDŽഐ↔⇿ᖃањԫ࣑䘋 ᆈDŽሩ CPU ᶕ䇢ˈ؍tss.ss0 ઼ tss.esp0 䘉єњ٬ᶴᡀDŽ൘ԫ࣑࠷ᦒᰦˈ㘱ԫ࣑ⲴṨḸᤷ䪸 esp0 нՊ㻛 ⇿ᖃԫ࣑ᢗ㹼Ṩ〻ᒿ㘼䴰㾱֯⭘ަṨḸᰦˈCPU ቡՊ࡙⭘ TSS 㔃ᶴᢺᆳⲴṨᘱึḸ䇮㖞ᡀ⭡ 㹼ᔰⲴ⌘䟺˅DŽഐ↔ˈṨԓ⸱ਟԕራ൰ࡠᮤњ⢙⨶ᆈ㤳തѝⲴԫօս㖞ˈᖃ❦ҏवᤜѫᆈ४DŽ 䮯ᓖ䜭㻛䇮㖞ᡀҶ 16MBDŽ䘉њ䮯ᓖ٬ᱟ Linux 0.11 Ṩᡰ㜭᭟ᤱⲴᴰབྷ⢙⨶ᆈ䮯ᓖ˄৲㿱 head.sˈ110 ӾṨԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ䮯ᓖ㤳തᶕ䈤᰾DŽ൘ head.s 〻ᒿⲴᵛㄟˈ࠶࡛䇮㖞ҶṨԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖˈ⇥ ˈҏণ tss.ss0 ѪӰѸ㜭㻛䇮㖞ᡀ 0x10 ˛䘉ᱟഐѪ⭘ᡧṨᘱḸӽ❦ҾṨᮠᦞオ䰤DŽᡁԜਟԕ ᆈԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴⲴа亥ᆈҏ㜭㻛䇮㖞ᡀṨᮠᦞ⇥ѝⲴᮠᦞ؍ѪӰѸӾѫᆈ४⭣䈧ᗇᶕⲴ⭘Ҿ ഴ 䘑ぁⲺṮᘷḾ⽰ᝅഴ LQX[ ㌫㔏ѝึḸⲴ֯⭘ᯩ⌅/ ,17 ,5(7 ṨᘱึḸ ⭘ᡧᘱึḸ (,3 &6 ()/$*6 (63 66 ᯩੁޕ var/ ⭘Ҿᆈ᭮㌫㔏䘀㹼ᰦਟਈⲴᮠᦞᡆ㘵ᱟᰕᘇㅹؑDŽ usr/bin ᆈ᭮⭘ᡧᑨ⭘ⲴᲞ䙊ભԔ˗ usr/ ᆈ᭮ᓃ࠭ᮠǃ઼ަԆаӋ᮷Ԧ˗ bin/ ᆈ᭮㌫㔏ᢗ㹼〻ᒿDŽֻྲ shǃmkfsǃfdisk ㅹ˗ dev/ ਜ਼ᴹ䇮༷⢩↺᮷Ԧˈ⭘Ҿ֯⭘᮷Ԧ䈝ਕ䇮༷˗ etc/ ⴞᖅѫ㾱ਜ਼ᴹаӋ㌫㔏䝽㖞᮷Ԧ˗ ઼᮷Ԧ˖ ᮷Ԧǃ䇮༷傡ࣘ〻ᒿǃᔰਁ〻ᒿԕ৺ᡰᴹަԆ⭘ᡧᮠᦞᡆ᮷ᵜ᮷ԦㅹDŽަѝа㡜䜭वᤜԕлаӋᆀⴞᖅ Ԧ઼ભԔᢗ㹼〻ᒿDŽሩҾ Linux ㌫㔏ѝ֯⭘Ⲵ UNIX ㊫᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ˈަѝѫ㾱वᤜаӋ㿴ᇊⲴⴞᖅǃ䝽㖞 ণ Linux ㌫㔏ᕅሬࣘᰦˈ唈䇔֯⭘Ⲵ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ᱟṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏DŽަѝवᤜ㌫㔏ᴰ䎧⸱ⲴаӋ䝽㖞᮷ Ṩԓ⸱㤕㾱↓ᑨ䘀㹼ቡ䴰㾱᮷Ԧ㌫㔏Ⲵ᭟ᤱDŽ⭘ҾੁṨᨀᴰสᵜ઼ؑ᭟ᤱⲴᱟṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ˈ 5.9 Linux 0.11 䟽⭞ⲺᮽԬ㌱㔕 ᖃࡽṨᘱึḸˈ❦ਾᢗ㹼ѝᯝᴽ࣑䗷〻DŽޕ䘄എᤷ䪸 csǃeip ԫ࣑䘀㹼ⲴṨԓ⸱ᐢ㓿൘֯⭘ṨᘱึḸˈᒦфн⎹৺Ոݸ㓗࡛Ⲵਈॆˈᡰԕ CPU ӵᢺ eflags ઼ѝᯝ ྲ᷌ањԫ࣑↓൘Ṩᘱѝ䘀㹼ˈ䛓Ѹ㤕 CPU ૽ᓄѝᯝቡн䴰㾱䘋㹼ึḸ࠷ᦒˈഐѪ↔ᰦ䈕 ഴ Ṯᘷૂ⭞ᡭᘷḾⲺ࠽ᦘ 5-26 ᡰ⽪DŽ ᘱึḸѝDŽ㘼൘ᢗ㹼 iret 䘰ࠪṨ〻ᒿ䘄എࡠ⭘ᡧ〻ᒿᰦˈሶᚒ༽⭘ᡧᘱⲴึḸ઼ eflagsDŽ䘉њ䗷〻㿱മ ᆈ൘ԫ࣑ⲴṨ؍ਁ⭏Ҷ᭩ਈ˄Ӿ⭘ᡧᘱ䖜ࡠṨᘱ˅ˈ⭘ᡧᘱึḸⲴึḸ⇥઼ึḸᤷ䪸ԕ৺ eflags Պ㻛 Ṩ〻ᒿᰦˈ⭡Ҿ⢩ᵳ㓗࡛ޕԓ⸱DŽ↔ᰦṨԓ⸱ቡՊ֯⭘䈕ԫ࣑ⲴṨᘱึḸ䘋㹼DŽ਼ṧˈᖃ䘋 Ṩᒦᢗ㹼ṨѝⲴѝᯝᴽ࣑ޕṨⲴ㌫㔏䈳⭘ᱟањ䖟Ԧѝᯝˈഐ↔ԫ࣑䈳⭘㌫㔏䈳⭘ᰦቡՊ䘋 ṨᘱึḸDŽޕึḸˈ䲿ਾᢺḷᘇᇴᆈಘ eflags Ⲵᇩ઼䘄എս㖞 csǃeip Ṩᘱޕѝ㧧ᗇDŽ൘ᇊսҶᯠึḸ˄ṨᘱึḸ˅ѻਾˈCPU ቡՊ俆ݸᢺ⭘ᡧᘱึḸᤷ䪸 ss ઼ esp ᴽ࣑〻ᒿ൘ṨѝˈҾ 0 㓗⢩ᵳ㓗ԓ⸱ˈᡰԕ 48 ∄⢩ⲴṨᘱึḸᤷ䪸ՊӾ TSS Ⲵ ss0 ઼ esp0 ᆇ⇥ ٬DŽഐѪѝᯝ〫ٿᘱึḸⲴ࠷ᦒDŽCPU ՊӾᖃࡽԫ࣑Ⲵԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥ TSS ѝਆᗇᯠึḸⲴ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ઼ ѝᢗ㹼ˈ䛓Ѹ䈕ѝᯝቡՊᕅ䎧 CPU ⢩ᵳ㓗Ӿ 3 㓗ࡠ 0 㓗Ⲵਈॆˈ↔ᰦ CPU ቡՊ䘋㹼⭘ᡧᘱึḸࡠṨ ൘ Linux 0.11 ㌫㔏ѝˈᡰᴹѝᯝᴽ࣑〻ᒿ䜭ҾṨԓ⸱DŽྲ᷌ањѝᯝӗ⭏ᰦԫ࣑↓൘⭘ᡧԓ⸱ 5.8.3 ԱࣗṮᘷḾф⭞ᡭᘷḾҁ䰪Ⲻ࠽ᦘ LQX[ 䟷⭘Ⲵ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏/ ŽũWRROV ⭏ᡀṨ ,PDJH ᮷ԦⲴᐕާ〻ᒿ ƅũPP ᆈ㇑⨶〻ᒿ ƅũOLE Ṩᓃ࠭ᮠ ū ŽũPDWK ᮠᆖॿ༴⨶ಘԯⵏ༴⨶〻ᒿ ū ƅũFKUBGUY ᆇㅖ䇮༷傡ࣘ〻ᒿ ū ƅũEONBGUY ඇ䇮༷傡ࣘ〻ᒿ ƅũNHUQHO Ṩ䘋〻䈳ᓖǃؑਧ༴⨶ǃ㌫㔏䈳⭘ㅹ〻ᒿ ƅũLQLW Ṩࡍॆ〻ᒿ ū ŽũV\V ㌫㔏ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴ䜘࠶ ū ƅũOLQX[ /LQX[ Ṩу⭘䜘࠶ Ⲵ䜘࠶ޣū ƅũDVP о &38 փ㌫㔃ᶴ K ƅũLQFOXGH ཤ᮷Ԧ ƅũIV ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏 ƅũERRW ㌫㔏ᕅሬ≷㕆〻ᒿ OLQX[ linux ⴞᖅᱟⓀԓ⸱Ⲵѫⴞᖅˈ൘䈕ѫⴞᖅѝ䲔ҶवᤜᡰᴹⲴ 14 њᆀⴞᖅԕཆˈ䘈ਜ਼ᴹୟаⲴањ 5.10.1 Ṯѱⴤᖋ linux Ⲵᇩ䘋㹼᧿䘠DŽ वᤜ 102 њԓ⸱᮷ԦDŽл䶒䙀њሩ䘉Ӌᆀⴞᖅѝޡ䈕Ṩ⡸ᵜⲴⓀԓ⸱ⴞᖅѝਜ਼ᴹ 14 њᆀⴞᖅˈᙫ ഴ /LQX[ ṮⓆԙ⸷ⴤᖋ㔉ᶺ 㔃ᶴ㿱മ 5-27 ᡰ⽪˖ ᖃᡁԜ֯⭘ tar ભԔሶ linux-0.11.tar.gz 䀓ᔰᰦˈṨⓀԓ⸱᮷Ԧ㻛᭮ࡠҶ linux/ⴞᖅѝDŽަѝⲴⴞᖅ ҾлаㄐᔰⲴⓀԓ⸱䰵䈫ᐕDŽ वਜ਼〻ᒿⲴѫ㾱࣏㜭ˈ֯ᗇᮤњṨⓀԓ⸱Ⲵᆹᧂᖒᔿ㜭൘ᡁԜⲴཤ㝁ѝᔪ・䎧ањབྷᾲⲴṶᷦˈԕׯ 䘉䟼ᡁԜ俆ݸࡇࠪ Linux ṨᆼᮤⲴⓀԓ⸱ⴞᖅˈवᤜަѝⲴᆀⴞᖅDŽ❦ਾ䙀аӻ㓽њⴞᖅѝᡰ 㾱൘ᔰ䰵䈫ṨⓀԓ⸱ѻࡽˈݸ⟏ᚹалⓀԓ⸱᮷ԦⲴⴞᖅ㔃ᶴ઼ᆹᧂDŽ Ⲵ᮷ԦDŽഐ↔ᴹᗵޣ㌫䶎ᑨᇶ࠷DŽᡰԕ൘䰵䈫ањⓀԓ⸱᮷Ԧᰦᖰᖰ䴰㾱৲䰵ަԆޣ䰤Ⲵ䎆઼䈳⭘ ⭡Ҿ Linux Ṩᱟа⿽অṨ⁑ᔿⲴ㌫㔏ˈഐ↔ˈṨѝᡰᴹⲴ〻ᒿࠐѾ䜭ᴹ㍗ᇶⲴ㚄㌫ˈᆳԜѻ 5.10 Linux ṮⓆԙ⸷Ⲻⴤᖋ㔉ᶺ 䈕ᤷᇊ⺜ⴈ࠶४ѝ࣐䖭ṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏DŽ 㺘⽪䴰㾱Ӿᕅሬⴈᡰ൘ᖃࡽ傡ࣘಘѝ࣐䖭ṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏DŽ㤕䈕䇮༷ਧᱟањ⺜ⴈ࠶४䇮༷ਧⲴ䈍ˈቡՊӾ ˄ROOT_DEV˅ѝⲴṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏䇮༷ਧӾᤷᇊⲴ䇮༷ѝ࣐䖭ṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏DŽྲ᷌䘉њ䇮༷ਧᱟ 0 Ⲵ䈍ˈࡉ ᖃ Linux ࣘⴈ࣐䖭ṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ᰦˈՊṩᦞࣘⴈкᕅሬᡷ४ㅜ 509ǃ510 ᆇ㢲༴ањᆇ ᕐਟࣘⲴ DOS ㌫㔏ⴈDŽ ઼Ṩᢗ㹼ԓ⸱DŽrootimage ቡᱟ⭘ҾੁṨᨀᴰสᵜ᭟ᤱⲴṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏DŽ䘉єњⴈਸ䎧ᶕቡᖃҾа rootimage ⴈDŽbootimage ᱟᕅሬࣘ Image ᮷Ԧˈަѝѫ㾱वᤜ⻱ⴈᕅሬᡷ४ԓ⸱ǃ㌫㔏࣐䖭〻ᒿ ሩҾㅜ 1 ㄐѝӻ㓽Ⲵ൘䖟ⴈк䘀㹼Ⲵ Linux 0.11 ㌫㔏ˈᆳ⭡ㆰঅⲴ 2 ᕐ䖟ⴈ㓴ᡀ˖bootimage ⴈ઼ ⌋Ⲵࡉᱟ ext2 ᡆ ext3 ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏DŽ ㅹ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏DŽ㘼 Linux 0.11 Ṩᡰ᭟ᤱⲴ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ᱟ MINIX 1.0 ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏DŽⴞࡽ Linux ㌫㔏к֯⭘ᴰᒯ ቡᱟ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏䇮༷ˈ㘼⺜ⴈк᤹аᇊ㿴ࡉᆈ᭮Ⲵ᮷Ԧቡ㓴ᡀ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ˈWindows2000 ᴹ NTFS ᡆ FAT32 ᆈ᭮᮷Ԧ㌫㔏Ⲵ䇮༷ቡᱟ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏䇮༷DŽ∄ྲˈሩҾа㡜֯⭘Ⲵ Windows2000 ㌫㔏ˈ⺜ⴈ C ⴈ LQX[ ṨⓀԓ⸱Ⲵⴞᖅ㔃ᶴ/ ㌫DŽޣ㌫ˈ㋇㓯ᶑ㺘⽪ᴹӂᕅ⭘ޣ㲊ṶѝᱟⲴ〻ᒿ᮷ԦнҾ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ˈᑖ㇝ཤⲴ㓯ᶑ㺘⽪ᕅ⭘ ㌫᭮㖞DŽަѝ᮷Ԧ൷⮕৫Ҷਾ㔰.cˈޣ5-28 ᡰ⽪DŽമѝ⇿њᯩṶԓ㺘ањ᮷ԦˈӾкࡠл᤹สᵜᕅ⭘ ㌫㿱മޣवਜ਼ 17 њ C 䈝䀰〻ᒿDŽ䘉Ӌ〻ᒿѻ䰤Ⲵѫ㾱ᕅ⭘ޡˈ fs/ⴞᖅᱟ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ᇎ⧠〻ᒿⲴⴞᖅ ѫࣘⶑⵐ˄䈳⭘ sleep()˅ˈቡн䇙Ṩ࠷ᦒԫ࣑DŽ ㄎҹᶑԦⲴਁ⭏ˈLinux ㌫㔏ሩ䍴Ⓚ࠶䝽䘋㹼ҶѕṬൠỰḕˈᒦф൘Ṩ⁑ᔿл䘀㹼ᰦˈྲ᷌ԫ࣑⋑ᴹ ཊ㓯〻ᑖᶕⲴㄎҹᶑԦǃ↫䬱ㅹ䰞仈ˈഐ↔ Linux ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ԓ⸱㾱∄ MINIX ㌫㔏Ⲵ༽ᵲᗇཊDŽѪҶ䚯ݽ অ㓯〻༴⨶ᯩᔿˈ㘼 Linux ࡉ䟷⭘Ҷཊ㓯〻ᯩᔿDŽ⭡Ҿ䟷⭘Ҷཊ㓯〻༴⨶ᯩᔿˈLinux 〻ᒿቡᗵ享༴⨶ MINIX ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ˈն Linux ሩަ༴⨶ᯩᔿо MINIX ㌫㔏н਼DŽѫ㾱Ⲵ४࡛൘Ҿ MINIX ሩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏䟷⭘ ਁⲴˈ䟷⭘ MINIX ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ׯҾ䘋㹼Ӕ৹㕆䈁ˈᒦфਟԕӾ MINIX ѝ࣐䖭 Linux ࠶४DŽ㲭❦֯⭘Ⲵᱟ Linux 0.11 ṨⲴ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏䟷⭘Ҷ 1.0 ⡸Ⲵ MINIX ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ˈ䘉ᱟ⭡Ҿ Linux ᱟ൘ MINIX ㌫㔏кᔰ 5.10.3 ᮽԬ㌱㔕ⴤᖋ fs Ⲵࡍ䇮㖞ᐕDŽ head.s 〻ᒿՊ㻛㕆䈁䘎᧕൘ system ⁑ඇⲴᴰࡽ䜘࠶ˈѫ㾱䘋㹼⺜Ԧ䇮༷Ⲵ᧒⍻䇮㖞઼ᆈ㇑⨶亥䶒 setup.s 〻ᒿѫ㾱⭘Ҿ䈫ਆᵪಘⲴ⺜Ԧ䝽㖞৲ᮠˈᒦᢺṨ⁑ඇ system 〫ࣘࡠ䘲ᖃⲴᆈս㖞༴DŽ 0 ⻱ཤˈㅜ 1 њᡷ४˅DŽ൘ PC ᵪ࣐⭥ ROM BIOS 㠚Ựਾˈሶ㻛 BIOS ࣐䖭ࡠᆈ 0x7C00 ༴䘋㹼ᢗ㹼DŽ bootsect.s 〻ᒿᱟ⻱ⴈᕅሬඇ〻ᒿˈ㕆䈁ਾՊ傫⮉൘⻱ⴈⲴㅜањᡷ४ѝ˄ᕅሬᡷ४ˈ0 ⻱䚃˄ḡ䶒˅ˈ 䈝䀰൘лаㄐⲴԓ⸱⌘䟺䟼ԕ৺ԓ⸱ࡇ㺘ਾ䶒Ⲵ䈤᰾ѝՊᴹㆰঅⲴӻ㓽DŽ Ṭᔿ˄оᗞ䖟Ⲵ㊫լ˅ˈ㘼 head.s 䴰㾱⭘ GNU as ᶕ㕆䈁ˈ֯⭘Ⲵᱟ AT&T ṬᔿⲴ≷㕆䈝䀰DŽ䘉є⿽≷㕆 Ⲵ㌫㔏ࡍॆᐕDŽަѝ bootsect.s ઼ setup.s 〻ᒿ䴰㾱֯⭘ as86 䖟Ԧᶕ㕆䈁ˈ֯⭘Ⲵᱟ as86 Ⲵ≷㕆䈝䀰 ᣔ䘀㹼ᯩᔿࡽ؍ս 32 ޕаӋ䘋ڊ㾱࣏㜭ᱟᖃ䇑㇇ᵪ࣐⭥ᰦᕅሬṨࣘˈሶṨԓ⸱࣐䖭ࡠᆈѝˈᒦ boot ⴞᖅѝਜ਼ᴹ 3 њ≷㕆䈝䀰᮷ԦˈᱟṨⓀԓ⸱᮷Ԧѝᴰݸ㻛㕆䈁Ⲵ〻ᒿDŽ䘉 3 њ〻ᒿᆼᡀⲴѫ 5.10.2 ᕋሲࣞぁᓅⴤᖋ boot ᴹⲴⓀԓ⸱᮷Ԧˈਚ㾱൘ linux ⴞᖅл䘀㹼а⅑ make 䖟ԦণਟDŽ ⴞᖅ˄वᤜᆀⴞᖅ˅лⲴԫօ᮷Ԧ㻛؞᭩䗷ᰦˈmake 䜭Պሩަ䘋㹼䟽ᯠ㕆䈁DŽഐ↔ѪҶ㕆䈁ᮤњṨᡰ linux ⴞᖅлⲴ䘉њ Makefile ᮷Ԧ䘈፼྇ൠ䈳⭘Ҷᡰᴹᆀⴞᖅѝवਜ਼Ⲵ Makefile ᮷Ԧˈ䘉ṧˈᖃ linux 㕆䈁DŽഐ↔ˈmake ᐕާ䖟Ԧᱟ〻ᒿ亩ⴞⲴ㇑⨶䖟ԦDŽ ࡛ଚӋ᮷Ԧᐢ㻛؞᭩䗷ˈӾ㘼㠚ࣘൠߣᇊ൘ањਜ਼ᴹཊњⓀ〻ᒿ᮷ԦⲴ〻ᒿ㌫㔏ѝଚӋ᮷Ԧ䴰㾱㻛䟽ᯠ Makefile ᮷ԦDŽ䈕᮷Ԧᱟ㕆䈁䖵ࣙᐕާ䖟Ԧ make Ⲵ৲ᮠ䝽㖞᮷ԦDŽmake ᐕާ䖟ԦⲴѫ㾱⭘䙄ᱟ䙊䗷䇶 LQX[ ṨⓀԓ⸱Ⲵⴞᖅ㔃ᶴ/ IFQWO VWDW ILOHBWDEOH LRFWO OOBUZBEORFN RSHQ QDPHL WUXQFDWH H[HF VXSHU LQRGH ILOHBGHYSLSH EXIIHU ELWPDS EORFNBGHYFKDUBGHY UHDGBZULWH 儈䙏㕃ߢ㇑⨶ վቲ࠭ᮠ 儈ቲ䇯䰞᧗ࡦ࠭ᮠ ᮠᦞ䇯䰞 ㌫DŽޣ൘ሩ〻ᒿ䘋㹼⌘䟺䗷〻ѝˈᡁԜሶਖཆ㔉ࠪ䘉Ӌ᮷Ԧѝњѫ㾱࠭ᮠѻ䰤Ⲵ䈳⭘ቲ⅑ ˄ll_rw_block()˅ᶕᶕ䘋㹼ˈ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏〻ᒿ䳶ᵜ䓛ᒦнⴤ᧕оඇ䇮༷Ⲵ傡ࣘ〻ᒿᢃӔ䚃DŽ ᡁԜᾊⲴⴻࡠˈ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ሩҾඇ䇮༷ѝᮠᦞⲴ䈫߉ˈ䜭䴰㾱䙊䗷儈䙏㕃ߢ४оඇ䇮༷Ⲵ傡ࣘ〻ᒿ ࠭ᮠˈᆳᒦн൘ fs ⴞᖅѝˈ㘼ᱟ kernel/blk_drv/ll_rw_block.c ѝⲴඇ䇮༷䈫߉傡ࣘ࠭ᮠDŽ᭮൘䘉䟼ਚᱟ䇙 ༴⨶࠭ᮠDŽbuffer.c 〻ᒿѫ㾱⭘Ҿሩᆈ儈䙏㕃ߢ४䘋㹼༴⨶DŽ㲊ṶѝⲴ ll_rw_block ᱟඇ䇮༷Ⲵᓅቲ䈫 bitmap.c 〻ᒿ⭘Ҿ༴⨶᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ѝ i 㢲⛩઼䙫䗁ᮠᦞඇⲴսമDŽsuper.c 〻ᒿѝवਜ਼ሩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏䎵㓗ඇⲴ ਜ਼䪸ሩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏 i 㢲⛩Ⲵ࠭ᮠDŽtruncate.c 〻ᒿ⭘Ҿ൘ࡐ䲔᮷Ԧᰦ䟺᭮᮷Ԧᡰঐ⭘Ⲵ䇮༷ᮠᦞオ䰤DŽ ⴞᖅ઼᮷ԦⲴ࠭ᮠ઼㌫㔏䈳⭘࠭ᮠDŽblock_dev.c 〻ᒿवਜ਼ඇᮠᦞ䈫઼߉࠭ᮠDŽinode.c 〻ᒿѝव 䈳⭘DŽfile_dev.c 〻ᒿѝवਜ਼สҾ i 㢲⛩઼᧿䘠ㅖ㔃ᶴⲴ᮷Ԧ䈫߉࠭ᮠDŽnamei.c 〻ᒿѫ㾱वᤜ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ѝ char_dev.c ѫ㾱वਜ਼ᆇㅖ䇮༷䈫߉࠭ᮠ rw_char()DŽpipe.c 〻ᒿѝवਜ਼㇑䚃䈫߉࠭ᮠ઼ࡋᔪ㇑䚃Ⲵ㌫㔏 䰝᮷ԦⲴ㌫㔏䈳⭘࠭ᮠDŽޣ㌫㔏䈳⭘࠭ᮠDŽopen.c 〻ᒿѫ㾱वਜ਼ᇎ⧠؞᭩᮷Ԧᙗ઼ࡋᔪо read_write.c 〻ᒿ⭘Ҿᇎ⧠᮷Ԧ䈫/߉઼ᇊսйњ㌫㔏䈳⭘࠭ᮠDŽstat.c 〻ᒿѝᇎ⧠Ҷєњ㧧ਆ᮷Ԧ⣦ᘱⲴ do_execve()ˈᆳᱟᡰᴹ exec()࠭ᮠ㈷ѝⲴѫ㾱࠭ᮠDŽfcntl.c 〻ᒿ⭘Ҿᇎ⧠᮷Ԧ i/o ᧗ࡦⲴ㌫㔏䈳⭘࠭ᮠDŽ kernel/chr_drv/tty.c ѝⲴ࠭ᮠˈᇎ⧠ᆇㅖ䇮༷Ⲵ io ᧗ࡦ࣏㜭DŽexec.c 〻ᒿѫ㾱वਜ਼ањᢗ㹼〻ᒿ࠭ᮠ ൘ file_table.c ᮷ԦѝˈⴞࡽӵᇊѹҶањ᮷Ԧਕᷴ˄᧿䘠ㅖ˅㔃ᶴᮠ㓴DŽioctl.c ᮷Ԧሶᕅ⭘ ༷кⲴ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏DŽ㇑⨶儈䙏㕃ߢ४Ⲵ〻ᒿᱟ buffer.cˈ㘼ަԆ〻ᒿࡉѫ㾱䜭ᱟ⭘Ҿ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏㇑⨶DŽ 䜭䴰㾱俆ݸ䈫ਆࡠ儈䙏㕃ߢ४ѝDŽᵜⴞᖅѝⲴ〻ᒿѫ㾱⭘ᶕ㇑⨶儈䙏㕃ߢ४ѝ㕃ߢඇⲴ֯⭘࠶䝽઼ඇ䇮 ሩҾ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ˈᡁԜਟԕሶᆳⴻᡀᱟᆈ儈䙏㕃ߢ४Ⲵᢙኅ䜘࠶DŽᡰᴹሩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ѝᮠᦞⲴ䇯䰞ˈ 䇯䰞઼᮷Ԧ儈ቲ࠭ᮠˈ൘ሩᵜⴞᖅѝ᮷Ԧ䘋㹼⌘䟺䈤᰾ᰦˈᡁԜҏሶ࠶ᡀ䘉ഋњ䜘࠶ᶕ᧿䘠DŽ ⭡മਟԕⴻࠪˈ䈕ⴞᖅѝⲴ〻ᒿਟԕࡂ࠶ᡀഋњ䜘࠶˖儈䙏㕃ߢ४㇑⨶ǃվቲ᮷Ԧǃ᮷Ԧᮠᦞ ഴ IV ⴤᖋѣぁᓅѣ࠳ᮦҁ䰪Ⲻᕋ⭞ީ㌱Ⱦ LQX[ ṨⓀԓ⸱Ⲵⴞᖅ㔃ᶴ/ ᑨᮠㅖਧDŽޣ ㅹᖵ䈳⭘ཤ᮷ԦDŽᇊѹ㌫㔏䈳⭘ wait()Ṩ waitpid()৺ ㌫㔏〠㔃ᶴཤ᮷ԦDŽ ㊫රཤ᮷ԦDŽᇊѹҶสᵜⲴ㌫㔏ᮠᦞ㊫රDŽ ᇊѹҶ䘋〻ѝ䘀㹼ᰦ䰤㔃ᶴ tms ԕ৺ times()࠭ᮠරDŽ ᮷Ԧ⣦ᘱཤ᮷ԦDŽਜ਼ᴹ᮷Ԧᡆ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏⣦ᘱ㔃ᶴ stat{}઼ᑨ䟿DŽ ㌱㔕щ⭞ᮦᦤ㔉ᶺᆆⴤᖋ include/sys tty_ioˈѢ㹼䙊ؑᯩ䶒Ⲵ৲ᮠǃᑨᮠDŽ ޣ tty ཤ᮷ԦˈᇊѹҶᴹ ㌫㔏䈳⭘ཤ᮷ԦDŽਜ਼ᴹ 72 њ㌫㔏䈳⭘ C ࠭ᮠ༴⨶〻ᒿ,ԕ'sys_'ᔰཤDŽ ᔿ≷㕆࠭ᮠᆿ䈝ਕDŽޕ䘠ㅖ৲ᮠ䇮㖞઼㧧ਆⲴ፼᧿ޣ 䘈ᴹаӋᴹ 䈳ᓖ〻ᒿཤ᮷ԦˈᇊѹҶԫ࣑㔃ᶴ task_structǃࡍԫ࣑ 0 Ⲵᮠᦞˈ ᆈ㇑⨶ཤ᮷ԦDŽਜ਼ᴹ亥䶒བྷሿᇊѹ઼аӋ亥䶒䟺᭮࠭ᮠරDŽ Ṩཤ᮷ԦDŽਜ਼ᴹаӋṨᑨ⭘࠭ᮠⲴᖒᇊѹDŽ head ཤ᮷ԦˈᇊѹҶ⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴㆰঅ㔃ᶴˈ઼ࠐњ䘹ᤙㅖᑨ䟿DŽ ⺜ⴈ৲ᮠཤ᮷ԦDŽᇊѹ䇯䰞⺜ⴈᇴᆈಘㄟਓˈ⣦ᘱ⸱ˈ࠶४㺘ㅹؑDŽ ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ཤ᮷ԦDŽᇊѹ᮷Ԧ㺘㔃ᶴ˄file,buffer_head,m_inode ㅹ˅DŽ 䖟傡ཤ᮷ԦDŽਜ਼ᴹ䖟ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ৲ᮠⲴаӋᇊѹDŽ Ṩ䝽㖞ཤ᮷ԦDŽᇊѹ䭞ⴈ䈝䀰઼⺜ⴈ㊫ර˄HD_TYPE˅ਟ䘹亩DŽ Linux Ṯщ⭞ཪᮽԬᆆⴤᖋ include/linux ᔿ≷㕆ᆿDŽޕ ㌫㔏ཤ᮷ԦDŽᇊѹҶ䇮㖞ᡆ؞᭩᧿䘠ㅖ/ѝᯝ䰘ㅹⲴ፼ ᔿ≷㕆࠭ᮠDŽޕᇴᆈಘⲴ፼⇥ޣ ⇥ཤ᮷ԦDŽᇊѹҶᴹ ᔿ≷㕆ᆿ࠭ᮠDŽޕ ᆈᤧ䍍ཤ᮷ԦDŽਜ਼ᴹ memcpy()፼ 㕆〻ᒿᖒᔿᇊѹሩ io ㄟਓⲴ࠭ᮠDŽ≶ޕ io ཤ᮷ԦDŽԕᆿⲴ፼ њ᮷ԦDŽ 4 ޡⲴᮠᦞ㔃ᶴǃᆿ࠭ᮠ઼ਈ䟿DŽޣ䘉Ӌཤ᮷Ԧѫ㾱ᇊѹҶаӋо CPU փ㌫㔃ᶴᇶ࠷ ։㌱㔉ᶺީཪᮽԬᆆⴤᖋ include/asm ⭘ᡧᰦ䰤ཤ᮷ԦDŽᇊѹҶ䇯䰞઼؞᭩ᰦ䰤㔃ᶴԕ৺ utime()රDŽ __LIBRARY__ˈࡉ䘈वᤜ㌫㔏䈳⭘ਧ઼፼≷㕆_syscall0()ㅹDŽ Linux ḷ߶ཤ᮷ԦDŽᇊѹҶ⿽ㅖਧᑨᮠ઼㊫රˈᒦ༠᰾Ҷ⿽࠭ᮠDŽྲᇊѹҶ ᰦ䰤Ⲵ࠭ᮠᖒDŽޣ ᰦ䰤㊫රཤ᮷ԦDŽަѝᴰѫ㾱ᇊѹҶ tm 㔃ᶴ઼аӋᴹ 䗃ࠪ࠭ᮠཤ᮷ԦDŽѫ㾱ᇊѹ᧗ࡦᔲ↕䙊ؑਓⲴ㓸ㄟ᧕ਓDŽޕ 㓸ㄟ䗃 ࠭ᮠDŽޕᆇㅖѢⲴ፼ޣ ᆇㅖѢཤ᮷ԦDŽѫ㾱ᇊѹҶаӋᴹ ḷ߶ᇊѹཤ᮷ԦDŽᇊѹҶ NULL, offsetof(TYPE, MEMBER)DŽ њᆿ˄va_start, va_arg ઼ va_end˅ˈ⭘Ҿ vsprintfǃvprintfǃvfprintf ࠭ᮠDŽ ḷ߶৲ᮠཤ᮷ԦDŽԕᆿⲴᖒᔿᇊѹਈ䟿৲ᮠࡇ㺘DŽѫ㾱䈤᰾Ҷ-њ㊫ර˄va_list˅઼й ؑਧཤ᮷ԦDŽᇊѹؑਧㅖਧᑨ䟿ˈؑਧ㔃ᶴԕ৺ؑਧ࠭ᮠරDŽ ᮷Ԧ᧗ࡦཤ᮷ԦDŽ⭘Ҿ᮷Ԧ৺ަ᧿䘠ㅖⲴ᧗ࡦᑨᮠㅖਧⲴᇊѹDŽ 䭉䈟ਧཤ᮷ԦDŽवਜ਼㌫㔏ѝ⿽ࠪ䭉ਧDŽ(Linus Ӿ minix ѝᕅ䘋Ⲵ)DŽ ᆇㅖ㊫රࡔᯝ઼䖜ᦒⲴᆿDŽޣ ᆇㅖ㊫රཤ᮷ԦDŽᇊѹҶаӋᴹ ᑨᮠㅖਧཤ᮷ԦˈⴞࡽӵᇊѹҶ i 㢲⛩ѝ i_mode ᆇ⇥ⲴḷᘇսDŽ a.out ཤ᮷ԦˈᇊѹҶ a.out ᢗ㹼᮷ԦṬᔿ઼аӋᆿDŽ ሩཤ᮷ԦⲴ⌘䟺аㄐDŽ ᴹ 10 њˈsys ᆀⴞᖅѝᴹ 5 њDŽ䘉Ӌཤ᮷Ԧ㠚Ⲵ࣏㜭㿱ྲлㆰ䘠ˈާփⲴ⭘઼ᡰवਜ਼Ⲵؑ䈧৲㿱 ᴹ 32 њ.h ཤ᮷ԦDŽަѝѫⴞᖅлᴹ 13 њˈasm ᆀⴞᖅѝᴹ 4 њˈlinux ᆀⴞᖅѝޡཤ᮷Ԧⴞᖅѝᙫ 5.10.4 ཪᮽԬѱⴤᖋ include LQX[ ṨⓀԓ⸱Ⲵⴞᖅ㔃ᶴ/ 䙊⭘〻ᒿ ⺜Ԧѝᯝ〻ᒿ ㌫㔏䈳⭘〻ᒿ PDNWLPHF SULQWNF YVSULQWIF VFKHGF SDQLFF IRUNF V\VF VLJQDOF H[LWF V\VWHPBFDOOV WUDSVF DVPV ਧ༴⨶Ⲵ4њ㌫㔏䈳⭘ԕ৺ањ൘ሩᓄⲴѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿѝ༴⨶ؑਧⲴ࠭ؑޣ signal.c〻ᒿѝवᤜҶᴹ Ⲵ䖟ⴈ࠭ᮠDŽޣᮠDŽਖཆ䘈ᴹࠐњоᇊᰦ 䈳ᓖⲴสᵜ࠭ᮠ(sleep_onǃwakeupǃschedule ㅹ)ԕ৺аӋㆰঅⲴ㌫㔏䈳⭘࠭ޣ sched.c 〻ᒿѝवᤜᴹ printk.c 〻ᒿवਜ਼ањṨу⭘ؑᱮ⽪࠭ᮠ printk()DŽ ᵪⲴ࠭ᮠ panic()DŽڌ panic.c 〻ᒿवਜ਼ањᱮ⽪Ṩࠪ䭉ؑᒦ ᰕⲴ。ᮠˈѪᔰᵪ。ᰦ䰤DŽӵ൘ init/main.c ѝ㻛䈳⭘а⅑DŽ mktime.c 〻ᒿवਜ਼ањṨ֯⭘Ⲵᰦ䰤࠭ᮠ mktime()ˈ⭘Ҿ䇑㇇Ӿ 1970 ᒤ 1 ᴸ 1 ᰕ 0 ᰦ䎧ࡠᔰᵪᖃ copy_process()DŽ fork.c 〻ᒿ㔉ࠪҶ sys_fork() ㌫㔏䈳⭘ѝ֯⭘Ҷєњ C 䈝䀰࠭ᮠ˖find_empty_process() ઼ ༴⨶࠭ᮠԕ৺ᵰ↫䘋〻ǃ㓸→䘋〻ǃᤲ䎧䘋〻ㅹ㌫㔏䈳⭘࠭ᮠDŽ exit.c 〻ᒿѫ㾱वᤜ⭘Ҿ༴⨶䘋〻㓸→Ⲵ㌫㔏䈳⭘DŽवਜ਼䘋〻䟺᭮ǃՊ䈍˄䘋〻㓴˅㓸→઼〻ᒿ䘰ࠪ Ԧѝˈ൘њѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻ѝˈሶ࠶࡛䈳⭘ traps.c ѝᓄⲴ C 䈝䀰༴⨶࠭ᮠDŽ asm.s 〻ᒿᱟ⭘Ҿ༴⨶㌫㔏⺜Ԧᔲᑨᡰᕅ䎧Ⲵѝᯝˈሩ⺜ԦᔲᑨⲴᇎ䱵༴⨶〻ᒿࡉᱟ൘ traps.c ᮷ ᮽԬⲺ䈹⭞ቸ⅗ީ㌱ ഴ 䘋㹼བྷᾲ࠶㊫ˈ㿱മ 5-29 ᡰ⽪DŽ ㌫മˈնӽ❦ਟԕޣ㌫༽ᵲˈഐ↔䘉䟼ቡн䈖㓶ࡇࠪ᮷Ԧѻ䰤Ⲵᕅ⭘ޣ⭡Ҿ䘉Ӌ᮷Ԧѝԓ⸱ѻ䰤䈳⭘ ⨶ѝᯝᔲᑨ઼䲧䱡Ⲵ༴⨶䗷〻DŽᆀⴞᖅѝवᤜҶվቲⲴ䇮༷傡ࣘ〻ᒿˈྲ get_hd_block ઼ tty_write ㅹDŽ ᆈ൘ kernel/ⴞᖅѝˈަѝवᤜ䊑 forkǃexitǃ䈳ᓖ〻ᒿԕ৺аӋ㌫㔏䈳⭘〻ᒿㅹDŽ䘈वᤜ༴؍࣑Ⲵ〻ᒿ䜭 वਜ਼ 12 њԓ⸱᮷Ԧ઼ањ Makefile ᮷Ԧˈਖཆ䘈ᴹ 3 њᆀⴞᖅDŽᡰᴹ༴⨶ԫޡ linux/kernel ⴞᖅѝ 5.10.6 Ṯぁᓅѱⴤᖋ kernel 䘀㹼 shell 〻ᒿDŽ ࠪањ⭘Ҿ䘀㹼 init()Ⲵ䘋〻ˈ൘䈕ᆀ䘋〻ѝˈ㌫㔏ሶ䘋㹼᧗ࡦਠ⧟ຳ䇮㖞ˈᒦф൘⭏ᡀањᆀ䘋〻⭘ᶕ ᒦ䇮㖞Ҷѝᯝݱ䇨ḷᘇDŽ൘ᢗ㹼ӾṨᗳᘱ〫ࡠ⭘ᡧᘱѻਾˈ㌫㔏ㅜа⅑䈳⭘ࡋᔪ䘋〻࠭ᮠ fork()ˈࡋᔪ ४ᆈਾ䶒ҏѪᆳ⮉лオ䰤DŽѻਾቡ䘋㹼ᡰᴹ⺜ԦⲴࡍॆᐕˈवᤜӪᐕࡋᔪㅜањԫ࣑˄task 0˅ˈ 〻ᒿ俆ݸṩᦞᵪಘᆈⲴཊቁሩ㕃ߢ४ᆈᇩ䟿䘋㹼࠶䝽ˈྲ᷌䘈䇮㖞Ҷ㾱֯⭘㲊ᤏⴈˈࡉ൘㕃ߢ ᒦ൘᧗ࡦਠ䇮༷к䘀㹼 shell 〻ᒿDŽ 䈕ⴞᖅѝӵवਜ਼ањ᮷Ԧ main.cDŽ⭘Ҿᢗ㹼ṨᡰᴹⲴࡍॆᐕˈ❦ਾ〫ࡠ⭘ᡧ⁑ᔿࡋᔪᯠ䘋〻ˈ 5.10.5 Ṯࡓခौぁᓅⴤᖋ init LQX[ ṨⓀԓ⸱Ⲵⴞᖅ㔃ᶴ/ FRQVROHFVHULDOF NH\ERDUG6 WW\BLRFWOF UVBLRV WW\BLRF Ѣ㹼㓸ㄟ傡ࣘ〻ᒿ ᧗ࡦਠ㓸ㄟ〻ᒿ кቲ᧕ਓ〻ᒿ UDPGLVNF EONK KGF IORSS\F OOBUZBEONF ᧕ਓDŽਖཆ䘈वᤜ൘Ѣ㹼ѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻ѝ䈳⭘Ⲵ C ࠭ᮠ do_tty_interrupt()ˈ䈕࠭ᮠሶՊ൘ѝᯝ㊫රѪ䈫 tty_io.c 〻ᒿѝवਜ਼ tty ᆇㅖ䇮༷䈫࠭ᮠ tty_read()઼߉࠭ᮠ tty_write()ˈѪ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ᨀҶкቲ䇯䰞 ഴ ᆍㅜ䇴༽ぁᓅҁ䰪Ⲻީ㌱⽰ᝅഴ ㌫DŽޣrs-232ǃѢ㹼㓸ㄟǃ䭞ⴈ઼᧗ࡦਠ㓸ㄟ䇮༷Ⲵ傡ࣘDŽമ 5-31 ᱟ䘉Ӌ᮷Ԧѻ䰤Ⲵབྷ㠤䈳⭘ቲ⅑ ਜ਼ᴹ 4 њ C 䈝䀰〻ᒿ઼ 2 њ≷㕆〻ᒿ᮷ԦDŽ䘉Ӌ᮷Ԧᇎ⧠ҶሩѢ㹼ㄟਓޡᆇㅖ䇮༷〻ᒿᆀⴞᖅ ᆍㅜ䇴༽傧ࣞぁᓅᆆⴤᖋ kernel/chr_drv 䇯䰞ඇ䇮༷ᮠᦞⲴൠᯩ㻛䈳⭘ˈቔަᱟ൘儈䙏㕃ߢ४༴⨶᮷Ԧ fs/buffer.c ѝDŽ ll_rw_block()ˈṨѝᡰᴹަԆ〻ᒿ䜭ᱟ䙊䗷䈕࠭ᮠሩඇ䇮༷䘋㹼ᮠᦞ䈫߉DŽሶⴻࡠ䈕࠭ᮠ൘䇨ཊ /߉傡ࣘ࠭ᮠˈѫ㾱ᱟ do_fd_request()࠭ᮠDŽll_rw_blk.c ѝ〻ᒿᇎ⧠Ҷվቲඇ䇮༷ᮠᦞ䈫/߉࠭ᮠ 䘋㹼䈫/߉Ⲵᓅቲ傡ࣘ࠭ᮠˈѫ㾱ᱟ do_hd__request()࠭ᮠ˗floppy.c 〻ᒿѝѫ㾱ᇎ⧠Ҷሩ䖟ⴈᮠᦞඇⲴ䈫 ⭘Ⲵඇ䇮༷㔃ᶴ઼ᮠᦞඇ䈧≲㔃ᶴDŽhd.c 〻ᒿѫ㾱ᇎ⧠ሩ⺜ⴈᮠᦞඇޡ blk.h ѝᇊѹҶ 3 њ C 〻ᒿѝ ഴ EONBGUY ⴤᖋѣᮽԬⲺቸ⅗ީ㌱Ⱦ ㌫ˈ㿱മ 5-30 ᡰ⽪DŽޣҾᱟඇ䇮༷〻ᒿу⭘Ⲵˈᡰԕо C ᮷Ԧ᭮൘а䎧DŽ䘉ࠐњ᮷Ԧѻ䰤Ⲵབྷ㠤 वਜ਼ 4 њ c ᮷Ԧ઼ 1 њཤ᮷ԦDŽཤ᮷Ԧ blk.h ⭡ޡࡠ儈䙏㕃ߢ४ѝˈ❦ਾᨀ㔉⭘ᡧDŽblk_drv ᆀⴞᖅ ޕѻ䰤֯⭘Ҷ儈䙏㕃ߢᵪࡦDŽ൘䇯䰞ඇ䇮༷кⲴᮠᦞᰦˈ㌫㔏俆ݸԕᮠᦞඇⲴᖒᔿᢺඇ䇮༷кⲴᮠᦞ䈫 ൘֯⭘ඇ䇮༷ᰦˈ⭡Ҿަᮠᦞੀ䟿བྷˈѪҶ㜭ཏ儈᭸⦷ൠ֯⭘ඇ䇮༷кⲴᮠᦞˈ൘⭘ᡧ䘋〻оඇ䇮༷ 䙊ᑨᛵߥлˈ⭘ᡧᱟ䙊䗷᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ᶕ䇯䰞䇮༷Ⲵˈഐ↔䇮༷傡ࣘ〻ᒿѪ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ᇎ⧠Ҷ䈳⭘᧕ਓDŽ ඍ䇴༽傧ࣞぁᓅᆆⴤᖋ kernel/blk_drv ḷ߶ᓃ࠭ᮠѝⲴᆇㅖѢṬᔿॆ࠭ᮠDŽޕ vsprintf.c 〻ᒿᇎ⧠Ҷ⧠൘ᐢ㓿ᖂ ㌫㔏䈳⭘ᓄⲴ C 䈝䀰༴⨶࠭ᮠѝˈ䘉Ӌ༴⨶࠭ᮠ࠶ᐳ൘ᮤњ Linux Ṩԓ⸱ѝDŽ system_call.s 〻ᒿᇎ⧠Ҷ Linux ㌫㔏䈳⭘˄int 0x80˅Ⲵ᧕ਓ༴⨶䗷〻ˈᇎ䱵Ⲵ༴⨶䗷〻ࡉवਜ਼൘ sys.c 〻ᒿवᤜᖸཊ㌫㔏䈳⭘࠭ᮠˈަѝᴹӋ䘈⋑ᴹᇎ⧠DŽ ᮠ do_signal()DŽ LQX[ ṨⓀԓ⸱Ⲵⴞᖅ㔃ᶴ/ ࠭ᮠᶕ࠶䝽㇑⨶ᆈオ䰤DŽ do_no_page()઼ do_wp_page()࠭ᮠDŽ൘ࡋᔪᯠ䘋〻㘼ᢗ㹼༽ࡦ䘋〻ᰦˈণ֯⭘䈕᮷ԦѝⲴᆈ༴⨶ memory.c 〻ᒿवᤜሩᆈ䘋㹼ࡍॆⲴ࠭ᮠ mem_init()ˈ⭡ page.s Ⲵᆈ༴⨶ѝᯝ䗷〻䈳⭘Ⲵ ᣔDŽ؍ѝᯝ઼䇯䰞䶎⌅ൠ൰㘼ᕅ䎧Ⲵ亥 page.s ᮷Ԧवᤜᆈ亥䶒ᔲᑨѝᯝ˄int 14˅༴⨶〻ᒿˈѫ㾱⭘Ҿ༴⨶〻ᒿ⭡Ҿ㕪亥㘼ᕅ䎧Ⲵ亥ᔲᑨ 䍍ˈᒦᢗ㹼߉ᰦ༽ࡦᵪࡦDŽ ԫ࣑࠶䝽ањ⇥֯⭘DŽ࠶亥ᵪࡦ⭘ҾᢺᤷᇊⲴ⢙⨶ᆈ亥䶒᱐ሴࡠ⇥ˈỰ⍻ fork ࡋᔪⲴԫօ䟽༽Ⲵᤧ њ⇥ˈ⇿њ⇥ 64MBDŽᡰᴹṨ〻ᒿঐ⭘ަѝㅜањ⇥ˈᒦф⢙⨶ൠ൰о䈕⇥㓯ᙗൠ൰਼DŽ❦ਾ⇿њ Linux ṨሩᆈⲴ༴⨶֯⭘Ҷ࠶亥઼࠶⇥є⿽ᯩᔿDŽ俆ݸᱟሶ 386 Ⲵ 4G 㲊ᤏൠ൰オ䰤࠶ࢢᡀ 64 ㌫DŽޣᆈ४Ⲵ⢙⨶ᆈ亥ѻ䰤ᔪ・Ҷሩᓄ ԕ৺㓯ᙗൠ൰ࡠѫᆈ४ѝ⢙⨶ᆈൠ൰Ⲵ᱐ሴˈ䙊䗷ᆈⲴ࠶亥㇑⨶ᵪࡦˈ൘䘋〻Ⲵ㲊ᤏᆈ亥оѫ 䈕ⴞᖅवᤜ 2 њԓ⸱᮷ԦDŽѫ㾱⭘Ҿ㇑⨶〻ᒿሩѫᆈ४Ⲵ֯⭘ˈᇎ⧠Ҷ䘋〻䙫䗁ൠ൰ࡠ㓯ᙗൠ൰ 5.10.8 ᆎ㇗⨼ぁᓅⴤᖋ mm ࠭ᮠ wait()ǃࡋᔪՊ䈍㌫㔏䈳⭘ setsid()ԕ৺൘ include/string.h ѝᇎ⧠ⲴᡰᴹᆇㅖѢ࠭ᮠDŽ ᢃᔰ࠭ᮠ open()ǃ߉᮷Ԧ࠭ᮠ write()ǃᢗ㹼〻ᒿ࠭ᮠ execve()ǃᆈ࠶䝽࠭ᮠ malloc()ǃㅹᖵᆀ䘋〻⣦ᘱ 䰝᮷Ԧ࠭ᮠ close(fd)ǃ༽ࡦ᮷Ԧ᧿䘠ㅖ࠭ᮠ dup()ǃ᮷Ԧޣ䘉Ӌ᮷Ԧѝѫ㾱वᤜᴹ䘰ࠪ࠭ᮠ_exit()ǃ 㔏䈳⭘Ⲵ᧕ਓ࠭ᮠDŽ 䲔Ҷањ⭡ tytso 㕆ࡦⲴ malloc.c 〻ᒿ䖳䮯ԕཆˈަԆⲴ〻ᒿᖸ⸝ˈᴹⲴਚᴹаҼ㹼ԓ⸱ˈᇎ⧠ҶаӋ㌫ ᴹ 12 њ C 䈝䀰᮷ԦˈޡаṧDŽ䈫㘵ਟӾѝҶ䀓а㡜 libc ࠭ᮠᓃⲴสᵜ㓴ᡀ⨶DŽ൘ lib/ⴞᖅѝޘᯩ⌅ᆼ ѪṨࡍॆ〻ᒿ init/main.c 䘀㹼൘⭘ᡧᘱⲴ䘋〻˄䘋〻 0ǃ1˅ᨀ䈳⭘᭟ᤱDŽᆳоᲞ䙊䶉ᘱᓃⲴᇎ⧠ C ࠭ᮠᓃᖸབྷDŽഐ↔൘ṨⓀԓ⸱ѝᴹу䰘ањ lib/ⴞᖅᨀṨ䴰㾱⭘ࡠⲴаӋ࠭ᮠDŽṨ࠭ᮠᓃ⭘Ҿ оᲞ䙊⭘ᡧ〻ᒿн਼ˈṨԓ⸱н㜭֯⭘ḷ߶ C ࠭ᮠᓃ৺ަԆаӋ࠭ᮠᓃDŽѫ㾱ഐᱟ⭡ҾᆼᮤⲴ 5.10.7 Ṯᓉ࠳ᮦⴤᖋ lib SIGFPEDŽ ॿ༴⨶ಘⲴԯⵏԓ⸱DŽᵜ〻ᒿѝਚᱟᢃঠаᶑࠪ䭉ؑˈᒦੁ⭘ᡧ〻ᒿਁ䘱ањॿ༴⨶ಘ䭉䈟ؑਧ ޣѝᯝDŽഐ↔ˈ֯⭘䈕ѝᯝቡਟԕ⭘䖟Ԧᶕԯⵏॿ༴⨶ಘⲴ࣏㜭DŽᵜҖᡰ䇘䇪ⲴṨ⡸ᵜ䘈⋑ᴹवਜ਼ᴹ 〻ᒿ䈳⭘Ⲵ C ࠭ᮠDŽᖃᵪಘѝ⋑ᴹᮠᆖॿ༴⨶ಘˈ㘼 CPU ত৸ᢗ㹼Ҷॿ༴⨶ಘⲴᤷԔᰦˈቡՊᕅਁ䈕 䈕ᆀⴞᖅѝⴞࡽӵᴹањ C 〻ᒿ math_emulate.cDŽަѝⲴ math_emulate()࠭ᮠᱟѝᯝ int7 Ⲵѝᯝ༴⨶ অ༺⨼ಞԵⵕૂᬃ֒ぁᓅᆆⴤᖋ kernel/math keyboard.S 〻ᒿѫ㾱ᇎ⧠Ҷ䭞ⴈѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻 keyboard_interruptDŽ Պ൘ᇎ⧠㌫㔏䈳⭘ sys_ioctl()Ⲵ fs/ioctl.c 〻ᒿѝ㻛䈳⭘DŽ tty_ioctl.c 〻ᒿᇎ⧠Ҷ tty Ⲵ io ᧗ࡦ᧕ਓ࠭ᮠ tty_ioctl()ԕ৺ሩ termio(s)㓸ㄟ io 㔃ᶴⲴ䈫߉࠭ᮠˈᒦ वᤜ tty ⭘ҾᖰѢਓ䗃ࠪⲴ rs_write()࠭ᮠDŽ serial.c ⭘Ҿሩᔲ↕Ѣ㹼䙊ؑ㣟⡷ UART 䘋㹼ࡍॆˈᒦ䇮㖞єњ䙊ؑㄟਓⲴѝᯝੁ䟿DŽਖཆ䘈 do_tty_interrupt()DŽ ˄ㄟਓ 0x3fa ᡆ 0x2fa˅ѝਆᗇⲴ 4 ⿽ѝᯝ㊫ර࠶࡛䘋㹼༴⨶ˈᒦ൘༴⨶ѝᯝ㊫රѪ䈫ᆇㅖⲴԓ⸱ѝ䈳⭘ rs_io.s ≷㕆〻ᒿ⭘Ҿᇎ⧠єњѢ㹼᧕ਓⲴѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿDŽ䈕ѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿՊṩᦞӾѝᯝḷ䇶ᇴᆈಘ ሩᱮ⽪ಘ઼䭞ⴈѝᯝⲴࡍॆ䇮㖞〻ᒿ con_init()DŽ console.c ᮷Ԧѫ㾱वਜ਼᧗ࡦਠࡍॆ〻ᒿ઼᧗ࡦਠ߉࠭ᮠ con_write()ˈ⭘Ҿ㻛 tty 䇮༷䈳⭘DŽ䘈वਜ਼ ᆇㅖⲴ༴⨶ѝ㻛䈳⭘DŽ LQX[ ṨⓀԓ⸱Ⲵⴞᖅ㔃ᶴ/ ⸱᮷Ԧ䘋㹼㕆䈁ǃ䘎᧕ᡆ䘋㹼ᆹ㻵ㅹ⍫ࣘDŽ make ભԔˈᆳቡՊᦞ Makefile ᮷ԦѝⲴ䇮㖞ሩⓀ〻ᒿᡆⴞḷԓ ޕ㾱൘ਜ਼ᴹ Makefile Ⲵᖃࡽⴞᖅѝ䭞 ᮠᦞ᮷ԦDŽਚޕMakefile ᮷ԦᖃҾ〻ᒿ㕆䈁䗷〻ѝⲴᢩ༴⨶᮷ԦDŽᱟᐕާ〻ᒿ make 䘀㹼ᰦⲴ䗃 5.12.1 ࣕ㜳ᨅ䘦 ਾ㔝ㄐ㢲ሶ᤹➗䘉䟼㊫լⲴ᧿䘠㔃ᶴ䘋㹼⌘䟺DŽ Ӿᵜ㢲䎧ˈᡁԜᔰሩṨⓀԓ⸱᮷Ԧ䘋㹼⌘䟺DŽ俆ݸ⌘䟺 linux ⴞᖅл䙷ࡠⲴㅜањ᮷Ԧ MakefileDŽ 5.12 linux/Makefile ᮽԬ ㌫㔏Ⲵ൘㓯ㅜ 3 䜘࠶DŽ ᮷ẓਟ৲㿱ޣӋⲴᙗ㜭ˈնᱟᓃ࠭ᮠত㜭ᨀᴤཊⲴ࣏㜭ˈ㘼фᴤާỰ䭉㜭࣋DŽ㌫㔏ᨀⲴᓃ࠭ᮠᴹ ઼ close ㊫լⲴ࣏㜭ˈնতᱟ൘ᴤ儈Ⲵቲ⅑кDŽ൘䘉⿽ᛵߥлˈ㌫㔏䈳⭘䙊ᑨ㜭ᨀ∄ᓃ࠭ᮠ⮕ᗞྭа ḀӋᓃ࠭ᮠਚᱟ㌫㔏䈳⭘Ⲵ໎ᕪ࣏㜭⡸DŽֻྲˈḷ߶ I/O ᓃ࠭ᮠ fopen ઼ fclose ᨀҶо㌫㔏䈳⭘ open 䗃઼ࠪᆇㅖѢ༴⨶࠭ᮠDŽ/ޕᓃ࠭ᮠа㡜वᤜ C 䈝䀰⋑ᴹᨀⲴᢗ㹼儈㓗࣏㜭Ⲵ⭘ᡧ㓗࠭ᮠˈֻྲ䗃 ᮷ẓਟ৲㿱 Linux ㌫㔏Ⲵ൘㓯Ⲵㅜ 2 䜘࠶DŽޣ᧕䇯䰞㌫㔏䈳⭘ᆿDŽ㌫㔏䈳⭘Ⲵᴹ ἽᙗቡнྭҶDŽഐ↔ⴞࡽ Linux ḷ߶ᓃ LSB˄Linux Standard Base˅઼䇨ཊަԆḷ߶䜭нݱ䇨ᓄ⭘〻ᒿⴤ ཤ᮷Ԧѝᇊѹ˅ˈᒦфᑨԕᆿⲴᖒᔿᇎ⧠DŽᓄ⭘〻ᒿнᓄ䈕ⴤ᧕֯⭘㌫㔏䈳⭘ˈഐѪ䘉ṧⲴ䈍ˈ〻ᒿⲴ〫 ㌫㔏䈳⭘ᱟṨоཆ⭼᧕ਓⲴᴰ儈ቲDŽ൘Ṩѝˈ⇿њ㌫㔏䈳⭘䜭ᴹањᒿࡇਧ˄൘ include/unistd.h ḷ߶ˈ䛓Ѹᓄ⭘〻ᒿቡਟԕ൘䘉Ӌ㌫㔏ѻ䰤ާᴹਟ〫ἽᙗDŽ ㌫DŽᰐ䇪ањ㌫㔏ᨀⲴ㌫㔏䈳⭘ᱟཊѸᗇн਼ˈնਚ㾱ᆳ䚥ᗚ਼ањ APIޣ⭘ѻ䰤ࡠᓅᆈ൘ӰѸ ণн֯⭘Ṩ࣏㜭DŽഐ↔࠭ᮠᓃਟԕⴻᱟᇎ⧠䊑 POSIX ḷ߶Ⲵѫփ⭼䶒ˈᓄ⭘〻ᒿн⭘㇑ᆳо㌫㔏䈳 ᇎ⧠DŽᖃ❦ḀӋ API ࠭ᮠਟ㜭ṩᵜቡн䴰㾱֯⭘㌫㔏䈳⭘ˈ਼ޡ⭘ሩᓄˈҏਟ㜭⭡ࠐњ㌫㔏䈳⭘Ⲵ࣏㜭 о㌫㔏䈳⭘Ⲵ४࡛൘Ҿ˖ѪҶᇎ⧠Ḁаᓄ⭘〻ᒿ᧕ਓḷ߶ˈֻྲ POSIXˈަѝⲴ API ਟԕоањ㌫㔏䈳 ൘ UNIX ㊫㌫㔏ѝˈᴰѪᲞ䙽֯⭘ⲴᱟสҾ POSIX ḷ߶Ⲵ API ᧕ਓDŽLinux ᖃ❦ҏнֻཆDŽAPI ㌫㔏ؑDŽ 䰝ሩ᮷Ԧᡆ䇮༷Ⲵ䇯䰞ǃ䘋㹼、ᆖ䇑㇇ǃࠪ䭉༴⨶ԕ৺䇯䰞㓴઼⭘ᡧḷ䇶ਧ ID ㅹޣˈֻྲˈᢃᔰ઼ ѹҶᓄ⭘〻ᒿ֯⭘Ⲵа㓴ḷ߶㕆ᡀ᧕ਓDŽ䙊䗷䈳⭘䘉ӋᓃѝⲴ〻ᒿˈᓄ⭘〻ᒿԓ⸱㜭ཏᆼᡀ⿽ᑨ⭘ᐕ libc ㅹᓃѝ࠭ᮠᶕ䇯䰞Ṩ䍴ⓀDŽ䘉ӋᓃѝⲴ࠭ᮠᡆ䍴Ⓚ䙊ᑨ㻛〠Ѫᓄ⭘〻ᒿ㕆ᡀ᧕ਓ˄API˅DŽަѝᇊ ㌫㔏䈳⭘ѫ㾱ᨀ㔉㌫㔏䖟Ԧ㕆〻ᡆ㘵⭘Ҿᓃ࠭ᮠⲴᇎ⧠DŽ㘼а㡜⭘ᡧᔰਁⲴ〻ᒿࡉᱟ䙊䗷䈳⭘䊑 ԓ⸱䈳⭘ҶṨ㌫㔏䈳⭘࣏㜭ˈ৲㿱മ 5-4 ᡰ⽪DŽ ᯩ⌅оสᵜ C ࠭ᮠᓃ libc ѝ㊫լ࠭ᮠⲴᇎ⧠ᯩ⌅สᵜ਼ˈѪҶ֯⭘Ṩ䍴Ⓚˈᴰ㓸䜭ᱟ䙊䗷፼≷㕆 Ṩሩᡰᴹ⭘ᡧ〻ᒿᡆ䘋〻ᇎ䱵кਚᨀ㌫㔏䈳⭘䘉а⿽㔏аⲴ᧕ਓDŽlib/ⴞᖅлṨᓃ࠭ᮠԓ⸱Ⲵᇎ⧠ ؑӔ⍱DŽн䗷Ṩᓃ࠭ᮠӵṨࡋᔪⲴԫ࣑ 0 ઼ԫ࣑ 1 ֯⭘ˈᆳԜᴰ㓸䘈ᱟ৫䈳⭘㌫㔏䈳⭘DŽഐ↔ ҏণѝᯝ䈳⭘ int 0x80˗ਖаᯩ䶒ᱟ䙊䗷ᔰਁ⧟ຳᓃ࠭ᮠᡆṨᓃ࠭ᮠ˄൘ㅜ 12 ㄐѝ䈤᰾˅оṨ䘋㹼 ൘ Linux ㌫㔏ѝˈṨѪ⭘ᡧ〻ᒿᨀҶєᯩ䶒Ⲵ᭟ᤱDŽަаᱟ㌫㔏䈳⭘᧕ਓ˄൘ㅜ 5 ㄐѝ䈤᰾˅ˈ 5.11 Ṯ㌱㔕фᓊ⭞ぁᓅⲺީ㌱ ᮷Ԧ imageDŽަާփⲴ࣏㜭ਟ৲㿱лаㄐᇩDŽۿⲴṨ᱐ 䈕ⴞᖅлⲴ build.c 〻ᒿ⭘Ҿሶ Linux њⴞᖅѝ㻛࠶࡛㕆䈁⭏ᡀⲴⴞḷԓ⸱䘎᧕ਸᒦᡀањਟ䘀㹼 5.10.9 㕌䈇Ṯᐛޭぁᓅⴤᖋ tools ㌫ޣṨ㌫㔏оᓄ⭘〻ᒿⲴ ,PDJH ᮷ԦۿṨ᱐ %XLOG ᐕާ ERRWVHFW VHWXS V\VWHP KHDG PDLQ NHUQHO PP IV OLE $6 JDV*18 ≷㕆㕆䈁ಘ઼䘎᧕ಘˈ㿱ࡇ㺘ਾⲴӻ㓽DŽ /' OGᱟ˖⭏ᡀ ⴞḷ〻ᒿ˗D⭏ᡀо JDV ઼ JOG 䜘࠶ެᇩⲴԓ⸱DŽ $6 DVD ≷㕆㕆䈁ಘ઼䘎᧕ಘˈ㿱ࡇ㺘ਾⲴӻ㓽DŽਾᑖⲴ৲ᮠਜ਼ѹ࠶࡛ 5$0',6. '5$0',6. ˈ৲㿱ㅜ 㹼DŽ '5$0',6. ࡉ JFF 㕆䈁ᰦՊᑖᴹ䘹亩 5$0',6. 䇮༷Ⲵ䈍ቡᇊѹඇⲴབྷሿDŽ䘉䟼唈䇔 5$0',6. ⋑ᴹᇊѹ˄⌘䟺ᦹҶ˅ˈ ྲ᷌㾱֯⭘ 5$0 ⴈ VL]HLQEORFNV LI\RXZDQWWKHUDPGLVNGHYLFHGHILQHWKLVWREHWKH ぁᓅ 5-1 linux/Makefile ᮽԬ 5.12.2 ԙ⸷⌞䠀 ഴ Ṯ㕌䈇䘔㓺ਾ㔉ᶺ 䬮᧕ࡠṨԓ⸱ѝDŽสᵜ㕆䈁䘎᧕/㓴ਸ㔃ᶴྲമ 5-32 ᡰ⽪DŽ ᮷Ԧ imageDŽbuild ᱟ⭡ tools/build.c Ⓚ〻ᒿ㕆䈁㘼ᡀⲴањ⤜・Ⲵᢗ㹼〻ᒿˈᆳᵜ䓛ᒦ⋑ᴹ㻛㕆䈁ۿṨ᱐ ֯⭘ GNU Ⲵ㕆䈁ಘ gcc/gas 䘋㹼㕆䈁ˈᒦ䬮᧕⁑ඇ systemDŽᴰਾ⭘ build ᐕާሶ䘉йඇ㓴ਸᡀањ bootsect.sǃsetup.s ֯⭘ 8086 ≷㕆ಘ䘋㹼㕆䈁ˈ࠶࡛⭏ᡀ㠚Ⲵᢗ㹼⁑ඇDŽሩⓀԓ⸱ѝⲴަԆᡰᴹ〻ᒿ ᮷Ԧ imageDŽާփᱟሩ boot/ѝⲴۿ㹼〻ᒿሶᡰᴹṨ㕆䈁ԓ⸱䘎᧕઼ਸᒦᡀањਟ䘀㹼ⲴṨ᱐ 䘉њ Makefile ᮷ԦⲴѫ㾱⭘ᱟᤷ⽪ make 〻ᒿᴰ㓸֯⭘⤜・㕆䈁䘎᧕ᡀⲴ tools/ⴞᖅѝⲴ build ᢗ Ѫ'#'Ⲵ㹼ᱟ⌘䟺㹼DŽ᮷Ԧᔰཤ䜘࠶Ⲵ'='䍻٬䈝ਕᇊѹҶаӋ৲ᮠᡆભԔⲴ㕙߉DŽ ᯠˈሩҾ⇿ањ䴰㾱ᴤᯠⲴ᮷ԦᆳՊṩᦞ Makefile ѝⲴؑਁࠪᓄⲴભԔDŽ൘ Makefile ᮷Ԧѝˈᔰཤ ᱟ֯⭘ Makefile ᮠᦞ᮷Ԧ઼ԓ⸱᮷ԦⲴᴰਾ؞᭩ᰦ䰤(last-modification time)ᶕ⺞ᇊ䛓Ӌ᮷Ԧ䴰㾱䘋㹼ᴤ ؞᭩䗷〻ᒿ㌫㔏ѝⲴḀӋⓀԓ⸱᮷Ԧਾˈᢗ㹼 make ભԔቡ㜭䘋㹼ᡰᴹᗵ㾱Ⲵ䟽ᯠ㕆䈁ᐕDŽmake 〻ᒿ ᴤᯠⲴˈ㘼䘉Ӌⴞḷ᮷Ԧࡉᱟ⭡㕆䈁〻ᒿࡋᔪⲴDŽаᰖ㕆߉ྭањਸ䘲Ⲵ Makefile ᮷Ԧˈ䛓Ѹ൘⇿⅑ ㌫ˈᒦ䪸ሩ⇿њ䴰㾱ᴤᯠⲴ᮷Ԧ㔉ࠪާփⲴ᧗ࡦભԔDŽ䙊ᑨˈᢗ㹼〻ᒿᱟṩᦞަⴞḷ᮷Ԧ䘋㹼ޣѻ䰤Ⲵ ᒿ᮷Ԧ䘋㹼㕆䈁DŽ൘֯⭘ make ѻࡽˈ䴰㾱㕆߉ Makefile ؑ᮷Ԧˈ䈕᮷Ԧ᧿䘠Ҷᮤњ〻ᒿवѝ〻ᒿ make ᐕާ〻ᒿ㜭㠚ࣘൠ⺞ᇊањབྷ〻ᒿ㌫㔏ѝ䛓Ӌ〻ᒿ᮷Ԧ䴰㾱㻛䟽ᯠ㕆䈁ˈᒦਁࠪભԔሩ䘉Ӌ〻 OLQX[0DNHILOH ᮷Ԧ '5,9(56 NHUQHOEONBGUYEONBGUYDNHUQHOFKUBGUYFKUBGUYD ԕ৺Ӿᖂẓ᮷Ԧѝᣭਆ᮷ԦDŽ 䳶ਸⲴᓃ᮷Ԧˈ䙊ᑨᱟ⭘ *18 Ⲵ DU 〻ᒿ⭏ᡀDŽDU ᱟ *18 ⲴҼ䘋ࡦ᮷Ԧ༴⨶〻ᒿˈ⭘Ҿࡋᔪǃ؞᭩ 㺘⽪䈕᮷Ԧᱟњᖂẓ᮷Ԧˈҏণवਜ਼ᴹ䇨ཊਟᢗ㹼Ҽ䘋ࡦԓ⸱ᆀ〻ᒿ D ඇ઼ᆇㅖ䇮༷ᓃ᮷ԦDŽ $5&+,9(6 NHUQHONHUQHORPPPPRIVIVR $5&+,9(6˄ᖂẓ᮷Ԧ˅ḷ䇶ㅖ㺘⽪DŽ л䶒ᱟ NHUQHO ⴞᖅǃPP ⴞᖅ઼ IV ⴞᖅᡰӗ⭏Ⲵⴞḷԓ⸱᮷ԦDŽѪҶᯩׯᕅ⭘൘䘉䟼ሶᆳԜ⭘ 5227B'(9 GHYKG ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ᡰ൘Ⲵ࠶४ս㖞DŽ 䘉䟼GHYKG ሩᓄㅜ њ⺜ⴈⲴㅜ њ࠶४DŽ䘉ᱟ /LQXV ᔰਁ /LQX[ Ṩᰦ㠚ᐡⲴᵪಘкṩ EXLOG 〻ᒿ˄൘ WRROVⴞᖅѝ˅ቡ֯⭘唈䇔٬GHYKGDŽ )/233< ǃGHY[[[[ ᡆ㘵ᒢ㜶オ⵰ˈオ⵰ᰦ ൘Ⲵ䇮༷ˈ䘉ਟԕᱟ䖟ⴈ LPDJH ᮷Ԧᰦᡰ֯⭘Ⲵ唈䇔ṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ᡰ ۿ5227B'(9 ᤷᇊ൘ࡋᔪṨ᱐ EXLOG GHIDXOWRIGHYKGLVXVHGE\ 7KLVFDQEHHLWKHU)/233<GHY[[[[RUHPSW\LQZKLFKFDVHWKH 5227B'(9VSHFLILHVWKHGHIDXOWURRWGHYLFHZKHQPDNLQJWKHLPDJH &33 FSSQRVWGLQF,LQFOXGH 䘹亩ᤷᇊⲴⴞᖅᡆ㘵ᱟ൘ᖃࡽⴞᖅ䟼ᩌ㍒ཤ᮷ԦDŽ , лⲴཤ᮷Ԧˈ㘼ᱟ֯⭘ ਜ਼ѹᱟн㾱ᩌ㍒ḷ߶ཤ᮷ԦⴞᖅѝⲴ᮷Ԧˈণн⭘㌫㔏XVULQFOXGHⴞᖅ QRVWGLQF,LQFOXGH Ⲵ䈝ਕDŽ ㅹᶑԦࡔ࡛㹼⭘Ҿ⺞ᇊᱟवਜ਼ަᤷᇊ㤳തѝ HQGLI ઼ LIQGHI ǃ LIGHI ǃ LI 〻ᒿѝᡰᴹ ᇊѹⲴᆿ䜭Պ֯⭘ަᇊѹ䜘࠶ᴯᦒᦹDŽ GHILQH ᔰⲴ㹼൷䴰㾱⭡ࡽ༴⨶ಘ䘋㹼༴⨶DŽ〻ᒿѝᡰᴹ ᤷᇊⲴ᮷Ԧवਜ਼䘋ᶕDŽⓀ〻ᒿ᮷Ԧѝᡰᴹԕㅖਧ LQFOXGH वਜ਼䘋ᤷᇊ᮷ԦⲴᇩˈণᢺ֯⭘ 亴 ༴⨶ಘ〻ᒿDŽࡽ༴⨶ಘ⭘Ҿ䘋㹼〻ᒿѝⲴᆿᴯᦒ༴⨶ǃᶑԦ㕆䈁༴⨶ԕ৺ л䶒 FSS ᱟ JFF Ⲵࡽ IFRPELQHUHJVPVWULQJLQVQV &)/$*6 :DOO2IVWUHQJWKUHGXFHIRPLWIUDPHSRLQWHU? ᆇㅖѢᤷԔˈਟԕ৫ᦹDŽ /LQXV ൘ᆖҐ JFF 㕆䈁ಘᰦѪ JFF ໎࣐Ⲵ䘹亩ˈ⭘Ҿ JFF ൘༽ࡦ㔃ᶴㅹᰦ֯⭘ &38 Ⲵ ⮉൘ᇴᆈಘѝDŽ䘉ṧ൘࠭ᮠѝਟԕ䚯ݽሩᑗᤷ䪸Ⲵ઼㔤ᣔDŽPVWULQJLQVQVᱟ؍ᢺᑗᤷ䪸 ಘⲴᤷԔ㓴ਸ൘а䎧DŽIRPLWIUDPHSRLQWHUᤷ᰾ሩҾᰐ䴰ᑗᤷ䪸˄)UDPHSRLQWHU˅Ⲵ࠭ᮠн㾱 ҾՈॆᗚ⧟䈝ਕ˗IFRPELQHUHJV ⭘Ҿᤷ᰾㕆䈁ಘ൘㓴ਸ㕆䈁䱦⇥ᢺ༽ࡦањᇴᆈಘࡠਖањᇴᆈ Ⲵ㕆䈁ḷᘇDŽަѝIVWUHQJWKUHGXFH ⭘ޣᤷᇊоᵪಘᰐ I ḷᘇ 䆖ؑ˗2ሩԓ⸱䘋㹼ՈॆDŽ ㅖਧ㺘⽪ла㹼ᱟ㔝㹼DŽ䘹亩ਜ਼ѹѪ˖:DOOᢃঠᡰᴹ ? л䶒ᤷᇊ JFF ֯⭘Ⲵ䘹亩DŽࡽа㹼ᴰਾⲴ 5$0',6. && JFF 䶒࣐кㅖਧᒦ⭘ᤜਧᤜտḷ䇶ㅖDŽ VFULSW 〻ᒿ㘼䀰ˈ൘ᕅ⭘ᇊѹⲴḷ䇶ㅖᰦˈ䴰൘ࡽ JFF ᱟ *18& 〻ᒿ㕆䈁ಘDŽሩҾ 81,; ㊫Ⲵ㝊ᵜ /')/$*6 V[0 Ь䘎᧕ѝवਜ਼Ⲵᡰᴹ᮷Ԧᡀઈ৺ަᕅ⭘ⲴㅖਧDŽ ㅖਧྲօ᭮㖞˗ޡޜЬ Ьⴞḷ᮷Ԧ৺ㅖਧؑ᱐ሴࡠᆈѝⲴս㖞˗ ࡠᆈѝⲴս㖞ؑDŽާփᶕ䇢ᴹྲлؑ˖ޕѝࡇࠪҶ〻ᒿ⇥㻵ަˈۿӗ⭏Ⲵа⿽ᆈൠ൰᱐ OLQNPDS ˈᱟᤷ⭡䘎᧕〻ᒿ ۿᱮ⽪ಘ кᢃঠ䘎᧕᱐ ᡰᴹተ䜘ㅖਧ˗0㺘⽪䴰㾱൘ḷ߶䗃ࠪ䇮༷ л䶒ᱟ *18 䬮᧕ಘ JOG 䘀㹼ᰦ⭘ࡠⲴ䘹亩DŽਜ਼ѹᱟ˖V䗃ࠪ᮷Ԧѝⴱ⮕ᡰᴹⲴㅖਧؑ˗[ࡐ䲔 /' JOG OLQX[0DNHILOH ᮷Ԧ 㺘⽪ WRROV ⴞᖅѝⲴ V\VWHP ᮷Ԧ㾱⭡߂ਧਣ䗩ᡰࡇⲴݳ㍐⭏ᡀDŽ 㹼ᱟ⭏ᡀ V\VWHP ⲴભԔDŽ ERRWKHDGV࡙⭘к䶒㔉ࠪⲴVR 㿴ࡉ⭏ᡀ KHDGR ⴞḷ᮷ԦDŽ ERRWKHDGR RWRROVEXLOGWRROVEXLOGF㕆䈁⭏ᡀᢗ㹼〻ᒿ EXLOG ⲴભԔDŽ &)/$*6 ? && WRROVEXLOGF⭡ WRROV ⴞᖅлⲴ EXLOGF 〻ᒿ⭏ᡀᢗ㹼〻ᒿ EXLOGDŽ WRROVEXLOG LI ,PDJHRI GHY36 GGEV ,PDJH GLVN 䇮༷᮷Ԧ DŽ൘ /LQX[ ㌫㔏л֯⭘GHYIGDŽ ᤷㅜањ䖟ⴈ傡ࣘಘ Ⲵ᮷ԦˈRI 㺘⽪䗃ࠪࡠⲴ᮷ԦDŽ䘉䟼GHY36 ᱟޕᔿॆDŽEV 㺘⽪а⅑䈫߉Ⲵᆇ㢲ᮠDŽLI 㺘⽪䗃 㺘⽪ GLVN 䘉њⴞḷ㾱⭡ ,PDJH ӗ⭏DŽGG Ѫ 81,; ḷ߶ભԔ˖༽ࡦањ᮷Ԧˈṩᦞ䘹亩䘋㹼䖜ᦒ઼Ṭ V\QF 5227B'(9 !,PDJH WRROVEXLOGERRWERRWVHFWERRWVHWXSWRROVV\VWHP ERRWERRWVHFWERRWVHWXSWRROVV\VWHPWRROVEXLOG ,PDJH ᒦᴤᯠ䎵㓗ඇDŽ ᮷Ԧ ,PDJHDŽㅜ 㹼Ⲵ V\QF ਼↕ભԔᱟ䘛֯㕃ߢඇᮠᦞ・ণ߉ⴈۿѪṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏䇮༷㓴㻵ᡀṨ᱐ 5227B'(9 ᖅлⲴ EXLOG ᐕާ〻ᒿ˄л䶒Պ䈤᰾ྲօ⭏ᡀ˅ሶ ERRWVHFWǃVHWXS ઼ V\VWHP ᮷Ԧԕ ᮷ԦǃWRROVⴞᖅѝⲴ V\VWHP ઼ EXLOG ᮷ԦDŽ 㹼䘉ᱟᢗ㹼ⲴભԔDŽ 㹼㺘⽪֯⭘ WRROV ⴞ 䈤᰾ⴞḷ˄,PDJH ᮷Ԧ˅ᱟ⭡߂ਧਾ䶒Ⲵ њݳ㍐ӗ⭏ˈ࠶࡛ᱟ ERRWⴞᖅѝⲴ ERRWVHFW ઼ VHWXS ,PDJH DOO 䖟ⴈⲴભԔ৲㿱 㹼DŽ'26 ㌫㔏лਟԕ֯⭘䖟Ԧ UDZULWHH[HDŽޕ/LQX[ лሶ ,PDJH ߉ 䖟ⴈቡਟԕ֯⭘䈕䖟ⴈᕅሬ /LQX[ ㌫㔏ҶDŽ൘ޕ᮷Ԧ ERRWLPDJHDŽ㤕ሶަ߉ۿণᱟᕅሬࣘⴈ᱐ 㺘⽪ࡋᔪ 0DNHILOH ᡰ⸕Ⲵᴰ亦ቲⲴⴞḷDŽ䘉䟼ণᱟ ,PDJH ᮷ԦDŽ䘉䟼⭏ᡀⲴ ,PDJH ᮷Ԧ DOO л䶒 R QRVWGLQF,LQFOXGHFR &)/$*6 ? && FR R ⴞḷ᮷ԦDŽᮤਕ㺘⽪֯⭘ JFF ሶ & 䈝䀰᮷Ԧ㕆䈁ᡀⴞḷ᮷Ԧնн䘎᧕DŽ F ᮷ԦÆ ㊫լк䶒ˈ R $6 FR VR ⴞḷ᮷ԦDŽF㺘⽪ਚ㕆䈁ᡆ≷㕆ˈնн䘋㹼䘎᧕DŽ 㺘⽪ሶᡰᴹV ≷㕆〻ᒿ᮷Ԧ㕆䈁ᡀR ⴞḷ᮷ԦDŽᮤਕ㺘⽪֯⭘ JDV 㕆䈁ಘሶ≷㕆〻ᒿ㕆䈁ᡀR V QRVWGLQF,LQFOXGH6R &)/$*6 ? && FV ᱟ F ᮷Ԧˈࡉਟⴤ᧕֯⭘ㅜ њ㿴ࡉDŽ ⭘ㅜањ㿴ࡉ˗㤕ⴞᖅᱟRˈ㘼᮷ԦᱟVˈࡉ֯⭘ㅜ њ㿴ࡉ˗㤕ⴞḷᱟR ᮷Ԧ㘼᮷Ԧ л䶒䘉 њн਼㿴ࡉ࠶࡛⭘Ҿн਼Ⲵ㾱≲DŽ㤕ⴞḷᱟV ᮷Ԧˈ㘼Ⓚ᮷ԦᱟF ᮷ԦࡉՊ֯ Ⲵ᮷ԦDŽ F ԓ㺘ㅜањݸߣᶑԦˈ䘉䟼ণᱟㅖਸᶑԦ ˅ᱟ㠚ࣘⴞḷਈ䟿ˈ # ˄ᡆ V 㺘⽪ަਾᱟ䗃ࠪ᮷ԦⲴᖒᔿDŽަѝ R ਾ㔰DŽ V ࣐к ਾ F ᮷ԦሩᓄⲴ≷㕆䈝䀰ᖒᔿⲴԓ⸱᮷ԦDŽ唈䇔ᛵߥлᡰӗ⭏Ⲵ≷㕆〻ᒿ᮷Ԧᱟ & ᮷Ԧ৫ᦹ Ⲵњ &ޕӾ㘼ӗ⭏о䗃ˈ˅6˄→ڌ⭘ LQFOXGHⴞᖅѝⲴཤ᮷Ԧˈ൘䘲ᖃൠ㕆䈁ਾн䘋㹼≷㕆ቡ 㺘⽪л䶒ᱟ䈕㿴ࡉⲴભԔDŽᮤਕ㺘⽪䇙 JFF 䟷⭘ࡽ䶒 &)/$*6 ᡰᤷᇊⲴ䘹亩ԕ৺ӵ֯ ≷㕆〻ᒿDŽ V ᮷Ԧ㕆䈁⭏ᡀ F л䶒ᱟ PDNH 㘱ᔿⲴ䳀ᔿਾ㔰㿴ࡉDŽ䈕㹼ᤷ⽪ PDNH ࡙⭘л䶒ⲴભԔሶᡰᴹⲴ /,%6 OLEOLED⭡ OLEⴞᖅѝⲴ᮷Ԧᡰ㕆䈁⭏ᡀⲴ䙊⭘ᓃ᮷ԦDŽ 0$7+ NHUQHOPDWKPDWKDᮠᆖ䘀㇇ᓃ᮷ԦDŽ OLQX[0DNHILOH ᮷Ԧ ?OVOWRROVV\VWHP_JUHSV\VWHP HFKRQ6<66,=( ERRWERRWVHFWVWRROVV\VWHP WPSV ࠪҶ V\VWHP ⁑ඇⲴањᴰབྷ唈䇔䮯ᓖ٬DŽഐ↔䘉њ㿴ࡉ⧠൘ᐢ㓿н䎧⭘DŽ 〻ᒿѝ֯⭘Ⲵᯩ⌅DŽӾ ⡸Ṩᔰᐢн֯⭘䘉њᯩ⌅ˈ㘼ᱟⴤ᧕൘ ERRWVHFWV 〻ᒿᔰ༴㔉 ⌘˖䘉ᱟ /LQX[ ѻࡽⲴṨ⡸ᵜ˄˅㧧ਆ V\VWHP ⁑ඇ䮯ᓖᒦ࣐ࡠ ERRWVHFWV 㢲 ᆇ㢲DŽ ᇎ䱵䮯ᓖ ⭘Ҿ㧧ᗇ⭘þ㢲ÿ㺘⽪Ⲵ䮯ᓖؑˈ ᆇㅖѢˈWU ⭘Ҿ৫䲔㹼ቮⲴഎ䖖ㅖDŽަѝ˖ ᆈ൘ WPSV Ѥᰦ᮷ԦѝDŽFXW ભԔ⭘Ҿ࢚࠷؍JUHS ભԔਆᗇࡇ㺘㹼к᮷Ԧᆇ㢲ᮠᆇ⇥ؑˈᒦᇊੁ ਆᗇ V\VWHP 䮯ᓖⲴᯩ⌅ᱟ˖俆ݸ࡙⭘ભԔ OV ሩ㕆䈁⭏ᡀⲴ V\VWHP ⁑ඇ᮷Ԧ䘋㹼䮯ࡇ㺘ᱮ⽪ˈ⭘ ᴹĀ6<66,=( V\VWHP ᮷Ԧᇎ䱵䮯ᓖāа㹼ؑⲴ WPSV ᮷Ԧˈ❦ਾሶ ERRWVHFWV ᮷Ԧ࣐൘ަਾDŽ ൘ᢺ V\VWHP ⁑ඇ࣐䖭ࡠᆈᵏ䰤⭘Ҿᤷ᰾㌫㔏⁑ඇⲴ䮯ᓖDŽ࣐䈕㹼ؑⲴᯩ⌅ᱟ俆ݸ⭏ᡀਚਜ਼ V\VWHP ⁑ඇ᮷Ԧ䮯ᓖؑˈ ޣ 㹼Ⲵ⭘ᱟ൘ ERRWVHFWV ᮷ᵜ〻ᒿᔰ༴࣐а㹼ᴹ л䶒 /' VRERRWERRWVHFWERRWERRWVHFWR $6 RERRWERRWVHFWRERRWERRWVHFWV ERRWERRWVHFWV਼кDŽ⭏ᡀ ERRWVHFWR ⻱ⴈᕅሬඇDŽ ERRWERRWVHFW /' VRERRWVHWXSERRWVHWXSRV䘹亩㺘⽪㾱৫䲔ⴞḷ᮷ԦѝⲴㅖਧؑDŽ $6 RERRWVHWXSRERRWVHWXSVሩ VHWXSV ᮷Ԧ䘋㹼㕆䈁⭏ᡀ VHWXS ᮷ԦDŽ ERRWVHWXSV䘉䟼ᔰⲴй㹼ᱟ֯⭘ ≷㕆઼䘎᧕ಘ ERRWVHWXS PDNH FGOLE ᓃ࠭ᮠ OLED OLEOLED PDNH FGIV ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ⴞḷ⁑ඇ IVR IVIVR PDNH FGPP ᆈ㇑⨶⁑ඇ PPR PPPPR PDNH FGNHUQHO Ṩⴞḷ⁑ඇ NHUQHOR NHUQHONHUQHOR PDNH FGNHUQHOFKUBGUY ⭏ᡀᆇㅖ䇮༷࠭ᮠ᮷Ԧ FKUBGUYDDŽ NHUQHOFKUBGUYFKUBGUYD PDNH FGNHUQHOEONBGUY ⭏ᡀඇ䇮༷ᓃ᮷Ԧ EONBGUYDˈަѝਜ਼ᴹਟ䟽ᇊսⴞḷ᮷ԦDŽ NHUQHOEONBGUYEONBGUYD PDNH FGNHUQHOPDWK NHUQHOPDWKPDWKD NHUQHOPDWKⴞᖅ˗䘀㹼 PDNH ᐕާ〻ᒿDŽ ޕᮠᆖॿ༴⨶࠭ᮠ᮷Ԧ PDWKD ⭡ 㹼кⲴભԔᇎ⧠˖䘋 RWRROVV\VWHP!6\VWHPPDS /,%6 ? 0$7+ ? '5,9(56 ? $5&+,9(6 ? /')/$*6 ERRWKHDGRLQLWPDLQR? /' /,%6 0$7+ '5,9(56 $5&+,9(6 ERRWKHDGRLQLWPDLQR? WRROVV\VWHP Ҿ 6\VWHPPDS ᮷ԦⲴ⭘䙄৲㿱⌘䟺ਾⲴ䈤᰾DŽޣ 䟽ᇊੁᆈ᭮൘ 6\VWHPPDS ᮷ԦѝDŽۿᴰਾⲴ!6\VWHPPDS㺘⽪ JOG 䴰㾱ሶ䘎᧕᱐ OLQX[0DNHILOH ᮷Ԧ ᆈⲴᯩ⌅ǃṨᘱḸ઼⭘ᡧᘱḸⲴ䇮㖞઼֯⭘ᯩ⌅ǃѝᯝᵪࡦǃ㌫㔏ᰦ䫏ᇊᰦԕ৺䘋〻ࡋᔪǃ䈳ᓖ઼㓸 ᵜㄐᾲ䘠Ҷ Linux ᰙᵏ㌫㔏ⲴṨ⁑ᔿ઼փ㌫㔃ᶴDŽ俆ݸ㔉ࠪҶ Linux 0.11 Ṩ֯⭘઼㇑⨶ 5.13 ᵢㄖቅ㔉 LQFOXGHVWGGHIKLQFOXGHVWGDUJKLQFOXGHIFQWOK LQFOXGHOLQX[PPKLQFOXGHVLJQDOKLQFOXGHDVPV\VWHPKLQFOXGHDVPLRK? LQFOXGHOLQX[VFKHGKLQFOXGHOLQX[KHDGKLQFOXGHOLQX[IVK? LQFOXGHXWLPHKLQFOXGHWLPHKLQFOXGHOLQX[WW\KLQFOXGHWHUPLRVK? LQFOXGHV\VW\SHVKLQFOXGHV\VWLPHVKLQFOXGHV\VXWVQDPHK? LQLWPDLQFLQFOXGHXQLVWGKLQFOXGHV\VVWDWK? LQLWPDLQR 'HSHQGHQFLHV PDNHGHS FGPP PDNHGHS FGNHUQHO PDNHGHS ሩ IVⴞᖅлⲴ 0DNHILOH ᮷Ԧҏ਼ṧⲴ༴⨶DŽ FGIV FSWPSBPDNH0DNHILOH GRQH !!WPSBPDNH &33 0L GRHFKRQLQLW F IRULLQLQLW 0DNHILOH!WPSBPDNH ???'HSHQGHQFLHVT VHG Ⲵ٬DŽ L ᱟ䘉ਕࡽ䶒Ⲵ VKHOO ਈ䟿 L DŽ䘉䟼 L ᇎ䱵кᱟ L 㹼кⲴ ❦ਾᢺ亴༴⨶㔃᷌䜭࣐ࡠѤᰦ᮷Ԧ WPSBPDNH ѝˈᴰਾሶ䈕Ѥᰦ᮷Ԧ༽ࡦᡀᯠⲴ 0DNHILOH ᮷ԦDŽ ㌫ˈণ䈕Ⓚ᮷Ԧѝवਜ਼Ⲵᡰᴹཤ᮷Ԧࡇ㺘DŽޣ㔃᷌ᖒᔿቡᱟᓄⓀ〻ᒿ᮷ԦⲴⴞḷ᮷Ԧ࣐кަ䎆 ᙗⲴ㿴ࡉˈᒦф䘉Ӌ㿴ࡉㅖਸ PDNH 䈝⌅DŽሩҾ⇿ањⓀ᮷Ԧˈ亴༴⨶〻ᒿՊ䗃ࠪањ㿴ࡉˈަޣ 䇹亴༴⨶〻ᒿ FSS 䗃ࠪ᧿䘠⇿њⴞḷ᮷Ԧ 0 ਚᴹањ᮷Ԧ PDLQF˅ᢗ㹼 JFF 亴༴⨶DŽḷᘇ ањѤᰦ᮷Ԧ WPSBPDNH˄ҏণ 㹼Ⲵ⭘˅DŽ❦ਾሩᤷᇊⴞᖅл˄LQLW˅Ⲵ⇿ањ & ᮷Ԧ˄ަᇎ 㹼ਾ䶒Ⲵᡰᴹ㹼ˈণࡐ䲔Ҷл䶒Ӿ ᔰࡠ᮷ԦᵛⲴᡰᴹ㹼ˈᒦ⭏ᡀ 'HSHQGHQFLHV ᮷Ԧѝ ֯⭘ᆇㅖѢ㕆䗁〻ᒿ VHG ሩ 0DNHILOH ᮷Ԧ˄䘉䟼ণᱟᵜ᮷Ԧ˅䘋㹼༴⨶ˈ䗃ࠪѪࡐ䲔Ҷ 0DNHILOH F ᮷ԦDŽާփᯩ⌅ྲл˖ Ⲵᡰᴹޣ㕆䈁о䈕ཤ᮷Ԧᴹ ㌫ˈ䟽ᯠޣᱟ䴰㾱䟽ᔪањⴞḷሩ䊑DŽ∄ྲᖃḀњཤ᮷Ԧ㻛᭩ࣘ䗷ਾˈPDNH ቡ㜭䙊䗷⭏ᡀⲴ䎆 ㌫ᱟѪҶ䇙 PDNH ભԔ⭘ᆳԜᶕ⺞ᇊޣ㌫DŽࡋᔪ䘉Ӌ䎆ޣ䈕ⴞḷᡆ㿴ࡉ⭘Ҿӗ⭏᮷Ԧѻ䰤Ⲵ䎆 GHS V\QF䘛֯㕃ߢඇᮠᦞ・ণ߉ⴈᒦᴤᯠ⻱ⴈ䎵㓗ඇDŽ WDUFIOLQX[_FRPSUHVV!EDFNXS= FG FOHDQ EDFNXS Ր䙂㔉㕙〻ᒿ FRPSUHVVˈᒦሶ㕙〻ᒿⲴ䗃ࠪᆈᡀ EDFNXS= ᮷ԦDŽ _ 㺘⽪ሶ WDU 〻ᒿⲴᢗ㹼䙊䗷㇑䚃 _FRPSUHVV 㺘⽪䴰㾱ࡋᔪᯠⲴᖂẓ᮷Ԧ FI 〻ᒿDŽ 㺘⽪ሩ OLQX[ⴞᖅᢗ㹼 WDU ᖂẓ WDUFIOLQX[ 㺘⽪䘰ࡠ OLQX[Ⲵка㓗˄⡦˅ⴞᖅ˗ FG 㕙᮷ԦDŽ EDFNXS= 䈕㿴ࡉሶ俆ݸᢗ㹼к䶒Ⲵ FOHDQ 㿴ࡉˈ❦ਾሩ OLQX[ⴞᖅ䘋㹼㕙ˈ⭏ᡀ PDNHFOHDQ FGOLE PDNHFOHDQ FGNHUQHO PDNHFOHDQ FGIV PPⴞᖅ˗ᢗ㹼䈕ⴞᖅ 0DNHILOH ᮷ԦѝⲴ FOHDQ 㿴ࡉDŽ ޕPDNHFOHDQ 䘋 FGPP R RWRROVV\VWHPWRROVEXLOGERRW UPILQLW UPI,PDJH6\VWHPPDSWPSBPDNHFRUHERRWERRWVHFWERRWVHWXS ᱟ᮷Ԧࡐ䲔ભԔˈ䘹亩I ਜ਼ѹᱟᘭ⮕нᆈ൘Ⲵ᮷Ԧˈᒦфнᱮ⽪ࡐ䲔ؑDŽ UP 㹼кⲴભԔˈ৫䲔ᡰᴹ㕆䈁䘎᧕⭏ᡀⲴ᮷ԦDŽ ᰦˈቡՊᢗ㹼 PDNHFOHDQ ᖃᢗ㹼 FOHDQ FDWERRWERRWVHFWV!!WPSV HFKR !WPSV ? _FXWF_WU ᵜㄐሿ㔃 ᵜㄐᇩਟԕⴻᱟሩ Linux 0.11 Ṩ䟽㾱ؑⲴᖂ㓣䈤᰾ˈഐ↔ਟѪ䰵䈫ਾ㔝ㄐ㢲Ⲵ৲㘳ᇩDŽ ሩṨⓀԓ⸱䘋㹼⌘䟺DŽ ਼ᰦ䈤᰾Ҷ Linux 0.11 ᡰ֯⭘Ⲵⴞḷ᮷ԦṬᔿDŽᴰਾӾ Linux ṨѫⴞᖅлⲴ makefile ᮷Ԧ⵰ˈᔰ ㌫DŽޣ→ᯩ⌅DŽ❦ਾṩᦞⓀԓ⸱Ⲵⴞᖅ㔃ᶴᖒᔿˈ䈖㓶ൠӻ㓽Ҷњᆀⴞᖅѝԓ⸱᮷ԦⲴสᵜ࣏㜭઼ቲ⅑ ᵜㄐሿ㔃 ࡠӾᆈൠ൰ 0x10000˄64KB˅ᔰ༴ˈഐ↔Ӿᵪಘ࣐⭥ᔰ亪ᒿᢗ㹼Ⲵ〻ᒿ㿱മ 6-1 ᡰ⽪DŽޕ䈫 ࡠᆈ 0x90200 ༴ˈ㘼ṨⲴަԆ䜘࠶˄system ⁑ඇ˅ࡉ㻛ޕ䇮༷ѝਾ 2KB ᆇ㢲ԓ⸱˄boot/setup.s˅䈫 ൰ 0x7C00˄31KB˅༴ˈᖃᆳ㻛ᢗ㹼ᰦቡՊᢺ㠚ᐡ〫ࣘࡠᆈ㔍ሩൠ൰ 0x90000˄576KB˅༴ˈᒦᢺࣘ ࡠᆈ㔍ሩൠޕ Linux Ⲵᴰᴰࡽ䶒䜘࠶ᱟ⭘ 8086 ≷㕆䈝䀰㕆߉Ⲵ˄boot/bootsect.s˅ˈᆳሶ⭡ BIOS 䈫 ࣘ䇮༷䙊ᑨᱟ䖟傡ᡆᱟ⺜ⴈDŽ䘉䟼Ⲵਉ䘠ᱟ䶎ᑨㆰঅⲴˈն䘉ᐢ㓿䏣ཏ⨶䀓ṨࡍॆⲴᐕ䗷〻ҶDŽ ᆈ㔍ሩൠ൰ 0x7C00 ༴ˈᒦ䐣䖜ࡠ䘉њൠᯩDŽޕࣘ䇮༷Ⲵㅜањᡷ४˄⻱ⴈᕅሬᡷ४ˈ512 ᆇ㢲˅䈫 ൠ൰DŽPC ᵪⲴ BIOS ሶᢗ㹼ḀӋ㌫㔏ⲴỰ⍻ˈᒦ൘⢙⨶ൠ൰ 0 ༴ᔰࡍॆѝᯝੁ䟿DŽ↔ਾˈᆳሶਟ ᇎ⁑ᔿˈᒦӾൠ൰ 0xFFFF0 ᔰ㠚ࣘᢗ㹼〻ᒿԓ⸱ˈ䘉њൠ൰䙊ᑨᱟ ROM-BIOS ѝⲴޕCPU ሶ㠚ࣘ䘋 䘉䟼ݸᙫփ䈤᰾ал Linux ㌫㔏ࣘ䜘࠶Ⲵѫ㾱ᢗ㹼⍱〻DŽᖃ PC Ⲵ⭥Ⓚᢃᔰਾˈ80x86 㔃ᶴⲴ 6.1 ᙱ։ࣕ㜳 㓿⨶䀓ࡽ䶒ࠐㄐⲴᇩˈ൘䰵䈫ԓ⸱ᰦᡁԜቡһ䇪һൠ䪸ሩާփ䰞仈䘋㹼䈖㓶䈤᰾DŽ ᣔ⁑ᔿлⲴ㕆〻⨶DŽᡰԕ൘ᔰ䰵䈫Ⓚԓ⸱ѻࡽᓄ䈕ᐢ؍༴⨶ಘⲴ PC ᵪⲴփ㌫㔃ᶴԕ৺ 80386 32 ս 䰵䈫䘉Ӌԓ⸱䲔Ҷ䴰㾱⸕䚃аӋа㡜 8086 ≷㕆䈝䀰Ⲵ⸕䇶ԕཆˈ䘈㾱Ҷ䀓аӋ䟷⭘ Intel 80X86 ᗞ VHWXSV E\WHV E\WHV KHDGV ERRWVHFWVE\WHV *07 䈤᰾ ᆇ㢲 ᴰਾ؞᭩ᰦ䰤 ᮷Ԧ 䮯ᓖ ࡍ㺞 6-1 linux/boot/ⴤᖋ ⭘㔏аⲴ as ᶕ㕆߉DŽ֯ޘԓ⸱āሿ㢲DŽնⴤࡠṨ⡸ᵜ 2.4.X 䎧ˈbootsect.s ઼ setup.s 〻ᒿᆼ ᙗāа㢲ѝĀ㕆߉ 16 ս⢩ޣԔDŽ৲㿱 GNU ≷㕆ಘljUsing as - The GNU AssemblerNJѝĀ80386 лⲴ 16 սԓ⸱〻ᒿDŽⴤࡠ 1994 ᒤԕਾਁᐳⲴ GNU as ≷㕆ಘᔰ᭟ᤱ㕆䈁 16 սԓ⸱Ⲵ.code16 ՚ᤷ ≷㕆㕆䈁ಘӵ㜭᭟ᤱ i386 ৺ԕਾࠪⲴ CPU ԓ⸱ᤷԔˈ㤕н䟷⭘⢩↺ᯩ⌅ቡн㜭᭟ᤱ⭏ᡀ䘀㹼൘ᇎ⁑ᔿ Linus ᖃᰦ֯⭘є⿽≷㕆㕆䈁ಘⲴѫ㾱ഐ൘ҾሩҾ Intel x86 ༴⨶ಘ㌫ࡇᶕ䇢ˈLinus 䛓ᰦⲴ GNU AT&T 䈝⌅Ⲵ≷㕆䈝䀰〻ᒿDŽ ᣔ⁑ᔿлˈ䴰㾱⭘ GNU Ⲵ as˄gas˅䘋㹼㕆䈁DŽ䘉ᱟа⿽؍ࡉ֯⭘ GNU Ⲵ≷㕆〻ᒿṬᔿˈᒦф䘀㹼൘ ᒿˈ䟷⭘䘁լҾ Intel Ⲵ≷㕆䈝䀰䈝⌅ᒦф䴰㾱֯⭘ Intel 8086 ≷㕆㕆䈁ಘ઼䘎᧕ಘ as86 ઼ ld86ˈ㘼 head.s ᮷Ԧ㲭❦䜭ᱟ≷㕆〻ᒿˈնত֯⭘Ҷє⿽䈝⌅ṬᔿDŽbootsect.s ઼ setup.s ᱟᇎ⁑ᔿл䘀㹼Ⲵ 16 սԓ⸱〻 ᵜㄐѫ㾱᧿䘠 boot/ⴞᖅѝⲴйњ≷㕆ԓ⸱᮷Ԧˈ㿱ࡇ㺘 6-1 ᡰ⽪DŽ↓ྲ൘ࡽаㄐѝᨀࡠⲴˈ䘉йњ ㅜ6ㄐᕅሬࣘ〻ᒿ˄boot˅ ᙫփ࣏㜭 . ] ԓ⸱ᢗ㹼ս㖞㓯䐟 V\VWHP ⁑ඇѝⲴ KHDGV 〻ᒿ V\VWHP ⁑ඇ VHWXSV 〻ᒿ ERRWVHFWV 〻ᒿ . 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[F V\VWHP ⁑ඇ 520%,26 ERRWVHFW6 VHWXSV KHDGV PDLQF bootsect Ⲵԓ⸱ѪӰѸнᢺ㌫㔏⁑ඇⴤ᧕࣐䖭ࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰ 0x0000 ᔰ༴㘼㾱൘ setup 〻ᒿѝ䘋㹼 䘀䖜ѻࡽᱟ༴⨶нҶࠪ䭉ⲴDŽޘ൘㌫㔏䘈⋑ᴹᆼ ѝⲴˈ䘉ਟ㜭ᱟᮤњṨѝᴰᴹ䇰ソⲴԓ⸱ҶDŽ⌘ྲ᷌൘ࡽ䘠ԫօа↕ѝࠪҶ䭉ˈ䇑㇇ᵪቡՊ↫䬱DŽ ⺞䇔ˈ࠶亥ᐕҏ䇮㖞ྭҶ˗ᴰ㓸䈳⭘ init/main.c ѝⲴ main()〻ᒿDŽк䘠ⲴⓀԓ⸱ᱟ൘ boot/head.s ༴˅DŽ↔ᰦᡰᴹ 32 ս䘀㹼ᯩᔿⲴ䇮㖞ࣘ㻛ᆼᡀ: IDTǃGDT ԕ৺ LDT 㻛࣐䖭ˈ༴⨶ಘ઼ॿ༴⨶ಘҏᐢ ᣔ⁑ᔿᒦ䐣䖜㠣㌫㔏Ⲵ։л䜘࠶˄൘ 0x0000؍ޕᔿDŽ❦ਾሶᮤњ㌫㔏Ӿൠ൰ 0x10000 〫㠣 0x0000 ༴ˈ䘋 ࣘ䜘࠶䇶࡛ѫᵪⲴḀӋ⢩ᙗԕ৺ VGA Ⲵ㊫රDŽྲ᷌䴰㾱ˈᆳՊ㾱≲⭘ᡧѪ᧗ࡦਠ䘹ᤙᱮ⽪⁑ ഴ ࣞᕋሲᰬṮ൞ᆎѣⲺփ㖤ૂ〱ࣞⲺփ㖤߫ 䀰〻ᒿDŽ ࣐䖭ᵏ䰤ሶᱮ⽪ؑ"Loading..."DŽ❦ਾ᧗ࡦᵳሶՐ䙂㔉 boot/setup.s ѝⲴԓ⸱ˈ䘉ᱟਖањᇎ⁑ᔿ≷㕆䈝 ս㖞മDŽ൘㌫㔏ۿ〻ᒿᡆ⁑ඇ൘ᆈѝⲴࣘᘱս㖞DŽަѝˈ⇿аㄆᶑṶԓ㺘Ḁаᰦᆈѝ〻ᒿⲴ᱐ ㅹҾᇎ䱵Ⲵ⢙⨶ൠ൰ˈׯҾሩṨԓ⸱઼ᮠᦞ䘋㹼DŽമ 6-2 Რൠᱮ⽪ࠪ Linux ㌫㔏ࣘᰦ䘉ࠐњ ඇDŽਾ䶒 setup 〻ᒿሶՊᢺ system ⁑ඇ〫ࣘࡠ⢙⨶ᆈ䎧ս㖞༴ˈ䘉ṧ system ⁑ඇѝԓ⸱Ⲵൠ൰ҏণ ൠ൰ 0x10000 ᔰս㖞༴ᰦᒦнՊ㾶ⴆ൘ 0x90000˄576KB˅༴ᔰⲴ bootsect ઼ setup ⁑⨶⢙ޕ⁑ඇ䈫 ഐѪᖃᰦ system ⁑ඇⲴ䮯ᓖнՊ䎵䗷 0x80000 ᆇ㢲བྷሿ˄ণ 512KB˅ˈᡰԕ bootsect 〻ᒿᢺ system ഴ Ԅ㌱㔕ࣖ⭫䎭ᡶᢝ㺂ぁᓅⲺ亰ᓅ ᙫփ࣏㜭 VHWXS ⁑ඇ ERRW ᡷ४ V\VWHP ⁑ඇ ぁᓅ 6-1 linux/boot/bootsect.s 6.2.2 ԙ⸷⌞䠀 䈖㓶ӻ㓽DŽ Ԧ㌫㔏ˈӾ㘼ਟԕࡋᔪࠪ֯⭘অᕐ⻱ⴈቡ㜭䇙㌫㔏䘀䖜䎧ᶕⲴ䳶ᡀⴈᶕDŽ䘉ሶ൘ඇ䇮༷傡ࣘ〻ᒿаㄐѝ ਾⲴ 240 њᡷ४DŽ䘈࢙л 2630 ཊњᡷ४ᵚ㻛֯⭘DŽ䘉Ӌ࢙։Ⲵᵚ⭘オ䰤ਟ㻛࡙⭘ᶕᆈ᭮ањสᵜⲴṩ᮷ ަѝᕅሬ〻ᒿԓ⸱ঐ⭘ㅜ 1 њᡷ४ˈsetup 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㺘⽪л䶒䈝ਕӾൠ൰ њ $6&,, ⸱ᆇㅖDŽ ޡE\WH DVFLL/RDGLQJV\VWHP E\WHഎ䖖ǃᦒ㹼Ⲵ $6&,, ⸱DŽ 䈳⭘ %,26 ѝᯝᱮ⽪ⲴؑDŽ PVJ ZRUGᆈ᭮ᖃࡽࣘ䖟ⴈ⇿⻱䚃Ⲵᡷ४ᮠDŽ VHFWRUV UHW SRSG[ RXWEሶ DO ѝⲴᇩ䗃ࠪࡠ G[ ᤷᇊⲴㄟਓ৫DŽ 䰝傜䗮DŽޣˈ≳䰝 )'&ˈ⾱→ '0$ ઼ѝᯝ䈧ޣˈPRYDO$ 傡ࣘಘ PRYG[[I䖟傡᧗ࡦⲴᮠᆇ䗃ࠪᇴᆈಘ˄'25˅ㄟਓˈਚ߉DŽ SXVKG[ NLOOBPRWRU 䖟傡᧗ࡦ㕆〻Ⲵ䈖㓶ؑ䈧৲㿱 NHUQHOEONBGUYIORSS\F 〻ᒿਾ䶒Ⲵ䈤᰾DŽޣ䰝傜䗮DŽᴹޣ ˈ≳䰝 )'&ˈ⾱→ '0$ ઼ѝᯝ䈧ޣˈቡᱟ⭘Ҿ䘹ᤙ $ 傡ࣘಘˈ٬ ㅜ 㹼к൘ DO ѝ䇮㖞ᒦ䗃ࠪⲴ ݱ䇨⾱→ '0$ ઼ѝᯝ䈧≲ԕ৺ࣘ༽ս䖟ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ )'&DŽս ս ⭘Ҿ䘹ᤙ䘹ᤙⲴ䖟傡DŽ 䰝DŽս ս ⭘Ҿޣањ սⲴᇴᆈಘˈަս ս ࠶࡛⭘Ҿ᧗ࡦ њ䖟傡˄'$˅Ⲵ઼ࣘ I ᱟ䖟ⴈ᧗ࡦಘⲴањㄟਓˈ㻛〠Ѫᮠᆇ䗃ࠪᇴᆈಘ˄'25˅ㄟਓDŽᆳᱟ] л䶒ㅜ 㹼кⲴ٬ ⸕䚃ᆳᡰ༴Ⲵ⣦ᘱˈԕਾҏቡᰐ享ᣵᗳᆳҶDŽ Ṩਾቡ㜭ޕ䰝䖟傡Ⲵ傜䗮ˈ䘉ṧᡁԜ䘋ޣ䘉њᆀ〻ᒿ⭘Ҿ WKDYHWRZRUU\DERXWLWODWHU GRQ WKDWZHHQWHUWKHNHUQHOLQDNQRZQVWDWHDQG 7KLVSURFHGXUHWXUQVRIIWKHIORSS\GULYHPRWRUVR MPSUHDGBWUDFN SRSD[ SRSE[ SRSF[ SRSG[ LQW[ PRYG[ ERRWVHFWV 〻ᒿ аӋᇎ傼DŽڊ⭘ bochs ⁑ᤏ㌫㔏Ӣ Ӿ䲿ਾḀаᤷᇊᡷ४ᔰᆈ᭮DŽ䘉є⿽ᯩ⌅൷䴰㾱ሩԓ⸱䘋㹼аӋ؞᭩DŽ䈫㘵ਟԕ৲㘳ᴰਾаㄐᇩ֯ ᮷Ԧ Image ᭮൘࠶४ᔰⲴаӋᡷ४ѝˈ㘼ṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ࡉۿ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏㓴ਸᆈ᭮൘ањ࠶४ѝˈণṨ᱐ ᮷Ԧ Image оṩۿࡠӾ⺜ⴈࣘ㌫㔏DŽਖањ࣎⌅ᱟᢺṨ᱐ڊ൘ሩ bootsect.s 〻ᒿᴰቁ؞᭩Ⲵࡽᨀл ImageDŽ㘼ᓄⲴṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ࡉ᭮൘ਖཆањ࠶४ѝDŽ䘉ṧ㲭❦⎚䍩Ҷ⺜ⴈⲴ 4 њѫ࠶४ѻаˈնᓄ䈕㜭 ᮷ԦۿᡁᡰᜣࡠⲴ䀓ߣ࣎⌅ᴹєњDŽа⿽࣎⌅ᱟу䰘䇮㖞ањሿᇩ䟿Ⲵ⍫ࣘ࠶४ᶕᆈ᭮Ṩ᱐ ᆈDŽޡ ᮷Ԧ Image ۿᔰᢗ㹼ѻDŽྲ᷌ⴤ᧕֯⭘䘉⿽ᯩᔿᶕᕅሬ㌫㔏ቡՊ⻠ࡠ䘉ṧањ䰞仈ˈণṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏н㜭оṨ᱐ ❦ਾṩᦞ MBR ѝ࠶४㺘ؑᡰᤷ᰾⍫ࣘ࠶४ѝⲴㅜ 1 њᡷ४˄ᕅሬᡷ४˅࣐䖭ࡠᆈ 0x7c00 ༴ˈ❦ਾ Record˅Պ㻛 BIOS ࣐䖭ࡠᆈ 0x7c00 ༴ᒦᔰᢗ㹼DŽ䈕〻ᒿՊ俆ݸᢺ㠚ᐡੁл〫ࣘࡠᆈ 0x600 ༴ˈ Ӿ⺜ⴈࣘⲴสᵜ⍱〻ᱟ˖㌫㔏к⭥ਾˈਟࣘ⺜ⴈⲴㅜ 1 њᡷ४˄ѫᕅሬ䇠ᖅ MBR - Master Boot ᮷ԦDŽۿ㔏DŽণⲴᕅሬᡷ४〻ᒿ䴰㾱㜭ཏ䇶࡛ᒦ䇯䰞᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ˈᒦӾѝ䈫ਆṨ᱐ ᮷Ԧ Image ༴Ҿ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ѝⲴս㖞ԕ৺ᱟӰѸ᮷Ԧ㌫ۿ࠶४Ⲵṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ѝDŽഐ↔ቡ䴰㾱⸕䚃Ṩ᱐ ᮷Ԧ Image Պᆈ᭮൘⍫ࣘۿbootsect 〻ᒿቡнՊ㻛ᢗ㹼ҶDŽഐѪྲ᷌Ӿ⺜ⴈࣘ㌫㔏ˈ䛓Ѹ䙊ᑨṨ᱐ ShoelaceǃLILO ᡆ Grub ㅹཊ㌫㔏ᕅሬ〻ᒿDŽ↔ᰦ bootsect.s ᡰᆼᡀⲴԫ࣑Պ⭡䘉Ӌ〻ᒿᶕᆼᡀDŽ 㤕䴰㾱Ӿ⺜ⴈ䇮༷ࣘ㌫㔏ˈ䛓Ѹ䙊ᑨ䴰㾱֯⭘ަԆཊ㌫㔏ᕅሬ〻ᒿᶕᕅሬ㌫㔏࣐䖭DŽֻྲ 6.2.3.2 Ԅ⺢ⴎࣞ㌱㔕 䘉⿽✖⩀Ⲵભᯩᔿˈ㘼ᱟ֯⭘о⧠൘਼Ⲵભᯩ⌅ҶDŽ ަѝ [ ઼ [ ᒦноଚњ࠶४ሩᓄˈ㘼ᱟԓ㺘ᮤњ⺜ⴈDŽӾ Linux Ṩ 0.95 ⡸ਾᐢ㓿н֯⭘ 0x309 /dev/hd9 㺘⽪ㅜ 2 њ⺜ⴈⲴㅜ 4 њ࠶४ 0x306 /dev/hd6 㺘⽪ㅜ 2 њ⺜ⴈⲴㅜ 1 њ࠶४ 0x305 /dev/hd5 ԓ㺘ᮤњㅜ 2 њ⺜ⴈ 0x304 /dev/hd4 㺘⽪ㅜ 1 њ⺜ⴈⲴㅜ 4 њ࠶४ 0x301 /dev/hd1 㺘⽪ㅜ 1 њ⺜ⴈⲴㅜ 1 њ࠶४ 0x300 /dev/hd0 ԓ㺘ᮤњㅜ 1 њ⺜ⴈ 䙫䗁䇮༷ਧ ሩᓄ䇮༷᮷Ԧ 䈤᰾ 㺞 6–1 ⺢ⴎ䙱䗇䇴༽ਭ 䇮༷ਧ*256 + ⅑䇮༷ਧDŽєњ⺜ⴈⲴᡰᴹ䙫䗁䇮༷ਧ㿱㺘 6–1 ᡰ⽪DŽ ⺜ⴈ䘈ᦞ࠶४Ⲵн਼⭘⅑䇮༷ਧ䘋㹼ᤷᇊ࠶४DŽഐ↔⺜ⴈⲴ䙫䗁䇮༷ਧ⭡ԕлᯩᔿᶴᡀ˖䇮༷ਧ=ѫ 2-⻱ⴈǃ3-⺜ⴈǃ4-WW\[ǃ5-WW\ǃ6-ᒦ㹼ਓǃ7-䶎ભ㇑䚃DŽ⭡Ҿ 1 њ⺜ⴈѝਟԕᴹ 1--4 њ࠶४ˈഐ↔ 〻ᒿѝ⎹৺Ⲵ⺜ⴈ䇮༷ભᯩᔿྲл˖⺜ⴈⲴѫ䇮༷ਧᱟ 3DŽަᆳ䇮༷Ⲵѫ䇮༷ਧ࠶࡛Ѫ˖1-ᆈǃ 6.2.3.1 Linux 0.11 ⺢ⴎ䇴༽ਭ ṧDŽ ᤱ 0.11 ⡸ bootsect 〻ᒿⲴ⁑؍㔝䰵䈫ᵜҖDŽሩҾᴰᯠᔰਁⲴ Linux Ṩˈ䘉⇥〻ᒿⲴ᭩ࣘҏᖸሿˈสᵜ ⸕䇶ˈ❦ਾ㔗ޣ᱃⨶䀓DŽ㤕↔ᰦ䰵䈫ӽᴹഠ䳮ˈ䛓Ѹᔪ䇞俆ݸ༽Ґал 80x86 ≷㕆৺ަ⺜ԦⲴ ҶṨࣘⲴ䈖㓶䗷〻ˈᖸᴹ৲㘳ԧ٬DŽ⭡Ҿ䘉⇥〻ᒿᱟ൘ 386 ᇎ⁑ᔿл䘀㹼Ⲵˈഐ↔ሩᶕሶ∄䖳ᇩ 㪇㘼⭡ᵜӪ㘫䈁ⲴljLinux ṨⓀԓ⸱╛⑨NJаㇷ᮷ㄐ(http://oldlinux.org/Linux.old/docs/)∄䖳䈖㓶ൠ᧿䘠 ሩ bootsect.s 䘉⇥〻ᒿⲴ䈤᰾઼᧿䘠ˈ൘ӂ䘎㖁кਟԕᩌ㍒ࡠབྷ䟿Ⲵ䍴ᯉDŽަѝ Alessandro Rubini 6.2.3 ެԌؗᚥ ERRWVHFWV 〻ᒿ 4 ㄐѝⲴ䈤᰾DŽ ṬᔿDŽLinux Ṩԓ⸱ѝ⭘ࡠⲴԓ⸱⇥ǃᮠᦞ⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴṬᔿ㿱മ 6-4 ᡰ⽪DŽަѝᆇ⇥Ⲵਜ਼ѹ䈧৲㿱ㅜ л䶒俆ݸㆰঅӻ㓽ал⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴṬᔿǃ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘Ⲵ㔃ᶴ઼⇥䘹ᤙㅖ˄ᴹӋҖѝ〠ѻս䘹ᤙᆀ˅Ⲵ ṩᦞṨⲴ䴰㾱䟽ᯠ䇮㖞䘉Ӌ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘DŽ ㅖ㺘˄GDT˅ˈᒦ൘ GDT ѝ䇮㖞ҶᖃࡽṨԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖ઼ᮠᦞ⇥Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖDŽл䶒൘ head.s 〻ᒿѝՊ ተ᧿䘠ޘ઼˅ᣔ⁑ᔿл䘀㹼ˈ൘ᵜ〻ᒿѝѤᰦ䇮㖞Ҷѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘˄IDT؍ѪҶ㜭䇙 head.s ൘ 32 ս 䖜ࡠսҾ system ⁑ඇᴰࡽ䶒䜘࠶Ⲵ head.s 〻ᒿ㔗㔝䘀㹼DŽ ᣔ⁑ᔿ䘀㹼ˈᒦ䐣؍ս 32 ޕ0x20 - 0x2fDŽᴰਾ䇮㖞 CPU Ⲵ᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ CR0˄ҏ〠ᵪಘ⣦ᘱᆇ˅ˈӾ㘼䘋 䘠ㅖ㺘ᇴᆈಘ(gdtr)ˈᔰ A20 ൠ൰㓯ˈ䟽ᯠ䇮㖞єњѝᯝ᧗ࡦ㣟⡷ 8259Aˈሶ⺜Ԧѝᯝਧ䟽ᯠ䇮㖞Ѫ ተ᧿ޘ઼(512KB˅ᮤඇੁл〫ࣘࡠᆈ㔍ሩൠ൰ 0x00000 ༴DŽ᧕лᶕ࣐䖭ѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᇴᆈಘ(idtr˖٬ ↔❦ਾ setup 〻ᒿሶ system ⁑ඇӾ 0x10000-0x8ffff˄ᖃᰦ䇔ѪṨ㌫㔏⁑ඇ system Ⲵ䮯ᓖнՊ䎵䗷 0x901FC 2 ṩ䇮༷ਧ ṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ᡰ൘Ⲵ䇮༷ਧ˄bootsec.s ѝ䇮㖞˅ 0x90090 16 ⺜ⴈ৲ᮠ㺘 ㅜ 2 њ⺜ⴈⲴ৲ᮠ㺘˄ྲ᷌⋑ᴹˈࡉ䴦˅ 0x90080 16 ⺜ⴈ৲ᮠ㺘 ㅜ 1 њ⺜ⴈⲴ৲ᮠ㺘 ... 0x9000C 2 ⢩ᙗ৲ᮠ ᱮ⽪⢩ᙗ৲ᮠ 0x9000B 1 ᱮ⽪⣦ᘱ 0x00-ᖙ㢢,I/O=0x3dX˗0x01-অ㢢,I/O=0x3bX 0x9000A 1 ᱮ⽪ᆈ ᱮ⽪ᆈ(0x00-64k,0x01-128k,0x02-192k,0x03=256k) 0x90008 2 ?? 0x90007 1 ᆇㅖࡇᮠ 0x90006 1 ᱮ⽪⁑ᔿ 0x90004 2 ᱮ⽪亥䶒 ᖃࡽᱮ⽪亥䶒 KB˅DŽ˄0x90002 2 ᢙኅᆈᮠ ㌫㔏Ӿ 1MB ᔰⲴᢙኅᆈᮠ٬ 0x90000 2 ݹḷս㖞 ࡇਧ˄0x00-ᴰᐖㄟ˅ˈ㹼ਧ˄0x00-ᴰ亦ㄟ˅ ᆈൠ൰ 䮯ᓖ(ᆇ㢲) 〠 ᧿䘠 㺞 āVHWXS ぁᓅ䈱ᒬؓ⮏Ⲻ৸ᮦ 〻ᒿㅹDŽ 〻ᒿ֯⭘ˈֻྲᆇㅖ䇮༷傡ࣘ〻ᒿ䳶ѝⲴ console.c ઼ tty_io.cޣ㖞㿱㺘 6̢2 ᡰ⽪DŽ䘉Ӌ৲ᮠሶ㻛Ṩѝ ⮉Ⲵᆈս؍ᆈࡠ 0x90000 ᔰⲴս㖞˄㾶ⴆᦹҶ bootsect 〻ᒿᡰ൘Ⲵൠᯩ˅ˈᡰਆᗇⲴ৲ᮠ઼؍Ӌᮠᦞ setup.s ᱟањ㌫㔏࣐䖭〻ᒿˈᆳⲴѫ㾱⭘ᱟ࡙⭘ ROM BIOS ѝᯝ䈫ਆᵪಘ㌫㔏ᮠᦞˈᒦሶ䘉 6.3.1 ࣕ㜳ᨅ䘦 6.3 setup.s ぁᓅ VHWXSV 〻ᒿ 3 ᆈ൘ : ਟ߉ /,0,7 ⇥䲀䮯 5 ਟ䈫 * 仇㋂ᓖ ( ᢙኅᯩੁ 3/ ᧿䘠ㅖ⢩ᵳ㓗' ' 唈䇔٬ 5& $ :( $ ԓ⸱⇥᧿䘠ㅖ ᮠᦞ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ %DVH$GGUHVV สൠ൰ 6HJPHQW/LPLW ⇥䲀䮯 '3/ ⇥䲀䮯 / 9 $ ' 3 * 7<3( %DVH สൠ൰ %DVH สൠ൰ %DVH$GGUHVV สൠ൰ 6HJPHQW/LPLW ⇥䲀䮯 '3/ ⇥䲀䮯 / 9 $ % 3 * 7<3( %DVH สൠ൰ %DVH สൠ൰ & а㠤ԓ⸱⇥ % 唈䇔བྷሿ $9/ 䖟Ԧਟ⭘ս $ ᐢ䇯䰞 㺘ᒦф㍒ᕅަѝⲴањ᧿䘠ㅖ亩ᆼᡀⲴDŽമ 6-5 ⽪ࠪҶ䘹ᤙㅖⲴṬᔿDŽ 䘉䟼ሩ䘹ᤙㅖ䘋㹼аӋ䈤᰾DŽ䙫䗁ൠ൰Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖ䜘࠶⭘Ҿᤷᇊа᧿䘠ㅖˈᆳᱟ䙊䗷ᤷᇊа᧿䘠ㅖ ᓖᱟ 4KBDŽ ⽪䈕⇥ᆈ൘Ҿᆈѝǃ⇥Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗࡛Ѫ 0ǃ⇥㊫රᱟਟ䈫ਟ߉Ⲵᮠᦞ⇥ˈ⇥ԓ⸱ᱟ 32 սⲴᒦф⇥Ⲵ仇㋂ 0x92 㺘 0x00C09200000007FFˈ㺘⽪ᮠᦞ⇥Ⲵ䲀䮯ᱟ 8MBˈ⇥൘㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴส൰ᱟ 0ˈ⇥㊫ර٬ Ѫ 0ǃ⇥㊫රᱟਟ䈫ਟᢗ㹼Ⲵԓ⸱⇥ˈ⇥ԓ⸱ᱟ 32 սⲴᒦф⇥Ⲵ仇㋂ᓖᱟ 4KBDŽᮠᦞ⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴ٬ᱟ 0x9A 㺘⽪䈕⇥ᆈ൘Ҿᆈѝǃ⇥Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗࡛ ᔰ㇇䎧Ⲵ˅ˈ⇥൘㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴส൰ᱟ 0ˈ⇥㊫ර٬ 0x00C09A00000007FFˈ㺘⽪ԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ䲀䮯ᱟ 8MB˄=(0x7FF + 1) * 4KBˈ䘉䟼࣐ 1 ᱟഐѪ䲀䮯٬ᱟӾ 0 ֻྲˈsetup.s 〻ᒿ䇮㖞Ⲵ GDT ᧿䘠ㅖ亩˄㿱〻ᒿㅜ 207--216 㹼˅ˈԓ⸱⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴ٬ᱟ ㅖ亩ᓄ䈕ሩᓄањተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘DŽ ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 GDT ѝањ᧿䘠ㅖ亩Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖDŽ䈕䘹ᤙㅖᡰሩᓄⲴ GDT 㺘ѝⲴ᧿䘠ޘ⽪ᆇ㢲Ⲵᮠˈ㺘 4 њᆇ㢲ᱟ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘Ⲵสൠ൰DŽ❦㘼䈧⌘ˈ䇯䰞 LDTR ᇴᆈಘⲴᤷԔ lldt ᡰ֯⭘Ⲵᮠতᱟањ 2 ᇴᆈಘDŽlgdt ֯⭘ᆈѝањ 6 ᆇ㢲ᮠᶕ࣐䖭 GDTR ᇴᆈಘDŽཤєњᆇ㢲ԓ㺘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘Ⲵ䮯ᓖˈਾ ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘Ⲵสൠ൰઼㺘Ⲵ䮯ᓖDŽᤷԔ lgdt ઼ sgdt ⭘Ҿ䇯䰞 GDTR ᇴᆈಘ˗ᤷԔ lldt ઼ sldt ⭘Ҿ䇯䰞 LDTR ᆈҶ؍䗷֯⭘ GDTR ઼ LDTR ᇴᆈಘᶕᇊս GDT 㺘઼ᖃࡽⲴ LDT 㺘DŽ䘉єњᇴᆈಘԕ㓯ᙗൠ൰Ⲵᯩᔿ ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘˄Global descriptor table – GDT˅઼ተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘˄Local descriptor table – LDT˅DŽ༴⨶ಘᱟ䙊 ޘ˖⇥᧿䘠ㅖᆈ᭮൘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ѝDŽ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ަᇎቡᱟᆈѝ᧿䘠ㅖ亩Ⲵањ䱥ࡇDŽ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᴹє㊫ ഴ ぁᓅԙ⸷⇫ૂᮦᦤ⇫Ⲻᨅ䘦ㅜṲᕅ VHWXSV 〻ᒿ 7, 53/᧿䘠ㅖ㍒ᕅ WKLVLVWKHFXUUHQWVHJPHQWᵜ〻ᒿᡰ൘Ⲵ⇥ൠ൰DŽ 6(7836(* [ .% ༴DŽ V\VWHP ൘ [ 6<66(* [V\VWHPORDGHGDW[ ZHPRYHERRWKHUHRXWRIWKHZD\ᶕ ERRWVHFW ᡰ༴Ⲵ⇥DŽ ,1,76(* [ ԕл䘉Ӌ৲ᮠᴰྭ઼ ERRWVHFWV ѝⲴ਼ʽ 127(7KHVHKDGEHWWHUEHWKHVDPHDVLQERRWVHFWV ᣔ⁑ᔿⲴ V\VWHP 䈫ਆDŽ؍Ⲵൠᯩˈ❦ਾ൘㻛㕃ߢඇ㾶ⴆᦹѻࡽ⭡ ))ˈҏণᶕ ERRWVHFW ԓ⸱ඇᴮ㓿൘ [ Ⲵāൠᯩ˖[ޘĀᆹ ᆈ⻱ⴈަԆ৲ᮠˈᒦሶ䘉Ӌ৲ᮠ᭮ࡠањޣ䘉⇥ԓ⸱䈒䰞 ELRV ᴹ ൠᯩDŽ↔ᰦ VHWXSV ઼ V\VWHP ᐢ㓿⭡ ERRWVHFW ᕅሬඇ࣐䖭ࡠᆈѝDŽ VHWXSV 䍏䍓Ӿ %,26 ѝ㧧ਆ㌫㔏ᮠᦞˈᒦሶ䘉Ӌᮠᦞ᭮ࡠ㌫㔏ᆈⲴ䘲ᖃ IRUEXIIHUEORFNV V\VWHPWRUHDGWKHPIURPWKHUHEHIRUHWKHDUHDLVRYHUZULWWHQ ERRWEORFNXVHGWREH,WLVWKHQXSWRWKHSURWHFWHGPRGH ))LHZKHUHWKH [ [ SXWVWKHPLQDVDIHSODFH 7KLVFRGHDVNVWKHELRVIRUPHPRU\GLVNRWKHUSDUDPHWHUVDQG ERWKVHWXSVDQGV\VWHPKDVEHHQORDGHGE\WKHERRWEORFN DQGSXWWLQJWKHPLQWRWKHDSSURSULDWHSODFHVLQV\VWHPPHPRU\ VHWXSVLVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUJHWWLQJWKHV\VWHPGDWDIURPWKH%,26 /LQXV7RUYDOGV & VHWXSV ぁᓅ 6-2 linux/boot/setup.s 6.3.2 ԙ⸷⌞䠀 ᣔ䘀㹼⁑ᔿDŽ؍ս 32 ޕᣔ⁑ᔿḷᘇ㖞սণਟ䘋 ؍gdtr ᇴᆈಘ˅DŽሶᵪಘ⣦ᘱᆇⲴ ޕ֯⭘ᤷԔ lgdt ᢺ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘Ⲵสൠ൰⸕ CPU˄GDT 㺘Ⲵสൠ൰ᆈ ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 GDTDŽ❦ਾޘྲֻˈᣔ⁑ᔿѻࡽˈᡁԜᗵ享俆ݸ䇮㖞ྭሶ㾱⭘ࡠⲴ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ㺘؍ޕ൘䘋 ཆⲴᕅ⭘ᶕ䈤ˈ䘉њ⢩ᙗᱟᖸᴹ⭘ⲴDŽޕӗ⭏ањᔲᑨDŽሩҾࡍॆ䘈ᵚ֯⭘Ⲵ⇥ᇴᆈಘԕ䲧 ᡆ SS˅࣐䖭Ҷањオ䘹ᤙㅖᰦˈ༴⨶ಘᒦнՊӗ⭏ањᔲᑨDŽնᱟ㤕֯⭘䘉њ⇥ᇴᆈಘ䇯䰞ᆈᰦቡՊ ㅖ˄ҏণᤷੁ GDT Ⲵㅜа亩Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖ˅ਟԕ⭘Ѫањオ(null)䘹ᤙㅖDŽᖃањ⇥ᇴᆈಘ˄н㜭ᱟ CS 0 ઼㺘ᤷ⽪ಘ٬ҏѪ 0 Ⲵ䘹ᤙ ⭡Ҿ GDT 㺘Ⲵㅜа亩(㍒ᕅ٬Ѫ 0)⋑ᴹ㻛֯⭘ˈഐ↔ањާᴹ㍒ᕅ٬ ᣔᵪࡦDŽ؍Privalege Level - RPL˅⭘Ҿ ٬Ѫ 1 㺘⽪ᤷᇊᖃࡽⲴ LDT 㺘DŽ䈧≲㘵⢩ᵳ㓗˄Requestor'sˈㅖᡰᕅ⭘Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘DŽ٬Ѫ 0 㺘⽪ᤷᇊ GDT 㺘 ᒦ࣐к᧿䘠ㅖ㺘Ⲵสൠ൰ণਟ䇯䰞㺘ѝᤷᇊⲴ⇥᧿䘠ㅖDŽ㺘ᤷ⽪ಘ˄Table Indicator - TI˅⭘Ҿᤷᇊ䘹ᤙ Index˅⭘Ҿ䘹ᤙᤷᇊ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ѝ 8192˄213˅њ᧿䘠ㅖѝⲴањDŽ༴⨶ಘሶ䈕㍒ᕅ٬҈к 8ˈ˄ަѝ㍒ᕅ٬ ഴ ⇫䘿ㅜṲᕅ VHWXSV 〻ᒿ 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PRYDO[VWDUWRIKDUGZDUHLQW /LQX[ ㌫㔏⺜Ԧѝᯝਧ㻛䇮㖞ᡀӾ [ ᔰDŽ৲㿱㺘 ˖⺜Ԧѝᯝ䈧≲ؑਧоѝᯝਧሩᓄ㺘DŽ ZRUG[HE[HE $ Ӿ㣟⡷DŽ $ਁ䘱ࡠ RXW[$DODQGWR 㺘⽪ᖃࡽᤷԔⲴൠ൰ˈ ZRUG[HE[HEMPSMPS $ ѫ㣟⡷DŽ $ਁ䘱ࡠ RXW[DOVHQGLWWR PRYDO[LQLWLDOL]DWLRQVHTXHQFH 㓗䘎ǃᴰਾ㾱ਁ䘱 ,&: ભԔᆇDŽ ᱟ ,&: ભԔᆇˈ㺘⽪䗩⋯䀖ਁǃཊ⡷ 㺘⽪ࡍॆભԔᔰˈᆳ ] 㣟⡷ѫ⡷ㄟਓᱟ [[ˈӾ⡷ㄟਓᱟ [$[$DŽ䗃ࠪ٬ VHWXSV 〻ᒿ ˈл䶒ᱟ࣐䖭ѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᇴᆈಘ LGWU ⲴᤷԔ OLGW 㾱≲Ⲵ ᆇ㢲ᮠDŽࡽ ᆇ㢲ᱟ ,'7 㺘Ⲵ䲀䮯 ˈ ս⁑ᔿDŽ 仇㋂ᓖѪ ZRUG[&JUDQXODULW\ GDWDUHDGZULWHᮠᦞ⇥Ѫਟ䈫ਟ߉DŽ ZRUG[ ZRUG[EDVHDGGUHVV 0E ˈഐ↔ᱟ ZRUG[))0EOLPLW 䟿ᱟ [DŽᆳᱟṨᮠᦞ⇥䘹ᤙㅖⲴ٬DŽ〫ٿ൘ *'7 㺘ѝ䘉䟼Ⲵ ˈ ս⁑ᔿDŽ 仇㋂ᓖѪ ZRUG[&JUDQXODULW\ $FRGHUHDGH[HFԓ⸱⇥Ѫਚ䈫ǃਟᢗ㹼DŽ ZRUG[ ZRUG[EDVHDGGUHVV 0E ˈഐ↔ᱟ ZRUG[))0EOLPLW 䟿ᱟ [DŽᆳᱟṨԓ⸱⇥䘹ᤙㅖⲴ٬DŽ〫ٿ൘ *'7 㺘ѝ䘉䟼Ⲵ ZRUGGXPP\ㅜ њ᧿䘠ㅖˈн⭘DŽ JGW 㹼 DŽ 㔏ᮠᦞ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ ㅜ 亩ᰐ⭘˄ 㹼˅ˈն享ᆈ൘DŽㅜ 亩ᱟ㌫㔏ԓ⸱⇥᧿䘠ㅖ˄ 㹼˅ˈㅜ 亩ᱟ㌫ ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᔰ༴DŽ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘⭡ཊњ ᆇ㢲䮯Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖ亩㓴ᡀDŽ䘉䟼㔉ࠪҶ њ᧿䘠ㅖ亩DŽޘ UHW MQ]HPSW\B\HVORRS 㕃ߢಘ┑˛ޕWHVWDOLVLQSXWEXIIHUIXOO"⍻䈅ս ˈ䗃 LQDO[VWDWXVSRUW䈫 $7 䭞ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ⣦ᘱᇴᆈಘDŽ 䐣ࡠлаਕ ˈᖃҾᔦᰦDŽ ZRUG[HE[HE䘉ᱟєњ䐣䖜ᤷԔⲴᵪಘ⸱ HPSW\B 㕃ߢಘѪオᰦ˄䭞ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ⣦ᘱᇴᆈಘս ˅ਟԕሩަ䘋㹼߉ભԔDŽޕਚᴹᖃ䗃 ྲ᷌䘉䟼↫ᵪˈࡉ䈤᰾ 3& ᵪᴹ䰞仈ˈᡁԜቡ⋑ᴹ࣎⌅༴⨶л৫ҶDŽ л䶒䘉њᆀ〻ᒿỰḕ䭞ⴈભԔ䱏ࡇᱟѪオDŽ䘉䟼н֯⭘䎵ᰦᯩ⌅ WSURFHHGDQ\ZD\ WKHPDFKLQHDQGZHSUREDEO\FRXOGQ 1RWLPHRXWLVXVHGLIWKLVKDQJVWKHUHLVVRPHWKLQJZURQJZLWK 7KLVURXWLQHFKHFNVWKDWWKHNH\ERDUGFRPPDQGTXHXHLVHPSW\ ഐ↔䘉䟼Ⲵ䐣䖜ᤷԔቡՊ৫ᢗ㹼 V\VWHP ѝⲴԓ⸱DŽ 㹼˅ˈ ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 *'7 ѝㅜ њ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ亩ˈ䈕亩ᤷࠪԓ⸱Ⲵสൠ൰ᱟ ˄৲㿱ޘᵳ㓗 ǃ֯⭘ ㅖ㺘亩Ⲵ㍒ᕅˈᤷࠪ䘹ᤙㅜࠐ亩᧿䘠ㅖDŽᡰԕ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ ˄E˅㺘⽪䈧≲⢩ ˗ս ᱟ᧿䘠 ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘˄˅䘈ᱟተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ޘ㓗˅઼ 㓗˄⭘ᡧ㓗˅˗ս ⭘Ҿ䘹ᤙ ᓖѪ ս˄ ᆇ㢲˅˗ս 㺘⽪䈧≲Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗 ˈ/LQX[ ㌫㔏ਚ⭘ࡠє㓗˖ 㓗˄Ṩ ᣔ⁑ᔿлⲴ⇥䘹ᤙㅖҶˈ⭘Ҿ䘹ᤙ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘઼᧿䘠ㅖ㺘亩ԕ৺ᡰ㾱≲Ⲵ⢩ᵳ㓗DŽ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ䮯؍ᱟ ᐢ㓿 ٬⇥ൠ൰ᱟ DŽ㘼〫ٿᡁԜᐢ㓿ሶ V\VWHP ⁑ඇ〫ࣘࡠ [ ᔰⲴൠᯩˈᡰԕкਕѝⲴ ༴DŽ 〫ٿ⇥ FV 䐣䖜㠣 FV MPSLMPSRIIVHWRIVHJPHQW OPVZD[7KLVLVLWቡ䘉ṧ࣐䖭ᵪಘ⣦ᘱᆇ 3( DŽ ᣔ⁑ᔿ∄⢩ս؍3( ELW PRYD[[SURWHFWHGPRGH ࡽⲴ &38DŽ ᣔ⁑ᔿDŽOPVZ ᤷԔӵ⭘Ҿެᇩԕ؍кᔪ䇞 ᡆԕк &38 ᓄ䈕֯⭘ᤷԔĀPRYFUD[ā࠷ᦒࡠ ਨⲴޜ ⇥䰤䐣䖜ᤷԔቡՊࡧᯠ &38 ⲴᖃࡽᤷԔ䱏ࡇˈণђᔳ䘉Ӌᰐ᭸ؑDŽਖཆˈ൘ ,QWHO ᣔ⁑ᔿԕਾ䛓ӋҾᇎ⁑ᔿⲴ亴ݸਆᗇⲴᤷԔؑቡਈᗇнᴹ᭸DŽ㘼аᶑ؍ޕ䀓⸱DŽ❦㘼൘䘋 ⭘Ҿࡧᯠ &38 ᖃࡽᤷԔ䱏ࡇDŽഐѪ &38 ᱟ൘ᢗ㹼аᶑᤷԔѻࡽቡᐢӾᆈ䈫ਆ䈕ᤷԔᒦሩަ䘋㹼 㓯ᙗൠ൰о⢙⨶ᆈൠ൰਼˅DŽ൘䇮㖞䈕∄⢩սਾˈ䲿ਾаᶑᤷԔᗵ享ᱟаᶑ⇥䰤䐣䖜ᤷԔԕ ᖃࡽ⢩ᵳ㓗 &3/ DŽ↔ᰦ⇥ᇴᆈಘӽ❦ᤷੁоᇎൠ൰⁑ᔿѝ਼Ⲵ㓯ᙗൠ൰༴˄൘ᇎൠ൰⁑ᔿл VHWXSV 〻ᒿ 〻ᒿ㻛㾶ⴆᦹҶ ᶕⲴ ERRWVHFWV ᮠᦞ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ ԓ⸱⇥᧿䘠ㅖ VHWXSV ԓ⸱ PDLQF 〻ᒿ NHUQHO Ṩ⁑ඇ PP ᆈ㇑⨶⁑ඇ OLE ᓃ⁑ඇ ㌫㔏৲ᮠ KHDGV 〻ᒿ [ VHWXSV 〻ᒿ V\VWHP ⁑ඇ JGW ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ޘѤᰦ [ [ ᔰ༴ࡉᆈ᭮ҶṨሶՊ֯⭘ⲴаӋ㌫㔏สᵜ৲ᮠˈ⽪മྲമ 6-6 ᡰ⽪DŽ ൘ setup.s 〻ᒿᢗ㹼㔃ᶏਾˈ㌫㔏⁑ඇ system 㻛〫ࣘࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰ 0x0000 ᔰ༴ˈ㘼Ӿս㖞 0x90000 ܅6.3.3.1 ᖉࢃᆎ᱖ ᣔ⁑ᔿ䘀㹼Ⲵ䰞仈DŽ؍Ҿ Intel 32 սޣ DŽл䶒ㆰ㾱ൠ᧿䘠〻ᒿѝ֯⭘ࡠⲴ BIOS ѝᯝ䈳⭘ˈᒦሩ A20 ൠ൰㓯䰞仈Ⲵ㕈⭡䘋㹼䀓䟺ˈᴰਾᨀ৺ ѪҶ㧧ਆᵪಘⲴสᵜ৲ᮠˈ䘉⇥〻ᒿཊ⅑䈳⭘Ҷ BIOS ѝⲴѝᯝˈᒦᔰ⎹৺аӋሩ⺜ԦㄟਓⲴ 6.3.3 ެԌؗᚥ HQGEVV EVV HQGGDWD GDWD HQGWH[W WH[W [[[[ JGWEDVH ; ZRUGJGW[ ZRUG[JGWOLPLW *'7HQWULHV JGWB ൠ൰ˈ㿱 㹼DŽ〫ٿተ㺘൘ᵜ〻ᒿ⇥ѝⲴޘㅖਧ JGW ᱟ JGWDŽ ণ [ [JGWˈ ਟᴹ 亩DŽ ᆇ㢲Ⲵ㓯ᙗสൠ൰Ѫ [ޡањ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ亩ˈᡰԕ㺘ѝ ተ㺘䮯ᓖ䇮㖞Ѫ .%˄[II ণਟ˅ˈഐѪ⇿ ᆇ㢲㓴ᡀޘਾ ᆇ㢲ᱟ JGW 㺘Ⲵ㓯ᙗสൠ൰DŽ䘉䟼 ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᇴᆈಘ JGWU ⲴᤷԔ OJGW 㾱≲Ⲵ ᆇ㢲ᮠDŽࡽ ᆇ㢲ᱟ JGW 㺘Ⲵ䲀䮯ˈޘ䘉ᱟ࣐䖭 ZRUGLGWEDVH / ZRUGLGWOLPLW LGWB ഐ↔䘉䟼ݸ䇮㖞ањ䮯ᓖѪ Ⲵオ㺘DŽ ᣔ⁑ᔿѻࡽ䴰䇮㖞 ,'7 㺘ˈ؍ޕਾ ᆇ㢲ᱟ LGW 㺘൘㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴ սสൠ൰DŽ&38 㾱≲൘䘋 VHWXSV 〻ᒿ 0x0B EGA+ 80x25 অ㢢DŽ 0x0A EGA+ 80x25 অ㢢˗ 0x07-0x09 EGA+ 80x25˗ 0x06 EGA+ 40x25˗ 0x05 CGA 80x25˗ 0x04 CGA 40x25˗ 0x01-0x03 MDA/HGC˗ 0x00 MDA/HGC˗ :䇮㖞٬ޣ EGA/VGA ᔰ 4-7 ᵚ֯⭘DŽ 䰝˗ޣ 4 ޣ3 ᔰ 䰝˗ޣ 3 ޣ2 ᔰ 䰝˗ޣ 2 ޣ1 ᔰ 䰝˗ޣ 1 ޣ0 ᔰ ∄⢩ս 䈤᰾ 䇮㖞ؑ˖ޣ㿶仁ᔰ cl 䘄എؑ 4-7 ᵚ֯⭘(Ѫ 0) 3 ⢩ᙗ㓯 0ˈ⣦ᘱ 1˗ 2 ⢩ᙗ㓯 1ˈ⣦ᘱ 1˗ 1 ⢩ᙗ㓯 0ˈ⣦ᘱ 2˗ 0 ⢩ᙗ㓯 1ˈ⣦ᘱ 2˗ ∄⢩ս 䈤᰾ ⢩ᙗ䘎᧕ಘ∄⢩սؑ˖ ch 00 = 64K, 01 = 128K, 02 = 192K, 03 = 256K bl ᐢᆹ㻵Ⲵᱮ⽪ᆈབྷሿ˖ ٬ਟѪ 0 – fDŽ ⌘˖ަѝㄟਓൠ൰ѝⲴ X 0x01 – অ㢢⁑ᔿ˄↔ᰦ㿶仁⺜Ԧ I/O ㄟਓสൠ൰Ѫ 0x3BX˅˗ 0x00 – ᖙ㢢⁑ᔿ˄↔ᰦ㿶仁⺜Ԧ I/O ㄟਓสൠ൰Ѫ 0x3DX˅˗ 㿶仁⣦ᘱ˖ bh bl ᆀ࣏㜭ਧ=0x10DŽ ؑޕ䗃 ah ࣏㜭ਧ=0x12ˈ㧧ਆᱮ⽪ؑ 䘄എؑ ᇴᆈಘ ᇩ䈤᰾/ޕ䗃 㺞 ā㧭ᱴ⽰গؗᚥδࣕ㜳ਭφDK [θEO [ε 㧧ਆᱮ⽪ؑ˄ަԆ䖵࣏ࣙ㜭䘹ᤙ˅˖ 䘉䟼䈤᰾к䶒〻ᒿѝ⭘ࡠⲴ ROM BIOS ѝ㿶仁ѝᯝ䈳⭘Ⲵࠐњᆀ࣏㜭DŽ 6.3.3.2 BIOS 㿼仇ѣᯣ 0x10 ٬DŽ〫ٿᶕᤷᇊᡰ䴰֯⭘Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖ亩ˈ↔༴ᱟᤷ gdt ѝⲴԓ⸱⇥᧿䘠ㅖDŽ'0'ᱟ᧿䘠ㅖ亩ᤷᇊⲴԓ⸱⇥ѝⲴ 'jmp 0,8 '˄ㅜ 193 㹼˅ᰦˈቡՊ䐣ࡠ head.s 〻ᒿᔰ༴㔗㔝ᢗ㹼л৫DŽ䘉ᶑᤷԔѝⲴ'8'ᱟ⇥䘹ᤙㅖˈ⭘ ᧿䘠ㅖDŽᆳԜ䜭ᤷੁ㌫㔏⁑ඇⲴ䎧༴ˈҏণ⢙⨶ൠ൰ 0x0000 ༴DŽ䘉ṧᖃ setup.s ѝᢗ㹼ᴰਾаᶑᤷԔ ተ㺘ѝᴹйњ᧿䘠ㅖˈㅜањᱟ NULL н֯⭘ˈਖཆєњ࠶࡛ᱟԓ⸱⇥᧿䘠ㅖ઼ᮠᦞ⇥ޘ↔ᰦѤᰦ ഴ VHWXSV ぁᓅ㔉ᶕᆎѣぁᓅ⽰ᝅഴ VHWXSV 〻ᒿ ࡠሩ A20 㓯Ⲵ᧗ࡦDŽڊ㹼˅ণ֯⭘Ҷ䘉⿽ިරⲴ᧗ࡦᯩᔿDŽሩҾަԆаӋެᇩᗞᵪ䘈ਟԕ֯⭘ަԆᯩᔿᶕ ሩ A20 ؑਧ㓯䘋㹼᧗ࡦⲴᑨ⭘ᯩ⌅ᱟ䙊䗷䇮㖞䭞ⴈ᧗ࡦಘⲴㄟਓ٬DŽ䘉䟼Ⲵ setup.s 〻ᒿ˄138-144 ᯩ⌅ѝ䘹ᤙDŽ ࡠ䘉а⛩তᱟ䶎ᑨⲴ哫✖DŽഐ↔䙊ᑨ㾱൘ࠐ⿽᧗ࡦڊᆳDŽնᱟ⭡Ҿ⿽ެᇩᵪᡰ֯⭘Ⲵ㣟⡷䳶н਼ˈ㾱 ⭡Ҿ൘ᵪಘࣘᰦˈ唈䇔ᶑԦлˈA20 ൠ൰㓯ᱟ⾱→Ⲵˈᡰԕ㌫㔏ᗵ享֯⭘䘲ᖃⲴᯩ⌅ᶕᔰ Ӿ㘼ᇎ⧠ҶެᇩᙗDŽ ᶕѪо䰘᧗ࡦ䘉њൠ൰∄⢩սDŽ䈕ؑਧণ㻛〠Ѫ A20DŽྲ᷌ᆳѪ䴦ˈࡉ∄⢩ 20 ৺ԕкൠ൰䜭㻛䲔DŽ Ҿ൘ᖃᰦⲴ 8042 䭞ⴈ᧗ࡦಘкᚠྭᴹオ䰢Ⲵㄟਓᕅ㝊˄䗃ࠪㄟਓ P2ˈᕅ㝊 P21˅ˈҾᱟׯ֯⭘Ҷ䈕ᕅ㝊 ᶕᔰᡆ⾱→ 0x100000 ൠ൰∄⢩սDŽ⭡ޣਨਁ᰾Ҷ֯⭘ањᔰޜ ⲴެᇩᙗˈIBMޘⲴDŽѪҶᇎ⧠ᆼ ᰦᆳতн㜭䊑 8088 䛓ṧᇎ⧠ൠ൰ራ൰Ⲵ⧟㔅DŽնᱟᖃᰦᐢ㓿ᴹаӋ〻ᒿᱟ࡙⭘䘉⿽ൠ൰⧟㔅ᵪࡦ䘋㹼ᐕ ᇩⲴᇎ⁑ᔿ䘀㹼ᯩᔿDŽ❦㘼ˈ൘ራ൰٬䎵䗷 1MBެޘ൰㓯ˈᴰ儈ਟራ൰ 16MBˈᒦфᴹањо 8088 ᆼ AT ᵪᰦˈ֯⭘Ⲵᱟ Intel 80286 CPUˈާᴹ 24 ṩൠ ޕਨҾ 1985 ᒤᕅޜ ሶ唈䇔ൠ⧟㔅ࡠ 0x0ffefDŽᖃ IBM 䘉ӋᆈDŽަᡰ㜭ራ൰Ⲵᴰ儈ൠ൰ᱟ 0xffff:0xffffˈҏণ 0x10ffefDŽሩҾ䎵ࠪ 0x100000(1MB)Ⲵራ൰ൠ൰ 㓯ਚᴹ 20 ṩ(A0 – A19)DŽ൘ᖃᰦᆈ RAM ਚᴹࠐⲮ KB ᡆнࡠ 1MB ᰦˈ20 ṩൠ൰㓯ᐢ䏣ཏ⭘ᶕራ൰ ਨᴰࡍ᧘ࠪⲴњӪ䇑㇇ᵪ IBM PC ֯⭘Ⲵ CPU ᱟ Intel 8088DŽ൘䈕ᗞᵪѝൠ൰ޜ 1981 ᒤ 8 ᴸˈIBM 6.3.3.4 A20 ൦൶㓵䰤从 ⮉DŽ؍ 0x0F ᆇ㢲 0x0E ᆇ㢲 sect ⇿⻱䚃ᡷ४ᮠ ḡ䶒ਧ(→ڌ)0x0C ᆇ lzone ⻱ཤ⵰䱶 ӵ XT ֯⭘ˈަԆѪ 0˅˄0x0B ᆇ㢲 Ự⍻傡ࣘಘ䎵ᰦ٬ ӵ XT ֯⭘ˈަԆѪ 0˅˄0x0A ᆇ㢲 Ṭᔿॆ䎵ᰦ٬ ӵ XT ֯⭘ˈަԆѪ 0˅˄0x09 ᆇ㢲 ḷ߶䎵ᰦ٬ ս 7 ⾱→䇯䰞䟽䈅DŽ ս 6 ⾱→ ECC 䟽䈅 ս 5 㤕൘ḡ䶒ᮠ+1 ༴ᴹ⭏ӗ୶Ⲵൿ४മˈࡉ㖞 1 ս 4 ᵚ⭘(0) ս 3 㤕⻱ཤᮠབྷҾ 8 ࡉ㖞 1 ս 2 ݱ䇨༽ս 䰝 IRQ)ޣ) (⮉(0؍ ս 1 ս 0 ᵚ⭘ ᧗ࡦᆇ㢲˄傡ࣘಘ↕䘋䘹ᤙ˅ 0x08 ᆇ㢲 ctl 0x07 ᆇ㢲 ᴰབྷ ECC ⥍ਁ䮯ᓖ˄ӵ XT ֯⭘ˈަԆѪ 0˅ ḡ䶒ਧ˄҈ 4˅گ0x05 ᆇ wpcom ᔰ߉ࡽ亴㺕 0x03 ᆇ ᔰ߿ሿ߉⭥⍱Ⲵḡ䶒(ӵ PC XT ֯⭘ˈަԆѪ 0) 0x02 ᆇ㢲 head ⻱ཤᮠ 0x00 ᆇ cyl ḡ䶒ᮠ ս〫 བྷሿ 㤡᮷〠 䈤᰾ 㺞 ā⺢ⴎะᵢ৸ᮦؗᚥ㺞 ਓൠ൰ᆈҾ int 0x46 ѝᯝੁ䟿ս㖞༴DŽޕF000h:E401hDŽㅜҼњ⺜ⴈⲴสᵜ৲ᮠ㺘 㘼ᱟㅜањ⺜ⴈⲴสᵜ৲ᮠ㺘DŽሩҾ 100%ެᇩⲴ BIOS ᶕ䈤ˈ䘉䟼ᆈ᭮⵰⺜ⴈ৲ᮠ㺘䱥ࡇⲴ俆ൠ൰ ѝᯝੁ䟿㺘ѝˈint 0x41 Ⲵѝᯝੁ䟿ս㖞˄4 * 0x41 =0x0000:0x0104˅ᆈ᭮Ⲵᒦнᱟѝᯝ〻ᒿⲴൠ൰ˈ 6.3.3.3 ⺢ⴎะᵢ৸ᮦ㺞δćINT 0x41Ĉε VHWXSV 〻ᒿ $ ,05 ѝᯝቿ㭭ᇴᆈಘ 㕃ߢ'̢' ᮠᦞᙫ㓯 ,17 ᇴᆈಘ㓴2&:V,17$ ભԔᆇ ᇴᆈಘ㓴,&:V ࡍॆભԔᆇ ,5 ,5 ,5 ,5 ,5 ,5 ,5 ,5 ,65 ᇴᆈಘ ↓൘ᴽ࣑ ,55 ᇴᆈಘ ѝᯝ䈧≲ 35 䀓᷀ಘ Ոݸ㓗 ᧗ࡦ䙫䗁ㅹ 㔏ѝˈᖃ A0 㓯Ѫ 0 ᰦ㣟⡷Ⲵㄟਓൠ൰ᱟ 0x20 ઼ 0xA0˄Ӿ㣟⡷˅ˈᖃ A0=1 ᰦㄟਓቡᱟ 0x21 ઼ 0xA1DŽ Words˅ᇴᆈಘ㓴ᶕ䲿ᰦ䇮㖞઼㇑⨶ 8259A ⲴᐕᯩᔿDŽA0 㓯⭘Ҿ䘹ᤙⲴᇴᆈಘDŽ൘ PC/AT ᗞᵪ㌫ ભԔᆇ OCW˄Operation CommandޕWords˅ᇴᆈಘ㓴ⲴᇩDŽ㘼൘ަᐕ䗷〻ѝˈࡉਟԕ֯⭘߉ Ⲵє㊫ભԔDŽ൘ 8259A ਟԕ↓ᑨѻࡽˈᗵ享俆ݸ䇮㖞ࡍॆભԔᆇ ICW˄Initialization Command ᆈ⵰↓൘᧕ਇᴽ࣑Ⲵѝᯝ䈧≲DŽ᧗ࡦ䙫䗁ᯩṶѝⲴᇴᆈಘ㓴⭘Ҿ᧕ਇ CPU ӗ⭏؍Register˅ѝDŽISR ѝ ⭘Ҿ⺞ᇊ IRR ѝᡰ䇮㖞∄⢩սⲴՈݸ㓗ˈ䘹䙊ᴰ儈Ոݸ㓗Ⲵѝᯝ䈧≲ࡠ↓൘ᴽ࣑ᇴᆈಘ ISR˄In-Service DŽՈݸ㓗䀓᷀ಘ PR˄Priority Resolver˅ޕ㓯Ⲵቿ㭭ᒦнՊᖡ૽վՈݸ㓗ѝᯝ䈧≲㓯Ⲵ䗃ޕሩ儈Ոݸ㓗䗃 㻛㖞 1 ቡቿ㭭ଚа㓗ѝᯝ䈧≲DŽণ IMR ሩ IRR 䘋㹼༴⨶ˈަ⇿њ∄⢩սሩᓄ IRR Ⲵ⇿њ䈧≲∄⢩սDŽ ᆈ㻛ቿ㭭Ⲵѝᯝ䈧≲㓯ሩᓄⲴ∄⢩սˈᇴᆈಘⲴ 8 սҏᱟሩᓄ 8 њѝᯝ㓗DŽଚњ∄⢩ս؍Register˅⭘Ҿ ѝᯝ㓗ˈᇴᆈಘⲴ 8 њ∄⢩ս˄D7—D0˅࠶࡛ሩᓄᕅ㝊 IR7—IR0DŽѝᯝቿ㭭ᇴᆈಘ IMR˄Interrup Mask ᕅ㝊кᡰᴹ䈧≲ᴽ࣑ޕᆈѝᯝ䈧≲䗃؍മѝˈѝᯝ䈧≲ᇴᆈಘ IRR˄Interrupt Request Register˅⭘ᶕ $ 㣥⡽Ṽഴ ഴ ਥ㕌ぁѣᯣಞ 㣟⡷Ⲵㄟਓสൠ൰ᱟ 0x20ˈӾ㣟⡷ᱟ 0xA0DŽањ 8259A 㣟⡷Ⲵ䙫䗁Ṷമ㿱മ 6-7 ᡰ⽪DŽ ㇑⨶ 15 㓗ѝᯝੁ䟿ˈ৲㿱മ 2-20 ᡰ⽪DŽަѝӾ㣟⡷Ⲵ INT ᕅ㝊䘎᧕ࡠѫ㣟⡷Ⲵ IR2 ᕅ㝊кDŽѫ 8259A ਟޡˈ⡷ࡽ䶒ᐢ㓿䈤䗷ˈ൘ PC/AT ㌫ࡇެᇩᵪѝ֯⭘Ҷ㓗㚄Ⲵє⡷ 8259A ਟ㕆〻᧗ࡦಘ˄PIC˅㣟 1. 8259A 㣟⡷ᐕ⨶ 㖞ⲴᐕᯩᔿDŽ 䘉䟼ᡁԜ俆ݸӻ㓽 8259A 㣟⡷Ⲵᐕ⨶ˈ❦ਾ䈖㓶䈤᰾ 8259A 㣟⡷Ⲵ㕆〻ᯩ⌅ԕ৺ Linux Ṩሩަ䇮 ൘ㅜ 2 ㄐѝᡁԜᐢ㓿ᾲ㾱ӻ㓽ҶѝᯝᵪࡦⲴสᵜ⨶઼ PC/AT ެᇩᗞᵪѝ֯⭘Ⲵ⺜Ԧѝᯝᆀ㌫㔏DŽ 6.3.3.5 8259A ѣᯣಞⲺ㕌ぁᯯ⌋ 䘈ᴹа⿽ᯩᔿᱟ䙊䗷䈫 0xee ㄟਓᶕᔰ A20 ؑਧ㓯ˈ߉䈕ㄟਓࡉՊ⾱→ A20 ؑਧ㓯DŽ ᗞᵪкⲴ䇮༷˄ྲᱮ⽪㣟⡷˅ᡰ֯⭘ˈӾ㘼䙐ᡀ㌫㔏䭉䈟ⲴDŽ ಘᯩᔿDŽሩҾнਜ਼䭞ⴈ᧗ࡦಘⲴ㌫㔏ቡਚ㜭֯⭘ 0x92 ㄟਓᶕ᧗ࡦˈնᱟ䈕ㄟਓҏᴹਟ㜭㻛ަԆެᇩ A20 ᘛ䙏䰘䘹亩(Fast Gate A20)ˈᆳ֯⭘ I/O ㄟਓ 0x92 ᶕ༴⨶ A20 ؑਧ㓯ˈ䚯ݽҶ֯⭘ធ䙏Ⲵ䭞ⴈ᧗ࡦ ࠶DŽ⭡Ҿ䭞ⴈⲴ᧗ࡦಘ䙏ᓖᖸធˈഐ↔ቡн㜭֯⭘䭞ⴈ᧗ࡦಘሩ A20 㓯ᶕ䘋㹼DŽѪ↔ᕅ䘋Ҷањ ᣔ䘀㹼⁑ᔿѻ䰤䘋㹼䖜ᦒⲴḷ߶䗷〻ѝⲴа䜘؍ᴹӋ㌫㔏ሶ A20 Ⲵᔰ઼⾱→Ѫᇎ⁑ᔿо VHWXSV 〻ᒿ ":&, 䴰㾱 ፼྇ᯩᔿ" 䇮㖞 ,&: 䇮㖞 ,&: 䇮㖞 ,&: ቡ㔚ˈਟ᧕ਇѝᯝ 䇮㖞 ,&: ᇴᆈಘ㓴 䇮㖞 ,&: 61*/ < 61*/ 1 ,& < ,& 1 (1) ICW1 ᖃਁ䘱Ⲵᆇ㢲ㅜ 5 ∄⢩ս˄D4˅=1 ᒦфൠ൰㓯 A0=0 ᰦˈ㺘⽪ᱟሩ ICW1 㕆〻DŽ↔ᰦሩҾ PC/AT $ ࡓခौળԚᆍ䇴㖤亰ᓅ ഴ ਖཆˈᱟ䴰㾱ሩ ICW4 䘋㹼䇮㖞ҏ䴰㾱൘ ICW1 ѝᤷ᰾DŽ वᤜཊ⡷ 8259A 㣟⡷ᒦфᱟ᧕䘎Ⲵᛵߥл䴰㾱ሩ ICW3 䘋㹼䇮㖞DŽ䘉䴰㾱൘ ICW1 Ⲵ䇮㖞ѝ᰾⺞ᤷࠪDŽ ᆇⲴ㕆〻⍱〻㿱മ 6-8 ᡰ⽪DŽ⭡മਟԕⴻࠪˈሩ ICW1 ઼ ICW2 Ⲵ䇮㖞ᱟᗵ䴰ⲴDŽ㘼ਚᴹᖃ㌫㔏ѝ 8259ADŽл䶒ᡁԜݸ䈤᰾ሩ 8259A ࡍॆભԔᆇⲴ㕆〻DŽࡍॆભԔ ޕ߉ىᆇⲴᇩਟԕ൘ԫօᰦ ൘ᐕ䗷〻ѝ䲿ᰦሩ 8259A Ⲵ 3 њભԔᆇ˄OCW1—OCW3˅䘋㹼㕆〻DŽ൘ࡍॆѻਾˈભԔ 㕆〻˗Ҽᱟޕаᱟ൘ 8259A ᐕѻࡽሩ⇿њ 8259A 㣟⡷ 4 њࡍॆભԔᆇ˄ICW1—ICW4˅ᇴᆈಘⲴ߉ ĺ〻ᒿḕ䈒ᯩᔿDŽ䙊䗷ሩ 8259A 䘋㹼㕆〻ˈᡁԜਟԕ䘹ᇊ 8259A ⲴᖃࡽᐕᯩᔿDŽ㕆〻ᰦ࠶єњ䱦⇥DŽ ፼྇ᯩᔿ˗ĸᗚ⧟Ոݸ㓗ᯩᔿ˗Ĺ⢩↺ቿ㭭ᯩᔿ઼ޘਟ㕆〻᧗ࡦಘ 8259A ѫ㾱ᴹ 4 ⿽ᐕᯩᔿ˖ķ 2. ࡍॆભԔᆇ㕆〻 ᰾DŽ л䶒ᡁԜݸ㔉ࠪࡍॆભԔᆇ઼ભԔᆇⲴ㕆〻ᯩ⌅ˈ❦ਾሩަѝ⭘ࡠⲴаӋᯩᔿ䘋а↕䈤 ੁєњ㣟⡷䜭ਁ䘱 EOI ભԔDŽ↔ਾ 8259A ቡՊ৫ࡔᯝлањᴰ儈Ոݸ㓗Ⲵѝᯝˈᒦ䟽༽к䘠༴⨶䗷〻DŽ ᶏѝᯝ˄EOI˅ભԔԕ༽ս ISR ѝⲴ∄⢩սDŽྲ᷌ѝᯝ䈧≲ᶕ㠚᧕㚄Ⲵㅜ 2 њ 8259A 㣟⡷ˈ䛓Ѹቡ䴰㾱 ࡉⲴ䈍ˈ㤕 8259A ༴Ҿ䶎㠚ࣘ㔃ᶏᯩᔿˈ䛓Ѹ൘ѝᯝᴽ࣑〻ᒿ㔃ᶏᰦ〻ᒿቡ䴰㾱ੁ 8259A ਁ䘱ањ㔃 ᯩᔿˈ䛓Ѹ൘ㅜ 2 њ INTA 㜹ߢؑਧⲴ㔃ቮ༴↓൘ᴽ࣑ᇴᆈಘ ISR ѝⲴᖃࡽᴽ࣑ѝᯝ∄⢩սቡՊ㻛༽սDŽ ࡠ↔Ѫ→ˈCPU ѝᯝઘᵏ㔃ᶏDŽྲ᷌ 8259A ֯⭘Ⲵᱟ㠚ࣘ㔃ᶏѝᯝ AEOI˄Automatic End of Interrupt˅ 㜹ߢؑਧᵏ䰤 8259A ቡՊᢺањԓ㺘ѝᯝਧⲴ 8 սᮠᦞਁ䘱ࡠᮠᦞᙫ㓯к CPU 䈫ਆDŽ ↔ਾˈCPU Պੁ 8259A ਁࠪㅜ 2 њ INTA 㜹ߢؑਧˈ䈕ؑਧ⭘Ҿ䙊⸕ 8259A 䘱ࠪѝᯝਧDŽഐ↔൘䈕 ⢩ս㻛㖞սDŽо↔਼ᰦˈѝᯝ䈧≲ᇴᆈಘ IRR ѝⲴሩᓄ∄⢩ս㻛༽սˈ㺘⽪䈕ѝᯝ䈧≲ᔰ↓㻛༴⨶ѝDŽ ᆈࡠ↓൘ᴽ࣑ᇴᆈಘ ISR ѝˈণ ISR ѝሩᓄѝᯝ䈧≲㓗Ⲵ∄؍≳ѻਾቡՊᢺᡰ䘹ࠪⲴᴰ儈Ոݸ㓗ѝᯝ䈧 Պ൘ᢗ㹼ᆼᖃࡽⲴаᶑᤷԔѻਾੁ 8259A ਁ䘱ањ INTA ᶕ૽ᓄѝᯝؑਧDŽ8259A ൘᭦ࡠ䘉њ૽ᓄؑਧ ݸ㓗䀓᷀ಘѻਾˈՈݸ㓗ᴰ儈Ⲵѝᯝ䈧≲Պ㻛䘹ࠪDŽ↔ᰦ 8259A ቡՊੁ CPU ањ INT ؑਧˈ㘼 CPU ࡉ IMR ѝሩᓄս㻛㖞սˈࡉᓄⲴѝᯝ䈧≲ቡнՊ䘱ࡠՈݸ㓗䀓᷀ಘѝDŽሩҾᵚቿ㭭Ⲵѝᯝ䈧≲㻛䘱ࡠՈ ᡆཊњѝᯝ䈧≲ؑਧࡠᶕᰦˈѝᯝ䈧≲ᇴᆈಘ IRR ѝᓄⲴ∄⢩ս㻛㖞ս䬱ᆈDŽ↔ᰦ㤕ѝᯝቿ㭭ᇴᆈಘ ᶕ㠚њ䇮༷Ⲵѝᯝ䈧≲㓯࠶࡛䘎᧕ࡠ 8259A Ⲵ IR0—IR7 ѝᯝ䈧≲ᕅ㝊кDŽᖃ䘉Ӌᕅ㝊кᴹањ VHWXSV 〻ᒿ ˈ⡷ѫ⡷ S7—S0 ∄⢩սሩᓄ㓗㚄ⲴӾ⡷DŽଚսѪ 1 ࡉ㺘⽪ѫ⡷Ⲵ䈕ѝᯝ䈧≲ᕅ㝊 IR кؑਧᶕ㠚Ӿ Ӿ⡷˖ ,' ,' ,' $ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ѫ⡷˖ 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 $ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 㺞 ̢ѣᯣࡓခौળԚᆍ ,&: Ṳᕅ Ṭᔿ㿱㺘 6–7 ᡰ⽪DŽ (3) ICW3 ⭘Ҿާᴹཊњ 8259A 㣟⡷㓗㚄ᰦˈ࣐䖭 8 սⲴӾᇴᆈಘ˄Slave Register˅DŽㄟਓൠ൰਼кDŽICW3 0x28—0x2fDŽ 0x20—0x27DŽ㘼Ӿ⡷Ⲵ ICW2 㻛䇮㖞ᡀ 0x28ˈ㺘⽪Ӿ⡷ѝᯝ䈧≲ 8 㓗—15 㓗ሩᓄⲴѝᯝਧ㤳തᱟ Linux 0.11 ㌫㔏ᢺѫ⡷Ⲵ ICW2 䇮㖞Ѫ 0x20ˈ㺘⽪ѫ⡷ѝᯝ䈧≲ 0 㓗—7 㓗ሩᓄⲴѝᯝਧ㤳തᱟ 䈫ਆDŽ վ 3 ս㓴ᡀањ 8 սⲴѝᯝਧDŽ8259A ൘᭦ࡠㅜ 2 њѝᯝ૽ᓄ㜹ߢ INTA ᰦՊ䘱ࡠᮠᦞᙫ㓯кˈԕ CPU ൰DŽ൘֯⭘ 8086/88 ༴⨶ಘⲴ㌫㔏ᡆެᇩ㌫㔏ѝ T7—T3 ᱟѝᯝਧⲴ儈 5 սˈо 8259A 㣟⡷㠚ࣘ䇮㖞Ⲵ ൘ MCS80/85 ㌫㔏ѝˈս D7—D0 㺘⽪Ⲵ A15—A8 о ICW1 䇮㖞Ⲵ A7-A5 㓴ᡀѝᯝᴽ࣑〻ᒿ亥䶒ൠ $ $7 $7 $7 $7 $7 $ $ $ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 㺞 ̢ѣᯣࡓခौળԚᆍ ,&: Ṳᕅ ਓൠ൰ᱟ 0xA1DŽICW2 Ṭᔿ㿱㺘 6–6 ᡰ⽪DŽ 䘋㹼䇮㖞DŽ↔ᰦሩҾ PC/AT ᗞᵪ㌫㔏Ⲵཊ⡷㓗㚄ᛵߥлˈ8259A ѫ㣟⡷Ⲵㄟਓൠ൰ᱟ 0x21ˈӾ㣟⡷Ⲵㄟ (2) ICW2 ⭘Ҿ䇮㖞㣟⡷䘱ࠪⲴѝᯝਧⲴ儈 5 սDŽѝᯝਧ൘䇮㖞Ҷ ICW1 ѻਾˈᖃ A0=1 ᰦ㺘⽪ሩ ICW2 䴰㾱ਁ䘱 ICW4DŽ ൘ Linux 0.11 ṨѝˈICW1 㻛䇮㖞Ѫ 0x11DŽ㺘⽪ѝᯝ䈧≲ᱟ䗩⋯䀖ਁǃཊ⡷ 8259A 㓗㚄ᒦфᴰਾ D0 IC4 1 – 䴰㾱 ICW4˗ 0 – н䴰㾱DŽ D1 SNGL 1 – অ⡷ 8259A˗ 0 – ཊ⡷DŽ D2 ADI MCS80/85 ㌫㔏⭘Ҿ CALL ᤷԔൠ൰䰤䳄DŽሩ 8086/88 ༴⨶ಘᰐ⭘DŽ D3 LTIM 1 - ⭥ᒣ䀖ਁѝᯝᯩᔿ˗0 – 䗩⋯䀖ਁᯩᔿDŽ D4 1 ᚂѪ 1 㓴ᡀDŽ䘉ࠐսሩ 8086/88 ༴⨶ಘᰐ⭘DŽ਼ޡ о ICW2 ѝⲴ A15—A8 A7—A5 㺘⽪൘ MCS80/85 ѝ⭘Ҿѝᯝᴽ࣑䗷〻Ⲵ亥䶒䎧ൠ൰DŽ D5 A5 D6 A6 D7 A7 ս〠ਜ਼ѹ 㺞 ̢ѣᯣࡓခौળԚᆍ ,&: Ṳᕅ ᔿྲ㺘 6–5 ᡰ⽪˖ ᗞᵪ㌫㔏Ⲵཊ⡷㓗㚄ᛵߥлˈ8259A ѫ㣟⡷Ⲵㄟਓൠ൰ᱟ 0x20ˈӾ㣟⡷Ⲵㄟਓൠ൰ᱟ 0xA0DŽICW1 ⲴṬ VHWXSV 〻ᒿ (2) OCW2 ⭘Ҿਁ䘱 EOI ભԔᡆ䇮㖞ѝᯝՈݸ㓗Ⲵ㠚ࣘᗚ⧟ᯩᔿDŽᖃ∄⢩ս D4D3 = 00ˈൠ൰㓯 A0=0 Ⲵቿ㭭սˈᴰਾ߉എѝᯝቿ㭭ᇴᆈಘѝDŽ৲㿱 kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c 〻ᒿㅜ 461 㹼DŽ ㄟਓ 0x21 ԕਆᗇ 8259A 㣟⡷Ⲵᖃࡽቿ㭭ᆇ㢲ˈ❦ਾок~0x40 ᶕ༽սሩᓄ䖟ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ䘎᧕Ⲵѝᯝ䈧≲ 6 ѝᯝ䈧≲ቿ㭭սDŽֻྲ൘䖟ⴈ傡ࣘ〻ᒿࡍॆ㔃ᶏᰦˈѪҶݱ䇨䖟傡䇮༷ਁࠪѝᯝ䈧≲ˈቡՊ䈫ޣ᭩ Ⲵ䇮༷傡ࣘ〻ᒿਾቡՊ࡙⭘䈕ભԔᆇᶕ؞ޣ൘ Linux 0.11 Ṩࡍॆ䗷〻ѝˈԓ⸱൘䇮㖞ྭ M=0ˈࡉݱ䇨ሩᓄⲴѝᯝ䈧≲㓗DŽਖཆˈቿ㭭儈Ոݸ㓗ᒦнՊᖡ૽ަԆվՈݸ㓗Ⲵѝᯝ䈧≲DŽ ս D7—D0 ሩᓄ 8 њѝᯝ䈧≲ 7 㓗—0 㓗Ⲵቿ㭭ս M7—M0DŽ㤕 M=1ˈࡉቿ㭭ሩᓄѝᯝ䈧≲㓗˗㤕 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ѣᯣᬃ֒ળԚᆍ 2&: Ṳᕅ 㺞 ̢ OCW1 Ṭᔿ㿱㺘 6–9 ᡰ⽪DŽ (1) OCW1 ⭘Ҿሩ 8259A ѝѝᯝቿ㭭ᇴᆈಘ IMR 䘋㹼䈫/߉DŽൠ൰㓯 A0 䴰Ѫ 1DŽㄟਓൠ൰䈤᰾਼кDŽ ᰦ䇮ᇊⲴ 8259A ⲴᐕᯩᔿDŽ ᐕᵏ䰤ˈᡁԜҏਟԕ࡙⭘ભԔᆇ OCW1—OCW3 ᶕⴁ⍻ 8259A Ⲵᐕ⣦ߥˈᡆ㘵䲿ᰦ᭩ਈࡍॆ ൘ሩ 8259A 䇮㖞ҶࡍॆભԔᆇᇴᆈಘਾˈ㣟⡷ቡᐢ߶༷ྭ᧕᭦䇮༷Ⲵѝᯝ䈧≲ؑਧҶDŽն൘ 8259A 3. ભԔᆇ㕆〻 ፼྇ǃ䶎㕃ߢǃ䶎㠚ࣘ㔃ᶏѝᯝᯩᔿˈᒦф⭘Ҿ 8086 ৺ަެᇩ㌫㔏DŽޘᡀᲞ䙊 Linux 0.11 Ṩ䘱ᖰ 8259A ѫ㣟⡷઼Ӿ㣟⡷Ⲵ ICW4 ભԔᆇⲴ٬൷Ѫ 0x01DŽ㺘 ⽪ 8259A 㣟⡷㻛䇮㖞 D0 PM 1 – 8086/88 ༴⨶ಘ㌫㔏˗ 0 – MCS80/85 ㌫㔏DŽ D1 AEOI 1 – 㠚ࣘ㔃ᶏѝᯝᯩᔿ˗ 0 – 䶎㠚ࣘ㔃ᶏᯩᔿDŽ D2 M/S 1 – 㕃ߢᯩᔿлѫ⡷˗ 0 – 㕃ߢᯩᔿлӾ⡷DŽ D3 BUF 1 – 㕃ߢᯩᔿ˗ 0 – 䶎㕃ߢᯩᔿDŽ ፼྇ᯩᔿDŽޘ፼྇ᯩᔿ˗ 0 – Პ䙊ޘ↺⢩D4 SFNM 1 – 䘹ᤙ D5 0 ᚂѪ 0 D6 0 ᚂѪ 0 D7 0 ᚂѪ 0 ս〠ਜ਼ѹ 㺞 ̢ѣᯣࡓခौળԚᆍ ,&: Ṳᕅ Ṭᔿ㿱㺘 6–8 ᡰ⽪DŽ (4) ICW4 ᖃ ICW1 Ⲵս 0˄IC4˅㖞սᰦˈ㺘⽪䴰㾱 ICW4DŽൠ൰㓯 A0=1DŽㄟਓൠ൰਼к䈤᰾DŽICW4 ഐ↔ˈѝᯝՈݸ㓗Ⲵᧂࡇ⅑ᒿѪ 0 㓗ᴰ儈ˈ᧕лᶕᱟӾ⡷кⲴ 8—15 㓗ˈᴰਾᱟ 3—7 㓗DŽ 㝊䘎᧕ањӾ㣟⡷DŽӾ㣟⡷Ⲵ ICW3 㻛䇮㖞Ѫ 0x02ˈণަḷ䇶ਧѪ 2DŽ㺘⽪Ӿ⡷䘎᧕ࡠѫ⡷Ⲵ IR2 ᕅ㝊DŽ Linux 0.11 Ṩᢺ 8259A ѫ⡷Ⲵ ICW3 䇮㖞Ѫ 0x04ˈণ S2=1ˈަ։սѪ 0DŽ㺘⽪ѫ㣟⡷Ⲵ IR2 ᕅ ᦞᙫ㓯ਁ䘱Ӿ⡷ᖃࡽ䘹ѝѝᯝ䈧≲ⲴѝᯝਧDŽ Ⲵ٬о㠚ᐡⲴ ID2—ID0 ㅹᰦˈࡉ㺘⽪↔Ӿ⡷㻛䘹ѝDŽ↔ᰦ䈕Ӿ⡷ᓄ䈕ੁᮠޕ㚄㓯˄CAS2—CAS0˅䗃 Ӿ⡷Ⲵ ID2—ID0 йњ∄⢩սሩᓄӾ⡷Ⲵḷ䇶ਧˈণ䘎᧕ࡠѫ⡷Ⲵѝᯝ㓗DŽᖃḀњӾ⡷᧕᭦ࡠ㓗 ࡉሩᓄⲴ IR ᕅ㝊⋑ᴹ䘎Ӿ⡷DŽ VHWXSV 〻ᒿ D1 RR ൘лањ RD 㜹ߢᰦ䈫ᇴᆈಘ⣦ᘱDŽ D2 P 1 – ḕ䈒˄POLL˅ભԔ˗ 0 – ᰐḕ䈒ભԔDŽ D3 1 ᚂѪ 1DŽ D4 0 ᚂѪ 0DŽ D6—D5 Ѫ 11 – 䇮㖞⢩↺ቿ㭭˗ 10 – ༽ս⢩↺ቿ㭭DŽ ሩ⢩↺ቿ㭭ᯩᔿDŽ D5 SMM D6 ESMM D7 0 ᚂѪ 0DŽ ս〠ਜ਼ѹ 㺞 ̢ѣᯣᬃ֒ળԚᆍ 2&: Ṳᕅ ᡰ⽪DŽ ⽪ሩ OCW3 䘋㹼㕆〻˄䈫/߉˅DŽն൘ Linux 0.11 Ṩѝᒦ⋑ᴹ⭘ࡠ䈕ભԔᆇDŽOCW3 ⲴṬᔿ㿱㺘 6–12 (3) OCW3 ⭘Ҿ䇮㖞⢩↺ቿ㭭ᯩᔿ઼䈫ਆᇴᆈಘ⣦ᘱ˄IRR ઼ ISR˅DŽᖃ D4D3=01ǃൠ൰㓯 A0=0 ᰦˈ㺘 ፼྇ᯩᔿлⲴ䶎⢩↺㔃ᶏѝᯝ EOI ભԔDŽޘ⽪٬Ѫ 0x20ˈ㺘 ֯⭘Ⲵ OCW2 Linux 0.11 Ṩӵ֯⭘䈕ભԔᆇ൘ѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻㔃ᶏѻࡽੁ 8259A ਁ䘱㔃ᶏѝᯝ EOI ભԔDŽᡰ 0 1 0 ᰐDŽ ⢩↺ᗚ⧟ 1 1 0 *䇮㖞Ոݸ㓗ભԔDŽ 1 1 1 *⢩↺㔃ᶏѝᯝ EOI ભԔᰦᗚ⧟DŽ Ոݸ㓗㠚ࣘᗚ⧟ 0 0 0 㠚ࣘ㔃ᶏѝᯝ AEOI ᯩᔿᰦᗚ⧟˄䲔˅DŽ 1 0 0 㠚ࣘ㔃ᶏѝᯝ AEOI ᯩᔿᰦᗚ⧟˄䇮㖞˅DŽ 1 0 1 䶎⢩↺㔃ᶏѝᯝ EOI ભԔᰦᗚ⧟DŽ 㔃ᶏѝᯝ ፼྇ᯩᔿ˅DŽޘ0 1 1 *⢩↺㔃ᶏѝᯝ EOI ભԔ˄䶎 ፼྇ᯩᔿ˅DŽޘ˄0 0 1 䶎⢩↺㔃ᶏѝᯝ EOI ભԔ R(D7) SL(D6) EOI(D5) ਜ਼ѹ ㊫ර 㺞 ̢ᬃ֒ળԚᆍ 2&: Ⲻփ '' 㓺ਾѿ ISR ༽սˈᡆ㘵䘹ᤙ⢩↺ᗚ⧟Ոݸ㓗ᡀѪᖃࡽᴰվՈݸ㓗DŽ ަѝս D7—D5 Ⲵ㓴ਸⲴ⭘઼ਜ਼ѹ㿱㺘 6–11 ᡰ⽪DŽަѝᑖᴹ*ਧ㘵ਟ䙊䗷䇮㖞 L2--L0 ᶕᤷᇊՈݸ㓗֯ IRQ8—IRQ15˅DŽ L2—L0 3 ս㓴ᡀ㓗࡛ਧˈ࠶࡛ሩᓄѝᯝ䈧≲㓗࡛ IRQ0--IRQ7˄ᡆ D0 L0 D1 L1 D2 L2 D3 0 ᚂѪ 0DŽ D4 0 ᚂѪ 0DŽ D5 EOI 䶎㠚ࣘ㔃ᶏḷᘇDŽ D6 SL Ոݸ㓗䇮ᇊḷᘇDŽ D7 R Ոݸ㓗ᗚ⧟⣦ᘱDŽ ս〠ਜ਼ѹ 㺞 ̢ѣᯣᬃ֒ળԚᆍ 2&: Ṳᕅ ᰦ㺘⽪ሩ OCW2 䘋㹼㕆〻䇮㖞DŽભԔᆇ OCW2 ⲴṬᔿ㿱㺘 6–10 ᡰ⽪DŽ VHWXSV 〻ᒿ ᕅ㝊кDŽᖃӾ⡷Ⲵањѝᯝ䈧≲㓯㻛༴⨶ᒦ㻛૽ᓄޕѝˈӾ⡷Ⲵѝᯝ䗃ࠪㄟ㻛䘎᧕ࡠѫ⡷Ⲵѝᯝ䈧≲䗃 64 њѝᯝՈݸ㓗DŽѫ⡷䙊䗷 3 ṩ㓗㚄㓯ᶕ᧗ࡦӾ⡷DŽ䘉 3 ṩ㓗㚄㓯ᖃҾӾ⡷Ⲵ䘹⡷ؑਧDŽ൘㓗㚄ᯩᔿ 8259A ਟԕ㻛ᖸᇩ᱃ൠ䘎᧕ᡀањѫ⡷઼㤕ᒢњӾ⡷㓴ᡀⲴ㌫㔏DŽ㤕֯⭘ 8 њӾ⡷䛓Ѹᴰཊਟ᧗ࡦ (4) ཊ⡷㓗㚄ᯩᔿ EOI ભԔDŽ 䈕٬ᱟѪ 0DŽྲ᷌ᱟ 0ˈࡉ㺘⽪ਟԕੁѫ⡷ਁ䘱ањ䶎⢩↺ EOI ભԔDŽ㤕нѪ 0ˈࡉᰐ䴰ੁѫ⡷ਁ䘱 Ⲵᯩ⌅ᱟݸੁӾ⡷ਁࠪањ䶎⢩↺ѝᯝ㔃ᶏ EOI ભԔˈ❦ਾ䈫ਆަ↓൘ᴽ࣑ᇴᆈಘ ISR Ⲵ٬DŽỰḕ↔ᰦ b. ᖃ䘰ࠪѝᯝᴽ࣑〻ᒿᰦˈ〻ᒿᗵ享Ựḕᖃࡽѝᯝᴽ࣑ᱟᱟӾ⡷ਁࠪⲴୟаањѝᯝ䈧≲DŽỰḕ ቡн㜭㻛༴⨶DŽ ᖃањӾ⡷ѝᯝ䈧≲↓൘㻛ᴽ࣑ᰦˈ䈕Ӿ⡷Պ㻛ѫ⡷ቿ㭭ᦹDŽഐ↔Ӿ䈕Ӿ⡷ਁࠪⲴᴤ儈Ոݸ㓗ѝᯝ䈧≲ ፼྇ᯩᔿѝˈޘⲴަԆᴤ儈Ոݸ㓗ѝᯝ䈧≲ሶ㻛ѫ⡷䇶࡛ˈѫ⡷Պ・ੁ CPU ਁࠪѝᯝDŽ㘼൘к䘠Პ䙊 a. ᖃӾḀњӾ⡷ਁࠪⲴѝᯝ䈧≲↓㻛ᴽ࣑ᰦˈ䈕Ӿ⡷ᒦнՊ㻛ѫ⡷ⲴՈݸ㓗ᧂ䲔DŽഐ↔䈕Ӿ⡷ਁࠪ ፼྇ᯩᔿլˈնᴹԕлє⛩ֻཆ˖ޘᆈDŽ䘉⿽ᯩᔿок䘠Პ䙊؍㾱 ፼྇ᯩᔿ˄D4=1˅ѫ㾱⭘Ҿ᧕䘎Ⲵབྷ㌫㔏ѝˈᒦф⇿њӾ⡷ѝⲴՈݸ㓗䴰ޘ↺⢩൘ ICW4 ѝ䇮㖞Ⲵ ፼྇ᯩᔿޘ↺⢩ ((3 䴰㾱Ѫ 001DŽᵜҖ䇘䇪Ⲵ Linux 0.11 ㌫㔏ѝࡉ֯⭘Ҷ䘉⿽䶎⢩↺ EOI ભԔDŽ л ISR ѝᴰ儈Ոݸ㓗∄⢩ս㛟ᇊᱟᴰਾ૽ᓄ઼ᴽ࣑ⲴՈݸ㓗DŽᆳҏ֯⭘ OCW2 ᶕਁࠪˈնᴰ儈 3 ∄⢩ս ፼྇ᯩᔿޘᔿⲴ䶎⢩↺ EOI ભԔՊ㠚ࣘൠᢺᖃࡽ↓൘ᴽ࣑ᇴᆈಘ ISR ѝᴰ儈Ոݸ㓗∄⢩ս༽սDŽഐѪ൘ ፼྇ᯩޘᱟ 011ˈᴰվ 3 ս⭘ᶕᤷᇊՈݸ㓗DŽ൘ⴞࡽⲴ Linux ㌫㔏ѝቡ֯⭘Ҷ䘉⿽⢩↺ EOI ભԔDŽ⭘Ҿ EOI ભԔᰦ䴰㾱ᤷᇊ㻛༽սⲴ ISR ѝⲴՈݸ㓗DŽ⢩↺ EOI ભԔ֯⭘ભԔᆇ OCW2 ਁ䘱ˈ儈 3 ∄⢩ս ፼྇ᯩᔿлˈਟ⭘Ҿᤷᇊ EOI ભԔާփ༽սⲴѝᯝ㓗∄⢩սDŽণ൘ੁ㣟⡷ਁ䘱⢩↺ޘⲴ EOI ભԔ⭘Ҿ䶎 〻ᒿਁࠪ EOI ભԔⲴᯩ⌅ᴹє⿽ṬᔿDŽа⿽〠Ѫ⢩↺ EOI ભԔˈਖа⿽〠Ѫ䶎⢩↺ EOI ભԔDŽ⢩↺ 䘱єњ EOI ભԔˈањ⭘ҾӾ⡷ˈਖањ⭘Ҿѫ⡷DŽ EOI ભԔᶕ༽սDŽ䘉⿽ᯩ⌅〠Ѫ〻ᒿѝᯝ㔃ᶏ˄EOI˅ᯩ⌅DŽ൘᧕㚄㌫㔏ѝˈӾ⡷ѝᯝᴽ࣑〻ᒿ䴰㾱ਁ ⋯㻛༽սDŽ䘉⿽ᯩ⌅〠Ѫ㠚ࣘѝᯝ㔃ᶏ˄AEOI˅ᯩ⌅DŽަҼᱟ൘Ӿѝᯝᴽ࣑䗷〻䘄എѻࡽਁ䘱㔃ᶏѝᯝ ICW4 ѝⲴ㠚ࣘѝᯝ㔃ᶏ AEOI ∄⢩ս㖞սᰦˈ䙊䗷൘ CPU ਁࠪⲴㅜ 2 њѝᯝ૽ᓄ㜹ߢ INTA Ⲵ㔃ᶏ䗩 ྲкᡰ䘠ˈ↓൘ᴽ࣑ᇴᆈಘ ISR ѝ㻛༴⨶ѝᯝ䈧≲ሩᓄⲴ∄⢩սਟ֯⭘є⿽ᯩᔿᶕ༽սDŽަаᱟᖃ (2) ѝᯝ㔃ᶏ˄EOI˅ᯩ⌅ Ոݸ㓗ᴰվDŽLinux 0.11 Ṩԓ⸱ণᢺ㌫㔏Ⲵ 8259A 㣟⡷䇮㖞ᐕ൘䘉њᯩᔿлDŽ ૽ަԆѝᯝ䈧≲ⲴDŽᴰਾˈ൘ࡍॆભԔᆇ㕆〻ѻਾˈ8259A ᕅ㝊 IR0 ާᴹᴰ儈Ոݸ㓗ˈ㘼 IR7 Ⲵ 㘵ˈѝᯝቿ㭭ᇴᆈಘ IMR Ⲵᓄ∄⢩սਟԕ࠶࡛ቿ㭭 8 㓗ѝᯝ䈧≲ˈնቿ㭭ԫањѝᯝ䈧≲ᒦнՊᖡ ᡰᴹ਼Ոݸ㓗઼վՈݸ㓗Ⲵѝᯝ䈧≲ሶ㻛Ჲᰦ⾱→ˈնݱ䇨ᴤ儈Ոݸ㓗ѝᯝ䈧≲ᗇࡠ૽ᓄ઼༴⨶DŽ ѝⲴ∄⢩սሶՊ൘ CPU ਁࠪㅜ 2 њѝᯝ૽ᓄ㜹ߢ INTA Ⲵ㔃ᶏ䗩⋯㻛༽սDŽ൘ ISR ᴹ㖞ս∄⢩սᵏ䰤ˈ എѻࡽਁ䘱㔃ᶏѝᯝ EOI ભԔѪ→DŽྲ᷌൘ ICW4 ભԔᆇѝ䇮㖞Ҷ㠚ࣘѝᯝ㔃ᶏ AEOI ∄⢩սˈ䛓Ѹ ISR ᤱࡠӾѝᯝᴽ࣑䗷〻䘄؍↓൘ᴽ࣑ᇴᆈಘ ISR Ⲵᓄ∄⢩սՊ㻛㖞սˈᒦф䈕∄⢩սⲴ㖞ս⣦ᘱሶаⴤ ањѝᯝˈ䛓Ѹᴰ儈Ոݸ㓗ѝᯝ䈧≲ቡ㻛⺞ᇊˈᒦф䈕ѝᯝ䈧≲ⲴѝᯝਧՊ㻛᭮ࡠᮠᦞᙫ㓯кDŽਖཆˈ ᯩᔿDŽ൘䘉⿽ᐕᯩᔿлˈѝᯝ䈧≲Ոݸ㓗Ⲵ〙ᒿᱟӾ 0 㓗ࡠ 7 㓗˄0 㓗Ոݸ㓗ᴰ儈˅DŽᖃ CPU ૽ᓄ ፼྇ᐕޘ䘉⿽ޕ൘ࡍॆѻਾˈ䲔䶎֯⭘ҶભԔᆇ᭩ਈ䗷 8259A ⲴᐕᯩᔿˈࡉᆳՊ㠚ࣘ䘋 ፼྇ᯩᔿޘ ((1 ⿽ᑨ㿱Ⲵᯩᔿ㔉ࠪ䈖㓶䈤᰾ˈԕׯ㜭ᴤྭൠ⨶䀓 8259A 㣟⡷Ⲵ䘀㹼ᯩᔿDŽ ൘䈤᰾ 8259A ࡍॆભԔᆇ઼ભԔᆇⲴ㕆〻䗷〻ѝˈᨀ৺Ҷ 8259A ⲴаӋᐕᯩᔿDŽл䶒ሩࠐ 4. 8259A ᯩᔿ䈤᰾ D0 RIS D1—D0 Ѫ 11 – 䈫↓൘ᴽ࣑ᇴᆈಘ ISR˗ 10 – 䈫ѝᯝ䈧≲ᇴᆈಘ IRRDŽ VHWXSV 〻ᒿ ൘ᖃࡽⲴ /LQX[ ㌫㔏ѝˈJDV ઼ JOG ᐢ㓿࠶࡛ᴤѪ DV ઼ OGDŽ ignore_intDŽѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ѝ⇿њ᧿䘠ㅖ亩ҏঐ 8 ᆇ㢲ˈަṬᔿ㿱മ 6-9 ᡰ⽪DŽ 亩ˈᒦ֯њ㺘亩൷ᤷੁањਚᣕ䭉䈟Ⲵଁѝᯝᆀ〻ᒿ 256 ޡˈᦞ⇥ᇴᆈಘˈ䟽ᯠ䇮㖞ѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 idt 䘉⇥〻ᒿᇎ䱵к༴Ҿᆈ㔍ሩൠ൰ 0 ༴ᔰⲴൠᯩDŽ䘉њ〻ᒿⲴ࣏㜭∄䖳অаDŽ俆ݸᱟ࣐䖭њᮠ ᯩੁᱟӾᐖࡠਣDŽ Ⲵᱟ AT&T Ⲵ≷㕆䈝䀰Ṭᔿˈᒦф䴰㾱֯⭘ GNU Ⲵ gas ઼ gld7䘋㹼㕆䈁䘎᧕DŽഐ↔䈧⌘ԓ⸱ѝ䍻٬Ⲵ ᣔ⁑ᔿл䘀㹼ҶDŽheads.s ≷㕆〻ᒿоࡽ䶒Ⲵ䈝⌅Ṭᔿн਼ˈᆳ䟷⭘؍䜭ᱟ൘ޘӾ䘉䟼ᔰˈṨᆼ 㓖ᴹ 120KB ᐖਣˈഐ↔൘⻱ⴈкབྷ㓖ঐ 240 њᡷ४DŽ ⁑ඇѻਾᔰⲴᡷ४ѝˈণӾ⻱ⴈкㅜ 6 њᡷ४ᔰ᭮㖞DŽа㡜ᛵߥл Linux 0.11 ṨⲴ system ⁑ඇབྷ Ⲵᴰࡽ䶒ᔰ䜘࠶ˈ䘉ҏቡᱟѪӰѸ〠ަѪཤ䜘(head)〻ᒿⲴഐDŽsystem ⁑ඇሶ㻛᭮㖞൘⻱ⴈк setup head.s 〻ᒿ൘㻛㕆䈁⭏ᡀⴞḷ᮷ԦਾՊоṨަԆ〻ᒿа䎧㻛䬮᧕ᡀ system ⁑ඇˈսҾ system ⁑ඇ 6.4.1 ࣕ㜳ᨅ䘦 6.4 head.s ぁᓅ ❦ਾਟԕ䘋㹼䈫DŽ 䗷ⴤ᧕䈫ਆ OCW1 ᶕᗇࡠDŽ൘䈫 IRR ᡆ ISR ѻࡽࡉ䴰㾱俆ݸ֯⭘ OCW3 䗃ࠪ䈫ਆ IRR ᡆ ISR ⲴભԔˈ 8259A ѝᴹ 3 њᇴᆈಘ˄IMRǃIRR ઼ ISR˅ਟ䇙 CPU 䈫ਆަ⣦ᘱDŽIMR ѝⲴᖃࡽቿ㭭ؑਟԕ䙊 (7) 䈫ᇴᆈಘ⣦ᘱ 㭭ؑՊ֯ᡰᴹᵚ㻛ቿ㭭ⲴՈݸ㓗ѝᯝ൷ਟԕ൘Ḁњѝᯝ䗷〻ѝ㻛૽ᓄDŽ ᡁԜ䴰㾱֯⭘ OCW3 俆ݸ䇮㖞䘉⿽ᯩᔿ˄D6ǃD5 ∄⢩ս˅DŽ൘䘉⿽⢩↺ቿ㭭ᯩᔿлˈOCW1 䇮㖞Ⲵቿ 㜭䴰㾱ѝᯝᴽ࣑䗷〻㜭ࣘᘱൠ᭩ਈ㌫㔏ⲴՈݸ㓗DŽѪҶ䀓ߣ䘉њ䰞仈ˈ8259A ѝᕅ䘋Ҷ⢩↺ቿ㭭ᯩᔿDŽ 䘱 EOI ભԔѻࡽ˅ˈ䘉⿽Პ䙊ቿ㭭ᯩᔿՊ֯ᗇ 8259A ቿ㭭ᡰᴹվՈݸ㓗Ⲵѝᯝ䈧≲DŽնᴹӋᓄ⭘൪ਸਟ ቿ㭭ањѝᯝ䈧≲ᒦнՊᖡ૽ަԆՈݸ㓗Ⲵѝᯝ䈧≲DŽሩҾањѝᯝ䈧≲൘૽ᓄᒦ㻛ᴽ࣑ᵏ䰤˄⋑ᴹਁ ቿ㭭ᯩᔿˈ֯⭘ OCW1 ᶕ䇮㖞 IMRDŽIMR Ⲵ∄⢩ս˄D7--D0˅࠶࡛⭘Ҿњѝᯝ䈧≲ᕅ㝊 IR7 -- IR0DŽ ѝᯝቿ㭭ᇴᆈಘ IMR ਟԕ᧗ࡦሩ⇿њѝᯝ䈧≲Ⲵቿ㭭DŽ8259A ਟ䇮㖞є⿽ቿ㭭ᯩᔿDŽሩҾа㡜Პ䙊 (6) ѝᯝቿ㭭ᯩᔿ ᯝ䈧≲ᶕࡠᰦ䴰㾱ㅹᖵᆳѻࡽⲴ 7 њ䇮༷䜭᧕ਇҶᴽ࣑ѻਾ㜭ᗇࡠᴽ࣑DŽ ণ൘ањ䇮༷᧕ਇᴽ࣑ਾˈަՈݸ㓗㠚ࣘਈᡀᴰվⲴDŽՈݸ㓗⅑ᗚ⧟ਈॆDŽᴰн࡙Ⲵᛵߥᱟᖃањѝ ᖃᡁԜ൘㇑⨶Ոݸ㓗਼Ⲵ䇮༷ᰦˈቡਟԕ֯⭘ OCW2 ᢺ 8259A 㣟⡷䇮㖞ᡀ㠚ࣘᗚ⧟Ոݸ㓗ᯩᔿDŽ (5) 㠚ࣘᗚ⧟Ոݸ㓗ᯩᔿ њ⭘Ҿѫ⡷ˈਖањ⭘ҾӾ⡷DŽ ࡛ሩѫ⡷઼Ӿ⡷ⲴࡍॆભԔᆇ ICW3 䘋㹼㕆〻DŽ൘䗷〻ѝҏ䴰㾱ਁ䘱 2 њѝᯝ㔃ᶏ EOI ભԔDŽа ൘㓗㚄㌫㔏ѝˈ⇿њ 8259A 㣟⡷ᗵ享⤜・ൠ䘋㹼ࡍॆˈᒦфਟԕᐕ൘н਼ᯩᔿлDŽਖཆˈ㾱࠶ ᰦˈѫ⡷Պ䘹ᤙ䈕Ӿ⡷ᢺᓄⲴѝᯝਧ᭮ࡠᮠᦞᙫ㓯кDŽ KHDGV 〻ᒿ /$9 ս $'亥ᑗൠ൰˄3DJH)UDP$GGUHVV˅ : 5 6 8 3 䘹ᤙㅖ⇥ ٬〫ٿਓ⛩ޕ䗷〻 /3' 3 ٬〫ٿਓ⛩ޕ䗷〻 ѝᯝ䰘˄,QWHUUXSW*DWH˅ ᣔᵪࡦа䎧㓴ਸ֯⭘DŽն⇥؍˅ᣔḷᘇ˄U/SǃR/W˅䴰㾱о⇥᧿䘠ㅖѝⲴ⢩ᵳ㓗˄PL؍㺘亩ѝ䇮㖞Ⲵ ᣔᯩ⌅DŽ࠶亥ᵪࡦѝ亥ⴞᖅ㺘઼亥؍䘉ṧ䇮㖞Ṩ亥㺘ᙗⲴഐᱟ˖CPU Ⲵ࠶⇥ᵪࡦ઼࠶亥㇑⨶䜭ᴹ 䘉䟼⇿њ㺘亩Ⲵᙗḷᘇ䜭㻛䇮㖞ᡀ 0x07˄P=1ǃU/S=1ǃR/W=1˅ˈ㺘⽪䈕亥ᆈ൘ǃ⭘ᡧਟ䈫߉DŽ ഴ 享ⴤᖋ㺞亯ૂ享㺞亯㔉ᶺ 亩ሩᓄ亥䶒൘⢙⨶ᆈѝ亥䶒ൠ൰Ⲵ儈 20 ∄⢩սDŽ ᘇ˗U/S ᱟ⭘ᡧ/䎵㓗⭘ᡧḷᘇ˗A ᱟ亥䶒ᐢ䇯䰞ḷᘇ˗D ᱟ亥䶒ᇩᐢ؞᭩ḷᘇ˗ᴰᐖ䗩 20 ∄⢩ᱟ㺘 ᆳԜⲴ㺘亩DŽ亥ⴞᖅ㺘亩઼亥㺘亩Ṭᔿ㿱മ 6-10 ᡰ⽪DŽަѝ P ᱟ亥䶒ᆈ൘Ҿᆈḷᘇ˗R/W ᱟ䈫߉ḷ ਟራ൰ 16MB ᆈⲴ 4 њ亥㺘ˈᒦ࠶࡛䇮㖞ޡ⨶ᆈս㖞ˈഐ↔䘉⇥〻ᒿሶ㻛㾶ⴆᦹ˅ˈ㍗䲿ਾ䶒᭮㖞 ᧕⵰䇮㖞㇑⨶ᆈⲴ࠶亥༴⨶ᵪࡦˈሶ亥ⴞᖅ㺘᭮൘㔍ሩ⢙⨶ൠ൰ 0 ᔰ༴˄ҏᱟᵜ〻ᒿᡰ༴Ⲵ⢙ ѝ䇮㖞ᓄⲴḷᘇսDŽ ❦ਾ〻ᒿ⍻䈅 PC ᵪᱟਜ਼ᴹᮠᆖॿ༴⨶ಘ㣟⡷˄80287ǃ80387 ᡆަެᇩ㣟⡷˅ˈᒦ൘᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ CR0 ᗚ⧟DŽ↫ޕᇩˈҏণо䇯䰞Ӿ 0 ൠ൰ᔰሩᓄᆇ㢲Ⲵᇩ䜭਼DŽྲ᷌Ự⍻лᶕਁ⧠⋑ᴹᔰˈࡉ䘋 ྲ᷌⋑ᴹᔰˈࡉ൘䇯䰞儈Ҿ 1MB ⢙⨶ᆈൠ൰ᰦ CPU ᇎ䱵ਚՊᗚ⧟䇯䰞˄IP MOD 1Mb˅ൠ൰༴Ⲵ ᧕⵰֯⭘⢙⨶ൠ൰ 0 о 1MB ᔰ༴Ⲵᆇ㢲ᇩ∄䖳Ⲵᯩ⌅ˈỰ⍻ A20 ൠ൰㓯ᱟᐢⵏⲴᔰDŽ 䙏㕃ߢ४Ⲵа䜘࠶DŽ ⸱∄䖳ਸ⨶ⲴൠᯩDŽࡽ䶒䇮㖞Ⲵ GDT 㺘༴Ҿᆈ 0x902XX ༴DŽ䘉њൠᯩሶ൘Ṩࡍॆਾ⭘ᆈ儈 GDT 㺘〫ࣘࡠᆈ䘲ᖃս㖞༴DŽഐ↔䘉䟼䟽ᯠ䇮㖞 GDT Ⲵѫ㾱ഐᱟѪҶᢺ gdt 㺘᭮൘ᆈṨԓ аṧDŽᖃ❦ᡁԜҏਟԕ൘ setup.s 〻ᒿѝቡᢺ᧿䘠ㅖⲴ⇥䲀䮯ⴤ᧕䇮㖞ᡀ 16MBˈ❦ਾⴤ᧕ᢺޘԆᇩᆼ ᶕ൘ setup.s 〻ᒿѝ䇮㖞Ⲵ GDT 㺘᧿䘠ㅖ䲔Ҷ൘⇥䲀䮯кᴹӋ४࡛ԕཆ˄Ѫ 8MBˈ⧠ Ѫ 16MB˅ˈަ ተ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 gdtDŽᇎ䱵кᯠ䇮㖞Ⲵ GDT 㺘оޘ൘䇮㖞ྭѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ѻਾˈᵜ〻ᒿ৸䟽ᯠ䇮㖞Ҷ ↔ѝᯝ䰘᧿䘠ㅖⲴᆇ㢲 5 ઼ᆇ㢲 4 Ⲵ٬ᓄ䈕ᱟ 0x8E00DŽ ٬DŽ⭡ҾṨԓ⸱⇥аⴤᆈ൘Ҿᆈѝˈᒦф⢩ᵳ㓗Ѫ 0ˈণ P=1ˈDPL=00DŽഐ〫ٿ൘Ṩԓ⸱⇥ѝⲴ ٬ҏቡᱟѝᯝ༴⨶ᆀ〻ᒿ〫ٿ٬DŽ⭡Ҿ head.s 〻ᒿ㻛〫ࣘࡠӾᆈൠ൰ 0 ᔰ༴ˈഐ↔䈕〫ٿ〻ᒿѝⲴ ٬㻛䇮㖞Ѫ ignore_int ѝᯝ༴⨶ᆀ〻ᒿ൘ head.s〫ٿ0x0008ˈ㺘⽪䈕ଁѝᯝ༴⨶ᆀ〻ᒿ൘Ṩԓ⸱ѝDŽ ަѝˈP ᱟ⇥ᆈ൘ḷᘇ˗DPL ᱟ᧿䘠ㅖⲴՈݸ㓗DŽ൘ head.s 〻ᒿѝˈѝᯝ䰘᧿䘠ㅖѝ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ䇮㖞Ѫ ѣᯣᨅ䘦ㅜ㺞 ,'7 ѣⲺѣᯣ䰞ᨅ䘦ㅜṲᕅ ഴ KHDGV 〻ᒿ ᔰཤˈHD[ 㺘⽪ᱟ սⲴ D[ ᇴᆈಘDŽ ⇿њᇴᆈಘ䜭㾱ԕ ᔰˈࡉ㺘⽪ൠ൰DŽ PRYO[HD[ሩҾ *18 ≷㕆ˈ⇿њⴤ᧕ᮠ㾱ԕ 㹼䇮㖞њᮠᦞ⇥ᇴᆈಘDŽ VWDUWXSB ⭘Ⲵ⭘ᡧḸҶDŽ਼֯ޡ ԫ࣑ ᢗ㹼˄LQLWPDLQF ѝ 㹼˅ԕਾ䈕Ḹቡ㻛⭘ԫ࣑ ઼ԫ࣑ XVHUBVWDFN ᮠ㓴ᵛㄟⲴањ䮯ᤷ䪸DŽㅜ 㹼䇮㖞䘉䟼֯⭘ⲴḸˈခф〠Ѫ㌫㔏ḸDŽն൘〫ࣘࡠ 㹼DŽᆳᱟᤷੁ аṧˈӵ⇥䲀䮯Ӿ 0% ؞᭩ᡀҶ 0%DŽVWDFNBVWDUW ᇊѹ൘ NHUQHOVFKHGFˈ ተ⇥᧿䘠㺘ѝࡍᇩо VHWXSV ѝⲴสᵜޘተ⇥᧿䘠㺘DŽᯠޘਾ䶒ᇊѹⲴᯠѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘઼ Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖ [ˈᒦሶึḸ᭮㖞൘ VWDFNBVWDUW ᤷੁⲴ XVHUBVWDFN ᮠ㓴४ˈ❦ਾ֯⭘ᵜ〻ᒿ ተ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ㅜ 亩˅ޘ˄⇥л䶒ԓ⸱Ⲵਜ਼ѹᱟ˖䇮㖞 GVHVIVJV Ѫ VHWXSVѝᶴ䙐Ⲵᮠᦞ 㿱ࡽ䶒 VHWXSV ѝ ˈ 㹼˅৲ੁ㺘ѝⲴᮠᦞ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ亩DŽ˄᧿䘠ㅖⲴާփᮠ٬ ս DŽᆳ↓ྭᤷ ս ǃ䘹ᤙ㺘ѝㅜ 亩 ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ޘս ǃ䘹ᤙ ⢩ᵳ㓗 㹼лⲴ䈤᰾DŽ䘉䟼[ Ⲵਜ਼ѹᱟ䈧≲ 䘹ᤙㅖⲴ䈤᰾䈧৲㿱 VHWXSV ѝޣⲴ䘹ᤙㅖDŽᴹ ᡆ㘵ᴤ߶⺞ൠ䈤ᱟањ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘亩ˈ٬〫ٿተ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ѝⲴޘ⇥ᇴᆈಘˈᆳ⧠൘ަᇎᱟ њޕ⅑⌘䘉䟼ᐢ㓿༴Ҿ ս䘀㹼⁑ᔿˈഐ↔䘉䟼Ⲵ[ ᒦнᱟᢺൠ൰ [ 㻵 亥ⴞᖅሶՊᆈ᭮൘䘉䟼DŽ BSJBGLU JOREOBLGWBJGWBSJBGLUBWPSBIORSS\BDUHD WH[W ഐ↔䘉䟼Ⲵࣘԓ⸱ሶ㻛亥ⴞᖅ㾶ⴆᦹDŽ ⌘ սࣘԓ⸱ᱟӾ㔍ሩൠ൰ [ ᔰⲴˈ䘉䟼ҏ਼ṧᱟ亥ⴞᖅሶᆈ൘Ⲵൠᯩˈ KHDGV ਜ਼ᴹ սࣘԓ⸱DŽ WKHSDJHGLUHFWRU\ WKHSDJHGLUHFWRU\ZLOOH[LVW7KHVWDUWXSFRGHZLOOEHRYHUZULWWHQE\ 127(6WDUWXSKDSSHQVDWDEVROXWHDGGUHVV[ZKLFKLVDOVRZKHUH KHDGVFRQWDLQVWKHELWVWDUWXSFRGH /LQXV7RUYDOGV & OLQX[ERRWKHDGV ぁᓅ 6-3 linux/boot/head.s 6.4.2 ԙ⸷⌞䠀 〻ᒿDŽ ਓൠ൰ᕩࠪˈ৫䘀㹼 main()ޕᴰਾˈhead.s 〻ᒿ࡙⭘䘄എᤷԔሶ亴ݸ᭮㖞൘ึḸѝⲴ/init/main.c 〻ᒿⲴ н㜭䲿䇯䰞Ṩ䍴ⓀDŽ 䇱䘉єњԫ࣑ԓ⸱нӵਟԕ൘⭘ᡧᘱлᢗ㹼ˈ㘼ф৸؍⸱઼ᮠᦞDŽഐ↔䘉䟼ᢺ亥䶒ᙗ䇮㖞Ѫ 0x7 ቡਟ ˄U/S=0˅ࡉᰒнਟ߉ǃҏнਟԕ䈫DŽ⭡ҾṨԓ⸱ᴹӋ⢩࡛ѻ༴ˈণަѝवਜ਼ᴹԫ࣑ 0 ઼ԫ࣑ 1 Ⲵԓ ˄U/S=1˅ਟԕ䇯䰞ˈᒦфਚᴹḷ䇠Ѫਟ䈫߉Ⲵ亥䶒˄W/R = 1˅ᱟਟ߉ⲴDŽ㘼↔ᰦҾ䎵㓗⭘ᡧⲴ亥䶒 ᆈ䈫߉DŽྲ᷌ CPL = 3ˈࡉ䈤᰾ CPU 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亥ᆈ亥䶒˅ˈ㘼⇿њ亥㺘亩䴰㾱 њᆇ㢲ˈഐ↔ањ亥㺘 ྲ᷌ᴹཊҾ 0E Ⲵᆈˈቡ䴰㾱൘䘉䟼䘋㹼ᢙݵ؞᭩DŽ /LQXV ሶṨⲴᆈ亥㺘ⴤ᧕᭮൘亥ⴞᖅѻਾˈ֯⭘Ҷ њ㺘ᶕራ൰ 0% Ⲵ⢙⨶ᆈDŽ PRUHWKDQ0%ZLOOKDYHWRH[SDQGWKLV XVLQJRIWKHPWRVSDQ0ERISK\VLFDOPHPRU\3HRSOHZLWK ,SXWWKHNHUQHOSDJHWDEOHVULJKWDIWHUWKHSDJHGLUHFWRU\ UHW ᇩᐢ䇮㖞ྭˈ㿱 㹼 DŽ ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᇴᆈಘޘOJGWJGWBGHVFU࣐䖭 VHWXSBJGW 䈕ᆀ〻ᒿሶ㻛亥㺘㾶ⴆᦹDŽ 䶒ⲴаṧDŽ䈕ᆀ〻ᒿਚᴹє㹼ˈĀ䶎ᑨⲴā༽ᵲˈᡰԕᖃ❦䴰㾱䘉Ѹ䮯Ⲵ⌘䟺Ҷ-DŽ ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 JGWˈᒦ࣐䖭DŽ↔ᰦӵࡋᔪҶєњ㺘亩ˈоࡽޘ䘉њᆀ〻ᒿ䇮㖞ањᯠⲴ KHDGV 〻ᒿ WKHILUVW0%7KHSDJHUDVVXPHVWKDWQRLOOHJDO LQFU7KHSDJHWDEOHVDUHVHWXSLGHQWLW\PDSSLQJ 7KLVURXWLQHVHWVXSSDJLQJE\VHWWLQJWKHSDJHELW 6HWXSBSDJLQJ ٬ҏᕩࠪ˅DŽ˅ḸⲴ &38 ḷᘇᇴᆈಘ˄ սޕLUHWѝᯝ䘄എ˄ᢺѝᯝ䈳⭘ᰦ SRSOHD[ SRSOHF[ SRSOHG[ SRSGV SRSHV SRSIV SRSOHD[ ᱟ SULQWN 㕆䈁ਾ⁑ඇѝⲴ䜘㺘⽪⌅DŽ BSULQWN FDOOBSULQWN䈕࠭ᮠ൘NHUQHOSULQWNF ѝDŽ Ḹ-DŽޕ˅ 8QNQ ˈࡉ㺘⽪ᢺ LQWBPVJ ㅖਧ༴Ⲵ䮯ᆇ˄ ࡽн࣐ ḸDŽ⌘ʽ㤕ㅖਧ LQWBPVJޕ˅SXVKOLQWBPVJᢺ䈳⭘ SULQWN ࠭ᮠⲴ৲ᮠᤷ䪸˄ൠ൰ PRYD[IV PRYD[HV PRYD[GV PRYO[HD[㖞⇥䘹ᤙㅖ˄֯ GVHVIV ᤷੁ JGW 㺘ѝⲴᮠᦞ⇥˅DŽ SXVKIV SXVKHV Ḹˈҏণ䴰㾱ঐ⭘ њᆇ㢲ⲴึḸオ䰤DŽޕӽ❦Պԕ սⲴᖒᔿ ḸਾޕSXVKGV䘉䟼䈧⌘ʽʽGVHVIVJV ㅹ㲭❦ᱟ սⲴᇴᆈಘˈն SXVKOHG[ SXVKOHF[ SXVKOHD[ LJQRUHBLQW DOLJQ᤹ ᆇ㢲ᯩᔿሩ喀ᆈൠ൰DŽ എ䖖ᦒ㹼 āDŽ DVFL]8QNQRZQLQWHUUXSW?Q?UᇊѹᆇㅖѢĀᵚ⸕ѝᯝ LQWBPVJ л䶒ᱟ唈䇔ⲴѝᯝĀੁ䟿ਕᷴā- 7KLVLVWKHGHIDXOWLQWHUUXSWKDQGOHU ᡰԕ࣐Ҷ䈕䈝ਕDŽ䘉ṧᡁԜቡ⸕䚃ਁ⭏ӰѸ䰞仈ҶDŽ PDLQ 〻ᒿ㔍ሩнᓄ䈕䘄എࡠ䘉䟼DŽн䗷ѪҶԕ䱢заˈ MXVWLQFDVHZHNQRZZKDWKDSSHQV MPS/PDLQVKRXOGQHYHUUHWXUQKHUHEXW / 㹼DŽ MPSVHWXSBSDJLQJ䐣䖜㠣ㅜ ᱟ㕆䈁〻ᒿሩ PDLQ Ⲵ䜘㺘⽪ᯩ⌅DŽ BPDLQ SXVKOBPDLQ SXVKO/UHWXUQDGGUHVVIRUPDLQLILWGHFLGHVWR ㅖਧ㺘⽪䘉ᱟањ・ণᮠDŽ SXVKOަѝⲴ SXVKO䘉Ӌᱟ䈳⭘ PDLQ 〻ᒿⲴ৲ᮠ˄ᤷ LQLWPDLQF˅DŽ SXVKO7KHVHDUHWKHSDUDPHWHUVWRPDLQ DIWHUBSDJHBWDEOHV ࠭ᮠ䈳⭘ᵪࡦ䈧৲㿱〻ᒿਾⲴ䈤᰾DŽ & ޣᴹ 䘄എᤷԔᰦቡՊሶ PDLQF 〻ᒿⲴൠ൰ᕩࠪึḸˈᒦ৫ᢗ㹼 PDLQF 〻ᒿҶDŽ UHW ᢗ㹼 Ḹˈ䘉ṧˈ൘䇮㖞࠶亥༴⨶˄VHWXSBSDJLQJ˅㔃ᶏਾึޕ 㹼ሶ PDLQF Ⲵൠ൰ KHDGV 〻ᒿ ֻྲSJ㺘⽪˖[ˈᱟ亥ⴞᖅ㺘ѝⲴㅜ 亩DŽ 亥ⴞᖅ亩Ⲵ㔃ᶴо亥㺘ѝ亩Ⲵ㔃ᶴаṧˈ њᆇ㢲Ѫ 亩DŽ৲㿱к䶒 㹼лⲴ䈤᰾DŽ ᴹ њ亥㺘ᡰԕਚ䴰䇮㖞 亩DŽޡ˅л䶒 ਕ䇮㖞亥ⴞᖅ㺘ѝⲴ亩ˈഐѪᡁԜ˄Ṩ HGL ᡰᤷᆈս㖞༴ˈф HGL ໎DŽ VWRVOHD[ ᇩᆈࡠ HV UHS FOG 亥ⴞᖅӾ [ ൠ൰ᔰDŽ SJBGLULVDW[ [RUOHGLHGL [RUOHD[HD[ SDJHVSJBGLUSDJHWDEOHV HF[ PRYO 俆ݸሩ 亥ᆈ˄ 亥ⴞᖅ 亥亥㺘˅䴦DŽ VHWXSBSDJLQJ DOLJQ᤹ ᆇ㢲ᯩᔿሩ喀ᆈൠ൰䗩⭼DŽ ᆇ㢲DŽ ᯠⲴ䘋〻ˈ㌫㔏Պ൘ѫᆈ४Ѫަ⭣䈧亥䶒ᆈ᭮亥㺘DŽਖཆˈ 亥ᆈ䮯ᓖᱟ 䘉䟼Ⲵ 亥亥㺘ࡉҾṨу⭘ˈᆳԜаа᱐ሴ㓯ᙗൠ൰䎧 0% オ䰤㤳തࡠ⢙⨶ᆈкDŽሩҾ ⭘Ⲵˈ㘼ޜ൘ᆈ⢙⨶ൠ൰ [ ༴ᔰᆈ᭮ 亥亥ⴞᖅ㺘઼ 亥亥㺘DŽ亥ⴞᖅ㺘ᱟ㌫㔏ᡰᴹ䘋〻 ӛ䍴Ⓚˈᗵ享ᴹ〻ᒿ䘋㹼㔏а㇑⨶ԕ䚯ݽ䍴Ⓚҹ⭘઼ㄎҹDŽޡᆈ४ѝᆈ亥䶒ᱟ ㅹ࠭ᮠ㧧ਆDŽഐѪѫ ˄Პ䙊˅࠭ᮠDŽ㤕㾱֯⭘ѫᆈ४Ⲵ亥䶒ˈቡ䴰㾱֯⭘ JHWBIUHHBSDJH ѫᆈ४オ䰤⭡ PP ⁑ඇ㇑⨶DŽᆳ⎹৺ࡠ亥䶒᱐ሴDŽṨѝᡰᴹަԆ࠭ᮠቡᱟ䘉䟼ᤷⲴа㡜 к䶒㤡᮷⌘䟺ㅜ ⇥Ⲵਜ਼ѹᱟᤷ൘ᵪಘ⢙⨶ᆈѝབྷҾ 0% Ⲵᆈオ䰤ѫ㾱㻛⭘Ҿѫᆈ४DŽ ᭩ࣘቡ㹼Ҷ/˅DŽ 䇱䘉Ӌ؍ᡁᐢ㓿䙊䗷䇮㖞Ḁ㊫ḷᘇᶕ㔉ࠪ䴰㾱᭩ࣘⲴൠᯩ˄ᩌ㍒Ā0Eā˅ˈնᡁн㜭 Ѫ 0EˈഐѪᡁⲴᵪಘᘾѸᢙݵ⭊㠣н㜭䎵䗷䘉њ⭼䲀˄ᖃ❦ˈᡁⲴᵪಘᱟᖸׯᇌⲴ-˅DŽ 䘉䟼ˈሩᆳ䘋㹼؞᭩DŽ˄ᇎ䱵кˈ䘉ᒦнཚഠ䳮ⲴDŽ䙊ᑨਚ䴰؞᭩аӋᑨᮠㅹDŽᡁᢺᆳ䇮㖞 ሩҾ䛓ӋᴹཊҾ 0E ᆈⲴᇦՉ̢ⵏᱟཚᒨ䘀Ҷˈᡁ䘈⋑ᴹˈѪӰѸՊᴹ-DŽԓ⸱ቡ൘ オ䰤ˈ䈕ൠ൰オ䰤ሶ㻛᱐ሴࡠަԆаӋൠᯩ৫PP˄ᆈ㇑⨶〻ᒿ˅Պ㇑⨶䘉ӋһⲴDŽ ⴤ᧕֯⭘!0E Ⲵൠ൰DŽᡰᴹĀᲞ䙊ā࠭ᮠӵ֯⭘վҾ 0E Ⲵൠ൰オ䰤ˈᡆ㘵ᱟ֯⭘ተ䜘ᮠᦞ ⌘ʽቭ㇑ᡰᴹⲴ⢙⨶ൠ൰䜭ᓄ䈕⭡䘉њᆀ〻ᒿ䘋㹼ᚂㅹ᱐ሴˈնਚᴹṨ亥䶒㇑⨶࠭ᮠ㜭 ൠ൰᱐ሴ˄ҏণ൘ਚᴹ 0E Ⲵᵪಘк䇮㖞ࠪབྷҾ 0E Ⲵᆈൠ൰˅DŽ ᇊнՊӗ⭏䶎⌅Ⲵٷᒦ䇮㖞њ亥㺘亩Ⲵᇩˈԕᚂㅹ᱐ሴࡽ 0% Ⲵ⢙⨶ᆈDŽ࠶亥ಘ 䘉њᆀ〻ᒿ䙊䗷䇮㖞᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ FU Ⲵḷᘇ˄3*ս ˅ᶕࣘሩᆈⲴ࠶亥༴⨶࣏㜭ˈ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〻ᒿ A ORQJBJGWPDJLFQXPEHUEXWLWZRUNVIRUPH VDQ\⌘˖QRWÆQRWH QRWWKDWWKDW VRGRHVJGW ZRUG JGWBGHVFU ս㖞ˈ㿱 㹼DŽ〫ٿተ㺘൘ᵜ〻ᒿѝⲴޘਟᴹ 亩DŽㅖਧBJGW ᱟޡ㓴ᡀањ᧿䘠ㅖ亩ˈᡰԕ㺘ѝ ተ㺘䮯ᓖ䇮㖞Ѫ .% ᆇ㢲˄[II ণਟ˅ˈഐѪ⇿ ᆇ㢲ޘਾ ᆇ㢲ᱟ JGW 㺘Ⲵ㓯ᙗสൠ൰DŽ䘉䟼 ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᇴᆈಘ JGWU ⲴᤷԔ OJGW 㾱≲Ⲵ ᆇ㢲ᮠDŽࡽ ᆇ㢲ᱟ JGW 㺘Ⲵ䲀䮯ˈޘл䶒࣐䖭 ZRUG DOLJQ ORQJBLGW 亩ˈ䲀䮯 䮯ᓖDŽ ޡLGWFRQWDLQVHQWULHV ZRUG LGWBGHVFU ਾ ᆇ㢲ᱟ LGW 㺘൘㓯ᙗൠ൰オ䰤ѝⲴ սสൠ൰DŽ л䶒ᱟ࣐䖭ѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᇴᆈಘ LGWU ⲴᤷԔ OLGW 㾱≲Ⲵ ᆇ㢲ᮠDŽࡽ ᆇ㢲ᱟ LGW 㺘Ⲵ䲀䮯ˈ ZRUG䘉䟼ݸオࠪ ᆇ㢲ˈ䘉ṧ 㹼кⲴ䮯ᆇᱟ ᆇ㢲ሩ喀ⲴDŽ DOLJQ᤹ ᆇ㢲ᯩᔿሩ喀ᆈൠ൰䗩⭼DŽ 〻ᒿ৫䘀㹼DŽᵜ〻ᒿࡠ↔ቡⵏ↓㔃ᶏҶDŽ ḸѝⲴ PDLQ 〻ᒿⲴൠ൰ᕩࠪˈᒦ䐣䖜ࡠLQLWPDLQFึޕ䈕䘄എᤷԔⲴਖањ⭘ᱟሶ 㹼 ൘᭩ਈ࠶亥༴⨶ḷᘇਾ㾱≲֯⭘䖜〫ᤷԔࡧᯠ亴ਆᤷԔ䱏ࡇˈ䘉䟼⭘Ⲵᱟ䘄എᤷԔ UHWDŽ WKLVDOVRIOXVKHVSUHIHWFKTXHXH UHW 3* ELW VHWSDJLQJ PRYOHD[FU RUO[HD[к 3* ḷᘇDŽ PRYOFUHD[ 䇮㖞ࣘ֯⭘࠶亥༴⨶˄FU Ⲵ 3* ḷᘇˈս ˅ FUSDJHGLUHFWRU\VWDUW PRYOHD[FU 亥ⴞᖅ㺘൘ [ ༴DŽ SJBGLULVDW[ [RUOHD[HD[ ᆈⲴᱟ亥ⴞᖅ㺘Ⲵ⢙⨶ൠ൰DŽ؍ᤷੁ亥ⴞᖅ㺘DŽFU ѝˈ䇮㖞亥ⴞᖅ㺘ส൰ᇴᆈಘ FU Ⲵ٬ ߉ྭҶDŽޘMJHEྲ᷌ሿҾ ࡉ䈤᰾ VXEO[HD[⇿ປ߉ྭа亩ˈ⢙⨶ൠ൰٬߿ [DŽ ILOOSDJHVEDFNZDUGVPRUHHIILFLHQW VWRVO ᆇ㢲 DŽ ٬䙂߿ VWGᯩੁս㖞սˈHGL ࣐кᙗḷᘇ ˈণѪ [IIIDŽ ᴰਾ 亩ሩᓄ⢙⨶ᆈ亥䶒Ⲵൠ൰ᱟ [IIIˈ UZXVHUS 0E PRYO[IIIHD[ HGLHGLÎᴰਾа亥Ⲵᴰਾа亩DŽ PRYOSJ DŽ DŽഐ↔ᴰਾа亥Ⲵᴰਾа亩Ⲵս㖞ቡᱟSJ ս㖞ᱟ 䘰亪ᒿປ߉DŽањ亥㺘Ⲵᴰਾа亩൘亥㺘ѝⲴق֯⭘Ⲵᯩ⌅ᱟӾᴰਾањ亥㺘Ⲵᴰਾа亩ᔰ᤹ ⇿亩Ⲵᇩᱟ˖ᖃࡽ亩ᡰ᱐ሴⲴ⢙⨶ᆈൠ൰䈕亥Ⲵḷᘇ˄䘉䟼൷Ѫ ˅DŽ .E 0EDŽ ҏণ㜭᱐ሴ⢙⨶ᆈ [III ˈ 亩 亩亥㺘 亥㺘 ᴹ˖ޡˈл䶒 㹼ປ߉ њ亥㺘ѝᡰᴹ亩Ⲵᇩ PRYOSJBSJBGLU PRYOSJBSJBGLU PRYOSJBSJBGLU VHWSUHVHQWELWXVHUUZ PRYOSJBSJBGLU [III [ˈ㺘⽪䈕亥ᆈ൘ǃ⭘ᡧਟ䈫߉DŽ ㅜ њ亥㺘Ⲵᙗḷᘇ [ [IIIII [˗ ࡉㅜ њ亥㺘ᡰ൘Ⲵൠ൰ [ KHDGV 〻ᒿ KHDGV ԓ⸱ N ᆈ亥ⴞᖅ㺘 N ᆈ亥㺘 SJ N ᆈ亥㺘 SJ N ᆈ亥㺘 SJ N ᆈ亥㺘 SJ N 䖟ⴈ㕃ߢ४ KHDGV 䜘࠶ԓ⸱ N ѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 LGW N ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 JGWޘ PDLQF 〻ᒿԓ⸱ NHUQHO ⁑ඇԓ⸱ PP ⁑ඇԓ⸱ IV ⁑ඇԓ⸱ OLE ⁑ඇԓ⸱ V\VWHP ⁑ඇ [ [ [ [ [ [ ᣔ⁑ᔿ䘀㹼ᯩᔿᰦˈ↔ᰦ⇥ᇴᆈಘѝ᭮㖞ⲴᒦнᱟᆈѝⲴḀњൠ൰؍ޕԕራ൰ 64KB ⲴᆈDŽնᖃ䘋 CPU ൘ᇎ⁑ᔿ䘀㹼ᯩᔿᰦˈ⇥ᇴᆈಘ⭘ᶕ᭮㖞ањᆈ⇥ൠ൰˄ֻྲ 0x9000˅ˈ㘼↔ᰦ൘䈕⇥ਟ ಘ gdtrǃѝᯝ䰘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᇴᆈಘ idtrˈ࣐䖭䘉Ӌ㺘ᇴᆈಘ享֯⭘у⭘ᤷԔ lgdt ᡆ lidtDŽ ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᇴᆈޘྲˈᆈ൘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᇴᆈಘѝ؍ൠ൰٬DŽ㘼ᖃࡽ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘Ⲵสൠ൰ࡉ〫ٿ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ѝⲴ ᣔ⁑ᔿл⇥᧿䘠ㅖⲴᤷ䪸֯⭘ˈ↔ᰦ⇥ᇴᆈಘѝᆈ᭮Ⲵᱟањ᧿䘠ㅖ൘؍ᆳቡሶᇎ⁑ᔿлⲴ⇥ൠ൰ᖃ ᣔ⁑ᔿлᰦˈ؍ᣔ⁑ᔿ㻛༴⨶Ⲵ䖳Ѫ༽ᵲDŽᖃ CPU 䘀㹼൘؍ᗵ䴰ⲴDŽѪҶо 8086 CPU ެᇩˈ80x86 Ⲵ ᣔ⁑ᔿⲴ䘀㹼ᵪࡦˈҏᱟ㔗㔝䰵䈫ԕлަ։〻ᒿᡰ؍䭞ᱟⵏ↓Ҷ䀓 Intel 386 32 սޣ⨶䀓䘉⇥〻ᒿⲴ 6.4.3.2 Intel 32 փؓᣚ䘆㺂ᵰ ᝅഴ⽰܅ഴ V\VWHP ⁗ඍ൞ᆎѣⲺ᱖ 㿱മ 6-11 ᡰ⽪DŽۿ⁑ඇ൘ᆈѝⲴ䈖㓶᱐ ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 gdtDŽਖཆ䘈Ѫ䖟ⴈ傡ࣘ〻ᒿᔰ䗏Ҷ 1KB ᆇ㢲Ⲵ㕃ߢ४DŽ↔ᰦ systemޘ઼ ѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 idt head.s 〻ᒿᢗ㹼㔃ᶏਾˈᐢ㓿↓ᔿᆼᡀҶᆈ亥ⴞᖅ઼亥㺘Ⲵ䇮㖞ˈᒦ䟽ᯠ䇮㖞ҶṨᇎ䱵֯⭘Ⲵ ܅6.4.3.1 ぁᓅᢝ㺂㔉ᶕⲺᆎ᱖ 6.4.3 ެԌؗᚥ 亴⮉オ䰤DŽ VHWF VDQG766 VSDFHIRU/'7 ILOO WXVH 7(0325$5<GRQ TXDG[ [ˈṨᮠᦞ⇥ᴰབྷ䮯ᓖ 0%DŽ 0E III TXDG[F [ˈṨԓ⸱⇥ᴰབྷ䮯ᓖ 0%DŽ 0E DIII TXDG[F 18//GHVFULSWRU TXDG[ BJGW QXOFVGVV\VFDOO766/'7766/'7766HWF Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖDŽ /'7 ઼ሩᓄⲴԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥ 766 ਾ䶒䘈亴⮉Ҷ 亩Ⲵオ䰤ˈ⭘Ҿ᭮㖞ᡰࡋᔪԫ࣑Ⲵተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖ ㌫㔏䈳⭘⇥᧿䘠ㅖᒦ⋑ᴹ⍮⭘༴ˈ/LQXV ᖃᰦਟ㜭ᴮᜣᢺ㌫㔏䈳⭘ԓ⸱у䰘᭮൘䘉њ⤜・Ⲵ⇥ѝDŽ ተ㺘DŽࡽ 亩࠶࡛ᱟオ亩˄н⭘˅ǃԓ⸱⇥᧿䘠ㅖǃᮠᦞ⇥᧿䘠ㅖǃ㌫㔏䈳⭘⇥᧿䘠ㅖˈަѝޘ ILOOLGWLVXQLQLWLDOL]HG 亩ˈ⇿亩 ᆇ㢲ˈປ DŽ BLGW DOLJQ᤹ ˄A˅ᆇ㢲ᯩᔿሩ喀ᆈൠ൰䗩⭼DŽ KHDGV 〻ᒿ ᤙㅖᰦˈDS:ESI ণᤷੁ䈕ԫ࣑ᮠᦞ⇥ѝⲴḀњᮠᦞDŽ ԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖˈㅜйњᱟԫ࣑ᮠᦞ⇥઼ึḸ⇥Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖDŽᖃ DS ⇥ᇴᆈಘѝᱟㅜањԫ࣑Ⲵᮠᦞ⇥䘹 њԫ࣑Ⲵԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥˄TSS˅Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖDŽ⇿њ LDT ѝਜ਼ᴹйњ᧿䘠ㅖˈަѝㅜањн⭘ˈㅜҼњᱟԫ࣑ ᧿䘠ㅖ亩DŽGDT 㺘ѝⲴ LDT0 ᧿䘠ㅖ亩ᱟㅜањԫ࣑˄䘋〻˅Ⲵተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖˈTSS0 ᱟㅜа മ 6-12 ᱟ Linux Ṩѝᡰ֯⭘Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘൘ᆈѝⲴ⽪മDŽമѝˈ⇿њԫ࣑൘ GDT ѝঐᴹєњ 2-3 ᆇ㢲˅઼аӋḷᘇ˄4-5 ᆇ㢲˅DŽ˄ᆇ㢲˅ǃᡰ༴⇥Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖ٬ 7-6ˈ1-0˄٬〫ٿ8 ᆇ㢲Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖDŽն⇿њ᧿䘠ㅖ亩ⲴṬᔿо GDT Ⲵн਼ˈަѝᆈ᭮⵰ᓄѝᯝ䗷〻Ⲵ ਜ਼ᴹ 256 亩ޡѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 IDT Ⲵ㔃ᶴо GDT ㊫լˈ൘ Linux Ṩѝᆳ↓ྭսҾ GDT 㺘Ⲵࡽ䶒DŽ GDT 㺘ѝᴰཊᴹ 64 њ LDT 㺘Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖ亩ᆈ൘DŽ ᧿䘠ㅖԕ৺ᖃࡽԫ࣑Ⲵ LDT ѝⲴ᧿䘠ㅖDŽሩҾ Linux 0.11 Ṩᶕ䈤਼ᰦਟԕᴹ 64 њԫ࣑൘ᢗ㹼ˈഐ↔ ањ㻛䇔Ѫᱟ⍫ࣘⲴDŽа㡜ሩҾ⇿њԫ࣑˄䘋〻˅֯⭘ањ LDTDŽ൘䘀㹼ᰦˈ〻ᒿਟԕ֯⭘ GDT ѝⲴ GDT ѝḀњ᧿䘠ㅖᶕ࣐䖭ˈণ LDT ҏᱟ⭡ GDT ѝⲴ᧿䘠ㅖᶕᤷᇊDŽնᱟ൘Ḁаᰦ਼ṧҏਚᴹަѝⲴ փ㌫㔏⺞ᇊDŽ൘Ḁањᰦˈᖃࡽ LDT 㺘Ⲵส൰⭡ LDTR ᇴᆈಘⲴᇩᤷᇊˈᒦф LDTR Ⲵᇩ֯⭘ ઼ IDTR ᤷᇊᆳԜⲴ㺘ส൰DŽተ䜘㺘ਟԕᴹ 0 њᡆᴰཊ 8191 њˈ䘉⭡ GDT 㺘ѝᵚ⭘亩ᮠ઼ᡰ䇮䇑Ⲵާ ᣔ⁑ᔿлˈḀаᰦ GDT ઼ IDT ࠶࡛ਚ㜭ᴹањˈ࠶࡛⭡ᇴᆈಘ GDTR؍䘠ㅖ㺘˄LDT˅DŽᖃ CPU 䘀㹼൘ ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘˄GDT˅ǃѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘˄IDT˅઼ተ䜘᧿ޘ˖䪸ሩн਼Ⲵ֯⭘ᯩ䶒ˈ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘࠶Ѫй⿽ 㓿䗷᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ѝⲴ᧿䘠ㅖ઼ᆈ亥㇑⨶ᶕ⺞ᇊDŽ ᣔ⁑ᔿлⲴᆈራ൰䴰㾱ᤀњᕟˈ؍㾱㓿䗷ᆈ亥䶒༴⨶㇑⨶ᵪࡦ䘋㹼ਈᦒਾ㜭ᗇࡠDŽㆰ㘼䀰ѻˈ32 ս ᆈս㖞ᱟ䘉њ⇥ส൰࣐кᖃࡽᢗ㹼ԓ⸱ᤷ䪸 eip Ⲵ٬DŽᖃ❦ˈ↔ᰦᡰራ൰Ⲵᇎ䱵⢙⨶ᆈൠ൰ˈ䘈䴰 ਜ਼ᴹ䈕⇥㓯ᙗൠ൰Ⲵþ⇥ÿส൰઼⇥Ⲵ䮯ᓖˈԕ৺ަԆаӋ᧿䘠䈕⇥⢩ᖱⲴ∄⢩սDŽഐ↔↔ᰦᡰራ൰Ⲵ 䟿DŽ൘䘉њ 8 ᆇ㢲Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖѝ〫ٿ㘼ᱟᤷᇊ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ѝḀњ᧿䘠ㅖ亩ሩҾ䈕᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ส൰Ⲵањˈ٬ KHDGV 〻ᒿ '6 ⇥ᇴᆈಘ (6, ᇴᆈಘ &6 ⇥ᇴᆈಘ *'75 ᇴᆈಘ /'75 ᇴᆈಘ (6, '6 18// ᧿䘠ㅖ ԫ࣑ԓ⸱⇥᧿䘠ㅖ ึḸ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ ᮠᦞ ᮠᦞ亩 766Q ᧿䘠ㅖ /'7Q ᧿䘠ㅖ /'7 ᧿䘠ㅖ 18// ᧿䘠ㅖ Ṩԓ⸱⇥᧿䘠ㅖ Ṩᮠᦞ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ ᵚ⭘ ㌫㔏⇥᧿䘠ㅖ 766 ᧿䘠ㅖ /'7 ᧿䘠ㅖ 766 ᧿䘠ㅖ /'7 ᧿䘠ㅖ 766 ᧿䘠ㅖ њ᧿䘠ㅖ ޡ ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 *'7ޘ ተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 /'7 ᮠᦞ⇥ '6 ⇥䲀䮯 '6 ༴⨶ᯩ⌅ᱟ⭡Ҿ gas ѪҶ⁑ԯ⿽փ㌫㔃ᶴ㌫㔏к㠚ᑖⲴ≷㕆ಘⲴ㹼Ѫ㘼ᖒᡀⲴDŽ DŽGNU as˄gas˅ሩ䘉єњⴞḷṬᔿⲴн਼ڊṧˈྲ᷌ᐢ㓿൘ 8 Ⲵؽᮠ䗩⭼кˈ䛓Ѹ䈕՚ᤷԔӰѸҏн Ⲵ⅑ᯩᮠ˄2^Val1˅DŽֻྲࡽ䶒〻ᒿ head.s ѝⲴ'.align 3'ቡ㺘⽪ս㖞䇑ᮠಘ䴰㾱սҾ 8 Ⲵؽᮠ䗩⭼кDŽ਼ ਈҶDŽնሩҾᡁԜ䘉䟼֯⭘ a.out ⴞḷṬᔿⲴ㌫㔏ᶕ䈤ˈㅜ 1 њ৲ᮠ val1 ᱟᤷᇊվս 0 ∄⢩Ⲵњᮠˈণ 2 8'㺘⽪䈳ᮤս㖞䇑ᮠಘⴤࡠᆳᤷ൘ 8 Ⲵؽᮠ䗩⭼кDŽྲ᷌ᐢ㓿൘ 8 Ⲵؽᮠ䗩⭼кˈ䛓Ѹ㕆䈁ಘቡн⭘᭩ ሩҾ⧠൘֯⭘ ELF ⴞḷṬᔿⲴ Intel 80X86 CPUˈㅜ 1 њ৲ᮠ val1 ᱟ䴰㾱ሩ喀Ⲵᆇ㢲ᮠDŽֻྲˈ'.align ֯⭘ㅜ 3 њ৲ᮠ val3ˈ䛓Ѹਚ䴰㾱᭮㖞єњ䙇ਧণਟDŽ Պ䎵䗷 val3 ᤷᇊⲴᴰབྷᆇ㢲ᮠˈ䛓Ѹቡṩᵜн䘋㹼ሩ喀DŽྲ᷌䴰㾱ⴱ⮕ㅜ 2 њ৲ᮠ val2 ն䘈ᱟ䴰㾱 val3 ⭘ᶕᤷ᰾ᴰབྷ⭘Ҿປݵᡆ䐣䗷Ⲵⴤ᧕ᮠDŽྲ᷌䘋㹼䗩⭼ሩ喀 ٬ປݵDŽㅜ 3 њਟ䘹৲ᮠ٬ 䈁ಘ֯⭘ 0 ㅜ 2 њᱟປݵᆇ㢲ᤷᇊⲴ٬DŽປݵ٬ਟԕⴱ⮕DŽ㤕ⴱ⮕ࡉ㕆˗val1 ᱟᡰ䴰㾱Ⲵሩ喀٬ ަѝㅜ 1 њ৲ᮠ٬ .align val1, val2, val3 Ҷᨀ儈 CPU 䇯䰞ᆈѝԓ⸱ᡆᮠᦞⲴ䙏ᓖ઼᭸⦷DŽަᆼᮤṬᔿѪ˖ Ⲵ⭘ᱟ൘㕆䈁ᰦᤷ⽪㕆䈁ಘປݵս㖞䇑ᮠಘ˄㊫լᤷԔ䇑ᮠಘ˅ࡠањᤷᇊⲴᆈ䗩⭼༴DŽⴞⲴᱟѪ ൘ㅜ 3 ㄐӻ㓽≷㕆ಘᰦᡁԜᐢ㓿ሩ align ՚ᤷԔ䘋㹼Ҷ䈤᰾DŽ䘉䟼ᡁԜᙫ㔃алDŽ֯⭘՚ᤷԔ.align 6.4.3.3 ࢃሲㅜδՠԚεalign ഴ /LQX[ Ṯֵ⭞ᨅ䘦ㅜ㺞Ⲻ⽰ᝅഴȾ KHDGV 〻ᒿ лаㄐⲴѫ㾱ᇩቡᱟ䈖㓶᧿䘠 init/main.c 〻ᒿⲴ࣏㜭઼⭘DŽ ᴰਾ䐣䖜ࡠ system ⁑ඇѝⲴࡍॆ〻ᒿ init/main.c ѝ㔗㔝ᢗ㹼DŽ ᢃᔰˈ⍻䈅㌫㔏ᱟਜ਼ᴹᮠᆖॿ༴⨶ಘDŽ❦ਾࡍॆᆈ亥ⴞᖅ㺘ˈѪᆈⲴ࠶亥㇑⨶ྭ߶༷ᐕDŽ Head.s ԓ⸱Ⲵѫ㾱⭘ᱟࡍ↕ࡍॆѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ѝⲴ 256 亩䰘᧿䘠ㅖˈỰḕ A20 ൠ൰㓯ᱟᐢ㓿 ᣔ⁑ᔿл䘀㹼DŽ؍ս 32 ޕᒦ䐣䖜ࡠ system ⁑ඇⲴ head.s ԓ⸱ᔰ༴ˈ֯ CPU 䘋 ᣔ⁑ᔿлⲴ䘀㹼ྭ߶༷DŽ᧕лᶕሩѝᯝ᧗ࡦ⺜Ԧ䘋㹼䟽ᯠ䇮㖞ˈᴰਾ䙊䗷䇮㖞ᵪಘ᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ CR0؍ս ѝⲴ head.s ԓ⸱ቡ༴൘ 0x00000 ᔰ༴ҶDŽ❦ਾ࣐䖭᧿䘠ㅖ㺘สൠ൰ࡠ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᇴᆈಘѝˈѪ䘋㹼 32 ᔰⲴᆈඇѝˈਾ䶒〻ᒿ֯⭘DŽ਼ᰦᢺ system ⁑ඇᖰл〫ࣘࡠ⢙⨶ൠ൰ 0x00000 ᔰ༴ˈ䘉ṧˈsystem ᆈ൘ 0x90000؍ setup 〻ᒿⲴѫ㾱⭘ᱟ࡙⭘ ROM BIOS Ⲵѝᯝ〻ᒿ㧧ਆᵪಘⲴаӋสᵜ৲ᮠˈᒦ ᴹ head.s ԓ⸱DŽ 〫ࣘࡠ⢙⨶ᆈ 0x90000 ઼ 0x90200 ༴ਾˈቡᢺᢗ㹼ᵳӔ㔉Ҷ setup 〻ᒿDŽަѝ system ⁑ඇⲴ俆䜘वਜ਼ ᕅሬ࣐䖭〻ᒿ bootsect.s ሶ setup.s ԓ⸱઼ system ⁑ඇ࣐䖭ࡠᆈѝˈᒦф࠶࡛ᢺ㠚ᐡ઼ setup.s ԓ⸱ 6.5 ᵢㄖቅ㔉 ᵜㄐሿ㔃 Ṩ〻ᒿ 儈䙏㕃ߢ 㲊ᤏⴈ ѫᆈ४ ࡠҶㅜ 3 ⢩ᵳ㓗DŽ↔ᰦ main.c Ⲵѫ〻ᒿቡᐕ൘ԫ࣑ 0 ѝDŽ❦ਾ㌫㔏ㅜа⅑䈳⭘䘋〻ࡋᔪ࠭ᮠ fork()ˈ ൘ᮤњṨᆼᡀࡍॆਾˈṨሶᢗ㹼ᵳ࠷ᦒࡠҶ⭘ᡧ⁑ᔿ˄ԫ࣑ 0˅ˈҏণ CPU Ӿ 0 ⢩ᵳ㓗࠷ᦒ ቡᲲᰦݸ᭮а᭮ˈ㔗㔝ⴻлањࡍॆ䈳⭘DŽ൘ᴹӋ⨶䀓ѻਾ㔗㔝⹄ウ⋑ᴹⴻᆼⲴൠᯩDŽ 䘋৫ⴻˈྲ᷌ᇎ൘ⴻнл৫Ҷˈޕ␡0 ѝ䘀㹼DŽ൘䰵䈫䘉Ӌࡍॆᆀ〻ᒿᰦˈᴰྭᱟ䐏⵰㻛䈳⭘Ⲵ〻ᒿ 㖞ㅜањԫ࣑˄task 0˅DŽᖵᡰᴹࡍॆᐕᆼᡀਾ〻ᒿቡ䇮㖞ѝᯝݱ䇨ḷᘇԕᔰѝᯝˈᒦ࠷ᦒࡠԫ࣑ ❦ਾˈṨ䘋㹼ᡰᴹᯩ䶒Ⲵ⺜ԦࡍॆᐕDŽवᤜ䲧䱡䰘ǃඇ䇮༷ǃᆇㅖ䇮઼༷ ttyˈ䘈वᤜӪᐕ䇮 ն䴰㾱䙊䗷 mm 㜭֯⭘࠶䝽ࡠⲴᆈ亥䶒DŽ 䗷࠶亥ᵪࡦ䘋㹼㇑⨶࠶䝽ˈԕ 4K ᆇ㢲Ѫањᆈ亥অսDŽṨ〻ᒿਟԕ㠚⭡䇯䰞儈䙏㕃ߢѝⲴᮠᦞˈ ᰦᆈ᭮ᮠᦞⲴൠᯩˈԕ 1K˄1024˅ᆇ㢲ѪањᮠᦞඇঅսDŽѫᆈ४ฏⲴᆈ⭡ᆈ㇑⨶⁑ඇ mm 䙊 മѝˈ儈䙏㕃ߢ䜘࠶䘈㾱ᢓ䲔㻛ᱮᆈ઼ ROM BIOS ঐ⭘Ⲵ䜘࠶DŽ儈䙏㕃ߢ४ᱟ⭘Ҿ⻱ⴈㅹඇ䇮༷Ѥ ഴ ㌱㔕ѣᆎࣕ㜳ࡈ࠼⽰ᝅഴȾ മ㿱മ 7-1 ᡰ⽪DŽ⽪ۿྲ᷌䘈ᇊѹҶ㲊ᤏⴈ˄RAMDISK˅ˈࡉѫᆈሶ䘲ᖃ߿ቁDŽᮤњᆈⲴ᱐ 䟿DŽ䘉Ӌᆈਈ䟿ᤷ᰾ҶѫᆈⲴᔰൠ൰ǃ㌫㔏ᡰᤕᴹⲴᆈᇩ䟿઼Ѫ儈䙏㕃ߢ४ᆈⲴᵛㄟൠ൰DŽ ተਈޘ main.c 〻ᒿ俆ݸ࡙⭘ࡽ䶒 setup.s 〻ᒿਆᗇⲴ㌫㔏৲ᮠ䇮㖞㌫㔏Ⲵṩ᮷Ԧ䇮༷ਧԕ৺аӋᆈ 7.1.1 ࣕ㜳ᨅ䘦 7.1 main.c ぁᓅ փ䈖㓶⌘䟺ᇩሶ൘⌘䟺ᓄཤ᮷ԦⲴㄐ㢲ѝ㔉ࠪDŽ ᴹ⌘䟺Ⲵ㘫䈁ࡉ䟷⭘оަаṧⲴ⌘䟺ḷᘇDŽሩҾ〻ᒿѝवਜ਼Ⲵཤ᮷Ԧ˄*.h˅ˈӵᾲ㾱ਜ਼ѹⲴ䀓䟺ˈާ ޣ൘⌘䟺 C 䈝䀰〻ᒿᰦˈѪҶо〻ᒿѝᴹⲴ⌘䟺४࡛ˈᡁԜ֯⭘'//'Ѫ⌘䟺䈝ਕⲴᔰDŽᴹ ⸱ѝᖸཊൠᯩ֯⭘Ҷ gcc Ⲵᢙኅ⢩ᙗDŽֻྲ㚄˄inline˅࠭ᮠǃ㚄˄፼˅≷㕆䈝ਕㅹDŽ 䭞DŽਖཆ䘈䴰㾱 GNU gcc ൘䓛䗩Ѫ৲㘳ˈഐѪ൘Ṩԓޣ઼ᮠ㓴Ⲵ⨶䀓ˈਟԕ䈤ᱟᔴ៲ C 䈝䀰Ⲵ Ҿᤷ䪸ޣ৲㘳Җ䘈ᱟ Brian W. Kernighan ઼ Dennis M. Ritchie 㕆㪇ⲴljC 〻ᒿ䇮䇑䈝䀰NJDŽሩ䈕Җㅜӄㄐ Ӿ䘉аㄐᔰˈᡁԜሶ᧕䀖བྷ䟿Ⲵ C 〻ᒿԓ⸱ˈഐ↔䈫㘵ᴰྭާᴹаᇊⲴ C 䈝䀰⸕䇶DŽᴰྭⲴаᵜ ᓄ䈕ሩ Linux ṨᴹҶབྷ㠤ⲴҶ䀓DŽ 䀓䘉䟼䈳⭘Ⲵᡰᴹ〻ᒿˈ䛓Ѹⴻᆼ䘉ㄐᇩਾ⨶ޘ䴰㾱৲➗ᖸཊަԆ〻ᒿѝⲴࡍॆ䜘࠶DŽྲ᷌㜭ᆼ ᢗ㹼ᵳӔ㔉 main.cDŽ䈕〻ᒿ㲭❦н䮯ˈնতवᤜҶṨࡍॆⲴᡰᴹᐕDŽഐ↔൘䰵䈫䈕〻ᒿⲴԓ⸱ᰦ ൘ṨⓀԓ⸱Ⲵ init/ⴞᖅѝਚᴹањ main.c ᮷ԦDŽ㌫㔏൘ᢗ㹼ᆼ boot/ⴞᖅѝⲴ head.s 〻ᒿਾቡՊሶ ㅜ7ㄐࡍॆ〻ᒿ(init) PDLQF 〻ᒿ 䘋〻 Q 䘋〻 LQLW 䘋〻 䘋〻 ԫ࣑ 䘋〻 ࡋᔪ䘋〻 ˄LQLW˅ ᇊੁࡠ UF ᮷Ԧޕ䗃 䘰ࠪ 䘰ࠪ ࣐䖭ṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏 ᢗ㹼 VKHOOᗚ⧟ㅹᖵ䘋〻䘰ࠪ ࡋᔪᆀ䘋〻 䇮㖞㓸ㄟḷ߶ ,2 ᗚ⧟ㅹᖵ䘋〻 䘰ࠪ ࡋᔪ䘋〻 ᢗ㹼 VKHOO ༴⨶ UF 䇮㖞㓸ㄟḷ߶ ,2 オ䰢ᰦᢗ㹼 SDXVH 〫ࡠԫ࣑ ѝᢗ㹼 वᤜሩԫ࣑ ࡍॆ ㌫㔏䜘࠶ࡍॆ ㌫㔏ࡍॆ 㹼࣏㜭ࡂ࠶о࠶䝽 ሩ⢙⨶ᆈ䜘࠶䘋 њᯠⲴՊ䈍ˈᒦԕⲫᖅ shell ᯩᔿ⅑ᢗ㹼〻ᒿ/bin/shˈԕࡋᔪ⭘ᡧӔӂ shell ⧟ຳDŽ❦ਾ⡦䘋〻㔗㔝ㅹᖵ ࡠањᰐ䲀ᗚ⧟ѝDŽ൘䈕ᗚ⧟ѝˈ⡦䘋〻Պ⅑⭏ᡀањᯠ䘋〻ˈ❦ਾ൘䈕䘋〻ѝࡋᔪаޕ⡦䘋〻ቡ䘋 /bin/shDŽ൘㌫㔏ᢗ㹼䘋〻 2 ѝⲴ〻ᒿᰦˈ⡦䘋〻˄init 䘋〻˅аⴤㅹᖵ⵰ᆳⲴ㔃ᶏDŽ䲿⵰䘋〻 2 Ⲵ䘰ࠪˈ init()࠭ᮠⲴᴰਾа䜘ԭ⭘Ҿ൘ᯠᔪ䘋〻ѝѪ⭘ᡧᔪ・ањᯠⲴՊ䈍ˈᒦ䘀㹼⭘ᡧⲫᖅ shell 〻ᒿ Ԕᢗ㹼ᆼ∅ਾˈ/bin/sh ቡՊ・䘰ࠪDŽഐ↔䘋〻 2 ҏቡ䲿ѻ㔃ᶏDŽ 䈕᮷Ԧѝ䈫ਆDŽ❦ਾṨԕ䶎Ӕӂᖒᔿᢗ㹼/bin/shˈӾ㘼ᇎ⧠ᢗ㹼/etc/rc ᮷ԦѝⲴભԔDŽᖃ䈕᮷ԦѝⲴભ ᮠᦞ䜭ሶӾޕstdin ᇊੁࡠ etc/rc ᮷ԦкDŽ䘉ṧˈᡰᴹⲴḷ߶䗃 ޕᒦ・ᢃᔰ᮷Ԧ/etc/rcˈӾ㘼ᢺḷ߶䗃 䰝᮷Ԧ᧿䘠ㅖ 0ˈޣ᮷ԦⲴ⭘о DOS ㌫㔏ṩⴞᖅкⲴ AUTOEXEC.BAT ᮷Ԧ㊫լDŽ䘉⇥ԓ⸱俆ݸ䙊䗷 ণ൘⭘ᡧਟԕ֯⭘ shell ભԔ㹼⧟ຳѻࡽˈṨ䈳⭘/bin/sh 〻ᒿ䘀㹼Ҷ䝽㖞᮷Ԧ etc/rc ѝ䇮㖞ⲴભԔDŽrc ᧕⵰ init()৸ᯠᔪҶањ䘋〻˄䘋〻 2˅ˈᒦ൘ަѝѪᔪ・⭘ᡧӔӂ֯⭘⧟ຳ㘼ᢗ㹼аӋࡍ䝽㖞ˈ ᮠǃѫᆈ४オ䰢ᆈᙫᆇ㢲ᮠㅹDŽ 䈟䗃ࠪ stderr 䇮༷DŽṨ䲿ਾ࡙⭘䘉Ӌ᧿䘠ㅖ൘㓸ㄟкᱮ⽪аӋ㌫㔏ؑˈֻྲ儈䙏㕃ߢ४ѝ㕃ߢඇᙫ stdinǃḷ߶䗃ࠪ stdout ઼䭉 ޕ❦ਾ init()ᢃᔰањ㓸ㄟ䇮༷ tty0ˈᒦ༽ࡦަ᮷Ԧ᧿䘠ㅖԕӗ⭏ḷ߶䗃 ॆ䗷〻ѝᐢ㓿ᔰ䗏Ҷаඇᆈ⭘㲊ᤏⴈˈࡉṨቡՊ俆ݸቍ䈅ᢺṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏࣐䖭ࡠᆈⲴ㲊ᤏⴈ४ѝDŽ 㔏ѻࡽˈ㌫㔏Պݸࡔᯝᱟ䴰㾱ݸᔪ・㲊ᤏⴈDŽ㤕㕆䈁Ṩᰦ䇮㖞Ҷ㲊ᤏⴈⲴབྷሿˈᒦ൘ࡽ䶒Ṩࡍ ԓ⸱俆ݸ䈳⭘㌫㔏䈳⭘ setup()ˈ⭘ᶕ᭦䳶⺜ⴈ䇮༷࠶४㺘ؑᒦᆹ㻵ṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏DŽ൘ᆹ㻵ṩ᮷Ԧ㌫ ᮷Ԧ rc ѝⲴભԔ˗ĺᢗ㹼⭘ᡧⲫᖅ shell 〻ᒿDŽ init()࠭ᮠⲴ࣏㜭ਟ࠶Ѫ 4 њ䜘࠶˖ķᆹ㻵ṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏˗ĸᱮ⽪㌫㔏ؑ˗Ĺ䘀㹼㌫㔏ࡍ䍴Ⓚ䝽㖞 Ѫ idle 䘋〻DŽ↔ᰦ䘋〻 0 ӵᢗ㹼 pause()㌫㔏䈳⭘ˈᒦ৸Պ䈳⭘䈳ᓖ࠭ᮠDŽ ⧟ຳⲴࡍॆᒦᢗ㹼 shell ⲫᖅ〻ᒿDŽ㘼䘋〻 0 ࡉՊ൘㌫㔏オ䰢ᰦ㻛䈳ᓖᢗ㹼ˈഐ↔䘋〻 0 䙊ᑨҏ㻛〠 ⭘ fork()䈳⭘俆⅑ࡋᔪࠪ䘋〻 1˄init 䘋〻˅ˈᒦ൘ަѝ䈳⭘ init()࠭ᮠDŽ൘䈕࠭ᮠѝ〻ᒿሶ㔗㔝䘋㹼ᓄ⭘ ѻਾˈ㌫㔏䜘࠶ᐢ㓿༴Ҿਟ䘀㹼⣦ᘱDŽ↔ਾ〻ᒿᢺ㠚ᐡĀᐕā〫ࣘࡠԫ࣑ 0˄䘋〻 0˅ѝ䘀㹼ˈᒦ֯ ⨶ǃѝᯝ༴⨶ǃඇ䇮઼༷ᆇㅖ䇮༷ǃ䘋〻㇑⨶ԕ৺⺜ⴈ઼䖟ⴈ⺜Ԧ䘋㹼ࡍॆ༴⨶DŽ൘ᆼᡀҶ䘉Ӌ main.c 〻ᒿ俆ݸ⺞ᇊྲօ࠶䝽֯⭘㌫㔏⢙⨶ᆈˈ❦ਾ䈳⭘Ṩ䜘࠶Ⲵࡍॆ࠭ᮠ࠶࡛ሩᆈ㇑ ഴ Ṯࡓခौぁᓅ⍷ぁ⽰ᝅഴ ࡋᔪࠪањ⭘Ҿ䘀㹼 init()Ⲵᆀ䘋〻˄䙊ᑨ㻛〠Ѫ init 䘋〻˅DŽ㌫㔏ᮤњࡍॆ䗷〻㿱മ 7-2 ᡰ⽪DŽ PDLQF 〻ᒿ UHWXUQ HUUQR BBUHV LQW BBUHV UHWXUQ BBUHV! LI BB15BIRUN BBUHV D LQW[ BBDVPBBYRODWLOH ORQJBBUHV ^ YRLG VWDWLFLQOLQHLQWIRUN LQWIRUN ኅᔰԓ䘋ㅜ 㹼ਾᡁԜਟԕᗇࡠྲл䈝ਕ˖ ṩᦞк䶒ᇊѹᢺBV\VFDOO ` ? UHWXUQ ?ࡉ㖞ࠪ䭉ਧˈᒦ䘄എDŽ HUUQR BBUHV ? W\SH BBUHV UHWXUQ ࡉⴤ᧕䘄എ䈕٬DŽˈ !BBUHV! ?ྲ᷌䘄എ٬ LI Ѫ㌫㔏ѝᯝ䈳⭘ਧBB15BQDPHDŽޕ?䗃 BB15BQDPH BBUHV DŽ BBUHV ?䘄എ٬ÎHD[ D LQW[?䈳⭘㌫㔏ѝᯝ [DŽ BBDVPBBYRODWLOH ? ORQJBBUHV ^? YRLG ? W\SHQDPH W\SHQDPH ? GHILQHBV\VFDOO YRLG DŽ ⲴᇊѹDŽণѪнᑖ৲ᮠⲴ㌫㔏䈳⭘ᆿ࠭ᮠ˖W\SHQDPH XQLVWGK ᮷ԦѝBV\VFDOO 䈝ਕᇎ䱵кᱟ int fork()ࡋᔪ䘋〻㌫㔏䈳⭘ˈ㿱ྲлᡰ⽪DŽ ṩᦞ include/unistd.h ᮷Ԧㅜ 133 㹼кⲴᆿᇊѹˈᡁԜᢺ䘉њᆿኅᔰᒦᴯԓ䘋к䶒а㹼ѝቡਟԕⴻࠪ䘉ᶑ 㕆Ⲵᖒᔿ䈳⭘LinuxⲴ㌫㔏䈳⭘ѝᯝint 0x80DŽ≶ޕަѝ_syscall0()ᱟunistd.hѝⲴ፼ᆿԓ⸱ˈᆳԕ፼ LQWIRUN VWDWLFLQOLQHBV\VFDOO 䈤᰾DŽޣਟ㜭֯ᗇᰐ䴰ᢺ፼࠭ᮠⲴᡰᴹԓ⸱䜭वᤜ䘋ᶕ㘼䇙ԓ⸱ҏᗇࡠㆰॆDŽ৲㿱ㅜ ㄐѝⲴ Ⲵ䙏ᓖˈഐѪⴱ৫Ҷ࠭ᮠ䈳⭘Ⲵᔰ䬰DŽਖཆˈྲ᷌ԫօањᇎ䱵৲ᮠᱟањᑨ䟿ˈ䛓Ѹ൘㕆䈁ᰦ䘉Ӌᐢ⸕٬ቡ 䙊䗷༠᰾ањ㚄˄LQOLQH˅࠭ᮠˈਟԕ䇙 JFF ᢺ࠭ᮠⲴԓ⸱䳶ᡀࡠ䈳⭘ᆳⲴԓ⸱ѝDŽ䘉Պᨀ儈ԓ⸱ᢗ㹼 ፼˄㚄˅ᖒᔿᶕᢗ㹼䘉њ㌫㔏䈳⭘˄৲㿱〻ᒿㅜ 23 㹼˅˖ ᢗ㹼ਾˈԫ࣑ 0 ѝⲴԓ⸱ fork()н㜭ԕ࠭ᮠᖒᔿ䘋㹼䈳⭘DŽ〻ᒿѝᇎ⧠Ⲵᯩ⌅ᱟ䟷⭘ྲлᡰ⽪Ⲵ gcc ࠭ᮠ ˄䘋〻 1˅ѻࡽн㾱֯⭘ަ⭘ᡧᘱḸˈণ㾱≲ԫ࣑ 0 н㾱䈳⭘࠭ᮠDŽഐ↔൘ main.c ѫ〻ᒿ〫ࣘࡠԫ࣑ 0 ᯠ䘋〻⭘ᡧᘱḸѝ⋑ᴹ䘋〻 0 Ⲵཊ։ؑˈ㾱≲䘋〻 0 ൘ࡋᔪ俆њᯠ䘋〻؍⺞ࡋᔪᯠ䘋〻 init ᰦˈѪҶ ࡦ⡦䘋〻ԓ⸱⇥઼ᮠᦞ⇥Ⲵᯩᔿᇎ⧠ˈഐ↔൘俆⅑֯⭘ fork()༽ޘ⭡Ҿࡋᔪᯠ䘋〻Ⲵ䗷〻ᱟ䙊䗷ᆼ ࡇ㺘ਾሩ䘉ᯩ䶒Ⲵ䈤᰾DŽ ԫ࣑ 1 ѝ䘀㹼Ⲵ init()࠭ᮠⲴਾє䜘࠶ᇎ䱵кᓄ䈕ᱟ⤜・Ⲵ⧟ຳࡍॆ〻ᒿ init ㅹⲴ࣏㜭DŽ৲㿱〻ᒿ 䘋〻Ⲵ䗷〻DŽ 䛓Ѹ൘ᱮ⽪аᶑᖃࡽⲫᖅ shell 䘰ࠪⲴؑਾˈ㌫㔏ቡՊ൘䘉њᰐ䲀ᗚ⧟ѝ⅑䟽༽ԕкࡋᔪⲫᖅ shell ㅹᖵ⣦ᘱDŽ↔ਾ㤕⭘ᡧ൘ભԔ㹼кᢗ㹼Ҷ exit ᡆ logout ભԔˈޕLinux ભԔ㹼⧟ຳҶˈ㘼⡦䘋〻䲿ѻ৸䘋 ᰦ䙊⸕ᆳ䘉нᱟа⅑Პ䙊Ⲵ䘀㹼ˈ㘼ᱟѪⲫᖅ shell 䘀㹼/bin/sh ⲴDŽӾ䘉ᰦᔰˈ⭘ᡧቡਟԕ↓ᑨ֯⭘ н਼DŽⲫᖅ shell Ⲵㅜ 0 њભԔ㹼৲ᮠⲴㅜ 1 њᆇㅖаᇊᱟањ߿ਧ'-'DŽ䘉њ⢩ᇊⲴḷᘇՊ൘/bin/sh ᢗ㹼 䈕ᆀ䘋〻DŽⲫᖅ shell 㲭❦оࡽ䶒Ⲵ䶎Ӕӂᔿ shell ᱟ਼ањ〻ᒿ/bin/shˈնᱟᡰ֯⭘ⲴભԔ㹼৲ᮠ˄argv[]˅ PDLQF 〻ᒿ ৲㿱ᆈ㇑⨶аㄐ˖߉ᰦ༽ࡦᵪࡦDŽ ᰦ䰤Ⲵ࠭ᮠᖒDŽޣWLPHK!ᰦ䰤㊫රཤ᮷ԦDŽަѝᴰѫ㾱ᇊѹҶ WP 㔃ᶴ઼аӋᴹ LQFOXGH XQLVWGK! LQFOXGH ㅹDŽ वਜ਼㌫㔏䈳⭘ਧ઼፼≷㕆ԓ⸱ V\VFDOO ަѝᇊѹҶ⿽ㅖਧᑨᮠ઼㊫රˈᒦ༠᰾Ҷ⿽࠭ᮠDŽྲ᷌䘈ᇊѹҶㅖਧBB/,%5$5@ OLQX[IVK!᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ཤ᮷ԦDŽᇊѹ᮷Ԧ㺘㔃ᶴ˄ILOHEXIIHUBKHDGPBLQRGH ㅹ˅DŽ LQFOXGH V\VW\SHVK!㊫රཤ᮷ԦDŽᇊѹҶสᵜⲴ㌫㔏ᮠᦞ㊫රDŽ LQFOXGH IFQWOK!᮷Ԧ᧗ࡦཤ᮷ԦDŽ⭘Ҿ᮷Ԧ৺ަ᧿䘠ㅖⲴ᧗ࡦᑨᮠㅖਧⲴᇊѹDŽ LQFOXGH XQLVWGK! LQFOXGH YSULQWIǃYISULQWIDŽ PDLQF 〻ᒿ ˗ᵪಘᆈᮠÎPHPRU\BHQG˗ѫᆈᔰൠ൰ÎPDLQBPHPRU\BVWDUW ṩ䇮༷ਧÎ5227B'(9˗儈䙏㕃ᆈᵛㄟൠ൰ÎEXIIHUBPHPRU\BHQG˗ ᆈ˖؍л䶒䘉⇥ԓ⸱⭘Ҿ ᆼᗵ㾱Ⲵ䇮㖞ਾቡሶަᔰDŽڊˈ↔ᰦѝᯝӽ㻛⾱→⵰ HQDEOHWKHP ,QWHUUXSWVDUHVWLOOGLVDEOHG'RQHFHVVDU\VHWXSVWKHQ ৲㿱 KHDGV 〻ᒿㅜ 㹼ᔰⲴࠐ㹼ԓ⸱DŽ 䇮ⲴٷKHDGV ѝቡᱟ䘉ṧ 䘉䟼⺞ᇎᱟ YRLGˈ⋑䭉DŽ൘ VWDUWXS 〻ᒿ ZHOO WKLV 7KHVWDUWXSURXWLQHDVVXPHV ^ 7KLVUHDOO\,6YRLGQRHUURUKHUH YRLG YRLGPDLQ Ṩࡍॆѫ〻ᒿDŽࡍॆ㔃ᶏਾሶԕԫ࣑ ˄LGOH ԫ࣑ণオ䰢ԫ࣑˅Ⲵ䓛ԭ䘀㹼DŽ ⭘Ҿᆈ᭮⺜ⴈ৲ᮠ㺘ؑDŽ `GULYHBLQIR VWUXFWGULYHBLQIR^FKDUGXPP\>@ ѫᆈ˄ሶ⭘Ҿ࠶亥˅ᔰⲴս㖞DŽ VWDWLFORQJPDLQBPHPRU\BVWDUW 儈䙏㕃ߢ४ᵛㄟൠ൰DŽ VWDWLFORQJEXIIHUBPHPRU\BHQG ᵪಘާᴹⲴ⢙⨶ᆈᇩ䟿˄ᆇ㢲ᮠ˅DŽ VWDWLFORQJPHPRU\BHQG л䶒ᇊѹаӋተ䜘ਈ䟿DŽ ` 䇑㇇ᔰᵪᰦ䰤DŽNHUQHOPNWLPHF 㹼DŽ WLPH VWDUWXSBWLPH NHUQHOBPNWLPH WPBPRQ ѝᴸԭ㤳തᱟ üDŽ WLPHWPBPRQ WLPHWPB\HDU %&'B72B%,1 WLPHWPBPRQ %&'B72B%,1 WLPHWPBPGD\ %&'B72B%,1 WLPHWPBKRXU %&'B72B%,1 WLPHWPBPLQ %&'B72B%,1 䖜ᦒᡀҼ䘋ࡦᮠ٬DŽ WLPHWPBVHF %&'B72B%,1 WLPHWPBVHF &026B5($' `ZKLOH ᖃࡽᒤԭDŽ WLPHWPB\HDU &026B5($' ᖃࡽᴸԭ˄ü˅DŽ WLPHWPBPRQ &026B5($' аᴸѝⲴᖃཙᰕᵏDŽ WLPHWPBPGD\ &026B5($' ᖃࡽሿᰦ٬DŽ WLPHWPBKRXU &026B5($' ᖃࡽ࠶䫏٬DŽ WLPHWPBPLQ &026B5($' DŽ˅൷ᱟ %&' ⸱٬˄٬。ᖃࡽᰦ䰤 WLPHWPBVHF &026B5($' GR^ ٬ਁ⭏Ҷਈॆˈ䛓Ѹቡ䟽ᯠ䈫ਆᡰᴹ٬DŽ䘉ṧṨቡ㜭ᢺо &026 ᰦ䰤䈟ᐞ᧗ࡦ൘ 。ѻDŽ。 &026 Ⲵ䇯䰞䙏ᓖᖸធDŽѪҶ߿ሿᰦ䰤䈟ᐞˈ൘䈫ਆҶл䶒ᗚ⧟ѝᡰᴹᮠ٬ਾˈ㤕↔ᰦ &026 ѝ ᰦ䰤㔃ᶴ WP ᇊѹ൘ LQFOXGHWLPHK ѝDŽ VWUXFWWPWLPH ^ YRLG VWDWLFYRLGWLPHBLQLW ᔰᵪᖃᰕ㓿䗷Ⲵ。ᮠˈѪᔰᵪᰦ䰤˄NHUQHOPNWLPHF 㹼˅DŽ ᒤ ᴸ ᰕ ᰦ䎧ࡠ ⭘Ҿ䇑㇇Ӿ &026 ᆈࡇ㺘䈤᰾DŽަѝ䈳⭘Ⲵ࠭ᮠ NHUQHOBPNWLPH 。 ѝDŽ৲㿱ਾ䶒 ተਈ䟿 VWDUWXSBWLPHޘᆈࡠ؍䈕࠭ᮠਆ &026 ᇎᰦ䫏ؑѪᔰᵪᰦ䰤ˈᒦ YDO !! 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PHPRU\BHQG ༴Ⲵ⺜ⴈ৲ᮠ㺘DŽ ༽ࡦ [ GULYHBLQIR '5,9(B,1)2 㹼DŽ 5227B'(9 ᇊѹ൘ IVVXSHUF 5227B'(9 25,*B5227B'(9 㹼к㻛༠᰾Ѫ H[WHUQLQWDŽ ަѝ 5227B'(9ᐢ൘ࡽ䶒वਜ਼䘋Ⲵ LQFOXGHOLQX[IVK ᮷Ԧㅜ PDLQF 〻ᒿ ༽ࡦਕᷴˈӗ⭏ਕᷴ ਧVWGHUU ḷ߶ࠪ䭉䗃ࠪ䇮༷DŽ YRLG GXS ༽ࡦਕᷴˈӗ⭏ਕᷴ ਧVWGRXW ḷ߶䗃ࠪ䇮༷DŽ YRLG GXS GHYWW\2B5':5 YRLG RSHQ 䘄എ٬DŽ YRLG āࡽ㔰⭘Ҿ㺘⽪ᕪࡦ࠭ᮠᰐ䴰 ਕᷴ VWGRXW ઼ḷ߶ࠪ䭉䗃ࠪਕᷴ VWGHUUDŽ࠭ᮠࡽ䶒ⲴĀ ਕᷴ VWGLQDŽ䘉䟼ᢺᆳԕ䈫઼߉Ⲵᯩᔿ࠶࡛ᢃᔰᱟѪҶ༽ࡦӗ⭏ḷ߶䗃ࠪ˄߉˅ޕࡦਠḷ߶䗃 ˈഐ↔ӗ⭏Ⲵ᮷Ԧਕᷴਧ˄᮷Ԧ᧿䘠ㅖ˅㛟ᇊᱟ DŽ䈕ਕᷴᱟ 81,; ㊫㌫㔏唈䇔Ⲵ᧗ л䶒ԕ䈫߉䇯䰞ᯩᔿᢃᔰ䇮༷ĀGHYWW\āˈᆳሩᓄ㓸ㄟ᧗ࡦਠDŽ⭡Ҿ䘉ᱟㅜа⅑ᢃᔰ᮷Ԧ GULYHBLQIR 㔃ᶴѝᱟ њ⺜ⴈ৲ᮠ㺘DŽ GULYHBLQIR YRLG VHWXS NHUQHOEONBGUYKGFˈ 㹼DŽ ˈ൘ඇ䇮༷ᆀⴞᖅ ᆹ㻵ṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏䇮༷DŽ䈕࠭ᮠ⭘ 㹼кⲴᆿᇊѹˈሩᓄ࠭ᮠᱟ V\VBVHWXS ᱟањ㌫㔏䈳⭘DŽ⭘Ҿ䈫ਆ⺜ⴈ৲ᮠवᤜ࠶४㺘ؑᒦ࣐䖭㲊ᤏⴈ˄㤕ᆈ൘Ⲵ䈍˅઼ VHWXS LQWSLGL ^ YRLG YRLGLQLW Ⲵ⧟ຳ䘋㹼ࡍॆˈ❦ਾԕⲫᖅ VKHOO ᯩᔿ࣐䖭䈕〻ᒿᒦᢗ㹼ѻDŽ 䘀㹼൘ԫ࣑ ㅜ ⅑ࡋᔪⲴᆀ䘋〻˄ԫ࣑ ˅ѝDŽᆳ俆ݸሩㅜањሶ㾱ᢗ㹼Ⲵ〻ᒿ˄VKHOO˅ ࠭ᮠ ѝᐢ㓿䘋㹼Ҷ㌫㔏ࡍॆˈवᤜᆈ㇑⨶ǃ⿽⺜Ԧ䇮઼༷傡ࣘ〻ᒿDŽLQLW ൘ PDLQ HQYS>@ ^+20( XVUURRW18//` VWDWLFFKDU ਼кDŽ DUJY>@ ^ELQVK18//` VWDWLFFKDU VK 〻ᒿՊѪⲫᖅ VKHOO ᢗ㹼DŽަᢗ㹼䗷〻о൘ VKHOO ᨀ⽪ㅖлᢗ㹼 VK наṧDŽ ㅜ 㹼ѝ DUJY>@ѝⲴᆇㅖĀāᱟՐ䙂㔉 VKHOO 〻ᒿ VK ⲴањḷᘇDŽ䙊䗷䇶࡛䈕ḷᘇˈ 䘀㹼ⲫᖅ VKHOO ᰦᡰ֯⭘ⲴભԔ㹼৲ᮠ઼⧟ຳ৲ᮠDŽ 䈳⭘ᢗ㹼〻ᒿᰦⲴ⧟ຳᆇㅖѢᮠ㓴DŽ HQYSBUF>@ ^+20( 18//` VWDWLFFKDU 䈳⭘ᢗ㹼〻ᒿᰦ৲ᮠⲴᆇㅖѢᮠ㓴DŽ DUJYBUF>@ ^ELQVK18//` VWDWLFFKDU 䈫ਆᒦᢗ㹼HWFUF ᮷Ԧᰦᡰ֯⭘ⲴભԔ㹼৲ᮠ઼⧟ຳ৲ᮠDŽ ` UHWXUQL DUJV YDBHQG SULQWEXIIPWDUJV SULQWEXIL YVSULQWI ZULWH DUJVIPW YDBVWDUW LQWL YDBOLVWDUJV ^ IPW FRQVWFKDU VWDWLFLQWSULQWI ࠭ᮠⲴᇎ⧠㿱 NHUQHOYVSULQWIFDŽ ४Ⲵᇩ䗃ࠪࡠḷ߶䇮༷˄VWGRXW˅DŽYVSULQWI ሶ㕃ߢ SULQWEXI 㕃ߢ४ˈ❦ਾ⭘ ZULWH ޕ ሶṬᔿॆⲴᆇㅖѢ᭮ ֻᆀDŽ䈕〻ᒿ֯⭘ YVSULQWI ᤷᇊ䗃ࠪሶ䟷⭘ⲴṬᔿˈ৲㿱ḷ߶ & 䈝䀰Җ㉽DŽ䈕ᆀ〻ᒿ↓ྭᱟ YVSULQWI ྲօ֯⭘Ⲵањㆰঅ IPW ˈ䘉䟼ᱟᤷቿᒅкᱮ⽪DŽ৲ᮠ л䶒࠭ᮠӗ⭏Ṭᔿॆؑᒦ䗃ࠪࡠḷ߶䗃ࠪ䇮༷ VWGRXW ` SDXVH IRU ⣦ᘱDŽ նᱟ䈳ᓖ࠭ᮠਚ㾱ਁ⧠㌫㔏ѝ⋑ᴹަԆԫ࣑ਟԕ䘀㹼ᰦቡՊ࠷ᦒࡠԫ࣑ ˈ㘼н䎆Ҿԫ࣑ Ⲵ ㌫㔏䈳⭘˄NHUQHOVFKHGF˅Պᢺԫ࣑ 䖜ᦒᡀਟѝᯝㅹᖵ⣦ᘱˈᢗ㹼䈳ᓖ࠭ᮠDŽ SDXVH PDLQF 〻ᒿ YRLG GXS GHYWW\2B5':5 YRLG RSHQ ࡋᔪаᯠⲴՊ䈍ᵏˈ㿱ਾ䶒䈤᰾DŽ VHWVLG FORVH FORVH FORVH SLG ^ᯠⲴᆀ䘋〻DŽ LI ` FRQWLQXH )RUNIDLOHGLQLQLW?U?Q SULQWI ^ SLG IRUN LI ^ ZKLOH ᦞ㔃ᶴㅹ䍴ⓀDŽ ቡՊ㻛䇮㖞Ѫ䘉䟼Ⲵ LQLW 䘋〻˄䘋〻 ˅ˈᒦ⭡ LQLW 䘋〻䍏䍓䟺᭮ањᐢ㓸→䘋〻Ⲵԫ࣑ᮠ Ⲵਖཆањ࣏㜭ᱟ༴⨶ᆔݯ䘋〻DŽྲ᷌ањ䘋〻Ⲵ⡦䘋〻ݸ㓸→Ҷˈ䛓Ѹ䘉њ䘋〻Ⲵ⡦䘋〻 Ҷ䘀㹼ˈ䘄എ⸱ᱟ Lāˈ❦ਾ㔗㔝䟽䈅л৫ĂˈᖒᡀањĀབྷāᗚ⧟DŽ↔ཆˈZDLW→ڌ SLG Ҷᢗ㹼ˈࡉ൘ḷ߶䗃ࠪкᱮ⽪ࠪ䭉ؑĀᆀ䘋〻→ڌ ㅹᖵDŽྲ᷌ᆀ䘋〻৸ 〻⅑䘀㹼ZDLW ELQVKDŽն䘉⅑ᢗ㹼ᡰ䘹⭘Ⲵ৲ᮠ઼⧟ຳᮠ㓴ਖ䘹Ҷа྇˄㿱к䶒 㹼˅DŽ❦ਾ⡦䘋 ❦ਾ䟽ᯠᢃᔰGHYWW\ѪVWGLQˈᒦ༽ࡦᡀVWGRXW ઼VWGHUUDŽ⅑ᢗ㹼㌫㔏䀓䟺〻ᒿ VWGLQVWGRXWVWGHUU ˈᯠࡋᔪањՊ䈍ᒦ䇮㖞䘋〻㓴ਧˈ 䰝ᡰᴹԕࡽ䘈䚇⮉Ⲵਕᷴޣ〻ሶ 䘋〻ˈྲ᷌ࠪ䭉ˈࡉᱮ⽪Āࡍॆ〻ᒿࡋᔪᆀ䘋〻ཡ䍕āؑᒦ㔗㔝ᢗ㹼DŽሩҾᡰࡋᔪⲴᆀ䘋 ᡆ㓸→ҶDŽл䶒ᗚ⧟ѝ俆ݸࡋᔪањᆀ→ڌྲ᷌ᢗ㹼ࡠ䘉䟼ˈ䈤᰾ࡊࡋᔪⲴᆀ䘋〻Ⲵᢗ㹼ᐢ オᗚ⧟ QRWKLQJ L SLG ZDLW ZKLOH SLG! LI 䘄എ٬нㅹҾᆀ䘋〻ਧˈࡉ㔗㔝ㅹᖵDŽ L ᱟᆈ᭮䘄എ⣦ᘱؑⲴս㖞DŽྲ᷌ ZDLW SLG DŽ䘉йਕⲴ⭘ᱟ⡦䘋〻ㅹᖵᆀ䘋〻Ⲵ㔃ᶏDŽ ᡆ㓸→ˈ䘄എ٬ᓄᱟᆀ䘋〻Ⲵ䘋〻ਧ→ڌ ㅹᖵᆀ䘋〻 л䶒䘈ᱟ⡦䘋〻˄˅ᢗ㹼Ⲵ䈝ਕDŽZDLW ` ᢗ㹼ཡ䍕ࡉ䘰ࠪDŽ 㤕 H[HFYH BH[LW ᴯᦒᡀELQVK 〻ᒿᒦᢗ㹼DŽ ELQVKDUJYBUFHQYSBUF H[HFYH OLEBH[LWF DŽ ྲ᷌ᢃᔰ᮷Ԧཡ䍕ˈࡉ䘰ࠪ BH[LW HWFUF2B5'21/< RSHQ LI FORVH ^ SLG IRUN LI 䘰ࠪᰦⲴࠪ䭉⸱ ̢ᵚ䇨ਟ˗᮷Ԧᡆⴞᖅнᆈ൘DŽ ࠭ᮠBH[LW ࠭ᮠ䈤᰾䈧৲㿱 IVH[HFF 〻ᒿˈ 㹼DŽ Ҿ H[HFYHޣҏ䲿ѻ㔃ᶏDŽ Ҿ䘉䟼 VK Ⲵ䘀㹼ᯩᔿᱟ䶎ӔӂᔿⲴˈഐ↔൘ᢗ㹼ᆼ UF ᮷ԦѝⲴભԔਾቡՊ・䘰ࠪˈ䘋〻 VWGLQ 䟽ᇊੁࡠHWFUF ᮷ԦDŽ䘉ṧ VKHOO 〻ᒿELQVK ቡਟԕ䘀㹼 UF ᮷Ԧѝ䇮㖞ⲴભԔDŽ⭡ ޕ䰝ਕᷴ ᒦ・ᢃᔰHWFUF ᮷ԦⲴ⭘ᱟᢺḷ߶䗃ޣ࡛⭡ DUJYBUF ઼ HQYSBUF ᮠ㓴㔉ࠪDŽ ᴯᦒᡀELQVK 〻ᒿ˄ণ VKHOO 〻ᒿ˅ˈ❦ਾᢗ㹼ELQVK 〻ᒿDŽᡰᩪᑖⲴ৲ᮠ઼⧟ຳਈ䟿࠶ ࠭ᮠሶ䘋〻㠚䓛 䰝Ҷਕᷴ ˄VWGLQ˅ǃԕਚ䈫ᯩᔿᢃᔰHWFUF ᮷Ԧˈᒦ֯⭘ H[HFYHޣ䘋〻 䘋〻˄⡦䘋〻˅ࡉ䘄എᆀ䘋〻Ⲵ䘋〻ਧ SLGDŽᡰԕㅜ 㹼ᱟᆀ䘋〻ᢗ㹼ⲴᇩDŽ䈕ᆀ ሩҾˈ٬ ሶ䘄എ ⭘Ҿࡋᔪањᆀ䘋〻˄ԫ࣑ ˅DŽሩҾ㻛ࡋᔪⲴᆀ䘋〻ˈIRUN л䶒 IRUN GE\WHV?Q?UPHPRU\BHQGPDLQBPHPRU\BVWDUW )UHHPHP SULQWI %/2&.B6,=( 15B%8))(56 GEXIIHUV GE\WHVEXIIHUVSDFH?Q?U15B%8))(56 SULQWI л䶒ᢃঠ㕃ߢ४ඇᮠ઼ᙫᆇ㢲ᮠˈ⇿ඇ ᆇ㢲ˈԕ৺ѫᆈ४オ䰢ᆈᆇ㢲ᮠDŽ PDLQF 〻ᒿ (0x09 ᖃࡽᒤԭ (ᇎᰦ䫏) 0x2e ṑ傼઼ (վᆇ㢲 ⮉؍ 0x08 ᖃࡽᴸԭ (ᇎᰦ䫏) 0x19-0x2d 0x07 аᴸѝⲴᖃᰕᰕᵏ (ᇎᰦ䫏) 0x18 ᢙኅᆈ (儈ᆇ㢲) 0x06 аઘѝⲴᖃࡽཙ (ᇎᰦ䫏) 0x17 ᢙኅᆈ (վᆇ㢲) 0x16 สᵜᆈ (儈ᆇ㢲) 0x05 ᣕ䆖ሿᰦ٬ ᇎᰦ䫏) 0x15 สᵜᆈ (վᆇ㢲)) 0x04 ᖃࡽሿᰦ٬ 0x14 䇮༷ᆇ㢲 0x03 ᣕ䆖࠶䫏٬ ⮉؍ 0x02 ᖃࡽ࠶䫏 (ᇎᰦ䫏) 0x13 0x12 ⺜ⴈ傡ࣘಘ㊫ර ٬。0x01 ᣕ䆖 ⮉؍ ᇎᰦ䫏) 0x11) ٬。0x00 ᖃࡽ ᇩ䈤᰾ ٬〫ٿᇩ䈤᰾ ൠ൰ ٬〫ٿൠ൰ 㺞 ̢&026 ᆍ㢸ؗᚥㆶ㺞 Ṩ〻ᒿ drivers/block/hd.c ㅜ 42 㹼䎧Ⲵԓ⸱)DŽ㺘 7–1 ᱟ CMOS ᆈؑⲴаᕐㆰ㺘DŽ ഐ↔ԆⲴԓ⸱ѝҏቡᴹҶ䘉↕нᗵ㾱ⲴDŽн䗷Ӿ 1.0 ⡸ᵜѻਾˈ䈕ቡ㻛৫䲔Ҷ(ਟ৲㿱 1.0 ⡸ ൠ൰о 0x80 䘋㹼ᡆ˄ᒦф䘈؞᭩ҶަԆൠᯩ˅ਾ↓ྭਆᗇҶᡰᴹ↓⺞Ⲵ㔃᷌ˈ〫ٿҏ䇨൘Ԇᇎ傼ѝሶ ൠ൰䜭ᱟԆ䙀↕ᇎ傼ࠪᶕⲴˈ〫ٿCMOS ᯩ䶒Ⲵ䍴ᯉˈCMOS ѝᰦ䫏઼ᰕᵏⲴ ޣѪᖃᰦ Linus ཤ㕪ѿᴹ ᆈᇩ䟿䘈⋑ᴹ䎵䗷 128 ᆇ㢲ˈഐ↔о 0x80 䘋㹼ᡆᱟ⋑ᴹԫօ⭘ⲴDŽѻᡰԕՊᴹ䘉ṧⲴᱟഐ main.c 〻ᒿㅜ 70 㹼䈝ਕᢺⅢ䈫ਆⲴᆇ㢲ൠ൰о 0x80 䘋㹼ᡆᱟ⋑ᴹᗵ㾱ⲴDŽഐѪ䛓ᰦⲴ CMOS 0x71 ѝ৫DŽ ਾᢺᮠᦞ߉ࡠᮠᦞㄟਓ❦ˈ٬〫ٿDŽ਼ṧˈሩҾ߉ҏ䴰㾱俆ݸੁൠ൰ㄟਓ 0x70 ਁ䘱ᤷᇊᆇ㢲Ⲵ ਾ֯⭘ IN ᤷԔӾᮠᦞㄟਓ 0x71 䈫ਆᤷᇊⲴᆇ㢲ؑ❦ˈս㖞٬〫ٿԔੁൠ൰ㄟਓ 0x70 ਁ䘱ᤷᇊᆇ㢲Ⲵ ս㖞Ⲵᆇ㢲ˈᗵ享俆ݸ֯⭘ OUT ᤷ〫ٿ0x71 䘋㹼DŽ0x70 ᱟൠ൰ㄟਓˈ0x71 ᱟᮠᦞㄟਓDŽѪҶ䈫ਆᤷᇊ CMOS Ⲵൠ൰オ䰤൘สᵜൠ൰オ䰤ѻཆˈഐ↔ަѝнवᤜਟᢗ㹼ԓ⸱DŽ㾱䇯䰞ᆳ䴰㾱䙊䗷ㄟਓ 0x70ǃ ᭮аӋ㌫㔏䝽㖞ᮠᦞDŽ ᆈᰦ䫏઼ᰕᵏؑˈᆈ᭮ⲴṬᔿᱟ BCD ⸱DŽ⭡Ҿ䘉Ӌؑӵ⭘৫ 14 ᆇ㢲ˈഐ↔࢙։Ⲵᆇ㢲ቡਟ⭘ᶕᆈ ؍Chip˅Ⲵа䜘࠶DŽᴹӋᵪಘ䘈ᴹᴤབྷⲴᆈᇩ䟿DŽ䈕 64 ᆇ㢲Ⲵ CMOS ݸ൘ IBM PC-XT ᵪಘк⭘Ҿ PC ᵪⲴ CMOS ᆈᱟ⭡⭥⊐⭥Ⲵ 64 ᡆ 128 ᆇ㢲ᆈඇˈ䙊ᑨᱟ㌫㔏ᇎᰦ䫏㣟⡷ RTC˄Real Time 7.1.3.1 CMOS ؗᚥ 7.1.3 ެԌؗᚥ ` 䰝ᡰᴹḷ߶ ,2 ㅹˈ❦ਾ䈳⭘ V\VBH[LWDŽޣ༴⨶〻ᒿǃ ࡉ䙊ᑨᱟᲞ䙊࠭ᮠᓃѝⲴањ࠭ᮠDŽᆳՊݸᢗ㹼аӋ䲔ˈֻྲ䈳⭘ᢗ㹼㓸→ H[LW ⴤ᧕ᱟањ V\VBH[LW ㌫㔏䈳⭘ˈ㘼 䜭⭘Ҿ↓ᑨ㓸→ањ࠭ᮠDŽնBH[LW ઼ H[LW BH[LW ˈ䶎 H[LW ⌘ʽᱟBH[LW 127(BH[LWQRWH[LW BH[LW ` ਼↕ˈࡧᯠ㕃ߢ४DŽ V\QF ?Q?UFKLOGGGLHGZLWKFRGH[?Q?USLGL SULQWI EUHDN L SLG ZDLW LI ZKLOH ` ELQVKDUJYHQYS H[HFYH BH[LW YRLG GXS PDLQF 〻ᒿ SLG SLG 䘋〻 ᯠ䘋〻 䘋〻 SLG IRUN ㅹҾ䘋〻㓴ਧ gid Ⲵ䘋〻DŽањ䘋〻ਟԕ䙊䗷䈳⭘ setpgid()ᶕ৲࣐ањ⧠ᴹⲴ䘋〻㓴ᡆ㘵ࡋᔪањᯠⲴ ID˅DŽ䘋〻㓴ਧ gid ҏᱟањ↓ᮤᮠDŽ⇿ањ䘋〻㓴ᴹањ〠Ѫ㓴䮯Ⲵ䘋〻ˈ㓴䮯䘋〻ቡᱟަ䘋〻ਧ pid 䘋〻㓴ᱟањᡆཊњ䘋〻Ⲵ䳶ਸDŽо䘋〻㊫լˈ⇿њ䘋〻㓴䜭ᴹањୟаⲴ䘋〻㓴ḷ䇶ਧ gid˄Group ަѝⲴ⇿њભԔ˖catǃgrep ઼ more ቡ䜭Ҿањ䘋〻㓴DŽ [plinux root]# cat main.c | grep for | more Ⲵањ㇑䚃ભԔˈޕભԔ㹼к䭞 〻ਟԕ䙊䗷 fork()䈳⭘ࡋᔪањᡆཊњᆀ䘋〻ˈ䘉Ӌ䘋〻ቡਟԕᶴᡀањ䘋〻㓴DŽֻྲˈሩҾл䶒൘ shell Ṩѝˈ⇿њ䘋〻䜭֯⭘ањн਼ⲴབྷҾ䴦Ⲵ↓ᮤᮠᶕḷ䇶ˈ〠Ѫ䘋〻ḷ䇶ਧ pid(Porcess ID)DŽ㘼ањ䘋 ൘ㅜ 2 ㄐᡁԜ䈤䗷ˈ〻ᒿᱟањਟᢗ㹼Ⲵ᮷Ԧˈ㘼䘋〻˄process˅ᱟањᢗ㹼ѝⲴ〻ᒿᇎֻDŽ൘ 7.1.3.3 ީӄՐ䈓ᵕ(session)ⲺᾸᘫ ᘱؑDŽ ⲴṨ䍴ⓀDŽ㘼⡦䘋〻ࡉਟԕ֯⭘ wait()䈳⭘ᶕḕⴻᡆㅹᖵᆀ䘋〻Ⲵ䘰ࠪˈᒦ㧧ਆ㻛㓸→䘋〻Ⲵ䘰ࠪ⣦ ᖃ〻ᒿᢗ㹼ᆼᡆᴹᗵ㾱㓸→ᰦቡਟԕ䈳⭘ exit()ᶕ䘰ࠪ〻ᒿⲴᢗ㹼DŽ䈕࠭ᮠՊ㓸→䘋〻ᒦ䟺᭮ަঐ⭘ 186 ઼ 202 㹼ᱟ⡦䘋〻ᢗ㹼Ⲵԓ⸱ඇDŽ 䘋〻Ⲵࡔᯝᒦᔰᆀ䘋〻ԓ⸱ඇⲴᢗ㹼˄࡙⭘ execve()㌫㔏䈳⭘ᢗ㹼ަԆ〻ᒿˈ䘉䟼ᢗ㹼Ⲵᱟ sh˅ˈㅜ init 〻ᒿণᱟ⭘ fork()䈳⭘Ⲵ䘄എ٬ᶕ४࠶઼ᢗ㹼н਼Ⲵԓ⸱⇥ⲴDŽк䶒ԓ⸱ѝㅜ 179 ઼ 194 㹼ᱟᆀ ࡑᔰ᯦䘑ぁ ഴ 䈹⭞ IRUN മ 7-3 ᡰ⽪DŽ ѝᢗ㹼ˈնᐢᔰ৹ᔰˈ㠚ᢗ㹼㠚ᐡⲴ䛓⇥ԓ⸱DŽྲ᷌ fork()䈳⭘ཡ䍕ˈࡉՊ䘄എሿҾ 0 Ⲵ٬DŽྲ⽪ 䘉ṧˈ㲭❦↔ᰦ䘈ᱟ൘਼ṧа〻ᒿˈ٬ Ⲵᱟᆀ䘋〻Ⲵ䘋〻ḷ䇶ਧ PIDˈ㘼൘ᆀ䘋〻ѝ fork()䘄എⲴሶᱟ 0 ൘ fork 䈳⭘䘄എս㖞༴ˈ⡦䘋〻ሶᚒ༽ᢗ㹼ˈ㘼ᆀ䘋〻ࡉᔰᢗ㹼DŽ൘⡦䘋〻ѝˈ䈳⭘ fork()䘄എ 䰤઼⧟ຳ৲ᮠDŽࡋᔪᯠ䘋〻Ⲵѫ㾱⭘䙄൘Ҿ൘ᯠ䘋〻ѝ֯⭘ exec()㈷࠭ᮠ৫ᢗ㹼ަԆн਼Ⲵ〻ᒿDŽ аṧⲴᯠ㺘亩ˈᒦᢗ㹼਼ṧⲴԓ⸱ˈն䈕ᯠ䘋〻˄䘉䟼㻛〠Ѫᆀ䘋〻˅ᤕᴹ㠚ᐡⲴᮠᦞオޘ〻˅ࠐѾᆼ fork ᱟањ㌫㔏䈳⭘࠭ᮠDŽ䈕㌫㔏䈳⭘༽ࡦᖃࡽ䘋〻ˈᒦ൘䘋〻㺘ѝࡋᔪањо䘋〻(㻛〠Ѫ⡦䘋 7.1.3.2 䈹⭞ fork()ࡑᔰ᯦䘑ぁ 0x10 ⻱ⴈ傡ࣘಘ㊫ර ⮉؍ ᵪ⣦ᘱᆇ㢲 0x34-0x3fڌ 0x0f 0x0e POST 䇺ᯝ⣦ᘱᆇ㢲 0x33 ؑḷᘇ 0x0d RTC ⣦ᘱᇴᆈಘ D 0x32 ᖃࡽᡰ༴ц㓚٬ 0x0c RTC ⣦ᘱᇴᆈಘ C 0x31 1Mb ԕкⲴᢙኅᆈ (儈ᆇ㢲) 0x0b RTC ⣦ᘱᇴᆈಘ B 0x30 1Mb ԕкⲴᢙኅᆈ (վᆇ㢲) 0x0a RTC ⣦ᘱᇴᆈಘ A 0x2f ṑ傼઼ (儈ᆇ㢲) PDLQF 〻ᒿ 䘋〻㓴 䘋〻㓴 䘋〻㓴 䘋〻䘋〻 Պ䈍ᵏ 䘋〻 䘋〻䘋〻 䘋〻 ㌫㿱മ 7-5 ᡰ⽪DŽޣshell Ӕӂᐕ⭼䶒DŽᆳԜѻ䰤Ⲵᢗ㹼 ޕ㓸䈳⭘ shell 〻ᒿˈᒦ䘋 ਓԔⲴ↓⺞ᙗԕਾˈᴰޕҶ⭘ᡧਾˈgetty 㻛ᴯᦒᡀ login 〻ᒿDŽlogin 〻ᒿ൘傼䇱Ҷ⭘ᡧ䗃ޕᖃ⭘ᡧ䭞 ㄟࡍॆ䇮㖞〻ᒿ agetty˄㔏〠 getty 〻ᒿ˅ˈgetty 〻ᒿࡉՊ൘㓸ㄟкᱮ⽪⭘ᡧⲫᖅᨀ⽪ؑĀlogin:āDŽ ㌫㔏/etc/ⴞᖅѝ䝽㖞᮷ԦⲴ䇮㖞ؑˈሩ㌫㔏ѝ᭟ᤱⲴ⇿њ㓸ㄟ䇮༷ࡋᔪᆀ䘋〻ˈᒦ൘ᆀ䘋〻ѝ䘀㹼㓸 ਼ᰦ֯⭘㌫㔏Ⲵ㜭࣋ˈ䙊ᑨⲴ㌫㔏ᱟ൘䘉䟼ᡆ㊫լൠᯩᢗ㹼㌫㔏⧟ຳࡍॆ〻ᒿ init.cˈ㘼↔〻ᒿՊṩᦞ 䀓䟺〻ᒿ˄shell 〻ᒿ˅/bin/shˈ㘼൘ᇎ䱵ਟ⭘Ⲵ㌫㔏ѝতᒦ䶎ྲ↔DŽѪҶ㜭ާᴹⲫᖅ㌫㔏Ⲵ࣏㜭઼ཊӪ ༷ањᑨ⭘㌫㔏ᡰާ༷ⲴаӋᐕ⧟ຳDŽ൘ࡽ䶒Ⲵㅜ 183 㹼઼ 200 㹼кˈinit()࠭ᮠⴤ᧕ᔰᢗ㹼ҶભԔ ൘Ṩ㌫㔏ࡍॆᆼ∅ѻਾˈ㌫㔏䘈䴰㾱ṩᦞާփ䝽㖞ᢗ㹼䘋а↕Ⲵ⧟ຳࡍॆᐕˈ㜭ⵏ↓ާ 7.2 ⧥ູࡓခौᐛ֒ ᮷Ԧˈഐ↔㤕ањ䘋〻䴰㾱䇯䰞᧗ࡦ㓸ㄟˈਟԕⴤ᧕ሩ/dev/tty ᮷Ԧ䘋㹼䈫߉DŽ ᤕᴹ᧗ࡦ㓸ㄟⲴањ䘋〻㓴ˈ㘼Պ䈍ᵏѝⲴަᆳ䘋〻㓴ࡉᡀѪਾਠ䘋〻㓴DŽ᧗ࡦ㓸ㄟሩᓄҾ/dev/tty 䇮༷ 〻㓴˄Background process group˅DŽањ㓸ㄟਚ㜭ѪањՊ䈍ᵏⲴ᧗ࡦ㓸ㄟˈࡽਠ䘋〻㓴ቡᱟՊ䈍ᵏѝ ањՊ䈍ᵏѝⲴࠐњ䘋〻㓴㻛࠶Ѫањࡽਠ䘋〻㓴˄Foreground process group˅઼ањᡆࠐњਾਠ䘋 ഴ 䘑ぁȽ䘑ぁ㓺ૂՐ䈓ᵕҁ䰪Ⲻީ㌱ ㌫㿱മ 7-4 ᡰ⽪DŽޣ㿱л㢲䈤᰾DŽ䘋〻ǃ䘋〻㓴઼Պ䈍ᵏѻ䰤Ⲵ ᘥⲴѫ㾱⭘䙄ѻаDŽsetsid()࠭ᮠቡᱟ⭘Ҿᔪ・ањᯠⲴՊ䈍ᵏDŽ䙊ᑨ䈕࠭ᮠ⭡⧟ຳࡍॆ〻ᒿ䘋㹼䈳⭘ˈ process˅DŽᖃᡁԜ䘰ࠪⲫᖅ˄logout˅ᰦˈᡰᴹҾᡁԜ䘉њՊ䈍ᵏⲴ䘋〻䜭ሶ㻛㓸→DŽ䘉ҏᱟՊ䈍ᵏᾲ ㄟቡᱟՊ䈍ᵏⲴ᧗ࡦ㓸ㄟ˄Controlling Terminal˅ˈഐ↔Պ䈍ᵏ俆䘋〻䙊ᑨҏ㻛〠Ѫ᧗ࡦ䘋〻˄Controlling Ⲵᡰᴹ〻ᒿ䜭ҾањՊ䈍ᵏˈ㘼ަⲫᖅ shell ࡉᱟՊ䈍ᵏ俆䘋〻˄Session leader˅ˈᒦфᆳᡰ֯⭘Ⲵ㓸 㘼Պ䈍ᵏ˄Sessionˈᡆ〠ѪՊ䈍˅ࡉᱟањᡆཊњ䘋〻㓴Ⲵ䳶ਸDŽ䙊ᑨᛵߥлˈ⭘ᡧⲫᖅਾᡰᢗ㹼 ؑਧˈࡉйњભԔሶ਼ᰦ㓸→ᢗ㹼DŽ ᑨᱟ᤹ Ctrl-C 㓴ਸ䭞˅ˈ਼ᰦ㓸→ᮤњ䘋〻㓴ѝⲴᡰᴹ䘋〻DŽֻྲˈྲ᷌ᡁԜੁк䘠㇑䚃ભԔਁࠪ㓸→ 䘋〻㓴DŽ䘋〻㓴Ⲵᾲᘥᴹᖸཊ⭘䙄ˈնަѝᴰᑨ㿱ⲴᱟᡁԜ൘㓸ㄟкੁࡽਠᢗ㹼〻ᒿਁࠪ㓸→ؑਧ˄䙊 ຳࡍॆᐕ⧟ VKHOO ORJLQ DJHWW\ 䘋〻 1 LQLW exec() exec() fork() DJHWW\̢DOWHUQDWLYH/LQX[JHWW\DŽ login ޣᒿDŽྲ᷌ਓԔ᮷Ԧѝҏ⋑ᴹѪ䈕⭘ᡧᤷᇊ⭘ᡧ䎧ⴞᖅⲴ䈍ˈ㌫㔏ቡՊ֯⭘唈䇔Ⲵṩⴞᖅ/DŽᴹ ྲ᷌ਓԔ᮷Ԧ/etc/passwd ѝ䈕⭘ᡧ亩ѝ⋑ᴹᤷᇊ֯⭘ଚњ shell 〻ᒿˈ㌫㔏ࡉՊ֯⭘唈䇔Ⲵ/bin/sh 〻 ᖅ⭘ᡧⲴ⭘ᡧ ID ᒦᢗ㹼ਓԔ᮷Ԧѝ䈕⭘ᡧ亩ѝᤷᇊⲴ shell 〻ᒿˈྲ bash ᡆ csh ㅹDŽ ˄message-of-the-day˅ѝⲴ᮷ᵜؑˈᒦỰḕᒦᱮ⽪䈕⭘ᡧᱟᴹ䛞ԦⲴؑDŽᴰਾ login 〻ᒿ᭩ਈᡀⲫ ⭘ᡧ˄USER=઼ LOGNAME=˅઼㌫㔏ᢗ㹼〻ᒿⲴ唈䇔䐟ᖴᒿࡇ˄PATH=˅DŽ᧕⵰ᱮ⽪/etc/motd ᮷Ԧ IDDŽ❦ਾ࡙⭘ᡰᗇࡠⲴؑࡍॆ⧟ຳਈ䟿ؑˈֻྲ䎧ⴞᖅ˄HOME=˅ǃ֯⭘Ⲵ shell 〻ᒿ˄SHELL=˅ǃ ѝᤷᇊⲴ䈕⭘ᡧⲴ䎧ᐕⴞᖅDŽᒦᢺሩ䈕㓸ㄟ䇮༷Ⲵ䇯䰞ᵳ䲀؞᭩ᡀ⭘ᡧ䈫/߉઼㓴߉ˈ䇮㖞䘋〻Ⲵ㓴 Ⲵᇶ⸱↓⺞ˈࡉ login ቡՊᢺᖃࡽᐕⴞᖅ˄Current Work Directory˅؞᭩ᡀਓԔ᮷Ԧޕྲ᷌⭘ᡧ䭞 䘋〻ѝ䪸ሩ䈕㓸ㄟ䇮༷⅑ᢗ㹼 agetty 〻ᒿˈ䟽༽к䘠䗷〻DŽ 〻 init˅Ⲵ wait()Պ䘄എ䈕䘰ࠪ䘋〻Ⲵ pidˈഐ↔Պṩᦞ䇠ᖅлᶕⲴؑ⅑ࡋᔪањᆀ䘋〻ˈᒦ൘䈕ᆀ Ⲵᇶ⸱൷ᰐ᭸ˈࡉ login 〻ᒿՊԕࠪ䭉⸱ 1 䘰ࠪᢗ㹼ˈ㺘⽪↔⅑ⲫᖅ䗷〻ཡ䍕DŽ↔ᰦ⡦䘋〻˄䘋ޕ⅑䭞 Ⲵᇶ⸱䘋㹼࣐ᇶ༴⨶ˈᒦоਓԔ᮷Ԧѝ䈕⭘ᡧ亩ѝ pw_passwd ᆇ⇥∄䖳DŽྲ᷌⭘ᡧࠐޕ࣐ᇶ㇇⌅ሩ䭞 Ⲵᇶ⸱ˈ❦ਾ֯⭘ޕᗇሩᓄ⭘ᡧⲴⲫᖅ亩ˈ❦ਾ䈳⭘ getpass()ԕᱮ⽪”password:”ᨀ⽪ؑˈ䈫ਆ⭘ᡧ䭞 Ⲵ⭘ᡧˈᆳӾਓԔ᮷Ԧ passwd ѝਆޕᇶ⸱DŽṩᦞ⭘ᡧ䗃ޕ login 〻ᒿࡉѫ㾱⭘Ҿ㾱≲ⲫᖅ⭘ᡧ䗃 ⲫᖅˈᒦᢗ㹼 login 〻ᒿDŽ Ⲵޕࡉ getty Պ俆ݸᱮ⽪ަѝⲴ᮷ᵜؑˈ❦ਾᱮ⽪ⲫᖅᨀ⽪ؑ˄ֻྲ˖plinux login: ˅ˈ䈫ਆ⭘ᡧ䭞 ⭘ᡧDŽ䈕〻ᒿਚ㜭⭡䎵㓗⭘ᡧᢗ㹼DŽ䙊ᑨˈ㤕/etc/issue ᮷ᵜ᮷Ԧᆈ൘ˈޕ⽪ᨀ⽪ؑˈᒦㅹᖵ⭘ᡧ䭞 getty 〻ᒿⲴѫ㾱ԫ࣑ᱟ䇮㖞㓸ㄟ㊫රǃᙗǃ䙏ᓖ઼㓯䐟㿴〻DŽᆳᢃᔰᒦࡍॆањ tty ㄟਓˈᱮ ⲴᐕDŽڊᆳ㻛䝽㖞ᡀ㾱 ༴⨶ಘⲴᐕˈԕ৺ԫօ→ڌ䰝ᰦˈinit 䍏䍓ᵰ↫ᡰᴹަԆⲴ䘋〻ˈন䖭ᡰᴹⲴ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ԕ৺ޣᖃ㌫㔏 Ӌަ⡦䖸䘋〻ᐢ㔃ᶏⲴ䘋〻˗൘ Linux ѝᡰᴹⲴ䘋〻ᗵ享Ҿঅἥ䘋〻ṁˈᡰԕᆔ・䘋〻ᗵ享㻛᭦ਆDŽ ൘↓ᑨлˈinit ⺞ᇊ agetty ↓൘ᐕ⵰ԕݱ䇨⭘ᡧⲫᖅˈᒦф᭦ਆᆔ・䘋〻DŽᆔ・䘋〻ᱟᤷ䛓 њሩᓄⲴ䘋〻Ѫަㅹᖵ༴⨶DŽ ࡋᔪањᯠⲴᆀ䘋〻ˈᒦ൘䈕ᆀ䘋〻ѝ䟽ᯠᢗ㹼 agetty 〻ᒿDŽ䘉ṧˈ⇿њ㻛ݱ䇨Ⲵ㓸ㄟ䇮༷䜭㓸ᴹа 䘰ࠪˈᆳቡՊṩᦞ wait()䘄എⲴ pid ਧ⸕䚃ᱟଚњሩᓄ㓸ㄟⲴᆀ䘋〻㔃ᶏҶˈഐ↔ቡՊѪᓄ㓸ㄟ䇮༷ ㅹᖵᆀ䘋〻㔃ᶏ⣦ᘱDŽ⇿ᖃᆳⲴањᆀ䘋〻㔃ᶏޕ㹼 agetty9˄getty˅〻ᒿDŽ㘼 init 䘋〻ࡉ䈳⭘ wait()ˈ䘋 ԦѝⲴؑˈѪ⇿ањݱ䇨ⲫᖅⲴ㓸ㄟ䇮༷֯⭘ fork()ࡋᔪањᆀ䘋〻ˈᒦ൘⇿њᯠࡋᔪⲴᆀ䘋〻ѝ䘀 init 䘋〻Ⲵѫ㾱ԫ࣑ᱟṩᦞ/etc/rc ᮷Ԧѝ䇮㖞Ⲵؑˈᢗ㹼ަѝ䇮㖞ⲴભԔˈ❦ਾṩᦞ/etc/inittab ᮷ 䘋ሩṨѪӰѸᨀ䛓Ѹཊ࣏㜭Ⲵ⨶䀓DŽ׳䀓Պ 㲭❦䘉ࠐњ〻ᒿ˄init, getty, login, shell˅ᒦнҾṨ㤳⮤ˈնሩ䘉ࠐњ〻ᒿⲴ⭘ᴹаӋสᵜҶ ഴ ᴿީ⧥ູࡓခौⲺぁᓅ ຳࡍॆᐕ⧟ 䈳ᓖ࠭ᮠ schedule()઼ᰦ䫏ѝᯝ䗷〻ণᱟлаㄐѝⲴѫ仈ѻаDŽ 䈕䘋〻Ⲵ CPU ֯⭘ᵳቡՊ㻛нᛵᝯൠཪˈ䇙㔉࡛Ⲵ䘋〻֯⭘DŽ ᘱⲴ䘋〻ˈᖃᰦ䫏ѝᯝ䗷〻ࡔᯝࠪᆳ䘀㹼Ⲵᰦ䰤⡷ᐢ㻛⭘ᆼᰦˈቡՊ൘ do_timer()ѝᢗ㹼䘋〻࠷ᦒˈ ⭡ schedule()ṩᦞᡰᴹ䘋〻Ⲵᖃࡽ⣦ᘱ઼ՈݸᵳߣᇊDŽሩҾаⴤ൘ਟ䘀㹼⣦ޘлᶕՊ䘀㹼ଚњ䘋〻ˈࡉᆼ sleep_on()㊫࠭ᮠ䰤᧕ൠ䈳⭘ schedule()࠭ᮠˈሶ CPU Ⲵ֯⭘ᵳ㠚ᝯൠ〫Ӕ㔉࡛Ⲵ䘋〻֯⭘DŽ㠣Ҿ㌫㔏᧕ ሩҾ䘋〻൘ᢗ㹼䗷〻ѝ⭡Ҿᜣ⭘Ⲵ䍴ⓀᲲᰦ㕪ѿ㘼Ѥᰦ䴰㾱ㅹᖵаՊᰦˈᆳቡՊ൘㌫㔏䈳⭘ѝ䙊䗷 ߥᶕ⺞ᇊ䘋〻Ⲵла↕⣦ᘱDŽ ⇿ 10 ∛。ਁࠪа⅑ᰦ䫏ѝᯝˈᒦ൘䈕ѝᯝ䗷〻ѝˈ䙊䗷䈳⭘ do_timer()࠭ᮠỰḕᡰᴹ䘋〻Ⲵᖃࡽᢗ㹼ᛵ 〻ᒿѝⲴ䈳ᓖ࠭ᮠ schedule()઼ system_call.s ѝⲴᇊᰦᰦ䫏ѝᯝ䗷〻_timer_interrupt ᶕⲴDŽṨ䇮ᇊ ྲօ䈳ᓖ䘉Ӌ䘋〻䘀㹼Ⲵ˛ҏণþ䖞ᆀÿᱟᘾṧ䖜䎧ᶕⲴ˛āDŽㆄṸᒦн༽ᵲ˖Ṩᱟ䙊䗷ᢗ㹼 sched.c Ҷ䀓DŽնᛘਟ㜭䘈Պᨀࠪ䘉ṧⲴ䰞仈˖Ā൘⭏ᡀҶа㌫ࡇ䘋〻ѻਾˈ㌫㔏ᱟྲօ࠶ᰦ䘀㹼䘉Ӌ䘋〻ᡆ㘵䈤 ྲ᷌ᛘ᤹ㄐ㢲亪ᒿ亪࡙ൠ䰵䈫ࡠ䘉䟼ˈ䛓Ѹᛘሩ Linux ㌫㔏ṨⲴࡍॆ䗷〻ᓄ䈕ᐢ㓿ᴹҶབྷ㠤Ⲵ ࡦᖫᓅᔴᾊˈ❦ਾ㔗㔝䰵䈫DŽ ᣔ⁑ᔿлⲴ䘀㹼ᵪ؍Җ㉽ˈᢺޣᇩˈᡆ㘵৲㘳 Intel 80x86 Ⲵᴹޣࡦˈ䈖㓶䰵䈫ал䱴ᖅѝᡰᨀⲴᴹ ᣔ⁑ᔿ䘀㹼Ⲵᵪ؍ѪҶ㜭∄䖳亪࡙ൠ⨶䀓ԕлㄐᇩˈ㘵ᕪ࣋ᐼᵋ䈫㘵↔ᰦ㜭⅑༽Ґ 32 ս 䈫DŽ㤕䈫㘵ሩᆈ࠶亥㇑⨶ᵪࡦнҶ䀓ˈࡉᔪ䇞俆ݸ䰵䈫ㅜ 10 ㄐᆈ㇑⨶ⲴᇩDŽ Ӿ䘉䟼ᔰˈሩҾਾ㔝ㄐ㢲Ⲵ䰵䈫ˈਟԕሶ main.c 〻ᒿѪаᶑѫ㓯䘋㹼ˈᒦн䴰㾱᤹ㄐ㢲亪ᒿ䰵 њᴰㆰঅⲴṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ˈ䇙 Linux 䘀㹼䎧ᶕDŽ 㾱वਜ਼᮷Ԧ/etc/rcǃ/bin/shǃ/dev/* ԕ৺аӋⴞᖅ/etc/ǃ/dev/ǃ/bin/ǃ/home/ǃ/home/root/ ቡਟԕᶴᡀа ሩҾ 0.11 ⡸Ṩˈ䙊䗷к䶒ԓ⸱࠶᷀ਟ⸕ˈਚ㾱ṩ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ᱟањ MINIX ᮷Ԧ㌫㔏ˈᒦфަѝਚ 7.3 ᵢㄖቅ㔉 sh Ⲵ൘㓯亥ѝⲴ䈤᰾DŽ ޣ൘ᢗ㹼 shell 〻ᒿᰦਟԕᴹᖸཊ䘹亩ˈ䈧৲㿱 Linux ㌫㔏ѝⲴᴹ ѝ䈫ਆભԔDŽޕࡉ shell 〻ᒿሶӾަḷ߶䗃 ⴻᱟањ㝊ᵜ᮷Ԧᒦᢗ㹼ަѝⲴભԔˈ㘼ަ։Ⲵ৲ᮠࡉ㻛ⴻᱟ shell Ⲵս㖞৲ᮠ˄$1ǃ$2 ㅹ˅DŽ ൘ᢗ㹼 shell ᰦˈ䲔ҶаӋᤷᇊⲴਟ䘹亩ԕཆˈྲ᷌䘈ᤷᇊҶભԔ㹼৲ᮠˈࡉ shell Պᢺㅜањ৲ᮠ ENV=$HOME/.anyfilename; export ENV Ⲵ.profile ᮷Ԧѝ˖ 㾱ᢗ㹼ⲴભԔ᭮൘ ENV ਈ䟿ᤷᇊⲴ᮷ԦѝDŽ䇮㖞 ENV ⧟ຳਈ䟿Ⲵᯩ⌅ᱟᢺлࡇ䈝ਕ᭮൘䎧ⴞᖅ ਆભԔᒦᢗ㹼DŽഐ↔⭘ᡧᓄ䈕ᢺ⇿⅑ⲫᖅᰦ䜭㾱ᢗ㹼ⲴભԔ᭮൘.profile ᮷Ԧѝˈ㘼ᢺ⇿⅑䘀㹼 shell 䜭 ⧟ຳਈ䟿ˈᡆ㘵൘ⲫᖅ shell Ⲵ.profile ᮷Ԧѝ䇮㖞Ҷ䈕ਈ䟿ˈࡉ shell ла↕ՊӾ䈕ਈ䟿ભⲴ᮷Ԧѝ䈫 shell ᰦ䇮㖞Ҷ ENV ޕݸӾ/etc/profile ᮷Ԧԕ৺.profile ᮷Ԧ˄㤕ᆈ൘Ⲵ䈍˅䈫ਆભԔᒦᢗ㹼DŽྲ᷌൘䘋 њⲫᖅ shell 㻛ᢗ㹼DŽ↔ᰦ䈕 shell 〻ᒿՊṩᦞ䈕ᆇㅖˈᢗ㹼ḀӋоⲫᖅ䗷〻ᓄⲴDŽⲫᖅ shell Պ俆 ൘ⲫᖅ䗷〻ѝ login ᔰᢗ㹼 shell ᰦˈᡰᑖ৲ᮠ argv[0]Ⲵㅜањᆇㅖᱟ’-’ˈ㺘⽪䈕 shell ᱟѪа DŽޕҏਟԕ֯⭘ shell 㝊ᵜ᮷Ԧੁ shell 䀓䟺〻ᒿ䗃ˈޕ䘋㹼Ӕӂ䗃 Ⲵؑˈ❦ਾᢗ㹼ભԔDŽ⭘ᡧਟԕ൘㓸ㄟкੁ shell ⴤ᧕ޕо䇑㇇ᵪ䘋㹼ӔӂⲴൠᯩDŽᆳ㧧ਆ⭘ᡧ䗃 shell 〻ᒿᱟањ༽ᵲⲴભԔ㹼䀓䟺〻ᒿˈᱟᖃ⭘ᡧⲫᖅ㌫㔏䘋㹼Ӕӂᰦᢗ㹼Ⲵ〻ᒿDŽᆳᱟ⭘ᡧ 〻ᒿⲴаӋᢗ㹼䘹亩઼⢩↺䇯䰞䲀ࡦⲴ䈤᰾ˈ䈧৲㿱 Linux ㌫㔏ѝⲴ൘㓯亥˄man 8 login˅DŽ ᵜㄐሿ㔃 ㊫ᯩᔿˈӾᇎ⧠Ⲵ࣏㜭к䘋㹼ᴤ䈖㓶Ⲵ䈤᰾DŽ 䈳⭘ᴽ࣑༴⨶〻ᒿ᮷Ԧˈਖа㊫ᱟ䘋〻䈳ᓖㅹ䙊⭘࣏㜭᮷Ԧˈ৲㿱മ 8-1 മ 2-17DŽᡁԜ⧠൘ṩᦞ䘉њ࠶ 䈕ⴞᖅлⲴԓ⸱᮷ԦӾ࣏㜭кਟԕ࠶Ѫй㊫ˈа㊫ᱟ⺜Ԧ˄ᔲᑨ˅ѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿ᮷Ԧˈа㊫ᱟ㌫㔏 8.1 ᙱ։ࣕ㜳 P YVSULQWIF E\WHV P E\WHV WUDSVF P V\VWHPBFDOOV E\WHV P V\VF E\WHV P VLJQDOF E\WHV P VFKHGF E\WHV P SULQWNF E\WHV P SDQLFF E\WHV P PNWLPHF E\WHV P E\WHV IRUNF P H[LWF E\WHV P DVPV E\WHV P E\WHV 0DNHILOH PDWK FKUBGUY EONBGUY *07 䈤᰾ ᮷Ԧ བྷሿ ᴰਾ؞᭩ᰦ䰤 ࡍ㺞 8-1 linux/kernel/ⴤᖋ ㌫ᴹњབྷ㠤ⲴҶ䀓ˈ❦ਾ䙀аሩԓ⸱䘋㹼䈖㓶⌘䟺DŽޣ䘉 12 њ᮷Ԧᡰᇎ⧠Ⲵ࣏㜭઼ᆳԜѻ䰤Ⲵӂ䈳⭘ ሩ䘉 13 њԓ⸱᮷Ԧ䘋㹼⌘䟺DŽ俆ݸᡁԜሩᡰᴹ〻ᒿⲴสᵜ࣏㜭䘋㹼ᾲᤜᙗⲴᙫփӻ㓽ˈԕׯаᔰቡሩ 䝽㖞᮷Ԧ MakefileDŽ㿱ࡇ㺘 8-1 ᡰ⽪DŽሩަѝйњᆀⴞᖅѝԓ⸱Ⲵ⌘䟺ሶ൘ਾ㔝ㄐ㢲ѝ䘋㹼DŽᵜㄐѫ㾱 वᤜ 10 њ C 䈝䀰᮷Ԧ઼ 2 њ≷㕆䈝䀰᮷Ԧԕ৺ањ kernel л㕆䈁᮷ԦⲴ㇑⨶ޡ linux/kernel/ⴞᖅл ㅜ8ㄐ Ṩԓ⸱(kernel) ᙫփ࣏㜭 E ᑖࠪ䭉⸱ D нᑖࠪ䭉⸱ Ոݸ㓗ᰐਈॆᰦⲴᛵߥ Ոݸ㓗᭩ਈᰦⲴᛵߥ (,3 &6 ()/$*6 ࠪ䭉⸱ (,3 &6 ()/$*6 (,3 &6 ()/$*6 (63 66 G ᑖࠪ䭉⸱ F нᑖࠪ䭉⸱ ࠪ䭉⸱ ੁ ᯩ ޕ (,3 &6 ()/$*6 (63 66 ㌫ޣ䈳⭘ IRUNFV\VFH[LWFVLJQDOF V\VWHPBFDOOV ㌫㔏䈳⭘〻ᒿ WUDSVF DVPV ⺜Ԧѝᯝ〻ᒿ SLQWNYVSULQWI SDQLFF VFKHGXOHF PNWLPH 䙊⭘〻ᒿ Ḹ˄ᔲᑨѝᯝ int 8 ઼ int10 - int 14˅ˈึޕ⭡ҾᴹӋᔲᑨᕅ䎧ѝᯝᰦˈCPU 䜘Պӗ⭏ањࠪ䭉ԓ⸱ Ⲵ༴⨶ࡉሶ൘ kernel/system_call.s ѝ㔉ࠪDŽњѝᯝⲴާփᇊѹ㿱ԓ⸱⌘䟺ਾަԆؑа㢲ѝⲴ䈤᰾DŽ ⺜Ԧ˄ྲᰦ䫏ǃ䭞ⴈǃ䖟ⴈǃᮠᆖॿ༴⨶ಘǃ⺜ⴈㅹ˅ࡍॆ〻ᒿѝ༴⨶DŽLinux ㌫㔏䈳⭘ѝᯝ int128(0x80) ਨ⮉Ӻਾᢙݵ֯⭘DŽሩᓄҾѝᯝ᧗ࡦಘ㣟⡷ IRQ ਁࠪⲴ int32-int47 Ⲵ 16 њ༴⨶〻ᒿሶ࠶࡛൘⿽ ޜ ⮉Ⲵѝᯝ int17-int31 ⭡ Intel؍⮉ѝᯝ int0--int16 Ⲵ༴⨶ˈަ։؍ asm.s ԓ⸱᮷Ԧѫ㾱⎹৺ሩ Intel ഴ ਇ⭕ѣᯣᰬḾѣⲺᇯ ḸDŽሩҾާᴹՈݸ㓗᭩ਈᰦึḸⲴᇩ⽪മ㿱മ 8-2(c)઼(d)ᡰ⽪DŽึޕᘇᇴᆈಘ EFLAGS Ⲵᇩ ⭘ᡧᘱึḸҶDŽᡰԕᖃਁ⭏ѝᯝᰦˈѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿ֯⭘Ⲵᱟ䘋〻ⲴṨᘱึḸDŽਖཆˈCPU 䘈ᙫᱟሶḷ ṨᘱḸDŽഐ↔䘉䟼ⴞⲴԓ⸱ⲴึḸণᱟᤷ䘋〻ⲴṨᘱึḸˈ㘼㻛ѝᯝԓ⸱ⲴึḸᖃ❦ҏቡᱟᤷ䘋〻Ⲵ ѝᯝ〻ᒿⲴึḸѝDŽն൘ṨࡍॆᆼᡀਾˈṨԓ⸱ᢗ㹼ᰦ֯⭘Ⲵᱟ䘋〻Ⲵޕ٬઼ึḸᤷ䪸⇥Ḹ ᯝԓ⸱ⲴึḸѝDŽྲ᷌Ոݸ㓗࡛ਁ⭏ҶਈॆˈֻྲӾ⭘ᡧ㓗᭩ਈࡠṨ㌫㔏㓗ˈCPU 䘈Պሶԓ⸱Ⲵึ ࡠҶⴞⲴԓ⸱˄ѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿԓ⸱˅ⲴึḸкˈ㘼нᱟ㻛ѝޕ䰤䈳⭘∄䖳䊑Ⲵൠᯩᱟ 80386 ሶؑ ḸDŽਖањо⇥ึޕ٬〫ٿDŽCPU Պሶԓ⸱⇥䘹ᤙㅖ઼䘄എൠ൰Ⲵۿ䈳⭘˄⇥䰤ᆀ〻ᒿ䈳⭘˅∄䖳 ѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿⲴึḸѝˈণ䘋〻ⲴṨᘱḸѝˈ㿱മ 8-2(a)ᡰ⽪DŽ䘉⿽ᛵߥоањ䘌ޕ઼ EIP˅Ⲵؑ ൘⭘ᡧ〻ᒿ˄䘋〻˅ሶ᧗ࡦᵳӔ㔉ѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿѻࡽˈCPU Պ俆ݸሶ㠣ቁ 12 ᆇ㢲˄EFLAGSǃCS 㜭䈧৲㿱മ 5-21DŽ PC ᵪѝ 8259A ਟ㕆〻ѝᯝ᧗ࡦ㣟⡷Ⲵ䘎᧕৺ަ࣏ ޣ〻ᒿ൘᮷Ԧ system_call.s ઼ mm/page.s ѝᇎ⧠DŽᴹ 䈝䀰༴⨶䗷〻DŽ㘼 traps.c 〻ᒿࡉᇎ⧠Ҷ asm.s Ⲵѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻ѝ䈳⭘Ⲵ c ࠭ᮠDŽਖཆࠐњ⺜Ԧѝᯝ༴⨶ ѫ㾱वᤜєњԓ⸱᮷Ԧ˖asm.s ઼ traps.c ᮷ԦDŽasm.s ⭘Ҿᇎ⧠བྷ䜘࠶⺜Ԧᔲᑨᡰᕅ䎧ⲴѝᯝⲴ≷㕆 8.1.1 ѣᯣ༺⨼ぁᓅ ഴ ṮⴤᖋѣᮽԬѣ࠳ᮦⲺ䈹⭞ቸ⅗ީ㌱ ᙫփ࣏㜭 ᮠⲴ৲ᮠDŽ ᯝ䘄എൠ൰ᱟ⭘ & ࠭ ḸⲴࠪ䭉ԓ⸱઼ѝึ ޕWUDSVF ѝᇎ⧠DŽ ⌘ ˖䈳⭘Ⲵ & ࠭ᮠ൘ ֯⭘ ⌘ ˖ᰐࠪ䭉ԓ⸱ᰦቡ ㅖ٬Ѫ [ ⌘ ˖Ṩԓ⸱⇥䘹ᤙ ѝᯝ䘄എ Ḹᇴᆈಘޕᕩࠪᡰᴹ ḸⲴѝᯝ䘄എൠ൰ޕᶕ ḸⲴࠪ䭉⸱઼ਾޕᕩࠪ ༴⨶࠭ᮠ & ޣ䈳⭘ ԓ⸱⇥Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖ٬ ᡰᴹ⇥ᇴᆈಘ㖞ѪṨ Ḹޕ!ѝᯝ䘄എൠ൰ Ḹޕ!ࠪ䭉ԓ⸱ ḸDŽޕᡰᴹᇴᆈಘ 䘉Ӌ〻ᒿवᤜ schedule.cǃmktime.cǃpanic.cǃprintk.c ઼ vsprintf.cDŽ 8.1.3 ެԌ䙐⭞㊱ぁᓅ 㘼 sys_pause()ǃsys_execve()ࡉᱟḀњ㌫㔏䈳⭘у⭘Ⲵ C ༴⨶࠭ᮠDŽ ᮠࡉᱟᤷᇊⲴ㌫㔏䈳⭘Ⲵу⭘༴⨶࠭ᮠDŽֻྲˈdo_signal()࠭ᮠสᵜкᱟᡰᴹ㌫㔏䈳⭘䜭㾱ᢗ㹼Ⲵ࠭ᮠˈ ᮠˈ㾱Ѹᱟ㌫㔏䈳⭘༴⨶䗷〻ѝ䙊⭘Ⲵ࠭ᮠˈ㾱ѸᱟḀњ㌫㔏䈳⭘у⭘Ⲵ˗㘼ԕ'sys_'ᔰཤⲴ㌫㔏䈳⭘࠭ ᡁԜਟԕṩᦞ䘉Ӌ࠭ᮠⲴㆰঅભ㿴ࡉ䘉ṧᶕ⨶䀓˖䙊ᑨԕ'do_'ᔰཤⲴѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻ѝ䈳⭘Ⲵ C ࠭ signal.c ѝⲴ 4 њ㌫㔏䈳⭘࠭ᮠ˅DŽ 䴰䈳⭘Ⲵ༴⨶࠭ᮠˈᴹӋᱟ֯⭘≷㕆䈝䀰ᇎ⧠Ⲵˈྲ sys_execve()˗㘼ਖཆаӋࡉ⭘ C 䈝䀰ᇎ⧠˄ֻྲ sys.c ઼ exit.c 〻ᒿᇎ⧠ҶަԆаӋ sys_xxx()㌫㔏䈳⭘࠭ᮠDŽ䘉Ӌ sys_xxx()࠭ᮠ䜭ᱟᓄ㌫㔏䈳⭘ᡰ 㔏䈳⭘ sys_xxx()࠭ᮠDŽ 䘋〻ؑਧⲴ࠭ᮠ do_signal()ˈ൘㌫㔏䈳⭘ѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻ѝ㻛䈳⭘DŽਖཆ䘈वᤜ 4 њ㌫ޣᨀањ༴⨶ᴹ C ༴⨶࠭ᮠDŽfork.c 〻ᒿᨀєњ C ༴⨶࠭ᮠ˖find_empty_process()઼ copy_process()DŽsignal.c 〻ᒿ䘈 ѝᯝ䘋㹼༴⨶DŽ㘼 fork.c ઼ signal.c ѝⲴањ࠭ᮠࡉ㊫լҾ traps.c 〻ᒿⲴ⭘ˈᆳԜѪ㌫㔏ѝᯝ䈳⭘ᨀ system_call.s 〻ᒿⲴ⭘㊫լҾ⺜Ԧѝᯝ༴⨶ѝ asm.s 〻ᒿⲴ⭘ˈਖཆ䘈ሩᰦ䫏ѝᯝ઼⺜ⴈǃ䖟ⴈ ᮷Ԧवᤜ system_call.sǃfork.cǃsignal.cǃsys.c ઼ exit.c ᮷ԦDŽޣ 㾱ᑖ৲ᮠˈࡉ ebxǃecx ઼ edx ⭘Ҿᆈ᭮䈳⭘৲ᮠDŽഐ↔䈕ѝᯝ䈳⭘㻛〠Ѫ㌫㔏䈳⭘DŽᇎ⧠㌫㔏䈳⭘Ⲵ Linux ѝᓄ⭘〻ᒿ䈳⭘ṨⲴ࣏㜭ᱟ䙊䗷ѝᯝ䈳⭘ int 0x80 䘋㹼Ⲵˈᇴᆈಘ eax ѝ᭮䈳⭘ਧˈྲ᷌䴰 8.1.2 ㌱㔕䈹⭞༺⨼ީぁᓅ ഴ ⺢Ԭᔸᑮδ᭻䳒Ƚ䲭䱧εᡶᕋ䎭Ⲻѣᯣ༺⨼⍷ぁ ሩањ⺜Ԧᔲᑨᡰᕅ䎧ⲴѝᯝⲴ༴⨶䗷〻㿱മ 8-3 ᡰ⽪DŽ asm.s 〻ᒿѝՊṩᦞᱟᩪᑖࠪ䭉ԓ⸱㘼ᢺѝᯝ࠶ᡀє㊫࠶࡛䘋㹼༴⨶DŽն༴⨶⍱〻䘈ᱟаṧⲴDŽ 㿱മ 8-2 (b)ᡰ⽪ˈ㘼ަԆⲴѝᯝতᒦнᑖᴹ䘉њࠪ䭉ԓ⸱˄ֻྲ㻛䴦䲔ࠪ䭉઼䗩⭼Ựḕࠪ䭉ㅹ˅ˈഐ↔ˈ ᙫփ࣏㜭 ˈV˄ᡆ#˅ᱟ㠚ࣘⴞḷਈ䟿 ৫ᦹF 㘼࣐кV ਾ㔰DŽR㺘⽪ަਾᱟ䗃ࠪ᮷ԦⲴ〠DŽަѝ Ⲵњ & ᮷ԦሩᓄⲴ≷㕆ԓ⸱᮷ԦDŽ唈䇔ᛵߥлᡰӗ⭏Ⲵ≷㕆〻ᒿ᮷Ԧᱟ & ᮷Ԧޕ䗃 Ӿ㘼ӗ⭏оˈ˅6˄→ڌᤷ֯ JFF 䟷⭘ &)/$*6 ᡰᤷᇊⲴ䘹亩ሩ & ԓ⸱㕆䈁ਾн䘋㹼≷㕆ቡ л䶒Ⲵ㿴ࡉᤷ⽪ PDNH ࡙⭘л䶒ⲴભԔሶᡰᴹⲴF ᮷Ԧ㕆䈁⭏ᡀV ≷㕆〻ᒿDŽ䈕㿴ࡉⲴભԔ ࠪ䇮༷ᡆᤷᇊⲴ䗃ࠪ᮷Ԧѝ˗QRVWGLQF,LQFOXGH ਼ࡽDŽ & ࡽ༴⨶䘹亩DŽ( ਚ䘀㹼 & ࡽ༴⨶ˈሩᡰᴹᤷᇊⲴ & 〻ᒿ䘋㹼亴༴⨶ᒦሶ༴⨶㔃᷌䗃ࠪࡠḷ߶䗃 &33 JFF(QRVWGLQF,LQFOXGH LQFOXGH DŽ QRVWGLQF,LQFOXGH н֯⭘唈䇔䐟ᖴѝⲴवਜ਼᮷Ԧˈ㘼֯⭘䘉䟼ᤷᇊⴞᖅѝⲴ 䈳⭘〻ᒿѝ˗PVWULQJLQVQV/LQXV 㠚ᐡປ࣐ⲴՈॆ䘹亩ˈԕਾн֯⭘˗ޕঅ⸝ሿⲴ࠭ᮠԓ⸱፼ ⲴṶᷦᤷ䪸˗IFRPELQHUHJV ਸᒦᇴᆈಘˈ߿ቁᇴᆈಘ㊫Ⲵ֯⭘˗ILQOLQHIXQFWLRQV ሶᡰᴹㆰ ᆈнᗵ㾱؍IVWUHQJWKUHGXFH Ոॆᗚ⧟ᢗ㹼ԓ⸱ˈᧂ䲔䟽༽ਈ䟿˗IRPLWIUDPHSRLQWHU ⴱ⮕ & 㕆䈁〻ᒿ䘹亩DŽ:DOO ᱮ⽪ᡰᴹⲴ䆖ؑ˗2 Ոॆ䘹亩ˈՈॆԓ⸱䮯ᓖ઼ᢗ㹼ᰦ䰤˗ ILQOLQHIXQFWLRQVPVWULQJLQVQVQRVWGLQF,LQFOXGH &)/$*6 :DOO2IVWUHQJWKUHGXFHIRPLWIUDPHSRLQWHUIFRPELQHUHJV? && JFF*18& 䈝䀰㕆䈁ಘDŽ /')/$*6 V[䘎᧕〻ᒿᡰᴹⲴ৲ᮠˈV 䗃ࠪ᮷Ԧѝⴱ⮕ᡰᴹㅖਧؑDŽ[ ࡐ䲔ᡰᴹተ䜘ㅖਧDŽ /' JOG*18 Ⲵ䘎᧕〻ᒿDŽ $6 JDV*18 Ⲵ≷㕆〻ᒿDŽ $5 JDU*18 ⲴҼ䘋ࡦ᮷Ԧ༴⨶〻ᒿˈ⭘Ҿࡋᔪǃ؞᭩ԕ৺Ӿᖂẓ᮷Ԧѝᣭਆ᮷ԦDŽ /LQX[ ᴰࡍⲴᆇਛ )5($;ˈਾᶕ㻛 IWSIXQHWIL Ⲵ㇑⨶ઈ᭩ᡀ /LQX[ 䘉њᆇ ㌫ؑ᭮൘䘉䟼ˈ䲔䶎ᱟ⢩࡛᮷ԦⲴ˄ҏণнᱟањF ᮷ԦⲴؑ˅DŽޣ䎆 㠚ࣘ䘋㹼ⲴˈᆳҏՊ㠚ࣘ৫䲔ᶕⲴ䎆ؑDŽн㾱ᢺ㠚ᐡⲴ PDNHGHS ㌫ᱟ⭡ޣ⌘ʽ䎆 )5($; ṨⲴ 0DNHILOH ᮷ԦDŽ LHQRWDFILOH VVRPHWKLQJVSHFLDO XQOHVVLW 7SXW\RXURZQGHSHQGHQFLHVKHUH UHPRYHVDQ\ROGGHSHQGHQFLHV'21 ZKLFKDOVR PDNHGHS 1RWH'HSHQGHQFLHVDUHGRQHDXWRPDJLFDOO\E\ 0DNHILOHIRUWKH)5($;NHUQHO ぁᓅ 8-1 linux/kernel/Makefile 8.2.2 ᮽԬ⌞䠀 䟺DŽ⌘ޣ䈕᮷ԦⲴ㓴ᡀṬᔿоㅜ 5 ㄐѝࡇࠪⲴ Makefile Ⲵสᵜ਼ˈ൘䰵䈫ᰦਟԕ৲㘳〻ᒿ 5-1 ѝⲴᴹ 䈕᮷Ԧᱟ㕆䈁 linux/kernel/ⴞᖅл〻ᒿⲴ make 䝽㖞᮷Ԧˈнवᤜ㕆䈁ަѝйњᆀⴞᖅ〻ᒿⲴ䝽㖞DŽ 8.2.1 ࣕ㜳ㆶԁ 8.2 Makefile ᮽԬ ᱟṨᱮ⽪ؑⲴ᭟ᤱ〻ᒿˈᇎ⧠ҶṨу⭘ᱮ⽪࠭ᮠ printk()઼ᆇㅖѢṬᔿॆ䗃ࠪ࠭ᮠ vsprintf()DŽ ᵪDŽprintk.c ઼ vsprintf.cڌpanic.c ѝवਜ਼ањ panic()࠭ᮠˈ⭘Ҿ൘Ṩ䘀㹼ࠪ⧠䭉䈟ᰦᱮ⽪ࠪ䭉ؑᒦ ᰦⲴ࠭ᮠDŽmktime.c 〻ᒿѝӵवਜ਼ањṨ֯⭘Ⲵᰦ䰤࠭ᮠ mktime()ˈӵ൘ init/main.c ѝ㻛䈳⭘а⅑DŽ ㌫㔏ᰦ䫏ѝᯝ઼䖟ⴈ傡ࣘಘᇊޣᒿˈ⭘Ҿሩ䘋〻Ⲵᢗ㹼䘋㹼࠷ᦒᡆ᭩ਈ䘋〻Ⲵᢗ㹼⣦ᘱDŽਖཆ䘈वᤜᴹ schedule.c 〻ᒿवᤜṨ䈳⭘ᴰ仁㑱Ⲵ schedule()ǃsleep_on()઼ wakeup()࠭ᮠˈᱟṨⲴṨᗳ䈳ᓖ〻 0DNHILOH ᮷Ԧ ?LQFOXGHOLQX[KHDGKLQFOXGHOLQX[IVKLQFOXGHOLQX[PPK LQFOXGHV\VW\SHVKLQFOXGHV\VZDLWKLQFOXGHOLQX[VFKHGK? H[LWFLQFOXGHHUUQRKLQFOXGHVLJQDOK? H[LWVH[LWR 'HSHQGHQFLHV PDNHGHS FGEONBGUY PDNHGHS ሩ FKUBGUYⴞᖅлⲴ 0DNHILOH ᮷Ԧҏ਼ṧⲴ༴⨶DŽ FGFKUBGUY FSWPSBPDNH0DNHILOH GRQH !!WPSBPDNH &33 0L ? C V?F?V GRHFKRQCHFKRL_VHG F IRULLQ 0DNHILOH!WPSBPDNH ???'HSHQGHQFLHVT VHG GHS ᮷Ԧ WPSBPDNH ѝˈ❦ਾሶ䈕Ѥᰦ᮷Ԧ༽ࡦᡀᯠⲴ 0DNHILOH ᮷ԦDŽ ㌫䈕Ⓚ᮷Ԧѝवਜ਼Ⲵᡰᴹཤ᮷Ԧࡇ㺘DŽᢺ亴༴⨶㔃᷌䜭࣐ࡠѤᰦޣ᮷Ԧ࣐кަ䎆 ሩҾ⇿ањⓀ᮷Ԧˈ亴༴⨶〻ᒿ䗃ࠪањ PDNH 㿴ࡉˈަ㔃᷌ᖒᔿᱟᓄⓀ〻ᒿ᮷ԦⲴⴞḷ ᙗⲴ㿴ࡉˈᒦф䘉Ӌ㿴ࡉㅖਸ PDNH 䈝⌅DŽޣ0 ḷᘇ䇹亴༴⨶〻ᒿ䗃ࠪ᧿䘠⇿њⴞḷ᮷Ԧ Ѥᰦ᮷Ԧ˄ 㹼Ⲵ⭘˅DŽ❦ਾሩ NHUQHOⴞᖅлⲴ⇿ањ & ᮷Ԧᢗ㹼 JFF 亴༴⨶ 㹼ਾ䶒Ⲵᡰᴹ㹼˄л䶒Ӿ ᔰⲴ㹼˅ˈᒦ⭏ᡀ WPSBPDNH 'HSHQGHQFLHV ᮷Ԧѝ ֯⭘ᆇㅖѢ㕆䗁〻ᒿ VHG ሩ 0DNHILOH ᮷Ԧ˄䘉䟼ণᱟ㠚ᐡ˅䘋㹼༴⨶ˈ䗃ࠪѪࡐ䲔 0DNHILOH ㌫DŽᯩ⌅ྲл˖ޣл䶒Ⲵⴞḷᡆ㿴ࡉ⭘ҾỰḕ᮷Ԧѻ䰤Ⲵ䎆 PDNHFOHDQ FGPDWK PDNHFOHDQ FGEONBGUY FKUBGUYⴞᖅ˗ᢗ㹼䈕ⴞᖅ 0DNHILOH ѝⲴ FOHDQ 㿴ࡉDŽ ޕPDNHFOHDQ 䘋 FGFKUBGUY GRQH GRUPICEDVHQDPHLFCV F IRULLQ DWPSBPDNHNH\ERDUGV R UPIFRUH FOHDQ ᱟ᮷Ԧࡐ䲔ભԔˈ䘹亩I ਜ਼ѹᱟᘭ⮕нᆈ൘Ⲵ᮷Ԧˈᒦфнᱮ⽪ࡐ䲔ؑDŽ UP 䘎᧕⭏ᡀⲴ᮷ԦDŽ ᰦˈቡՊᢗ㹼 㹼кⲴભԔˈ৫䲔ᡰᴹ㕆䈁 PDNHFOHDQ л䶒Ⲵ㿴ࡉ⭘Ҿ⨶ᐕDŽᖃᢗ㹼 V\QF 2%-6 /' URNHUQHOR 2%-6 NHUQHOR Ⲵⴞḷ᮷ԦDŽޕ⭘Ҿᤷ⽪⭏ᡀਟ䟽ᇊսⲴ䗃ࠪˈণӗ⭏ਟԕѪ䬮᧕ಘ OG 䗃 U 䘹亩 ൘ᴹҶݸߣᶑԦ 2%-6 ਾ֯⭘л䶒ⲴભԔ䘎᧕ᡀⴞḷ NHUQHORDŽ VLJQDORPNWLPHR SDQLFRSULQWNRYVSULQWIRV\VRH[LWR? 2%-6 VFKHGRV\VWHPBFDOORWUDSVRDVPRIRUNR?ᇊѹⴞḷ᮷Ԧਈ䟿 2%-6DŽ R FR &)/$*6 ? && R ⴞḷ᮷ԦDŽн䘋㹼䘎᧕DŽ F ᮷ԦÆ ㊫լк䶒ˈ FR R $6 FR VR л䶒㿴ࡉ㺘⽪ሶᡰᴹV ≷㕆〻ᒿ᮷Ԧ㕆䈁ᡀR ⴞḷ᮷ԦDŽ 㹼ᱟᇎ⧠䈕ⲴާփભԔDŽ V 6R &)/$*6 ? && FV ᱟ F ᮷Ԧˈࡉਟⴤ᧕֯⭘ㅜ њ㿴ࡉDŽ ⭘ㅜањ㿴ࡉ˗㤕ⴞᖅᱟRˈ㘼᮷ԦᱟVˈࡉ֯⭘ㅜ њ㿴ࡉ˗㤕ⴞḷᱟR ᮷Ԧ㘼᮷Ԧ л䶒䘉 њн਼㿴ࡉ࠶࡛⭘Ҿн਼Ⲵ㾱≲DŽ㤕ⴞḷᱟV ᮷Ԧˈ㘼Ⓚ᮷ԦᱟF ᮷ԦࡉՊ֯ F Ⲵ᮷ԦDŽ ԓ㺘ㅜањݸߣᶑԦˈ䘉䟼ণᱟㅖਸᶑԦ 0DNHILOH ᮷Ԧ ᆈ൘ esp0ǃ؍ḸਾˈḸᤷ䪸ս㖞ᱟ esp1 ༴DŽ↔ᰦ〻ᒿ䙊䗷֯⭘єњӔᦒᤷԔ࠶࡛ᢺ eaxǃebx ᇴᆈಘⲴ٬ ޕ࣑〻ᒿѻࡽˈึḸᤷ䪸ᤷੁമѝ esp0 ༴DŽ൘ᢺሶ㾱䈳⭘Ⲵ C ࠭ᮠ do_double_fault()ᡆަԆ C ࠭ᮠൠ൰ ሩҾ CPU Պӗ⭏䭉䈟ਧⲴѝᯝ䗷〻ˈึḸᤷ䪸ս㖞ਈॆᛵߥ䈧৲➗മ 8-4(b)DŽ൘ࡊᔰᢗ㹼ѝᯝᴽ ḸⲴᇴᆈಘѻࡽᤷ䪸䙊䗷࣐к 8 ৸എࡠ esp2 ༴DŽޕḸˈ᭮ࡠ esp3 ս㖞༴ˈᒦ൘ѝᯝ䘄എᕩࠪึޕ˅٬ ᆈս㖞˄ণึḸᤷ䪸 esp0؍ ᖃ↓ᔿ䈳⭘ do_divide_error()ѻࡽˈ〻ᒿՊሶᔰᢗ㹼ѝᯝ〻ᒿᰦⲴ eip ḸਾˈึḸᤷ䪸ս㖞༴Ҿ esp2 ༴DŽޕᆈࡠึḸкDŽ↔ਾ〻ᒿ൘ᢺаӋᇴᆈಘ؍ѝˈ㘼ᶕ eax Ⲵ٬ࡉ㻛 eax ᇴᆈಘ ޕḸਾˈᤷ䪸ս㖞ᱟ esp1 ༴,↔ᰦ〻ᒿ֯⭘ӔᦒᤷԔᢺ䈕࠭ᮠⲴൠ൰᭮ޕᡆަԆ C ࠭ᮠൠ൰ ࣑〻ᒿѻࡽˈึḸᤷ䪸 esp ᤷ൘ѝᯝ䘄എൠ൰аḿ(മѝ esp0 ༴)DŽᖃᢺሶ㾱䈳⭘Ⲵ C ࠭ᮠ do_divide_error() 4 њᆇ㢲DŽሩҾнᑖࠪ䭉ਧⲴѝᯝ䗷〻ˈึḸᤷ䪸ս㖞ਈॆᛵߥ䈧৲➗മ 8-4(a)DŽ൘ᔰᢗ㹼ᓄѝᯝᴽ ൘䰵䈫䘉⇥ԓ⸱ᰦ৲➗മ 8-4 ѝᖃࡽԫ࣑ⲴṨึḸਈॆ⽪മሶᱟᖸᴹᑞࣙⲴˈമѝ⇿њ㹼ԓ㺘 䈳⭘ traps.c ѝᓄⲴ C ࠭ᮠ〻ᒿˈᱮ⽪ࠪ䭉ս㖞઼ࠪ䭉ਧˈ❦ਾ䘰ࠪѝᯝDŽ ㌫DŽ䈕〻ᒿⲴѫ㾱༴⨶ᯩᔿᱟ൘ѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿѝޣⲴᔲᑨ༴⨶DŽ䈕〻ᒿо kernel/traps.c 〻ᒿᴹ⵰ᇶ࠷Ⲵ asm.s ≷㕆〻ᒿѝवᤜབྷ䜘࠶ CPU ᧒⍻ࡠⲴᔲᑨ᭵䳌༴⨶Ⲵᓅቲԓ⸱ˈҏवᤜᮠᆖॿ༴⨶ಘ˄FPU˅ 8.3.1 ࣕ㜳ᨅ䘦 8.3 asm.s ぁᓅ YVSULQWIFLQFOXGHVWGDUJKLQFOXGHVWULQJK YVSULQWIVYVSULQWIR LQFOXGHDVPV\VWHPKLQFOXGHDVPVHJPHQWKLQFOXGHDVPLRK LQFOXGHOLQX[PPKLQFOXGHVLJQDOKLQFOXGHOLQX[NHUQHOK? LQFOXGHOLQX[VFKHGKLQFOXGHOLQX[IVKLQFOXGHV\VW\SHVK? WUDSVFLQFOXGHVWULQJKLQFOXGHOLQX[KHDGK? WUDSVVWUDSVR LQFOXGHV\VWLPHVKLQFOXGHV\VXWVQDPHK LQFOXGHWHUPLRVKLQFOXGHOLQX[NHUQHOKLQFOXGHDVPVHJPHQWK? LQFOXGHOLQX[PPKLQFOXGHVLJQDOKLQFOXGHOLQX[WW\K? LQFOXGHOLQX[KHDGKLQFOXGHOLQX[IVKLQFOXGHV\VW\SHVK? V\VFLQFOXGHHUUQRKLQFOXGHOLQX[VFKHGK? V\VVV\VR LQFOXGHVLJQDOKLQFOXGHOLQX[NHUQHOKLQFOXGHDVPVHJPHQWK LQFOXGHOLQX[IVKLQFOXGHV\VW\SHVKLQFOXGHOLQX[PPK? VLJQDOFLQFOXGHOLQX[VFKHGKLQFOXGHOLQX[KHDGK? VLJQDOVVLJQDOR LQFOXGHDVPVHJPHQWK LQFOXGHOLQX[IGUHJKLQFOXGHDVPV\VWHPKLQFOXGHDVPLRK? LQFOXGHVLJQDOKLQFOXGHOLQX[NHUQHOKLQFOXGHOLQX[V\VK? LQFOXGHOLQX[IVKLQFOXGHV\VW\SHVKLQFOXGHOLQX[PPK? VFKHGFLQFOXGHOLQX[VFKHGKLQFOXGHOLQX[KHDGK? VFKHGVVFKHGR LQFOXGHOLQX[NHUQHOK SULQWNFLQFOXGHVWGDUJKLQFOXGHVWGGHIK? SULQWNVSULQWNR LQFOXGHOLQX[PPKLQFOXGHVLJQDOK LQFOXGHOLQX[KHDGKLQFOXGHOLQX[IVKLQFOXGHV\VW\SHVK? SDQLFFLQFOXGHOLQX[NHUQHOKLQFOXGHOLQX[VFKHGK? 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ᔿ≷㕆ᆿ〻ᒿޕ䘉єњ࠭ᮠ൷ᱟ፼ V\VWHPBFDOOV 〻ᒿ ㌫㔏䈳⭘༴⨶䗷〻Ⲵᮤњ⍱〻㿱മ 8-5 ᡰ⽪DŽ Պ俆ݸ“䘄എ”ࡠᓄؑਧ༴⨶࠭ᮠѝ৫ᢗ㹼ˈ❦ਾ䘄എ䈳⭘ system_call Ⲵ〻ᒿDŽ ᆈⲴᇴᆈಘᇩˈ䘰ࠪ↔⅑ѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻ᒦ䘄എ䈳⭘〻ᒿDŽ㤕ᴹؑਧᰦࡉ〻ᒿ؍༽ᴰਾˈ䈕〻ᒿᚒ ᶴⲴؑਧսമ㺘᰾䈕䘋〻ᴹ᧕᭦ࡠؑਧˈࡉ䈳⭘ؑਧ༴⨶࠭ᮠ do_signal()DŽ ҏ・ᕩࠪึḸᇩ䘰ࠪ㌫㔏䈳⭘ѝᯝDŽᵛㄟⲴаඇԓ⸱⭘ᶕ༴⨶䈳⭘㌫㔏䈳⭘䘋〻ⲴؑਧDŽ㤕䘋〻㔃 ࡔᯝᵜ⅑㔏䈳⭘Ⲵ䘋〻ᱟᱟањᲞ䙊䘋〻ˈ㤕нᱟࡉ䈤᰾ᱟṨ䘋〻˄ֻྲࡍ䘋〻 1˅ᡆަԆDŽࡉ ࡍ䘋〻 0ˈྲ᷌ᱟቡⴤ᧕䘰ࠪ↔⅑㌫㔏䈳⭘ˈѝᯝ䘄എDŽࡉṩᦞԓ⸱⇥᧿䘠ㅖ઼ᡰ֯⭘ⲴึḸᶕ Ӿ ret_from_sys_call ḷਧ༴ᔰⲴԓ⸱ᢗ㹼аӋ㌫㔏䈳⭘Ⲵਾ༴⨶ᐕDŽѫ㾱ࡔᯝᖃࡽ䘋〻ᱟᱟ ᆼ schedule()ਾᴰ㓸Պ䘄എࡠ ret_from_sys_call ༴㔗㔝ᢗ㹼DŽ Ḹˈഐ↔൘ᢗ㹼ޕ ˄jmp _schedule˅DŽ⭡Ҿ൘ᢗ㹼"jmp _schedule"ѻࡽᐢ㓿ᢺ䘄എൠ൰ ret_from_sys_call ⣦ᘱӾᢗ㹼ᘱਈᡀҶަԆ⣦ᘱˈᡆ㘵⭡Ҿᰦ䰤⡷ᐢ㓿⭘ᆼ˄counter==0˅ˈࡉ䈳⭘䘋〻䈳ᓖ࠭ᮠ schedule() ᧕лᶕˈ䈕〻ᒿḕⴻᢗ㹼ᵜ⅑䈳⭘䘋〻Ⲵ⣦ᘱDŽྲ᷌⭡Ҿк䶒 C ࠭ᮠⲴᡆަԆᛵߥ㘼֯䘋〻Ⲵ ᆈ䎧ᶕDŽ؍Ḹึޕ 䙊䗷ањൠ൰䐣䖜㺘˄sys_call_table˅䈳⭘ᓄ㌫㔏䈳⭘Ⲵ C ࠭ᮠDŽ൘ C ࠭ᮠ䘄എਾˈ〻ᒿቡᢺ䘄എ٬ ࡠⲴᇴᆈಘࡠึḸкDŽLinux Ṩ唈䇔ൠᢺ⇥ᇴᆈಘ ds,es ⭘ҾṨᮠᦞ⇥ˈ㘼 fs ⭘Ҿ⭘ᡧᮠᦞ⇥DŽ᧕⵰ ᆈаӋՊ⭘؍ᰦՊ俆ݸỰḕ eax ѝⲴ࣏㜭ਧᱟᴹ᭸˄൘㔉ᇊⲴ㤳ത˅ˈ❦ਾޕ䘉њ〻ᒿ൘ࡊ䘋 㜭Ⲵ༴⨶䗷〻สᵜк䜭ᱟ䙊䗷䈳⭘ᓄⲴ C ࠭ᮠ䘋㹼ⲴDŽণᡰ䉃Ⲵ“Bottom half”࠭ᮠDŽ ሩҾ㌫㔏䈳⭘(int 0x80)Ⲵѝᯝ༴⨶䗷〻ˈਟԕᢺᆳⴻᱟањ“᧕ਓ”〻ᒿDŽᇎ䱵к⇿њ㌫㔏䈳⭘࣏ ⍻༴⨶DŽ ᯝ᧗ࡦᆇᤷԔ EOIˈ❦ਾ䈳⭘ᓄⲴ C ࠭ᮠ༴⨶〻ᒿDŽሩҾᰦ䫏ѝᯝҏ㾱ሩᖃࡽԫ࣑Ⲵؑਧսമ䘋㹼Ự ሩҾ⺜Ԧѝᯝ䈧≲ؑਧ IRQ ਁᶕⲴѝᯝˈަ༴⨶䗷〻俆ݸᱟੁѝᯝ᧗ࡦ㣟⡷ 8259A ਁ䘱㔃ᶏ⺜Ԧѝ Ṩԓ⸱ѝˈ⭡ include/linux/sys.h ཤ᮷ԦѝⲴ㌫㔏࠭ᮠᤷ䪸ᮠ㓴㺘ᶕ३䝽DŽ ٬ᴰሿⲴањؑਧ䘋㹼༴⨶ᒦ༽սؑਧսമѝⲴ䈕ؑਧDŽ㌫㔏䈳⭘Ⲵ C 䈝䀰༴⨶࠭ᮠ࠶ᐳ൘ᮤњ linux DŽ❦ਾ䈳⭘ C ࠭ᮠ䘋㹼ᓄ࣏㜭Ⲵ༴⨶ˈ༴⨶䘄എਾ৫Ự⍻ᖃࡽԫ࣑Ⲵؑਧսമˈሩޕecx ઼ edx Ր ḸDŽ㌫㔏䈳⭘ᴰཊਟԕᑖ 3 њ৲ᮠˈ࠶࡛䙊䗷ᇴᆈಘ ebxǃึޕᓄ C ࠭ᮠ༴⨶〻ᒿ߶༷ˈሶаӋ৲ᮠ ሩҾ䖟ѝᯝ(system_callǃcoprocessor_errorǃdevice_not_available)ˈަ༴⨶䗷〻สᵜкᱟ俆ݸѪ䈳⭘ ⨶〻ᒿDŽ Ⲵॿ༴⨶ಘࠪ䭉(int 16)ǃ䇮༷нᆈ൘(int7)ǃᰦ䫏ѝᯝ(int32)ǃ⺜ⴈѝᯝ(int46)ǃ䖟ⴈѝᯝ(int38)Ⲵѝᯝ༴ V\VWHPBFDOOV 〻ᒿ ѝᯝ䘄എ ᭮ᴹ䈳⭘৲ᮠ HE[HF[HG[ ѝ HD[ 䈳⭘ਧ Y ሿؑਧ䟿ˈ䈳⭘ GRBVLJQDO ṩᦞ䘋〻ؑਧսമਆ䘋〻Ⲵᴰ ⭘ᡧึḸ" 䎵㓗⭘ᡧ〻ᒿ" ḸⲴᇴᆈಘޕᕩࠪ ࡍԫ࣑˛ ᰦ䰤⡷ ˛ ᒦ䐣䖜ࡠ VFKHGXOH Ḹޕ UHWBIURPBV\VBFDOO ԫ࣑ቡ㔚" 䈳⭘ሩᓄⲴ & ༴⨶࠭ᮠ ⭘ᡧᮠᦞ IV ᤷੁተ䜘ᮠᦞ⇥ GVHV ᤷੁṨԓ⸱⇥ Ḹޕᇴᆈಘ ѝᯝ䘄എ 䈳⭘ਧ䎵㤳ത" BV\VWHPBFDOO ਓޕ㌫㔏ѝᯝ䈳⭘ HD[ N Y Y Y 1 UHWBIURPBV\VBFDOO Ր䙂ᯩ⌅DŽ ࠪṨᘱึḸˈഐ↔Ṩн⭘ሩᆳԜ䘋㹼⢩↺༴⨶DŽ䘉⿽ᯩ⌅ᱟ Linus ᖃᰦᡰ⸕Ⲵᴰㆰঅᴰᘛ䙏Ⲵ৲ᮠ ಘ٬ᰦˈ䘉ӋՐ䙂৲ᮠⲴᇴᆈಘҏ㻛㠚ࣘൠ᭮൘ҶṨᘱึḸкDŽ㘼ᖃ䘋〻Ӿѝᯝ䈳⭘ѝ䘰ࠪᰦቡ㻛ᕩ ᆈᇴᆈ؍㌫㔏ѝᯝᴽ࣑〻ᒿ㘼ޕ䘉⿽֯⭘ᇴᆈಘՐ䙂৲ᮠⲴᯩ⌅ާᴹањ᰾ᱮⲴՈ⛩ˈ䛓ቡᱟᖃ䘋 ㅹ࠭ᮠᶕ䘋㹼ˈ৲㿱 include/asm/segment.h ᮷Ԧѝ䘉Ӌ࠭ᮠⲴᇎ⧠ԓ⸱DŽ 䗩⭼ỰḕᐕՊ⭡ CPU 㠚ࣘᆼᡀDŽṨ〻ᒿѝⲴᇎ䱵ᮠᦞՐ䙂ᐕਟԕ֯⭘ get_fs_byte()઼ put_fs_byte() ᡧᮠᦞオ䰤ѻ䰤Ⲵᮠᦞ༽ࡦᐕˈᒦф൘༽ࡦ䗷〻ѝṨ〻ᒿн䴰㾱ሩᮠᦞ䗩⭼㤳തԫօỰḕDŽ ᮠᦞオ䰤DŽഐ↔൘ᇎ䱵ᮠᦞඇؑՐ䙂䗷〻ѝ Linux Ṩቡਟԕ࡙⭘ fs ᇴᆈಘᶕᢗ㹼Ṩᮠᦞオ䰤о⭘ ྲкᡰ䘠ˈ൘㌫㔏䈳⭘䘀㹼䗷〻ѝˈ⇥ᇴᆈಘ ds ઼ es 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UHWBIURPBV\VBFDOO SRSOHES SRSOHVL SRSOHGL FDOOBPDWKBHPXODWH䈳⭘ & ࠭ᮠ PDWKBHPXODWH˄PDWKPDWKBHPXODWHFˈ˅DŽ SXVKOHGL SXVKOHVL SXVKOHES DŽ 㤕 (0 ḷᘇᱟ㖞սⲴˈࡉ৫ᢗ㹼ᮠᆖԯⵏ〻ᒿ PDWKBHPXODWH NHUQHOVFKHGF DŽ MHBPDWKBVWDWHBUHVWRUHᢗ㹼 & ࠭ᮠ PDWKBVWDWHBUHVWRUH PDWKHPXODWLRQELW WHVWO[HD[(0 PRYOFUHD[ FOWVFOHDU76VRWKDWZHFDQXVHPDWK ḸDŽޕSXVKOUHWBIURPBV\VBFDOOᢺл䶒䐣䖜ᡆ䈳⭘Ⲵ䘄എൠ൰ UHWBIURPBV\VBFDOO ༴Ⲵԓ⸱DŽ ˈᒦ൘䘄എᰦ৫ᢗ㹼 ᕅ䎧Ⲵѝᯝˈࡉᚒ༽ԫ࣑ॿ༴⨶ಘ⣦ᘱˈᢗ㹼 & ࠭ᮠ PDWKBVWDWHBUHVWRUH ٬DŽ㤕ަѝॿ༴⨶ಘԯⵏḷᘇ (0 ⋑ᴹ㖞սˈ䈤᰾нᱟ (0 &5 ѝԫ࣑ᐢӔᦒḷᘇ 76ˈᒦਆ &5 PRYD[IV PRYO[HD[IV 㖞Ѫᤷੁተ䜘ᮠᦞ⇥˄ࠪ䭉〻ᒿⲴᮠᦞ⇥˅DŽ PRYD[HV PRYD[GV PRYO[HD[GVHV 㖞ѪᤷੁṨᮠᦞ⇥DŽ SXVKOHD[ SXVKOHE[ SXVKOHF[ SXVKOHG[ SXVKIV SXVKHV SXVKGV BGHYLFHBQRWBDYDLODEOH DOLJQ ༴ᢗ㹼л৫˄Ự⍻ᒦ༴⨶ؑਧ˅DŽ 㹼DŽ䈕ѝᯝᴰਾሶ䖜〫ࡠḷਧ UHWBIURPBV\VBFDOO ⣦ᘱ˄ 㹼˅DŽ৲㿱 NHUQHOVFKHGFˈ ᆈࡽањԫ࣑Ⲵॿ༴⨶ಘᇩˈᒦᚒ༽ᯠԫ࣑Ⲵॿ༴⨶ಘᢗ㹼؍ቡՊᕅਁ䈕ѝᯝDŽ↔ᰦቡਟԕ ᇩо &38↓൘ᢗ㹼Ⲵԫ࣑н३䝽ҶDŽᖃ &38൘䘀㹼ањॿ༴⨶ಘ䖜ѹᤷԔᰦਁ⧠ 76 㖞սᰦˈ ॿ༴⨶ಘѝⲴى&5 ⲴӔᦒḷᘇ 76 ᱟ൘&38 ᢗ㹼ԫ࣑䖜ᦒᰦ䇮㖞ⲴDŽ76ਟԕ⭘ᶕ⺞ᇊӰѸᰦ V\VWHPBFDOOV 〻ᒿ ]SXVKOHF SXVKOHD[ BKGBLQWHUUXSW DŽ ᡆ XQH[SHFWHGBKGBLQWHUUXSW ǃZULWHBLQWU UHDGBLQWU ᤷ䪸ᤷੁⲴ࠭ᮠ $ ѫ㣟⡷䘱 (2, ᤷԔˈᒦ䈳⭘ HG[ ѝ ˈ⭘Ҿᱮ⽪ࠪ䭉ؑDŽ䲿ਾੁ XQH[SHFWHGBKGBLQWHUUXSW ᇴᆈಘѝˈᒦ㖞 GRBKG Ѫ 18//ˈ᧕⵰ࡔᯝ HG[ ࠭ᮠᤷ䪸ᱟѪオDŽྲ᷌Ѫオˈࡉ㔉 HG[ 䍻٬ᤷੁ HG[ ޕ(2, ˈ❦ਾਆਈ䟿 GRBKG ѝⲴ࠭ᮠᤷ䪸᭮ $ ѝᯝ᧗ࡦӾ㣟⡷ਁ䘱㔃ᶏ⺜ԦѝᯝᤷԔ 俆ݸੁ ৲㿱 NHUQHOEONBGUYKGF DŽ ᖃ䈧≲Ⲵ⺜ⴈᆼᡀᡆࠪ䭉ቡՊਁࠪ↔ѝᯝؑਧDŽ LQW[( ⺜ⴈѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿˈ૽ᓄ⺜Ԧѝᯝ䈧≲ ,54DŽ LQW UHW DGGOHVSђᔳ䘉䟼ᡰᴹḸᇩDŽ NHUQHOIRUNF DŽ FDOOBFRS\BSURFHVV䈳⭘ & ࠭ᮠ FRS\BSURFHVV SXVKOHD[ SXVKOHES SXVKOHGL SXVKOHVL SXVKJV MVI WHVWOHD[HD[൘ HD[ ѝ䘄എ䘋〻ਧ SLGDŽ㤕䘄എ䍏ᮠࡉ䘰ࠪDŽ NHUQHOIRUNF DŽ FDOOBILQGBHPSW\BSURFHVV䈳⭘ ILQGBHPSW\BSURFHVV BV\VBIRUN DOLJQ ༽ࡦ䘋〻DŽ ᐢ┑DŽ❦ਾ䈳⭘ FRS\BSURFHVV ˈਆᗇањ䘋〻ਧ SLGDŽ㤕䘄എ䍏ᮠࡉ䈤᰾ⴞࡽԫ࣑ᮠ㓴 俆ݸ䈳⭘ & ࠭ᮠ ILQGBHPSW\BSURFHVV 䈳⭘ˈ⭘Ҿࡋᔪᆀ䘋〻ˈᱟ V\VWHPBFDOO ࣏㜭 DŽᖒ൘ LQFOXGHOLQX[V\VK ѝDŽ V\VBIRUN UHW ٬DŽ ḸⲴ (,3ޕDGGOHVSђᔳ䈳⭘ᰦ FDOOBGRBH[HFYH SXVKOHD[ ᆈ⭘ᡧ〻ᒿ HLS ᤷ䪸༴˄(,3HVS˅DŽ؍HVS HD[HD[ ᤷੁึḸѝ OHD(,3 BV\VBH[HFYH DOLJQ IVH[HFF DŽ ൘ GRBH[HFYH DŽ ㌫㔏䈳⭘DŽਆѝᯝ䈳⭘〻ᒿⲴԓ⸱ᤷ䪸Ѫ৲ᮠ䈳⭘ & ࠭ᮠ GRBH[HFYH 䘉ᱟ V\VBH[HFYH MPSUHWBIURPBV\VBFDOO DGGOHVSWDVNVZLWFKLQJWRDFFRXQWLQJ GRHVHYHU\WKLQJIURP ORQJ&3/ GRBWLPHU FDOOBGRBWLPHU SXVKOHD[ RU VXSHUYLVRU DQGOHD[HD[LV&3/ HVS HD[ PRYO&6 㹼ᇎ⧠DŽ ࠭ᮠᢗ㹼ԫ࣑࠷ᦒǃ䇑ᰦㅹᐕˈ൘ NHUQHOVFKHGFˈ ḸˈѪ GRBWLPHU Ⲵ৲ᮠDŽGRBWLPHUึ ޕ ᡆ ᒦ ѝⲴᖃࡽ⢩ᵳ㓗࡛˅л䶒ӾึḸѝਆࠪᢗ㹼㌫㔏䈳⭘ԓ⸱Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖ˄&6 ⇥ᇴᆈಘ٬ RXWEDO[ભԔᆇ 2&: 䘱 [ ㄟਓDŽ PRYE[DO(2,WRLQWHUUXSWFRQWUROOHU ⭡Ҿࡍॆѝᯝ᧗ࡦ㣟⡷ᰦ⋑ᴹ䟷⭘㠚ࣘ (2,ˈᡰԕ䘉䟼䴰㾱ਁᤷԔ㔃ᶏ䈕⺜ԦѝᯝDŽ LQFOBMLIILHV PRYD[IV PRYO[HD[IV 㖞Ѫᤷੁተ䜘ᮠᦞ⇥˄〻ᒿⲴᮠᦞ⇥˅DŽ PRYD[HV V\VWHPBFDOOV 〻ᒿ GRBIORSS\ Ѫа࠭ᮠᤷ䪸ˈሶ㻛䍻٬ᇎ䱵༴⨶ & ࠭ᮠᤷ䪸DŽ䈕ᤷ䪸൘㻛Ӕᦒ᭮ࡠ HD[ ᇴᆈಘਾቡሶ RXWEDO[(2,WRLQWHUUXSWFRQWUROOHU $ ѝᯝ᧗ࡦಘ (2, ᤷԔ˄㔃ᶏ⺜Ԧѝᯝ˅DŽ PRYE[DO䘱ѫ PRYD[IV PRYO[HD[IV 㖞Ѫ䈳⭘〻ᒿⲴተ䜘ᮠᦞ⇥DŽ PRYD[HV PRYD[GV PRYO[HD[GVHV 㖞ѪṨᮠᦞ⇥DŽ SXVKIV SXVKHV SXVKGV SXVKOHG[ SXVKOHF[ SXVKOHD[ BIORSS\BLQWHUUXSW VHHNBLQWHUUXSWUHFDOBLQWHUUXSWUHVHWBLQWHUUXSW ᡆ XQH[SHFWHGBIORSS\BLQWHUUXSWDŽ UZBLQWHUUXSW ˈ⭘Ҿᱮ⽪ࠪ䭉ؑDŽ䲿ਾ䈳⭘ HD[ ᤷੁⲴ࠭ᮠ XQH[SHFWHGBIORSS\BLQWHUUXSW ᇴᆈಘѝˈᒦ㖞 GRBIORSS\ Ѫ 18//ˈ᧕⵰ࡔᯝ HD[ ࠭ᮠᤷ䪸ᱟѪオDŽྲѪオˈࡉ㔉 HD[ 䍻٬ᤷੁ HD[ ޕ$ ѝᯝ᧗ࡦಘѫ㣟⡷ਁ䘱 (2, ᤷԔˈ❦ਾਆਈ䟿 GRBIORSS\ ѝⲴ࠭ᮠᤷ䪸᭮ 俆ݸੁ NHUQHOEONBGUYIORSS\F DŽ ަ༴⨶䗷〻ок䶒ሩ⺜ⴈⲴ༴⨶สᵜаṧDŽ LQW[ 䖟ⴈ傡ࣘಘѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿˈ૽ᓄ⺜Ԧѝᯝ䈧≲ ,54DŽ LQW LUHW SRSOHD[ SRSOHF[ SRSOHG[ SRSGV SRSHV SRSIVкਕ䈳⭘ GRBKG ᤷੁⲴ & ࠭ᮠDŽ HG[LQWHUHVWLQJZD\RIKDQGOLQJLQWU FDOO $ ѝᯝ᧗ࡦಘ (2, ᤷԔ˄㔃ᶏ⺜Ԧѝᯝ˅DŽ RXWEDO[䘱ѫ NHUQHOEONBGUYKGF DŽ PRYOBXQH[SHFWHGBKGBLQWHUUXSWHG[ DŽ MQHI㤕オˈࡉ֯ᤷ䪸ᤷੁ & ࠭ᮠ XQH[SHFWHGBKGBLQWHUUXSW WHVWOHG[HG[⍻䈅࠭ᮠᤷ䪸ᱟѪ 1XOODŽ [FKJOBGRBKGHG[ [RUOHG[HG[ ˈԕ༴⨶ᵚ⸕⺜ⴈѝᯝDŽ ࠭ᮠ XQH[SHFWHGBKGBLQWHUUXSW ቡሶ GRBKG ᤷ䪸ਈ䟿㖞Ѫ 18//DŽ❦ਾ⍻䈅ᗇࡠⲴ࠭ᮠᤷ䪸ˈ㤕䈕ᤷ䪸Ѫオˈࡉ䍻Ҹ䈕ᤷ䪸ᤷੁ & ࠭ᮠൠ൰DŽ᭮ࡠ HG[ ᇴᆈಘਾ ᡆ ZULWHBLQWU UHDGBLQWU GRBKG ᇊѹѪањ࠭ᮠᤷ䪸ˈሶ㻛䍻٬ MPSI MPSIJLYHSRUWFKDQFHWREUHDWKHMPS 䎧ᔦᰦ⭘DŽ $DŽ RXWEDO[$(2,WRLQWHUUXSWFRQWUROOHU䘱Ӿ PRYE[DO ⭡Ҿࡍॆѝᯝ᧗ࡦ㣟⡷ᰦ⋑ᴹ䟷⭘㠚ࣘ (2,ˈᡰԕ䘉䟼䴰㾱ਁᤷԔ㔃ᶏ䈕⺜ԦѝᯝDŽ PRYD[IV PRYO[HD[IV 㖞Ѫ䈳⭘〻ᒿⲴተ䜘ᮠᦞ⇥DŽ PRYD[HV PRYD[GV PRYO[HD[GVHV 㖞ѪṨᮠᦞ⇥DŽ SXVKIV SXVKHV SXVKGV SXVKOHG[ V\VWHPBFDOOV 〻ᒿ [ AT&T: ࡉ AT&T Ṭᔿ˖1(%eax) ަѝ eax ѝᱟ p Ⲵ٬DŽ Intel: [eax+1 ሩҾ C 䈝䀰˖*(p+1) ަѝ p ᱟᆇㅖⲴᤷ䪸 char * 䟿˖〫ٿ o֯⭘ⴤ᧕ᮠራ൰ AT&T: _array(,%eax,4) Intel: [eax*4 + _array] ٬Ѫ 4˅˖ֻ∄˄ o൘ањᮤᮠᮠ㓴ѝራ൰ањ٬ AT&T: _variable(%eax) Intel: [eax + _variable] o䙊䗷ᇴᆈಘѝⲴᇩѪส൰ራ൰ањਈ䟿˖ AT&T: (%eax) Intel: [eax] oሩᇴᆈಘᇩᤷੁⲴս㖞ራ൰˖ ተ˅C ਈ䟿(booga)Ⲵᯩ⌅DŽޘ˄⌘˖ਈ䟿ࡽⲴлࡂ㓯ᱟӾ≷㕆〻ᒿѝᗇࡠ䶉ᘱ AT&T: _booga Intel: [_booga] oሩањᤷᇊⲴ C 䈝䀰ਈ䟿ራ൰˖ ӋֻᆀDŽ ൘ᓄ⭘ᰦˈᒦн䴰㾱߉ࠪᡰᴹ䘉Ӌᆇ⇥ˈն immed32 ઼ basepointer ѻѝᗵ享ᴹањᆈ൘DŽԕлᱟа 䈕Ṭᔿራ൰ս㖞Ⲵ䇑㇇ᯩᔿѪ˖immed32 + basepointer + indexpointer * indexscale Intel: [basepointer + indexpointer*indexscal + immed32] AT&T: immed32(basepointer, indexpointer, indexscale) GNU ≷㕆䈝䀰䟷⭘Ⲵᱟ AT&T Ⲵ≷㕆䈝䀰䈝⌅DŽ32 սራ൰Ⲵ↓㿴ṬᔿѪ˖ 8.5.3.1 GNU ≽㕌䈣䀶Ⲻ 32 փሱ൶ᯯᕅ 8.5.3 ެԌؗᚥ LUHW SRSOHD[ RXWEDO[ PRYE[DO SXVKOHD[ BSDUDOOHOBLQWHUUXSW ᵜ⡸ᵜṨ䘈ᵚᇎ⧠DŽ䘉䟼ਚᱟਁ䘱 (2, ᤷԔDŽ LQW[ ᒦ㹼ਓѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿˈሩᓄ⺜Ԧѝᯝ䈧≲ؑਧ ,54DŽ LQW LUHW SRSOHD[ SRSOHF[ SRSOHG[ SRSGV SRSHV SRSIVкਕ䈳⭘ GRBIORSS\ ᤷੁⲴ࠭ᮠDŽ HD[LQWHUHVWLQJZD\RIKDQGOLQJLQWU䰤᧕䈳⭘DŽ FDOO PRYOBXQH[SHFWHGBIORSS\BLQWHUUXSWHD[ DŽ MQHI㤕オˈࡉ֯ᤷ䪸ᤷੁ & ࠭ᮠ XQH[SHFWHGBIORSS\BLQWHUUXSW WHVWOHD[HD[⍻䈅࠭ᮠᤷ䪸ᱟ 18//" [FKJOBGRBIORSS\HD[ [RUOHD[HD[ DŽ XQH[SHFWHGBIORSS\BLQWHUUXSW GRBIORSS\ ਈ䟿㖞オDŽ❦ਾ⍻䈅 HD[ ѝᤷ䪸ᱟѪオˈ㤕ᱟࡉ֯ᤷ䪸ᤷੁ & ࠭ᮠ V\VWHPBFDOOV 〻ᒿ IQBSWUV\VBFDOOBWDEOH>@ ^V\VBVHWXSV\VBH[LWV\VBIRUNV\VBUHDG ࠭ᮠᤷ䪸ᮠ㓴㺘DŽ H[WHUQLQWV\VBVHWKRVWQDPH ⭘༴⨶࠭ᮠⲴ〠ˈ㿱ྲлᡰ⽪DŽ⌘ˈаᇊ㾱ѕṬ᤹➗࣏㜭ਧ亪ᒿᧂࡇ࠭ᮠDŽ ᯠ㌫㔏䈳ޕཆ䜘࠭ᮠ༠᰾ᒦ൘࠭ᮠᤷ䪸㺘 sys_call_table ᵛㄟᨂޕ᧕⵰൘ include/linux/sys.h ᮷Ԧѝ࣐ QDPHLQWOHQ FKDU LQWVHWKRVWQDPH ᯠ㌫㔏䈳⭘࠭ᮠරDŽ GHILQHBB15BVHWKRVWQDPH ᯠ㌫㔏䈳⭘࣏㜭ਧDŽ 㜭ਧˈ൘ 251 㹼ਾ䶒࣐රᇊѹ˖ ࣏ޕ❦ਾ൘ include/unistd.h ᮷Ԧѝ໎࣐ᯠ㌫㔏䈳⭘࣏㜭ਧ઼රᇊѹDŽֻྲਟԕ൘ㅜ 131 㹼ਾ䶒࣐ ` UHWXUQ ` L@ WKLVQDPHQRGHQDPH>L!0$;+2671$0(/(1"0$;+2671$0(/(1 WKLVQDPHQRGHQDPH>L@ ^ LI ` EUHDN QDPHL WKLVQDPHQRGHQDPH>L@ JHWBIVBE\WH LI L ^ OHQ L L IRU UHWXUQ(,19$/ OHQ!0$;+2671$0(/(1 LI UHWXUQ(3(50 VXVHU LI LQWL ^ QDPHLQWOHQ FKDU LQWV\VBVHWKRVWQDPH GHILQH0$;+2671$0(/(1 㔃ᶴˈഐ↔䘈䴰㾱ᢺ sys_uname()ѝⲴ thisname 㔃ᶴ˄218-220 㹼˅〫ࣘࡠ䈕࠭ᮠཆ䜘DŽ Ҿ؞᭩㌫㔏Ⲵ䇑㇇ᵪ〠DŽ䙊ᑨ䘉њ༴⨶࠭ᮠਟԕ᭮㖞൘ kernel/sys.c 〻ᒿѝDŽਖཆˈ⭡Ҿ֯⭘Ҷ thisname 〻ᒿѝ㕆ࡦࠪᯠ㌫㔏䈳⭘Ⲵ༴⨶࠭ᮠˈֻྲ〠Ѫ sys_sethostname()Ⲵ࠭ᮠDŽ䈕࠭ᮠ⭘ޣ俆ݸ൘ ԕлаӋһᛵDŽڊ㾱 ҏᓄ䈕㘳㲁ࡠ㌫㔏䈳⭘Ⲵ䙊⭘ᙗ઼ਟ〫ἽᙗDŽྲ᷌ᡁԜᜣѪ Linux 0.11 ໎࣐ᯠⲴ㌫㔏䈳⭘࣏㜭ˈ䛓Ѹ䴰 ⭘Ⲵ৲ᮠǃ䘄എ٬઼䭉䈟⸱DŽ㌫㔏䈳⭘Ⲵ᧕ਓᓄ䈕ቭ䟿ㆰ⌱ˈഐ↔৲ᮠᓄቭਟ㜭ൠቁDŽ䘈ᴹˈ൘䇮䇑ᰦ ㌫㔏нᨀّањ㌫㔏䈳⭘⭘ᶕᇎ⧠ཊ⿽⭘䙄˄䲔Ҷ ioctl()㌫㔏䈳⭘˅DŽਖཆˈᡁԜ䘈䴰㾱⺞ᇊᯠⲴ㌫㔏䈳 㤕㾱Ѫ㠚ᐡⲴṨᇎ⧠ањᯠⲴ㌫㔏䈳⭘࣏㜭ˈ䛓ѸᡁԜ俆ݸᓄ䈕ߣᇊᆳⲴ⺞࠷⭘䙄ᱟӰѸDŽLinux 8.5.3.2 ໔ࣖ㌱㔕䈹⭞ࣕ㜳 AT&T: _array(%ebx,%eax,8) Intel: [ebx + eax*8 + _array] ൰˖〫ٿㅖ൘䇠ᖅѝⲴ o൘ањ 8 ᆇ㢲Ѫањ䇠ᖅⲴᮠ㓴ѝራ൰ᤷᇊⲴᆇㅖDŽަѝ eax ѝᱟᤷᇊⲴ䇠ᖅਧˈebx ѝᱟᤷᇊᆇ V\VWHPBFDOOV 〻ᒿ ˈаṧޘ㓿䗷Ⲵ。ᮠ˄ᰕশᰦ䰤˅ˈѪᔰᵪᰦ䰤DŽ䈕࠭ᮠоḷ߶ C ᓃѝᨀⲴ mktime()࠭ᮠⲴ࣏㜭ᆼ 䈕䈕〻ᒿਚᴹањ࠭ᮠ kernel_mktime()ˈӵṨ֯⭘DŽ䇑㇇Ӿ 1970 ᒤ 1 ᴸ 1 ᰕ 0 ᰦ䎧ࡠᔰᵪᖃᰕ 8.6.1 ࣕ㜳ᨅ䘦 8.6 mktime.c ぁᓅ >XVUURRW@ +HOOR:RUOG >XVUURRW@DVP >XVUURRW@OGRDVPDVPR >XVUURRW@DVRDVPRDVPV 僔ྲл˖ ৲ᮠDŽ൘䈳⭘㌫㔏䈳⭘ѻࡽ䘉 3 њ৲ᮠ࠶࡛㻛ᆈ᭮൘ᇴᆈಘ ebxǃecx ઼ edx ѝDŽ䈕〻ᒿ㕆䈁઼ᢗ㹼Ⲵ↕ Ⲵ C ࠭ᮠ⭣᰾Ѫ sys_write(int fd, char *buf, int len)ˈ৲㿱〻ᒿ fs/read_write.cˈӾ 83 㹼ᔰDŽᆳᑖᴹ 3 њ ަѝ֯⭘Ҷєњ㌫㔏䈳⭘˖4 - ߉᮷Ԧ sys_write()઼ 1 - 䘰ࠪ〻ᒿ sys_exit()DŽ߉᮷Ԧ㌫㔏䈳⭘ᡰᢗ㹼 DVFLL+HOOR:RUOG?QⅢ߉ⲴᮠᦞDŽ PHVVDJH LQW[ PRYOHD[㌫㔏䈳⭘ਧˈ䘰ࠪ〻ᒿDŽ LQW[ ᮠᮠл䶒ᆇㅖѢⲴ䮯ᓖ-˅DŽ˄ PRYOHG[৲ᮠˈ߉ᮠᦞ䮯ᓖ٬ PRYOPHVVDJHHF[৲ᮠˈ㕃ߢ४ᤷ䪸DŽ ሩᓄḷ߶䗃ࠪ VWGRXWDŽ PRYOHE[߉䈳⭘Ⲵ৲ᮠˈᱟ᮷Ԧ᧿䘠ㅖDŽᮠ٬ PRYOHD[㌫㔏䈳⭘ਧˈ߉DŽ BHQWU\ WH[W Ⲵ࠭ᮠDŽ䈕〻ᒿྲл˖ ൘ Linux ㌫㔏ѝ⭘≷㕆䈝䀰㕆ࡦࠪањ⤜・Ⲵ〻ᒿᶕˈণн֯⭘䎧ԓ⸱⁑ඇ˄ֻྲ crt0.o˅઼ᓃ᮷Ԧѝ ㌫઼४࡛ᱟ㔉ࠪⲴањㆰঅֻᆀ asm.sDŽ䈕ֻᆀ䈤᰾Ҷྲօޣл䶒ᱟ Linus ൘䈤᰾ as86 о GNU as Ⲵ 8.5.3.3 ൞≽㕌ぁᓅѣֵ⭞㌱㔕䈹⭞ QDPHLQWOHQ LQWVHWKRVWQDPHFKDU BV\VFDOO XQLVWGK! 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LI ਆᖃࡽ '25 ᇴᆈಘ٬ࡠѤᰦਈ䟿 PDVN ѝˈᒦᢺᤷᇊ䖟傡Ⲵ傜䗮ࣘḷᘇ㖞սDŽ 䖜ѻࡽ䴰㾱㓿䗷Ⲵᰦ䰤˄ 。˅DŽ❦ਾڌ ㌫㔏ᴰཊᴹ њ䖟傡DŽ俆ݸ亴ݸ䇮㖞ྭᤷᇊ䖟傡 QU QU XQVLJQHGFKDUPDVN [ H[WHUQXQVLJQHGFKDUVHOHFWHG ^ XQVLJQHGLQWQU LQWWLFNVBWRBIORSS\BRQ ᮠᆇ䗃ࠪᇴᆈಘѝࣘ傜䗮∄⢩սDŽPDVN 儈 սᱟ䖟傡ࣘ傜䗮ḷᘇDŽ ተ䜘ਈ䟿 VHOHFWHG ᱟ䘹ѝ䖟傡ḷᘇ˄EONBGUYIORSS\Fˈ˅DŽPDVN ᱟᡰ䘹䖟傡ሩᓄⲴ ˈ䘄എ٬Ѫ┤ㆄᮠDŽ ৲ᮠ QU䖟傡ਧ ᤷᇊ䖟傡ࣘࡠ↓ᑨ䘀䖜⣦ᘱᡰ䴰ㅹᖵᰦ䰤DŽ 䘉䟼䇮㖞ࡍ٬Ѫ˖ݱ䇨 '0$ ઼ѝᯝ䈧≲ǃࣘ )'&DŽ XQVLJQHGFKDUFXUUHQWB'25 [& ս ˖ˈ⭘Ҿ䘹ᤙ᧗ࡦⲴ䖟傡 $'DŽ ս ˖ࣘ䖟ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ˗༽ս䖟ⴈ᧗ࡦಘDŽ ս ˖ݱ䇨 '0$ ઼ѝᯝ䈧≲˗⾱→ '0$ ઼ѝᯝ䈧≲DŽ 䰝DŽޣ˗ս ˖࠶࡛᧗ࡦ傡ࣘಘ '$ 傜䗮ⲴࣘDŽࣘ ሩᓄ䖟傡᧗ࡦಘѝᖃࡽᮠᆇ䗃ࠪᇴᆈಘDŽ䈕ᇴᆈಘ⇿սⲴᇊѹྲл˖ VFKHGF 〻ᒿ IQ LI ྲ᷌ᇊᰦ༴⨶〻ᒿᤷ䪸Ѫオˈࡉ䘰ࠪDŽ S VWUXFWWLPHUBOLVW ^ YRLG IQ ORQJMLIILHVYRLG YRLGDGGBWLPHU ᇊᰦᰦ䰤ࡠᰦᢗ㹼Ⲵ࠭ᮠDŽ IQ ৲ᮠ MLIILHV̢ԕ ∛。䇑Ⲵ┤ㆄᮠ˗ 䰝傜䗮ⲴᔦᰦDŽޣ䖟ⴈ傡ࣘ〻ᒿ˄IORSS\F˅࡙⭘䈕࠭ᮠᢗ㹼ࣘᡆ ㆄᮠ ઼ᓄⲴ༴⨶〻ᒿᤷ䪸DŽ┤ ᮠѪᤷᇊⲴᇊᰦ٬৲ޕ࣐ᇊᰦಘDŽ䗃 QH[WBWLPHU ᱟᇊᰦಘ䱏ࡇཤᤷ䪸DŽ QH[WBWLPHU 18// `WLPHUBOLVW>7,0(B5(48(676@ 䬮᧕ᤷੁлањᇊᰦಘDŽ QH[W VWUXFWWLPHUBOLVW ᇊᰦ༴⨶〻ᒿDŽ IQ YRLG ᇊᰦ┤ㆄᮠDŽ ORQJMLIILHV VWDWLFVWUXFWWLPHUBOLVW^ ㊫රᇊᰦಘ㊫լ⧠ԓ /LQX[ ㌫㔏ѝⲴࣘᘱᇊᰦಘ˄'\QDPLF7LPHU˅ˈӵṨ֯⭘DŽ 䰝傜䗮઼ࣘ傜䗮ᇊᰦDŽ䘉⿽ޣᇊᰦಘ䬮㺘㔃ᶴ઼ᇊᰦಘᮠ㓴DŽ䈕ᇊᰦಘ䬮㺘у⭘Ҿ䖟傡 GHILQH7,0(B5(48(676 ҾᇊᰦಘⲴԓ⸱DŽᴰཊਟᴹ њᇊᰦಘDŽޣл䶒ᱟ ` ` 䖜䇑ᰦ䙂߿DŽڌࡉ傜䗮 PRIIBWLPHU>L@ `HOVH ᴤᯠᮠᆇ䗃ࠪᇴᆈಘDŽ FXUUHQWB'25)'B'25 RXWE ༽սᓄ傜䗮ࣘսˈᒦф aPDVN FXUUHQWB'25 䖜ᇊᰦࡠࡉڌPRIIBWLPHU>L@ ^ྲ᷌傜䗮 `HOVHLI LZDLWBPRWRU ZDNHBXS PRQBWLPHU>L@ LI PRQBWLPHU>L@ ^ྲ᷌傜䗮ࣘᇊᰦࡠࡉ䟂䘋〻DŽ LI FRQWLQXH FXUUHQWB'25 ྲ᷌нᱟ '25 ᤷᇊⲴ傜䗮ࡉ䐣䗷DŽ PDVN LI ^ LPDVN L L IRU XQVLJQHGFKDUPDVN [ LQWL ^ YRLG YRLGGRBIORSS\BWLPHU 䖜ᇊᰦࡠˈࡉሶᮠᆇ䗃ࠪᇴᆈಘ傜䗮ࣘս༽սDŽڌ䖜ᇊᰦಘⲴ٬DŽྲ᷌Ḁањ傜䗮ڌ PV ቡՊ㻛䈳⭘а⅑ˈ䲿ᰦᴤᯠ傜䗮ᔰᡆ ѝᯝ䗷〻ѝ㻛䈳⭘ˈഐ↔㌫㔏⇿㓿䗷ањ┤ㆄ 䖜䇑ᰦ٬DŽ䈕ᆀ〻ᒿՊ൘ᰦ䫏ᇊᰦڌ䰝ޣ䖟ⴈᇊᰦ༴⨶ᆀ〻ᒿDŽᴤᯠ傜䗮ࣘᇊᰦ٬઼傜䗮 ` += PRIIBWLPHU>QU@ ^ XQVLJQHGLQWQU YRLGIORSS\BRII 䰝DŽޣ䰝ᤷᇊⲴ䖟傡傜䗮ˈࡉ൘傜䗮ᔰ 。ѻਾҏՊ㻛ޣ⺞㤕н֯⭘䈕࠭ᮠ᰾ 䖜ᇊᰦಘ˄ 。˅DŽڌ䰝ᓄ䖟傡傜䗮ޣ㖞 ` ᔰѝᯝDŽ VWL QUZDLWBPRWRU VOHHSBRQ VFKHGF 〻ᒿ FSO Ѫ ˄ᴰ儈ˈ㺘⽪ᱟṨ〻ᒿ൘ᐕ˅ˈࡉሶṨԓ⸱䘀㹼ᰦ䰤 VWLPH ྲ᷌ᖃࡽ⢩ᵳ㓗 V\VEHHSVWRS EHHSFRXQW LI EHHSFRXQW LI 䇑ᮠಘ Ⲵᐕˈս ᧗ࡦᢜ༠ಘ DŽ ੁ [ ਓਁ䘱ભԔˈ༽սս ઼ DŽս ᧗ࡦ 䰝ਁ༠DŽޣྲ᷌ਁ༠䇑ᮠ⅑ᮠࡠˈࡉ NHUQHOFKUBGUYFRQVROHF 䰝ᢜ༠ಘޣ YRLG H[WHUQYRLGV\VEHHSVWRS FKUBGUYFRQVROHF ᢜ༠ಘਁ༠ᰦ䰤┤ㆄᮠ H[WHUQLQWEHHSFRXQW ^ ORQJFSO YRLGGRBWLPHU ሩҾањ䘋〻⭡Ҿᢗ㹼ᰦ䰤⡷⭘ᆼᰦˈࡉ䘋㹼ԫ࣑࠷ᦒDŽᒦᢗ㹼ањ䇑ᰦᴤᯠᐕDŽ FSO ᰦ㺘⽪ѝᯝਁ⭏ᰦ↓൘ᢗ㹼Ṩԓ⸱˗FSO ᰦ㺘⽪ѝᯝਁ⭏ᰦ↓൘ᢗ㹼⭘ᡧԓ⸱DŽ ৲ᮠ FSO ᱟᖃࡽ⢩ᵳ㓗 ᡆ ˈᱟᰦ䫏ѝᯝਁ⭏ᰦ↓㻛ᢗ㹼Ⲵԓ⸱䘹ᤙㅖѝⲴ⢩ᵳ㓗DŽ ᰦ䫏ѝᯝ & ࠭ᮠ༴⨶〻ᒿˈ൘ V\VWHPBFDOOV ѝⲴBWLPHUBLQWHUUXSW˄ 㹼˅㻛䈳⭘DŽ ` VWL ` ` S S!QH[W S!QH[W!MLIILHV MLIILHV S!MLIILHV S!QH[W!MLIILHV MLIILHV S!MLIILHV S!QH[W!IQ IQ S!IQ S!QH[W!IQ IQ S!IQ S!MLIILHV S!QH[W!MLIILHV S!MLIILHV ^ S!QH[W!MLIILHV S!QH[W ZKLOH л䶒ᗚ⧟ѝ䘋㹼༴⨶DŽ@@ޕᇊᰦ٬ᢓ䲔ㅜ њⲴ٬ণਟˈࡉ䘋 ㅜ њˈࡉㅜ њ ަਾ䶒Ⲵањᇊᰦಘ٬߿৫ᯠⲴㅜ њⲴᇊᰦ٬DŽণྲ᷌ㅜ њᇊᰦ٬ ᗚ⧟ѝˈն↔ᰦ䘈ᱟᓄ䈕ሶ㍗䲿ޕⲴᇊᰦಘ٬ሿҾᶕཤањᇊᰦಘ٬ᰦࡉṩᵜнՊ䘋ޕᨂ DŽྲ᷌ᯠޘਚ㾱ḕⴻ䬮㺘ཤⲴㅜа亩ⲴᇊᰦᱟࡠᵏণਟDŽ>>""䘉⇥〻ᒿྭ䊑⋑ᴹ㘳㲁ઘ 䬮㺘亩᤹ᇊᰦ٬ӾሿࡠབྷᧂᒿDŽ൘ᧂᒿᰦ߿৫ᧂ൘ࡽ䶒䴰㾱Ⲵ┤ㆄᮠˈ䘉ṧ൘༴⨶ᇊᰦಘᰦ QH[WBWLPHU S S!QH[W QH[WBWLPHU S!MLIILHV MLIILHV S!IQ IQ 1RPRUHWLPHUHTXHVWVIUHH SDQLF S! WLPHUBOLVW7,0(B5(48(676 LI 䬮㺘ཤDŽ ޕᓄؑˈᒦ䬮ޕྲ᷌ᐢ㓿⭘ᆼҶᇊᰦಘᮠ㓴ˈࡉ㌫㔏ፙ⒳-DŽࡉੁᇊᰦಘᮠᦞ㔃ᶴປ EUHDN S!IQ LI S WLPHUBOLVW7,0(B5(48(676 S S WLPHUBOLVW IRU ࡉӾᇊᰦಘᮠ㓴ѝˈањオ䰢亩DŽ HOVH^ IQ MLIILHV LI 䬮㺘ѝDŽޕࡉ・䈳⭘ަ༴⨶〻ᒿDŽᒦф䈕ᇊᰦಘн࣐ˈ ྲ᷌ᇊᰦ٬ FOL UHWXUQ VFKHGF 〻ᒿ ` UHWXUQFXUUHQW!SLG ^ YRLG LQWV\VBJHWSLG ਆᖃࡽ䘋〻ਧ SLGDŽ ` ROG UHWXUQ VHFRQGV MLIILHV+= VHFRQGV! " FXUUHQW!DODUP ROGMLIILHV += ROG ROG LI LQWROG FXUUHQW!DODUP ^ ORQJVHFRQGV LQWV\VBDODUP অսᱟ。DŽˈ৲ᮠ VHFRQGV ᱟᯠⲴᇊᰦᰦ䰤٬ ަѝᑨᮠ += ˈᱟṨ㌫㔏䘀㹼仁⦷DŽᇊѹ൘ LQFOXGHVFKHGK ㅜ 㹼кDŽ ഐ↔ᵜ࠭ᮠⲴѫ㾱ᱟ䘋㹼є⿽অսⲴ䖜ᦒDŽˈDŽ㘼৲ᮠ㔉ࠪⲴᱟԕ。ѪঅսⲴᇊᰦ٬ ٬。 ᇊᰦ MLIILHV+= MLIILHV ઼䖜ᦒᡀ┤ㆄঅսⲴᇊᰦ٬ѻ઼ˈণ 䇮㖞ᇊᰦᰦ㌫㔏┤ㆄ٬ DODUP Ⲵঅսᱟ㌫㔏┤ㆄ˄ ┤ㆄѪ ∛。˅ˈᆳᱟ㌫㔏ᔰᵪ䎧ࡠ 䘋〻ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴѝᣕ䆖ᇊᰦ٬ ᒦ䘄എᇊᰦᰦ䘈࢙։Ⲵ䰤䳄ᰦ䰤DŽࡉ䘄എ DŽˈྲ᷌৲ᮠ VHFRQGV བྷҾ ˈࡉ䇮㖞ᯠᇊᰦ٬ DŽ 。 ㌫㔏䈳⭘࣏㜭䇮㖞ᣕ䆖ᇊᰦᰦ䰤٬ ` VFKHGXOH ٬䘋㹼䈳ᓖDŽ ሩҾṨᘱ〻ᒿˈн䎆 FRXQWHU FSO UHWXUQ LI FXUUHQW!FRXQWHU FXUUHQW!FRXQWHU ! UHWXUQ LI Ṩԓ⸱ѝ䘀㹼ࡉ䘄എˈࡉ䈳⭘ᢗ㹼䈳ᓖ࠭ᮠDŽ ྲ᷌䘋〻䘀㹼ᰦ䰤䘈⋑ᆼˈࡉ䘰ࠪDŽࡉ㖞ᖃࡽԫ࣑䘀㹼䇑ᮠ٬Ѫ DŽᒦф㤕ਁ⭏ᰦ䫏ѝᯝᰦ↓൘ GRBIORSS\BWLPHU [I FXUUHQWB'25 LI 㹼 DŽ ྲ᷌ᖃࡽ䖟ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ )'& Ⲵᮠᆇ䗃ࠪᇴᆈಘѝ傜䗮ࣘսᴹ㖞սⲴˈࡉᢗ㹼䖟ⴈᇊᰦ〻ᒿ ` ` 䈳⭘༴⨶࠭ᮠDŽ IQ QH[WBWLPHU QH[WBWLPHU!QH[W QH[WBWLPHU!IQ 18// IQ QH[WBWLPHU!IQ Ҷањ࠭ᮠᤷ䪸ᇊѹʽʽʽ/ޕ䘉䟼ᨂ YRLG IQ YRLG ^ QH[WBWLPHU!MLIILHV QH[WBWLPHU ZKLOH QH[WBWLPHU!MLIILHV QH[WBWLPHU ^ LI ᒦሶ䈕༴⨶〻ᒿᤷ䪸㖞ѪオDŽ❦ਾ৫ᦹ䈕亩ᇊᰦಘDŽQH[WBWLPHU ᱟᇊᰦಘ䬮㺘Ⲵཤᤷ䪸DŽ ྲ᷌ᴹᇊᰦಘᆈ൘ˈࡉሶ䬮㺘ㅜ њᇊᰦಘⲴ٬߿ DŽྲ᷌ᐢㅹҾ ˈࡉ䈳⭘ᓄⲴ༴⨶〻ᒿˈ FXUUHQW!VWLPH HOVH FXUUHQW!XWLPH FSO LI кⲴ㤡᮷⌘䟺@DŽྲ᷌ FSO!ˈࡉ㺘⽪ᱟа㡜⭘ᡧ〻ᒿ൘ᐕˈ໎࣐ XWLPHDŽ 㹼 VXSHUYLVRU Ⲵ〻ᒿˈ㿱 V\VWHPBFDOOV 䙂໎˗>/LQXV ᢺṨ〻ᒿ㔏〠Ѫ䎵㓗⭘ᡧ VFKHGF 〻ᒿ ),567B766B(175< ઼ ),567B/'7B(175< Ⲵ٬࠶࡛ᱟ ઼ ˈᇊѹ൘ LQFOXGHOLQX[VFKHGK ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ѝ䇮㖞ࡍԫ࣑˄ԫ࣑ ˅Ⲵԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥᧿䘠ㅖ઼ተ䜘ᮠᦞ㺘᧿䘠ㅖDŽޘ൘ 6WUXFWVLJDFWLRQ0867EHE\WHV SDQLF ਧ⣦ᘱⲴ㔃ᶴDŽؑޣVWUXFWVLJDFWLRQ VLJDFWLRQ ᱟᆈ᭮ᴹ VL]HRI LI ᱟѪҶᨀ䟂㠚ᐡԕ৺ަԆ؞᭩Ṩԓ⸱ⲴӪDŽ л䶒䘉њࡔᯝ䈝ਕᒦᰐᗵ㾱ˈ㓟㋩ޕ䭞ᙗⲴᮠᦞ㔃ᶴˈ䙐ᡀо 326,; ḷ߶ⲴнެᇩDŽ䘉䟼࣐ޣ /LQX[ ㌫㔏ᔰਁѻࡍˈṨнᡀ⟏DŽṨԓ⸱Պ㻛㓿ᑨ؞᭩DŽ/LQXV ᙅ㠚ᐡᰐѝ؞᭩Ҷ䘉Ӌ ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘㔃ᶴᤷ䪸DŽ S VWUXFWGHVFBVWUXFW LQWL ^ YRLG YRLGVFKHGBLQLW Ṩ䈳ᓖ〻ᒿⲴࡍॆᆀ〻ᒿDŽ ` UHWXUQ FXUUHQW!SULRULW\ LQFUHPHQW FXUUHQW!SULRULW\LQFUHPHQW! LI ^ ORQJLQFUHPHQW LQWV\VBQLFH ࡉਟ֯Ոݸᵳ໎བྷʽʽˈᓄ䈕䲀ࡦ LQFUHPHQW ѪབྷҾ Ⲵ٬ ㌫㔏䈳⭘࣏㜭䱽վሩ &38 Ⲵ֯⭘Ոݸᵳ˄ᴹӪՊ⭘ੇ˛-˅DŽ ` UHWXUQFXUUHQW!HJLG ^ YRLG LQWV\VBJHWHJLG ਆᴹ᭸Ⲵ㓴ਧ HJLGDŽ ` UHWXUQFXUUHQW!JLG ^ YRLG LQWV\VBJHWJLG ਆ㓴ਧ JLGDŽ ` UHWXUQFXUUHQW!HXLG ^ YRLG LQWV\VBJHWHXLG ਆᴹ᭸Ⲵ⭘ᡧਧ HXLGDŽ ` UHWXUQFXUUHQW!XLG ^ YRLG LQWV\VBJHWXLG ਆ⭘ᡧਧ XLGDŽ ` UHWXUQFXUUHQW!IDWKHU ^ YRLG LQWV\VBJHWSSLG ਆ⡦䘋〻ਧ SSLGDŽ VFKHGF 〻ᒿ (0x3f2 ਚ߉ ᮠᆇ䗃ࠪᇴᆈಘ(ᮠᆇ᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ I/O ㄟਓ 䈫߉ᙗ ᇴᆈಘ〠 㺞 ̢䖥ⴎಞㄥਙ ሩҾ 1.2M Ⲵ䖟ⴈ᧗ࡦಘᴹԕлаӋㄟਓDŽ অӻ㓽DŽ൘ሩ䖟ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ䘋㹼㕆〻ᰦ䴰㾱䇯䰞 4 њㄟਓDŽ䘉Ӌㄟਓ࠶࡛ሩᓄ᧗ࡦಘкањᡆཊњᇴᆈಘDŽ ሩ䖟ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ䘋㹼㕆〻Ⲵ䈖㓶䈤᰾䈧৲㿱ㅜ 6 ㄐ〻ᒿ floppy.c ਾ䶒Ⲵ䀓䈤ˈ䘉䟼ӵሩަаㆰޣᴹ 8.7.3.1 䖥ⴎ傧ࣞಞಞ 8.7.3 ެԌؗᚥ ` V\VWHPBFDOO [ VHWBV\VWHPBJDWH a[[ [ LQEBS RXWE WLPHUBLQWHUUXSW [ VHWBLQWUBJDWH 㹼༴DŽє㘵Ⲵ४࡛৲㿱 V\VWHPK ᮷Ԧᔰ༴Ⲵ䈤᰾DŽ LQFOXGHDVPV\VWHPK ѝㅜ ǃ ❦ਾ䇮㖞㌫㔏䈳⭘ѝᯝ䰘DŽ䘉єњ䇮㖞ѝᯝ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘 ,'7 ѝ᧿䘠ㅖⲴᆿᇊѹ൘᮷Ԧ 䇮㖞ᰦ䫏ѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿਕᷴ˄䇮㖞ᰦ䫏ѝᯝ䰘˅DŽ؞᭩ѝᯝ᧗ࡦಘቿ㭭⸱ˈݱ䇨ᰦ䫏ѝᯝDŽ ᇊᰦ٬儈ᆇ㢲DŽ 06% /$7&+!![ RXWE ᇊᰦ٬վᆇ㢲DŽ /6% [II[ /$7&+ RXWEBS ELQDU\PRGH/6%06%FK [[ RXWEBS ᇊᰦ䇑ᮠ٬DŽ 䗃ࠪᕅ㝊᧕൘ѝᯝ᧗ࡦѫ㣟⡷Ⲵ ,54 кˈᆳ⇿ ∛。ਁࠪањ ,54 䈧≲DŽ/$7&+ ᱟࡍ л䶒ԓ⸱⭘Ҿࡍॆ ᇊᰦಘDŽ䙊䚃 ˈ䘹ᤙᐕᯩᔿ ˈҼ䘋ࡦ䇑ᮠᯩᔿDŽ䙊䚃 Ⲵ OOGW OWU 䘉а⅑ˈԕਾᯠԫ࣑ /'7 Ⲵ࣐䖭ˈᱟ &38 ṩᦞ 766 ѝⲴ /'7 亩㠚࣐ࣘ䖭DŽ ㅖ㺘ᇴᆈಘ OGWU ѝDŽ⌘ʽʽᱟሶ *'7 ѝᓄ /'7 ᧿䘠ㅖⲴ䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭ࡠ OGWUDŽਚ᰾⺞࣐ ሶԫ࣑ Ⲵ 766 ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭ࡠԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘ WUDŽሶተ䜘᧿䘠ㅖ㺘⇥䘹ᤙㅖ࣐䖭ࡠተ䜘᧿䘠 ༽ս 17 ḷᘇDŽ SRSIO HVS DQGO[IIIIEIII SXVKIO BBDVPBB LUHW ᤷԔᰦቡՊᕅ䎧ԫ࣑࠷ᦒDŽ17 ᤷࠪ 766 ѝⲴ EDFNBOLQN ᆇ⇥ᱟᴹ᭸DŽ 1HVWHG7DVN DŽᖃ 17 㖞սᰦˈ䛓Ѹᖃࡽѝᯝԫ࣑ᢗ㹼 17 ḷᘇ⭘Ҿ᧗ࡦ〻ᒿⲴ䙂ᖂ䈳⭘ 䲔ḷᘇᇴᆈಘѝⲴս 17ˈ䘉ṧԕਾቡнՊᴹ哫✖ WKDYHWURXEOHVZLWKWKDWODWHURQ &OHDU17VRWKDWZHZRQ ` S S!D S!E S S!D S!E WDVN>L@ 18// L ^ 15B7$6.6 L L IRU S JGW),567B766B(175< ൘᮷Ԧ LQFOXGHOLQX[KHDGK ѝDŽ ԫ࣑ᮠ㓴઼᧿䘠ㅖ㺘亩˄⌘ L ᔰˈᡰԕࡍԫ࣑Ⲵ᧿䘠ㅖ䘈൘˅DŽ᧿䘠ㅖ亩㔃ᶴᇊѹ LQLWBWDVNWDVNOGW JGW),567B/'7B(175< VHWBOGWBGHVF LQLWBWDVNWDVNWVV JGW),567B766B(175< VHWBWVVBGHVF LQFOXGHDVPV\VWHPKㅜ 㹼ᔰDŽ JGW>),567B766B(175<@˄ণѪ JGW>@˅ˈҏণJGWᮠ㓴ㅜ 亩Ⲵൠ൰DŽ৲㿱 ተ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ส൰˄BJGW˅DŽഐ↔ JGW),567B766B(175<ণѪޘㅜ 㹼кⲴ ѝ˗JGWᱟањ᧿䘠ㅖ㺘ᮠ㓴˄LQFOXGHOLQX[KHDGK˅ˈᇎ䱵кሩᓄ〻ᒿKHDGVѝ VFKHGF 〻ᒿ 㣟⡷Ⲵ㔃ᶴṶമ㿱മ 8-8 ᡰ⽪DŽ 8253 㣟⡷Ⲵ㕆〻ሩᶕ䈤∄䖳ㆰঅˈᒦф㜭ཏӗ⭏ᡰᐼᵋⲴ⿽н਼ᰦ䰤䮯ᓖⲴᔦᰦDŽањ 8253˄8254˅ ᶕԓ〠 8253 ઼ 8254 є⿽㣟⡷ˈӵ൘ᆳԜ࣏㜭ᴹ४࡛༴⢩࡛࣐ԕᤷࠪDŽ 8254 ᱟ 8253 Ⲵᴤᯠӗ૱ˈѫ㾱࣏㜭สᵜаṧˈਚᱟ 8254 㣟⡷໎࣐Ҷഎ䈫ભԔDŽ൘л䶒᧿䘠ѝᡁԜ⭘ 8253 Ⲵ 16 ս䇑ᮠಘ䙊䚃DŽ⇿њ䙊䚃ਟᐕ൘н਼Ⲵᐕᯩᔿлˈᒦф䘉Ӌᐕᯩᔿ൷ਟԕ֯⭘䖟Ԧᶕ䇮㖞DŽ ߣ䇑㇇ᵪѝ䙊ᑨ⻠ࡠⲴᰦ䰤᧗ࡦ䰞仈ˈণ൘䖟ԦⲴ᧗ࡦлӗ⭏㋮⺞Ⲵᰦ䰤ᔦ䘏DŽ䈕㣟⡷ᨀҶ 3 њ⤜・ Intel 8253˄ᡆ 8254˅ᱟањਟ㕆〻ᇊᰦ/䇑ᮠಘ˄PIT - Programmable Interval Timer˅㣟⡷ˈ⭘Ҿ䀓 1. Intel 8253˄8254˅㣟⡷࣏㜭 8.7.3.2 ਥ㕌ぁᇐᰬ/䇗ᮦಞ 䮯ᓖѪ 0--7 ᆇ㢲DŽሩҾ⋑ᴹ䘄എ㔃᷌ᮠᦞⲴભԔˈࡉᓄੁ FDC ਁ䘱Ự⍻ѝᯝ⣦ᘱભԔ㧧ᗇⲴ⣦ᘱDŽ Ӿ㘼㧧ᗇ FDC ભԔᢗ㹼Ⲵ㔃᷌DŽ䘄എ㔃᷌ᮠᦞⲴˈ㔃᷌䱦⇥ᱟ⭡ CPU 䈫ਆ FDC ᮠᦞᇴᆈಘ䘄എ٬ ≲ؑਧ⸕ CPU ᢗ㹼䱦⇥㔃ᶏDŽ 䜘ᮠᦞՐ䘱ᆼDŽ↔ᰦ DMA ᧗ࡦಘՊሶՐ䗃ᆇ㢲䇑ᮠ㓸→ؑਧ䙊⸕ FDCˈᴰਾ⭡ FDC ਁࠪѝᯝ䈧ޘⴤ㠣 ᔿ䘋㹼DŽѝᯝᯩᔿ⇿⅑Ր䘱 1 ᆇ㢲DŽDMA ᯩᔿᱟ൘ DMA ᧗ࡦಘ㇑⨶лˈFDC оᆈ䘋㹼ᮠᦞⲴՐ䗃 䈧≲㧧⸕ભԔᢗ㹼Ⲵ㔃ᶏDŽྲ᷌ CPU ਁࠪⲴ FDC ભԔᱟՐ䘱ᮠᦞˈࡉ FDC ਟԕԕѝᯝᯩᔿᡆ DMA ᯩ ᢗ㹼䱦⇥ᱟ FDC ᢗ㹼ભԔ㿴ᇊⲴDŽ൘ᢗ㹼䱦⇥ CPU ᱟн࣐ᒢ亴Ⲵˈа㡜ᱟ䙊䗷 FDC ਁࠪѝᯝ ަਾ䐏⵰ 0--8 ᆇ㢲Ⲵ৲ᮠDŽ ભԔ䱦⇥ᱟ CPU ੁ FDC ਁ䘱ભԔᆇ㢲઼৲ᮠᆇ㢲DŽ⇿ᶑભԔⲴㅜањᆇ㢲ᙫᱟભԔᆇ㢲˄ભԔ⸱˅DŽ ਟԕ᧕ਇ 15 ᶑભԔDŽ⇿њભԔ൷㓿শйњ䱦⇥˖ભԔ䱦⇥ǃᢗ㹼䱦⇥઼㔃᷌䱦⇥DŽޡ䖟ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ 䙊ᑨ㔃᷌ᮠᦞᴰཊᴹ 7 њᆇ㢲DŽ Ѫ 0˄CPU Æ FDC˅ˈ䇯䰞ਚ䈫රᇴᆈಘᰦࡉ৽ѻDŽ൘䈫ਆ㔃᷌ᰦਚᴹ൘ FDC нᘉѻਾ㇇䈫ᆼ㔃᷌ˈ ᰦਚ㜭ᴹањᇴᆈಘࠪ⧠൘ᮠᦞㄟਓ 0x3f5DŽ൘䇯䰞ਚ߉රᇴᆈಘᰦˈѫ⣦ᘱ᧗ࡦⲴ DIO ᯩੁսᗵ享 FDC Ⲵᮠᦞㄟਓሩᓄཊњᇴᆈಘ˄ਚ߉රભԔᇴᆈಘ઼৲ᮠᇴᆈಘǃਚ䈫ර㔃᷌ᇴᆈಘ˅ˈնԫа ԕࡔ࡛ᖃࡽ FDC ᮠᦞᇴᆈಘᱟቡ㔚ˈԕ৺⺞ᇊᮠᦞՐ䘱ⲴᯩੁDŽ ᘱDŽ䙊ᑨˈ൘ CPU ੁ FDC ਁ䘱ભԔѻࡽᡆӾ FDC 㧧ਆ㔃᷌ѻࡽˈ䜭㾱䈫ਆѫ⣦ᘱᇴᆈಘⲴ⣦ᘱսˈ FDC Ⲵѫ⣦ᘱᇴᆈಘҏᱟањ 8 սᇴᆈಘˈ⭘Ҿ৽᱐䖟ⴈ᧗ࡦಘ FDC ઼䖟ⴈ傡ࣘಘ FDD Ⲵสᵜ⣦ ༽ս FDC ԕ৺ݱ䇨/⾱→ DMA ৺ѝᯝ䈧≲DŽ ᮠᆇ䗃ࠪㄟਓ˄ᮠᆇ᧗ࡦㄟਓ˅ᱟањ 8 սᇴᆈಘˈᆳ᧗ࡦ傡ࣘಘ傜䗮ᔰǃ傡ࣘಘ䘹ᤙǃࣘ/ 0x3f7 ਚ߉ ⻱ⴈ᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ(Ր䗃⦷᧗ࡦ) ᇴᆈಘޕ0x3f7 ਚ䈫 ᮠᆇ䗃 FDC ᮠᦞᇴᆈಘ FDC ѫ⣦ᘱᇴᆈಘ 䈫/߉ ਚ䈫 0x3f5 0x3f4 VFKHGF 〻ᒿ &5 䇑ᮠᇴᆈಘ 2/ 䗃ࠪ䬱ᆈ 287 *$7( &/. ᇴᆈಘ ⣦ᘱ 䙫䗁 ᧗ࡦ ⣦ᘱ䬱ᆈ &( 䇑ᮠঅݳ E 䙊䚃 䇑ᮠಘ䜘㔃ᶴ D ᮤփṶമ 䇑ᮠಘ 䙊䚃 䇑ᮠಘ 䙊䚃 䇑ᮠಘ 䙊䚃 ᇴᆈಘ ᧗ࡦᆇ 䙫䗁 䈫߉ 㕃ߢಘ ᮠᦞ 287 *$7( &/. 287 *$7( &/. 287 *$7( &/. $$ &6 5':5 '' ਟԕሩᜣ㾱֯⭘Ⲵањ䇑ᮠಘ䘋㹼㕆〻DŽሩҾн֯⭘Ⲵ䇑ᮠಘᡁԜਟԕнᗵሩަ㕆〻DŽ㺘 8–3 ᱟ᧗ࡦᇴ ᡁԜቡˈањ᧗ࡦᆇ઼ањࡍ䇑ᮠ٬ޕᖃ㌫㔏ࡊк⭥ᰦˈ8253 Ⲵ⣦ᘱᱟᵚ⸕ⲴDŽ䙊䗷ੁ 8253 ߉ 2. 8253˄8254˅㣟⡷Ⲵ㕆〻 㝊ਁࠪؑਧDŽ ݳՊ൘ᰦ䫏㜹ߢ CLK Ⲵ⭘лᢗ㹼䙂߿䇑ᮠDŽ⇿⅑߿ 1ˈⴤࡠ䇑ᮠ٬䙂߿Ѫ 0 ᰦˈቡՊੁ OUT ᕅ ᆈࡠ䇑ᮠᇴᆈಘ CR ѝѻਾˈቡՊ㻛䘱ࡠ䇑ᮠঅݳ CE ѝDŽᖃ GATE ᔰᰦˈ䇑ᮠঅ؍൘ࡍ䇑ᮠ٬㻛 ѝˈ❦ਾՊ㻛༽ࡦࡠ䇑ᮠঅݳ CE ѝDŽ൘ᔰሩ䇑ᮠಘ䘋㹼㕆〻ᰦˈ䘉єњᇴᆈಘሶ㻛䴦DŽഐ↔ ᆈ൘䘉єњᇴᆈಘ؍䇑ᮠಘ䙊䚃ᰦˈࡍ䇑ᮠ٬ቡޕRegister˅Ⲵ 8 սᇴᆈಘDŽᖃ CPU ᢺᯠⲴ䇑ᮠ٬߉ 㾱䈫ਆ䇑ᮠ٬ᰦˈ䈫ਆⲴᙫᱟ䗃ࠪ䬱ᆈ OL ѝⲴᇩDŽമ 8-8(b)ѝਖཆєњᱟ〠Ѫ䇑ᮠᇴᆈಘ CR˄Count ࡠ CPU 䈫ਆᆳԜⲴᇩਾˈᆳԜՊ㔗㔝䐏䲿 CE ⲴᇩਈॆDŽ⌘ˈCE Ⲵ٬ᱟнਟ䈫Ⲵˈ⇿ᖃ䴰 ݳ CE Ⲵᇩਈॆ㘼ਈॆˈնᱟྲ᷌㣟⡷᧕᭦ࡠањ䇑ᮠಘ䬱ᆈભԔᰦˈ䛓ѸᆳԜⲴᇩሶ㻛䬱ᇊDŽⴤ OLl єњ 8 ս䬱ᆈಘ㓴ᡀˈ࠶࡛㺘⽪䬱ᆈⲴ儈ᆇ㢲઼վᆇ㢲DŽ䙊ᑨ䘉єњ䗃ࠪ䬱ᆈಘⲴᇩ䐏䲿䇑ᮠঅ Ⲵ CE˄䇑ᮠঅݳ˅DŽᆳᱟањ 16 սਟ亴㖞਼↕䙂߿䇑ᮠಘDŽ䗃ࠪ䬱ᆈ OL˄Output Latch˅ᱟ⭡ OLm ઼ ᴹ᧗ࡦᆇᇴᆈಘⲴᖃࡽᇩԕ৺䗃ࠪㄟⲴ⣦ᘱ઼ NULL 䇑ᮠḷᘇ˄Null Count Flag˅DŽᇎ䱵䇑ᮠಘᱟമѝ മ 8-8(b)ᱟަѝањ䇑ᮠಘ䙊䚃Ⲵ䜘䙫䗁ṶമDŽަѝ⣦ᘱᇴᆈಘ˄Status Register˅൘䬱ᇊᰦሶਜ਼ ؑਧㄟDŽ ԕ৺䇑ᮠಘⲴ䗃ࠪ⣦ᘱDŽᕅ㝊 OUT ᱟ䇑ᮠಘⲴ䗃ࠪڌㄟˈᆳ⭘Ҿ᧗ࡦ䇑ᮠಘⲴ䎧ޕ䇑ᮠಘⲴ䰘᧗ࡦ䗃 仁⦷ᴰ儈Ѫ 2.6MHzˈ㘼 8254 ࡉਟ儈䗮 10MHzDŽᕅ㝊 GATE ᱟޕ䫏仁⦷ਁ⭏ಘ˄Ღᥟ˅DŽ8253 Ⲵᰦ䫏䗃 ԕᐕ൘н਼ⲴᯩᔿлDŽ᧗ࡦᆇᇴᆈಘሶ⺞ᇊ⇿њ䇑ᮠಘⲴᐕᯩᔿDŽ⇿њ䇑ᮠಘⲴ CLK ᕅ㝊䘎᧕ࡠᰦ ਼ˈԆԜ⇿њ䜭ਟޘ˄Read-Back Command˅ᶕ䈫ਆަѝⲴ⣦ᘱؑDŽ3 њ⤜・Ⲵ䇑ᮠಘ䙊䚃⭘ᆼ ᆈಘ⭘Ҿ CPU 䇮㖞ᤷᇊ䇑ᮠಘⲴᐕᯩᔿˈᱟਚ߉ᇴᆈಘDŽնሩҾ 8254 㣟⡷ࡉਟԕ֯⭘എ䈫ભԔ Ⲵ A0,A1 ൠ൰㓯кDŽ䈫߉ᕅ㝊 RDǃWR ઼⡷䘹ᕅ㝊 CS ⭘Ҿ CPU ᧗ࡦ 8253 㣟⡷Ⲵ䈫߉DŽ᧗ࡦᆇᇴ 䘹ᤙ䴰㾱䈫/߉Ⲵ 3 њ䇑ᮠಘ䙊䚃ᡆ᧗ࡦᆇᇴᆈಘ˄Control Word Register˅ѻаDŽ䙊ᑨᆳԜ㻛䘎᧕ࡠ㌫㔏 ࡠަԆ䜘࠶৫Ⲵ᧗ࡦؑਧDŽൠ൰㓯 A1ǃA0 ⭘ᶕޕਧˈᒦф⭏ᡀ䗃ؑޕLogic˅⭘ҾӾ㌫㔏ᙫ㓯к᧕᭦䗃 ަѝ 3 ᘱǃৼੁ 8 սⲴᮠᦞᙫ㓯㕃ߢಘ˄Data Bus Buffer˅⭘Ҿо㌫㔏ᮠᦞᙫ㓯᧕ਓDŽ䈫/߉䙫䗁˄Read/Write ഴ δε㣥⡽Ⲻ䜞㔉ᶺ VFKHGF 〻ᒿ ˅(3) ᯩᔿ 2 - 仁⦷ਁ⭏ಘᯩ⌅˄Rate Generator ᯠᔰ䇑ᮠDŽሩҾ䘉⿽ᐕᯩᔿˈGATE ؑਧн䎧⭘DŽ ࡍ䇑ᮠ٬ᒦ䟽ޕOUT ਈѪ儈⭥ᒣDŽ൘䇑ᮠᵏ䰤ᡆ䇑ᮠ㔃ᶏਾˈGATE 䟽ᯠਈ儈⭥ᒣ৸Պ䀖ਁ䇑ᮠಘ㻵 ༷ቡ㔚DŽ↔ᰦਟ֯⭘ GATE ᕅ㝊кॷ⋯䀖ਁ䇑ᮠಘᔰᐕˈ㘼 OUT ࡉਈѪվ⭥ᒣDŽⴤࡠ䇑ᮠ㔃ᶏ˄0˅ˈ Ҷ᧗ࡦᆇ઼ࡍ䇑ᮠ٬ਾˈ䇑ᮠಘ߶ޕᐕ൘䘉⿽ᯩᔿлᰦˈOUT ࡊᔰ༴Ҿ儈⭥ᒣDŽ൘ CPU ߉ (2) ᯩᔿ 1 - ⺜Ԧਟ䀖ਁঅ⅑䇑ᮠᯩᔿ˄Hardware Retriggerable One-shot˅ ᒦф൘᧕᭦ࡠ䇑ᮠ儈ᆇ㢲ਾ䟽ᯠᢗ㹼䇑ᮠᐕDŽˈࡍ䇑ᮠ٬ޕਧ˗൘䇑ᮠᵏ䰤ਟԕ䟽ᯠ㻵 䇑ᮠ㔃ᶏᰦ䗃ࠪਈ儈⭥ᒣਟѪѝᯝؑ˗ڌԦ䇑ᮠDŽ䘉⿽ᯩᔿⲴ⢩⛩ᱟݱ䇨֯⭘ GATE ᕅ㝊᧗ࡦ䇑ᮠᲲ ањᯠⲴ䇑ᮠ٬ᡆ৸䟽ᯠ䇮㖞᧗ࡦᆇѪᯩᔿ 0DŽ䘉⿽ᯩᔿ䙊ᑨ⭘ҾһޕᤱѪ儈⭥ᒣⴤࡠ߉؍Ѫ儈⭥ᒣᒦ ᤱѪվ⭥ᒣⴤࡠ䇑ᮠ䙂߿Ѫ 0DŽ↔ᰦ OUT ਈ؍䈕ᯩᔿ䇮ᇊਾˈ䗃ࠪᕅ㝊 OUT Ѫվ⭥ᒣDŽᒦф㓸 (1) ᯩᔿ 0 - 䇑ᮠ㔃ᶏѝᯝᯩᔿ˄Interrupt on terminal count˅ 8253/8254 Ⲵ 3 њ䇑ᮠಘ䙊䚃ਟԕᴹ㠚⤜・Ⲵᐕᯩᔿˈᴹԕл 6 ⿽ᯩᔿਟ䘹ᤙDŽ 3. 䇑ᮠಘᐕᯩᔿ ਚᴹ൘ CPU ᢗ㹼Ҷ䈫ਆ䈕䇑ᮠಘਾˈOL Ⲵᇩ৸Պ㠚ࣘൠ䐏䲿䇑ᮠঅݳ CE 䘋㹼ਈॆDŽ ٬ǃ䇑ᮠಘ䘀㹼Ⲵᯩᔿˈԕ৺ᖃࡽ䗃ࠪ⣦ᘱ઼ NULL 䇑ᮠḷᘇDŽоㅜ 2 ѝᯩ⌅㊫լˈ൘䬱ᇊ䇑ᮠ٬ਾˈ ݳ CE 䘋㹼ਈॆDŽㅜ 3 ⿽ᯩ⌅ᱟ֯⭘എ䈫ભԔDŽնਚᴹ 8254 ᴹ↔࣏㜭DŽ䘉њભԔݱ䇨〻ᒿỰ⍻ᖃࡽ䇑ᮠ ཆаᶑ䇑ᮠಘ䬱ᆈભԔDŽਚᴹ൘ CPU ᢗ㹼Ҷ䈫ਆ䈕䇑ᮠಘਾˈOL Ⲵᇩ৸Պ㠚ࣘൠ䐏䲿䇑ᮠঅ ᤱнਈˈণ֯৸ਁ䘱Ҷਖ؍ᆈᇴᆈಘ OL ѝDŽ↔ᰦ CPU 㤕н䈫ਆ OL ѝⲴᇩˈ䛓Ѹ OL ѝⲴᮠ٬ሶ ಘ䬱ᆈભԔ㘼䶎᧗ࡦᆇભԔDŽᖃ䇑ᮠಘ᧕᭦ࡠ䈕ભԔᰦˈᆳՊᢺ䇑ᮠঅݳ CE ѝⲴ䇑ᮠ٬䬱ᆈࡠ䗃ࠪ䬱 ԔDŽ䈕ભԔᱟ൘䈫ࡽ俆ݸਁ䘱ࡠ᧗ࡦᆇᇴᆈಘˈᒦ⭡ D5ˈD4 єњ∄⢩ս˄00˅ᤷ᰾ਁ䘱Ⲵᱟ䇑ᮠ DŽࡉ䇑ᮠਟ㜭↓൘䘋㹼ˈӾ㘼䙐ᡀ䈫ਆⲴ㔃᷌ᴹ䈟DŽㅜ 2 ⿽ᯩ⌅ᱟ֯⭘䇑ᮠಘ䬱ᆈભޕⲴᰦ䫏䗃 䇑ᮠಘ→ڌಘ䬱ᆈભԔ˗Ĺ֯⭘എ䈫ભԔDŽㅜ 1 ⿽ᯩ⌅൘䈫ᰦᗵ享֯⭘ GATE ᕅ㝊ᡆᓄ䙫䗁⭥䐟Ჲᰦ ķㆰঅ䈫˗ĸ֯⭘䇑ᮠ˖൘䈫ᰦˈሩҾ 8254 㣟⡷ਟᴹ 3 ⿽ᯩ⌅ᶕ䈫ਆ䇑ᮠಘⲴᖃࡽ䇑ᮠ٬ ᯠⲴࡍ٬DŽ䘉ᒦнՊᖡ૽ᐢ䇮㖞Ⲵ䇑ᮠಘⲴᐕᯩᔿDŽޕ߉ Ҽ䘋ࡦⲴᡆ BCD ⸱Ṭᔿ˅DŽ൘䇑ᮠಘᔰᐕᰦˈᡁԜӽ❦㜭䲿ᰦੁᤷᇊ䇑ᮠಘ䟽ᯠ˄ޕ䇮ᇊⲴṬᔿ߉ ࡍ䇑ᮠ٬DŽࡍ䇑ᮠ٬ᗵ享ṩᦞ᧗ࡦᆇѝޕ᧗ࡦᆇˈ❦ਾ߉ޕᰦˈᗵ享俆ݸ߉ޕಘѻаDŽ൘߉ ಘѝDŽᖃ A1ˈA0 Ѫ 00ǃ01ǃ10˄࠶࡛ሩᓄ PC ᵪㄟਓ 0x40ǃ0x41 ઼ 0x42˅ᰦቡՊ࠶࡛䘹ᤙ 3 њ䇑ᮠ ᤷᇊⲴ䇑ᮠޕ᧗ࡦᆇᇴᆈಘѝDŽ㘼᧗ࡦᆇⲴᇩՊᤷᇊ↓൘㕆〻Ⲵ䇑ᮠಘ䙊䚃DŽࡍ䇑ᮠ٬ࡉՊ㻛߉ޕ ൘ CPU ᢗ㹼߉ᰦˈ㤕 A1ˈA0 㓯Ѫ 11˄↔ᰦ൘ PC ᗞᵪкሩᓄㄟਓ 0x43˅ˈ䛓Ѹ᧗ࡦᆇՊ㻛߉ 0 BCD 䇑ᮠ٬Ṭᔿ䘹ᤙDŽ 0 - 16 ∄⢩Ҽ䘋ࡦ䇑ᮠ˗ 1 - 4 њ BCD ⸱䇑ᮠDŽ 011 - ᯩᔿ 3˗ 100 - ᯩᔿ 4˗ 101 - ᯩᔿ 5DŽ 000 - ᯩᔿ 0˗ 001 - ᯩᔿ 1˗ 010 - ᯩᔿ 2˗ M2-M0 ⭘Ҿ䘹ᤙᤷᇊ䙊䚃ⲴᐕᯩᔿDŽ˄M - Method˅ 1 M0 2 M1 3 M2 10 - 䈫߉儈ᆇ㢲˄MSB˅˗ 11 - ݸ䈫߉վᆇ㢲ˈ䈫߉儈ᆇ㢲DŽ 00 - 㺘⽪ᱟᇴᆈಘ䬱ᆈભԔ˗01 - 䈫߉վᆇ㢲˄LSB˅˗ RW1ǃRW0 ⭘Ҿ䇑ᮠಘ䈫߉䘹ᤙDŽ˄RW - Read Write˅ 4 RW0 5 RW1 00 - 䙊䚃 0˗ 01 - 䙊䚃 1˗ 02 - 䙊䚃 2˗ 11 - എ䈫ભԔ˄ӵ 8254 ᴹ˅DŽ SC1ǃSC0 ⭘Ҿ䘹ᤙ䇑ᮠಘ䙊䚃 0-2ˈᡆ㘵എ䈫ભԔDŽ˄SC - Select Counter˅ 6 SC0 7 SC1 ս〠䈤᰾ 㺞 ̢δε㣥⡽ᆍṲᕅ ᆈಘᇩⲴṬᔿDŽ VFKHGF 〻ᒿ 63.'$7$ 傡ࣘ о䶎⭥䐟 ࡧᯠ⭥䐟 ѝᯝ᧗ࡦಘ $ 0+] ᰦ䫏仁⦷ ᮠᦞᙫ㓯 &6 $ $ :5 5'287 '' *$7( *$7(287 *$7( &/. &/. &/.287 ൠ൰ [[ 7,0(*$7( 9 ,54 3& ᗤᵰѣᇐᰬ䇗ᮦ㣥⡽䘔⽰ᝅഴ ഴ ᧗ࡦᆇᇴᆈಘ߉ㄟਓDŽ 8254 㣟⡷Ⲵ IO ㄟਓൠ൰㤳തᱟ 0x40--0x43DŽަѝ 0x40--0x42 ࠶࡛ሩᓄ䘹ᤙ䇑ᮠಘ䙊䚃 0--2ˈ0x43 ሩᓄ 㓯 A1ˈA0 кDŽᒦфᖃ㌫㔏ൠ൰㓯 A9--A2 ؑਧᱟ 0b0010000 ᰦՊ䘹ᤙ 8254 㣟⡷ˈഐ↔ PC/AT ㌫㔏ѝ 1.193180MHzDŽPC/AT ᗞᵪѝ 8254 㣟⡷䘎᧕⽪മ㿱മ 8-9 ᡰ⽪DŽަѝ A1ˈA0 ᕅ㓯㻛䘎᧕ࡠ㌫㔏ൠ൰ ᰦ䫏仁⦷䜭ᱟޕѝᯝؑਧǃࣘᘱᆈ DRAM ࡧᯠᇊᰦ⭥䐟઼ѫᵪᢜ༠ಘ丣䈳ਸᡀDŽ3 њ䇑ᮠಘⲴ䗃 ሩҾ PC/AT ৺ަެᇩᗞᵪ㌫㔏ˈ䟷⭘Ⲵᱟ 8254 㣟⡷DŽ3 њᇊᰦ/䇑ᮠಘ䙊䚃㻛࠶࡛⭘Ҿᰕᰦ䫏䇑ᰦ 㘼ᔰᐕDŽਚᴹᖃ GATE ᕅ㝊ਈѪ儈⭥ᒣਾⲴањ CLK ᰦ䫏㜹ߢਾՊ㻛䀖ਁᔰᐕDŽ ᧗ࡦᆇ઼ࡍ٬ਾˈ䇑ᮠಘᒦнՊ・࣐䖭ࡍ䇑ᮠ٬ޕᰦ䫏 CLK 㜹ߢᇭᓖⲴվ⭥ᒣˈ❦ਾਈ儈DŽ൘߉ ࡍ⣦ᘱл OUT Ѫ儈⭥ᒣDŽ䇑ᮠሶ⭡ GATE ᕅ㝊кॷ⋯䀖ਁDŽᖃ䇑ᮠ㔃ᶏˈOUT ሶ䗃ࠪањ (6) ᯩᔿ 5 - ⺜Ԧ䀖ਁ䘹䙊ᯩᔿ˄Hardware Triggered Strobe˅ њᰦ䫏㜹ߢਾ֯⭘ᯠ٬ᶕ䟽ᯠ䘋㹼䇑ᮠDŽ 䛓Ѹ䇑ᮠಘՊ൘аˈҶањᯠⲴࡍ٬ޕݱ䇨䇑ᮠ˅ˈնнᖡ૽ OUT Ⲵ⣦ᘱDŽྲ᷌൘䇑ᮠ䗷〻ѝ߉ 1˄ ڌࡍ䇑ᮠ٬㘼“䀖ਁ”ⲴDŽ൘䈕ᐕᯩᔿлˈGATE ᕅ㝊ਟԕ᧗ࡦ䇑ᮠᲲޕ⭥ᒣ䘹䙊˅DŽ䇑ᮠᱟ⭡߉ ࡍ⣦ᘱл OUT Ѫ儈⭥ᒣDŽᖃ䇑ᮠ㔃ᶏᰦ OUT ሶ䗃ࠪањᰦ䫏㜹ߢᇭᓖⲴվ⭥ᒣˈ❦ਾਈ儈˄վ (5) ᯩᔿ 4 - 䖟Ԧ䀖ਁ䘹䙊ᯩᔿ˄Software Triggered Strobe˅ ⭘DŽ 䘉њࡍ٬㾱ࡠࡽањ䇑ᮠᆼᡀਾ䎧ˈ⮕ᴹᐞᔲ˅ˈᒦф൘䇑ᮠಘ䙂߿䗷〻ѝ㤕䟽ᯠ䇮㖞ᯠⲴࡍ٬ ᰦ䫏 CLK Ⲵ N ࠶ѻаDŽ䈕ᯩᔿⲴ⢩⛩ᱟᯩ⌒ঐオ∄㓖Ѫ 1 ∄ 1˄ᖃ N Ѫཷᮠᰦޕ䛓Ѹᯩ⌒Ⲵ仁⦷ᱟ䗃 䈕ᯩᔿ䙊ᑨ⭘Ҿ⌒⢩⦷ਁ⭏ಘDŽ䈕ᯩᔿоᯩᔿ 2 ㊫լˈն OUT 䗃ࠪⲴᱟᯩ⌒DŽྲ᷌ࡍ䇑ᮠ٬ᱟ Nˈ (4) ᯩᔿ 3 - ᯩ⌒ਁ⭏ಘᯩᔿ˄Square Wave Mode˅ ٬ᒦᔰ䟽ᯠ䇑ᮠDŽ 㔗㔝DŽᖃ GATE ਈ儈ᰦՊ䇙䇑ᮠಘ䟽ᯠ࣐䖭ࡍ઼ڌ⭥ᒣ㜹ߢؑਧDŽ൘䘉⿽ᯩᔿл GATE ਟ᧗ࡦ䇑ᮠⲴᲲ 䟽ᯠ࣐䖭ࡍ٬ᒦ䟽༽к䘠䗷〻DŽഐ↔ሩҾࡍ䇑ᮠ٬Ѫ N ⲴᛵߥˈՊ൘⇿ N њᰦ䫏㜹ߢᰦ䗃ࠪањվ 䇑ᮠ٬䙂߿Ѫ 1 ᰦˈOUT ਈѪվ⭥ᒣਾਈᡀ儈⭥ᒣDŽ䰤䳄ᰦ䰤Ѫањ CLK 㜹ߢᇭᓖDŽ↔ᰦ䇑ᮠಘՊ 䈕ᯩᔿⲴ࣏㜭㊫լҾањ N ࠶仁ಘDŽ䙊ᑨ⭘Ҿӗ⭏ᇎᰦᰦ䫏ѝᯝDŽࡍ⣦ᘱл OUT Ѫ儈⭥ᒣDŽᖃ VFKHGF 〻ᒿ 䎧ࡠᘭ⮕䈕ؑਧⲴ਼ṧˈڊԫօˈᖃ❦ҏਟԕӰѸнڊ༴⨶࠭ᮠDŽ൘䈕༴⨶࠭ᮠѝˈᡁԜਟԕ 2. ᦅ㧧䈕ؑਧDŽѪҶ䘋㹼䈕ˈᡁԜᗵ享俆ݸ䇹Ṩ൘ᤷᇊⲴؑਧਁ⭏ᰦ䈳⭘ᡁԜ㠚ᇊѹⲴؑਧ ᔲᑨ㘼ӗ⭏Ⲵؑਧ˄ֻྲ㻛 0 䲔˅ˈࡉ䘋〻Ⲵ㹼Ѫᡆ⣦ᘱቡਟ㜭ਈᗇнਟ⸕ҶDŽ ᤷᇊⲴԫօ䘋〻DŽਖཆˈ㤕ᘭ⮕ᦹḀӋ⺜Ԧ→ڌഐᱟѪҶੁ䎵㓗⭘ᡧᨀањ⺞ᇊⲴᯩ⌅ᶕ㓸→ᡆ 1. ᘭ⮕䈕ؑਧDŽབྷཊᮠؑਧ䜭ਟԕ㻛䘋〻ᘭ⮕DŽնᴹєњؑਧᘭ⮕нᦹ˖SIGKILL ઼ SIGSTOPDŽަ ሩҾ䘋〻ᶕ䈤ˈᖃ᭦ࡠањؑਧᰦˈਟԕ⭡й⿽н਼Ⲵ༴⨶ᡆᯩᔿDŽ ࡇ㺘ˈҏਟ৲䰵 include/signal.h ཤ᮷ԦDŽ ࡽ㘵ਟ㺘⽪㌫㔏ⴞࡽ䘈н᭟ᤱⲴᡰᴹަԆؑਧ⿽㊫DŽ䘉 22 ⿽ؑਧⲴާփ〠઼ᇊѹਟ৲㘳〻ᒿਾⲴؑਧ ѝ㿴ᇊⲴᡰᴹؑਧˈਖཆ 2 ⿽ᱟ Linux Ⲵу⭘ؑਧ˖SIGUNUSED˄ᵚᇊѹ˅઼ SIGSTKFLT˄ึḸ䭉˅ˈ ⽪ 32 њн਼ⲴؑਧDŽ൘ᵜ⡸ Linux ṨѝˈᇊѹҶ 22 ⿽н਼ⲴؑਧDŽަѝ 20 ⿽ؑਧᱟ POSIX.1 ḷ߶ ൘Ṩԓ⸱ѝ䙊ᑨ֯⭘ањᰐㅖਧ䮯ᮤᮠ˄32 ս˅ѝⲴ∄⢩սᶕ㺘⽪⿽н਼ؑਧDŽഐ↔ᴰཊਟ㺘 ᤱެᇩᙗˈᵜ〻ᒿѝ䘈ᱟᨀҶє⿽༴⨶ؑਧⲴᯩ⌅DŽ؍POSIX ᨀҶа⿽ਟ䶐༴⨶ؑਧⲴᯩ⌅DŽѪҶ 䰝ањᤷᇊⲴؑਧˈਾᶕޣ䛓Ѹਟ䶐DŽؑਧਟ㜭Պ㻛ђཡˈ㘼ф൘༴⨶㍗㾱४ฏԓ⸱ᰦ䘋〻ᴹᰦᖸ䳮 ؑਧ༴⨶ᵪࡦ൘ᖸᰙⲴ UNIX ㌫㔏ѝቡᐢ㓿ᴹҶˈն䛓Ӌᰙᵏ UNIX Ṩѝؑਧ༴⨶Ⲵᯩ⌅ᒦнᱟ ҏਟԕੁਖањ䘋〻ਁ䘱ؑਧDŽֻྲ֯⭘ kill()࠭ᮠੁ਼㓴Ⲵᆀ䘋〻ਁ䘱㓸→ᢗ㹼ؑਧDŽ њ SIGALRM ؑਧ˗ᖃਁ⭏⺜Ԧᔲᑨᰦˈ㌫㔏ҏՊੁ↓൘ᢗ㹼Ⲵ䘋〻ਁ䘱ᓄⲴؑਧDŽਖཆˈањ䘋〻 ؑਧˈᒦ㻛ਁ䘱ࡠᖃࡽࡽਠᢗ㹼Ⲵ䘋〻ѝ˗ᖃ䘋〻䇮㖞Ⲵањᣕ䆖ᰦ䫏ࡠᵏᰦˈ㌫㔏ቡՊੁ䘋〻ਁ䘱а ctrl-C 㓴ਸ䭞ᶕ㓸→ањ〻ᒿⲴᢗ㹼DŽ䈕ቡՊӗ⭏ањ SIGINT˄SIGnal INTerrupt˅ ޕ㓸ㄟ䭞ⴈк䭞 ᵪࡦDŽᴹ䇨ཊ䖳Ѫ༽ᵲⲴ〻ᒿՊ֯⭘ࡠؑਧDŽؑਧᵪࡦᨀҶа⿽༴⨶ᔲ↕һԦⲴᯩ⌅DŽֻྲˈ⭘ᡧ൘ ਧ༴⨶Ⲵ࠭ᮠDŽ൘ UNIX ㌫㔏ѝˈؑਧᱟа⿽Ā䖟Ԧѝᯝā༴⨶ؑޣ signal.c 〻ᒿ⎹৺Ṩѝᡰᴹᴹ 8.8.1 ࣕ㜳ᨅ䘦 8.8 signal.c ぁᓅ ઼㔏䇑⇿њԫ࣑֯⭘Ⲵ㌫㔏䍴Ⓚ䟿˄ᰦ䰤˅DŽ >> 8)DŽ䘉њ䰤䳄ᇊᰦӗ⭏Ⲵѝᯝ䈧≲ቡᱟ Linux 0.11 ṨᐕⲴ㜹ᨿˈᆳ⭘Ҿᇊᰦ࠷ᦒᖃࡽᢗ㹼Ⲵԫ࣑ ࡍ䇑ᮠ٬Ⲵվᆇ㢲઼儈ᆇ㢲DŽࡍ䇑ᮠ٬վᆇ㢲઼儈ᆇ㢲٬࠶࡛Ѫ(LATCH & 0xff)઼(LATCHޕ䲿ਾ߉ Ⲵ᧗ࡦᆇᱟ 0x36˄0b00110110˅ˈޕਁࠪањᯩ⌒кॷ⋯ؑਧԕӗ⭏ѝᯝ䈧≲ؑਧ˄IRQ0˅DŽഐ↔ੁ 8254 ߉ ᮠࡍ٬䟷⭘Ҽ䘋ࡦˈᒦфࡍ䇑ᮠ٬㻛䇮㖞Ѫ LATCH˄1193180/100˅DŽণ䇙䇑ᮠಘ 0 ⇿䰤䳄 10 ∛。 Linux 0.11 ㌫㔏ਚሩ 8254 Ⲵ䇑ᮠಘ䙊䚃 0 䘋㹼Ҷ䟽ᯠ䇮㖞ˈ֯ᗇ䈕䇑ᮠಘᐕ൘ᯩᔿ 3 лǃ䇑 ಘ֯⭘DŽ ᮠಘ䙊䚃⭘Ҿ䇙ѫᵪᢜ༠ಘਁࠪ丣䈳ˈնҏਟԕо 8255A 㣟⡷˄ᡆަㅹ᭸⭥䐟˅䝽ਸѪањᲞ䙊ᇊᰦ 䐟ѝDŽമ 8-9 ѝⲴ SPK DATA 㻛䘎᧕㠣 8255A 㣟⡷ㄟਓ B˄0x61˅Ⲵ D1 ᕅ㝊ᡆㅹ᭸䙫䗁⭥䐟ѝDŽ䈕䇑 䇑ᮠಘ䙊䚃 2 Ⲵ GATE ᕅ㝊˄TIME2GATE˅㻛䘎᧕㠣 8255A 㣟⡷ㄟਓ B Ⲵ D0 ᕅ㝊ᡆㅹ᭸䙫䗁⭥ 66.288KHzDŽ PC/AT ㌫㔏Ⲵࡧᯠ⭥䐟ਁࠪ RAM ࡧᯠؑਧDŽབྷ㓖⇿ 15 ᗞ。䗃ࠪањؑਧˈ䗃ࠪ仁⦷Ѫ 1.19318/18 = ⦷ਁ⭏ಘᯩᔿ˅лˈࡍ٬䙊ᑨ㻛䇮㖞Ѫ 18DŽ䈕䇑ᮠಘ㻛⭘ᶕੁ PC/XT ㌫㔏Ⲵ DMA ᧗ࡦಘ䙊䚃 2 ᡆ 䇑ᮠಘ䙊䚃 1 Ⲵ GATE ᕅ㝊ҏⴤ᧕䘎᧕ࡠ儈⭥ᒣкˈഐ↔༴Ҿݱ䇨䇑ᮠ⣦ᘱDŽަᐕ൘ᯩᔿ 2˄仁 ਁࠪањѝᯝ䈧≲DŽ ⡷Ⲵ 0 㓗ѝᯝ䈧≲ㄟDŽഐ↔࡙⭘ᯩ⌒кॷ⋯ਟ䀖ਁѝᯝ䈧≲ˈ֯ᗇ㌫㔏⇿䰤䳄 54.9ms˄1000ms/18.2˅ቡ 㝊Պਁࠪ仁⦷Ѫ 18.2HZ˄1.193180MHz/65536˅Ⲵᯩ⌒ؑਧDŽOUT0 㻛䘎᧕㠣ਟ㕆〻ѝᯝ᧗ࡦಘ 8259 㣟 ᯩᔿ 3 л˄ᯩ⌒ਁ⭏ಘᯩᔿ˅ˈࡍ䇑ᮠ٬㻛唈䇔䇮㖞Ѫ 0ˈণ 65536˄0--65535˅DŽഐ↔⇿。䫏 OUT0 ᕅ ሩҾ䇑ᮠಘ䙊䚃 0ˈަ GATE ᕅ㝊പᇊ䘎൘儈⭥ᒣкDŽ㌫㔏ࡊк⭥ᰦᆳ㻛 BIOS 〻ᒿ䇮㖞ᡀᐕ൘ VLJQDOF 〻ᒿ LQW YRLG GHILQH6,*B,*1 LQW YRLG GHILQH6,*B')/ ൘ include/signal.h ᮷Ԧѝ˄ㅜ 45 㹼䎧˅ˈ唈䇔ਕᷴ SIG_DFL ઼ᘭ⮕༴⨶ਕᷴ SIG_IGN Ⲵᇊѹᱟ˖ SIG_DFLDŽ ᤷ䪸DŽᒦф൘ᯠਕᷴ㻛䈳⭘ᢗ㹼䗷а⅑ਾˈؑਧ༴⨶ਕᷴ৸Պ㻛ᚒ༽ᡀ唈䇔༴⨶ਕᷴ٬ signal()࠭ᮠՊ䘄എؑਧ༴⨶ਕᷴˈ䘉њ䘄എⲴਕᷴҏᱟањᰐ䘄എ٬фާᴹањᮤර৲ᮠⲴ࠭ᮠ ˈ❦ਾՊ䈳⭘ᢗ㹼ᤷᇊⲴؑਧ༴⨶࠭ᮠDŽ Ⲵؑਧ䱫ຎޣਧ༴⨶࠭ᮠˈ䛓ѸṨ俆ݸՊᢺ䈕ؑਧਕᷴ㻛༽սᡀަ唈䇔ਕᷴˈᡆ㘵Պᢗ㹼оᇎ⧠ ᷌ؑਧਕᷴᱟ SIG_DFLˈ䛓ѸቡՊᢗ㹼䈕ؑਧⲴ唈䇔DŽࡉˈྲ᷌ؑਧਕᷴ㻛䇮㖞ᡀ⭘ᡧⲴањؑ Ⲵؑਧ༴⨶ਕᷴ㻛䇮㖞ᡀ SIG_IGNˈ䛓Ѹ䈕ؑਧቡՊ㻛ᘭ⮕ᦹDŽྲޣᖃᤷᇊⲴؑਧࡠᶕᰦˈྲ᷌ ⭘ᡧᤷᇊⲴањؑਧ༴⨶࠭ᮠˈҏਟԕᱟṨᨀⲴ⢩ᇊⲴ࠭ᮠᤷ䪸 SIG_IGN ᡆ SIG_DFLDŽ signal()࠭ᮠՊ㔉ؑਧ٬ᱟ signr Ⲵؑਧᆹ㻵ањᯠⲴؑਧ༴⨶࠭ᮠਕᷴ handlerˈ䈕ؑਧਕᷴਟԕᱟ KDQGOHU LQWVLJQUVLJIXQF VLJQDO VLJIXQF 䛓ѸᡁԜਟԕᢺ signal()࠭ᮠⲴර᭩߉ᡀл䶒Ⲵㆰঅṧᆀ˖ LQW W\SHGHIYRLGVLJIXQF signal()࠭ᮠⲴර༠᰾ⴻк৫∄䖳༽ᵲˈնᱟ㤕ᡁԜᇊѹањྲл㊫ර˖ ᮠᤷ䪸ˈ䈕ᮤර৲ᮠ⭘Ҿᖃᤷᇊؑਧਁ⭏ᰦṨሶަՐ䙂㔉༴⨶ਕᷴDŽ ˄ᯠⲴؑਧ༴⨶ਕᷴ˅void (*handler)(int)DŽᯠⲴؑਧ༴⨶ਕᷴᱟањᰐ䘄എ٬фާᴹањᮤර৲ᮠⲴ࠭ 䘉њ signal()࠭ᮠᴹєњ৲ᮠDŽањᤷᇊ䴰㾱ᦅ㧧Ⲵؑਧ signr˗ਖཆањᱟᯠⲴؑਧ༴⨶࠭ᮠᤷ䪸 LQW LQW KDQGOHU LQWVLJQUYRLG VLJQDO YRLG ൘ include/signal.h ཤ᮷Ԧㅜ 55 㹼кˈsignal()࠭ᮠර༠᰾ྲл˖ ᴽ࣑〻ᒿDŽ ؑਧˈṨቡՊṩᦞ䘋〻ԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴѝ sigaction[]ѝሩᓄؑਧⲴ㔃ᶴ亩ᢗ㹼⭘ᡧ㠚ᐡᇊѹⲴؑਧ༴⨶ ᖃṨ൘䘰ࠪањ㌫㔏䈳⭘઼ḀӋѝᯝ䗷〻ᰦՊỰ⍻ᖃࡽ䘋〻ᱟ᭦ࡠؑਧDŽ㤕᭦ࡠҶ⭘ᡧᤷᇊⲴ⢩ᇊ ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴѝ䇮㖞 sigaction[]㔃ᶴᮠ㓴亩ˈᢺ㠚䓛ؑਧ༴⨶〻ᒿⲴᤷ䪸઼аӋᙗĀ䇠ᖅā൘䈕㔃ᶴ亩ѝDŽ ⭘㠚ᐡⲴؑਧ༴⨶〻ᒿ˄ؑਧਕᷴ˅ᰦˈ䴰㾱֯⭘ signal()ᡆ sigaction()㌫㔏䈳⭘俆ݸ൘䘋〻㠚ᐡⲴԫ࣑ ቡᱟṨк䘠Ր㔏ؑਧ༴⨶Ⲵᯩᔿˈ൘ḀӋ⢩↺ᰦਟ㜭Պ䙐ᡀؑਧђཡDŽᖃ⭘ᡧᜣሩ⢩ᇊؑਧ֯ signal()઼ sigaction()Ⲵ࣏㜭∄䖳㊫լˈ䜭ᱟᴤ᭩ؑਧ༴⨶ਕᷴ˄handler ,ᡆ〠Ѫ༴⨶〻ᒿ˅DŽն signal() ањ〻ᒿ˄exit.c˅ѝDŽ〻ᒿѝⲴ〠ࡽ㔰 sig ൷ᱟؑਧ signal Ⲵㆰ〠DŽ ਧⲴਁ䘱ؑਧ࠭ᮠ send_sig()઼䙊⸕⡦䘋〻࠭ᮠ tell_father()ࡉ㻛वਜ਼൘ਖؑޣⲴ࠭ᮠ do_signal()DŽᴹ ࣘⲴ㌫㔏䈳⭘ sys_sigaction()(ᰒਟ䶐ؑਧ༴⨶࠭ᮠ sigaction())ԕ৺൘㌫㔏䈳⭘ѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿѝ༴⨶ؑਧ ؑਧ༴⨶㌫㔏䈳⭘ sys_signal()˄ণՐ㔏ؑਧ༴⨶࠭ᮠ signal()˅ǃ؞᭩䘋〻൘᭦ࡠ⢩ᇊؑਧᰦᡰ䟷ਆⲴ㹼 ᵜ〻ᒿ㔉ࠪҶ䇮㖞઼㧧ਆ䘋〻ؑਧ䱫ຎ⸱˄ቿ㭭⸱˅㌫㔏䈳⭘࠭ᮠ sys_ssetmask()઼ sys_sgetmask()ǃ 㿱〻ᒿਾؑਧࡇ㺘ѝⲴ䈤᰾DŽ 3. ᢗ㹼唈䇔DŽṨѪ⇿⿽ؑਧ䜭ᨀа⿽唈䇔DŽ䙊ᑨ䘉Ӌ唈䇔ቡᱟ㓸→䘋〻Ⲵᢗ㹼DŽ৲ Ѥᰦ᮷ԦⲴᐕDŽSIGTERM ؑਧᱟ kill ભԔਁ䘱Ⲵ唈䇔ؑਧDŽ аӋ⨶ڊ᮷Ԧˈ䛓ѸᡁԜቡਟԕᇊѹањ࠭ᮠᶕᦅ㧧 SIGTERM˄㓸→ᢗ㹼˅ؑਧˈᒦ൘䈕࠭ᮠѝ ⭘DŽ㠚ᇊѹؑਧ༴⨶࠭ᮠᶕᦅ㧧ؑਧⲴањֻᆀᱟ˖ྲ᷌ᡁԜ൘〻ᒿᢗ㹼䗷〻ѝࡋᔪҶаӋѤᰦ VLJQDOF 〻ᒿ 䱫ຎ਼а؍⺞ᢺᖃࡽਁ䘱Ⲵؑਧवᤜ䘋৫ˈ䱫ຎ䈕ؑਧⲴ㔗㔝ਁ䘱DŽӾ㘼൘ᡁԜ༴⨶аᤷᇊؑਧᵏ䰤㜭 ਧਕᷴ㻛䈳⭘ᰦˈᡁԜቡਟԕ䱫ຎᤷᇊⲴаӋؑਧDŽᖃؑਧਕᷴ㻛䈳⭘ᰦˈᯠⲴؑਧቿ㭭սമՊ㠚ࣘൠ սമѝⲴањؑਧ䳶DŽྲ᷌ؑਧ༴⨶ਕᷴ䘄എˈ㌫㔏ቡՊᚒ༽䘋〻ᶕⲴؑਧቿ㭭սമDŽ䘉ṧ൘ањؑ ࡠ䘋〻ؑਧቿ㭭ޕᷴ SIG_IGNˈ䛓Ѹ൘ sa_handler ༴⨶ਕᷴਟ㻛䈳⭘ࡽˈsa_mask ᆇ⇥ቡᤷᇊҶ䴰㾱࣐ ᖃ؞᭩ањؑਧⲴ༴⨶ᯩ⌅ᰦˈྲ᷌༴⨶ਕᷴ sa_handler нᱟ唈䇔༴⨶ਕᷴ SIG_DFL ᡆᘭ⮕༴⨶ਕ ` ؑਧᚒ༽࠭ᮠᤷ䪸˄㌫㔏䜘֯⭘˅DŽ YRLG VDBUHVWRUHU YRLG ؑਧ䘹亩ḷᘇDŽ LQWVDBIODJV ؑਧⲴቿ㭭⸱ˈਟԕ䱫ຎᤷᇊⲴؑਧ䳶DŽ VLJVHWBWVDBPDVN ؑਧ༴⨶ਕᷴDŽ LQW VDBKDQGOHU YRLG VWUXFWVLJDFWLRQ^ ቡՊ൘䈕㔃ᶴѝ䘄എؑਧᶕⲴ䇮㖞ؑDŽsigaction 㔃ᶴ㿱ྲлᡰ⽪˖ ᮠ act ᤷ䪸нᱟ NULL ᰦˈቡਟԕṩᦞ act 㔃ᶴѝⲴؑ؞᭩ᤷᇊؑਧⲴ㹼ѪDŽᖃ oldact нѪオᰦˈṨ ަѝ৲ᮠ sig ᱟᡁԜ䴰㾱ḕⴻᡆ؞᭩ަؑਧ༴⨶ਕᷴⲴؑਧˈਾєњ৲ᮠᱟ sigaction 㔃ᶴⲴᤷ䪸DŽᖃ৲ ROGDFW DFWVWUXFWVLJDFWLRQ LQWVLJVWUXFWVLJDFWLRQ LQWVLJDFWLRQ include/signal.h ཤ᮷Ԧ˄ㅜ 66 㹼˅ѝⲴ༠᰾Ѫ˖ ࡦˈᆳਟԕ䇙ᡁԜᯩׯൠḕⴻᡆ؞᭩ᤷᇊؑਧⲴ༴⨶ਕᷴDŽ䈕࠭ᮠᱟ signal()࠭ᮠⲴањ䎵䳶DŽ䈕࠭ᮠ൘ ᆈᤷᇊؑਧⲴؑˈᆳᱟа⿽ਟ䶐ⲴṨ༴⨶ؑਧⲴᵪ؍ sigaction()࠭ᮠ䟷⭘Ҷ sigaction ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴᶕ ᡀ唈䇔٬DŽഐ↔ቡᴹਟ㜭䙐ᡀؑਧђཡDŽ 䇮㖞㠚ᐡⲴ༴⨶ਕᷴѻࡽˈ൘䘉⇥ᰦ䰤ᴹਟ㜭৸ᴹањؑਧਁ⭏DŽնᱟ↔ᰦ㌫㔏ᐢ㓿ᢺ༴⨶ਕᷴ䇮㖞 㠚ᐡ䇮㖞Ⲵؑਧ༴⨶࠭ᮠѝˈն൘䟽ᯠа⅑ޕ signal()࠭ᮠнਟ䶐Ⲵഐ൘Ҿᖃؑਧᐢ㓿ਁ⭏㘼䘋 ` ѫ〻ᒿѝ䇮㖞㠚ᐡⲴؑਧ༴⨶ਕᷴDŽ 6,*,17VLJBKDQGOHU VLJQDO ^ PDLQ ` Ѫ༴⨶ла⅑ؑਧਁ⭏㘼䟽ᯠ䇮㖞㠚ᐡⲴ༴⨶ਕᷴDŽ 6,*,17VLJBKDQGOHU VLJQDO ^ LQWVLJQU ؑਧਕᷴDŽ YRLGVLJBKDQGOHU ѪҶ㜭䘎㔝ൠᦅ㧧ањᤷᇊⲴؑਧˈsignal()࠭ᮠⲴ䙊ᑨ֯⭘ᯩᔿֻᆀྲлDŽ ༴⨶ᯩᔿ൘ᆀ䘋〻ѝ਼ṧᴹ᭸DŽ fork()ањᆀ䘋〻ᰦˈᆀ䘋〻Պ㔗⡦䘋〻Ⲵؑਧ༴⨶ᯩᔿ˄ؑਧቿ㭭⸱˅DŽഐ↔⡦䘋〻ሩؑਧⲴ䇮㖞઼ ᖃањ〻ᒿ㻛ᢗ㹼ᰦˈ㌫㔏Պ䇮㖞ަ༴⨶ᡰᴹؑਧⲴᯩᔿѪ SIG_DFL ᡆ SIG_IGNDŽਖཆˈᖃ〻ᒿ ᘭ⮕Ⲵ˅DŽ৲㿱л䶒〻ᒿࡇ㺘ѝㅜ 94—98 㹼Ⲵ༴⨶䗷〻DŽ Ⲵᤷ䪸٬ᶕࡔᯝᱟ֯⭘唈䇔ؑਧ༴⨶ਕᷴᡆᘭ⮕ሩؑਧⲴ༴⨶˄ᖃ❦ SIGKILL ઼ SIGSTOP ᱟн㜭㻛 њᤷ䪸٬䙫䗁к䇢ᱟᇎ䱵〻ᒿѝнਟ㜭ࠪ⧠Ⲵ࠭ᮠൠ൰٬DŽഐ↔൘ signal()࠭ᮠѝቡਟԕṩᦞ䘉єњ⢩↺ 䜭࠶࡛㺘⽪ᰐ䘄എ٬Ⲵ࠭ᮠᤷ䪸ˈо signal()࠭ᮠѝㅜҼњ৲ᮠⲴ㾱≲਼DŽᤷ䪸٬࠶࡛ᱟ 0 ઼ 1DŽ䘉є VLJQDOF 〻ᒿ ⭘ᡧ〻ᒿ ؑਧ༴⨶〻ᒿ ла䈝ਕ ㌫㔏䈳⭘ LQW[ Ṩ㌫㔏䈳⭘ѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿ ,5(7 ᡧึḸѝDŽ ࡠ⭘ޕ〻ᒿਕᷴᨂ ࠭ᮠDŽሶؑਧ༴⨶ 䈳⭘ GRBVLJQDO ༴⨶DŽ ሩؑਧ䘋㹼䇶࡛亴 ࠭ᮠ༴⨶〻ᒿDŽ 䈳⭘ᓄ࣏㜭Ⲵ & Ⲵᇩ㿱മ 8-12 ѝᐖ䗩ᡰ⽪DŽഐ↔ do_signal()Ⲵ৲ᮠণᱟ䘉Ӌ൘ṨᘱึḸкⲴᇩDŽ ↔⅑ᤷᇊⲴ㌫㔏䈳⭘࣏㜭ᒦ߶༷䈳⭘ do_signal()ᰦ˄ҏণ system_call.s 〻ᒿ 118 㹼ѻਾ˅ˈṨᘱึḸѝ ⽪Ⲵᇩˈҏণ˖⭘ᡧ〻ᒿⲴ SS ઼ ESP ԕ৺⭘ᡧ〻ᒿѝлаᶑᤷԔⲴᢗ㹼⛩ս㖞 CS ઼ EIPDŽ൘༴⨶ᆼ മ 8-11 ѝᡰྲޕṨᰦˈ䈕䘋〻ⲴṨᘱึḸкՊ⭡ CPU 㠚ࣘޕ൘⭘ᡧ〻ᒿ䈳⭘㌫㔏䈳⭘ࡊ䘋 do_signal()࠭ᮠӾ 104 㹼ᔰⲴԓ⸱∄䖳䳮ԕ⨶䀓ˈл䶒ᡁԜሶሩަ䘋㹼䈖㓶᧿䘠DŽ ѝˈ৲㿱മ 8-11 ᡰ⽪DŽ⭡ҾަޕⲴ৲ᮠޣᢙኅ longs њ䮯ᆇ˄৲㿱л䶒〻ᒿѝ 106 㹼˅ˈ❦ਾሶ ࡠ⭘ᡧึḸѝѻࡽˈdo_signal()࠭ᮠ俆ݸՊᢺ⭘ᡧ〻ᒿึḸᤷ䪸ੁлޕ൘ᢺؑਧ༴⨶〻ᒿⲴ৲ᮠᨂ ഴ ؗਭ༺⨼ぁᓅⲺ䈹⭞ᯯᕅȾ 㔗㔝ᢗ㹼⭘ᡧⲴ〻ᒿˈ㿱മ 8-10 ᡰ⽪DŽ ࡠ⭘ᡧ〻ᒿึḸѝDŽ䘉ṧˈ൘ᖃࡽ㌫㔏䈳⭘㔃ᶏ䘄എਾቡՊ・ᢗ㹼ؑਧਕᷴ〻ᒿˈ❦ਾޕ⨶࠭ᮠ˅ᨂ 㔏䈳⭘ᡆ㘵ਁ⭏ᰦ䫏ㅹѝᯝᰦˈ㤕䘋〻ᐢ᭦ࡠؑਧˈࡉ䈕࠭ᮠቡՊᢺؑਧⲴ༴⨶ਕᷴ˄ণሩᓄⲴؑਧ༴ do_signal()࠭ᮠᱟṨ㌫㔏䈳⭘(int 0x80)ѝᯝ༴⨶〻ᒿѝሩؑਧⲴ亴༴⨶〻ᒿDŽ൘䘋〻⇿⅑䈳⭘㌫ 㿱л䶒䈖㓶䈤᰾DŽˈഎ٬ ᰦ⭡ Libc ࠭ᮠᓃᨀˈ⭘Ҿ൘ؑਧ༴⨶〻ᒿ㔃ᶏਾ⨶⭘ᡧᘱึḸˈᒦᚒ༽㌫㔏䈳⭘ᆈ᭮൘ eax ѝⲴ䘄 sigaction 㔃ᶴѝⲴᴰਾањᆇ⇥઼ sys_signal()࠭ᮠⲴ৲ᮠ restorer ᱟа࠭ᮠᤷ䪸DŽᆳ൘㕆䈁䘎᧕〻ᒿ include/signal.h ᮷Ԧѝ˄ㅜ 36-39 㹼˅Ⲵ䈤᰾DŽ sigaction 㔃ᶴѝⲴ sa_flags ⭘ҾᤷᇊަԆаӋ༴⨶ؑਧⲴ䘹亩ˈ䘉Ӌ䘹亩Ⲵᇊѹ䈧৲㿱 signal()࠭ᮠՊ൘а༴⨶ਕᷴ㔃ᶏਾሶަᚒ༽ᡀؑਧⲴ唈䇔༴⨶ਕᷴDŽ њؑਧⲴ༴⨶ਕᷴѻਾˈ䲔䶎⅑ᴤ᭩ˈࡉቡаⴤ֯⭘䈕༴⨶ਕᷴDŽ䘉оՐ㔏Ⲵ signal()࠭ᮠнаṧDŽ ањṧֻˈҏণ൘䱫ຎ䀓䲔ᰦሩҾ䱫ຎⲴཊњ਼аؑਧਚՊ䈳⭘а⅑ؑਧ༴⨶ਕᷴDŽ൘ᡁԜ؞᭩Ҷа ᆈަ؍њؑਧ㘼н䇙ަђཡˈⴤࡠ↔⅑༴⨶ᆼ∅DŽਖཆˈ൘ањؑਧ㻛䱫ຎᵏ䰤㘼৸ཊ⅑ਁ⭏ᰦ䙊ᑨਚ VLJQDOF 〻ᒿ LUHW ѻࡽ HVS ণሶᢗ㹼ԓ⸱ 䈳⭘ GRBVLJQDO ѻਾⲴᤷੁ 䈳⭘ GRBVLJQDO ѻࡽⲴᤷੁ ᐢᢗ㹼ԓ⸱ ؑਧ༴⨶〻ᒿ ⭘ᡧ〻ᒿ VDBUHVWRUHU ؑਧ VLJQU EORFNHG@< 䈳⭘䘄എ٬ HD[ HF[ HG[ HIODJV ROGBHLS ⭘ᡧᘱึḸ ؑਧ VLJQU HD[ HE[ HF[ HG[ IV HV GV ṨᘱึḸ HLS FV HIODJV HVS VV ᯩੁޕ / ؞᭩Ҷ䘉䟼 (63 Ⲵ٬ ؞᭩ਾᇎ䱵 HVS ORQJV ṨᘱึḸ ⭘ᡧᘱึḸ (,3 &6 ()/$*6 (63 66 ᯩੁޕ ٬DŽ 䘈ݱ䇨᭦ࡠᵜ䓛ˈࡉึḸк䘈ᆈ᭮ᴹ䈕䘋〻Ⲵ䱫ຎ⸱ blockedDŽлањᱟؑਧ signr ᆈᴹ㌫㔏䈳⭘Ⲵ䘄എ٬DŽྲ᷌ᡰ༴⨶Ⲵؑਧ؍⭘䘄എਾӽ❦䴰㾱ᚒ༽䘉Ӌ⭘ᡧ〻ᒿⲴᇴᆈಘ٬DŽeax ѝ สᵜкҏᱟ䈳⭘㌫㔏䈳⭘Ⲵ৲ᮠˈ൘㌫㔏䈳ˈeflagsǃedx ઼ ecx ᱟ⭘ᡧ〻ᒿ൘䈳⭘㌫㔏䈳⭘ѻࡽⲴ٬ ⮉лᶕⲴDŽ؍ old_eip ণᱟ⭘ᡧ〻ᒿⲴ䘄എൠ൰ˈᆳᱟ൘ṨึḸк eip 㻛ᴯᦒᡀؑਧਕᷴൠ൰ѻࡽ ᡁԜ⧠൘ᶕ䈤᰾䘉Ӌ٬Ⲵਜ਼ѹԕ৺᭮㖞䘉Ӌ٬ⲴഐDŽˈᖰ⭘ᡧᘱึḸк᭮㖞Ҷ 7 ࡠ 8 њ٬ޡᙫ ༽ࡦࡠҶ䘉њオ䰤ѝˈ㿱മѝਣ䗩ᡰ⽪DŽ ᢺ⭘ᡧᘱึḸੁлᢙኅҶ 7 ᡆ 8 њ䮯ᆇオ䰤DŽᴰਾᢺṨึḸкⲴаӋᇴᆈಘᇩˈ٬ espā߿৫ longs ᆈⲴĀ؍ѹਕᷴ sa_handlerˈҏণ䇙മѝṨᘱึḸѝⲴ eip ᤷੁ sa_handlerDŽ᧕лᶕ䙊䗷ᢺṨᘱѝ ᆈѪ old_eipˈ❦ਾሶ䈕 eip ᴯᦒᡀᤷੁ㠚ᇊ؍ ᆳ俆ݸᢺṨᘱึḸѝ⭘ᡧ〻ᒿⲴ䘄എᢗ㹼⛩ᤷ䪸 eip ⭘ᡧᘱึḸѝDŽޕᒿ˄ؑਧਕᷴ sa_handler˅ˈࡉӾ 104 㹼䎧 do_signal()ᔰ߶༷ᢺ⭘ᡧ㠚ᇊѹⲴਕᷴᨂ ൘ do_signal()༴⨶ᆼєњ唈䇔ؑਧਕᷴ˄SIG_IGN ઼ SIG_DFL˅ѻਾˈ㤕⭘ᡧ㠚ᇊѹҶؑਧ༴⨶〻 ᭯⭞ᡭᘷḾⲺޭ։䗽ぁؤ ࠳ᮦ ഴ GRBVLJQDO ᭯ؤ ࠳ᮦሯ⭞ᡭḾⲺ ഴ GRBVLJQDO VLJQDOF 〻ᒿ UHW SRSIO SRSOHG[ SRSOHF[ SRSOHD[ ٬DŽ DGGOHVSђᔳ EORFNHG FDOOBBBBVVHWPDVN䇮㖞ؑਧቿ㭭⸱ROGEORFNLQJ VLJQU DGGOHVSђᔳؑਧ٬ BBBBPDVNVLJBUHVWRUH 㤕ᴹ EORFNHG ࡉ֯⭘л䶒䘉њ UHVWRUHU ࠭ᮠˈEORFNHG VVHWPDVN ֯⭘DŽ UHW SRSIOᚒ༽⭘ᡧ〻ᒿᰦⲴḷᘇᇴᆈಘDŽ SRSOHG[ SRSOHF[ᚒ༽⭘ᡧ〻ᒿᇴᆈಘ٬DŽ SRSOHD[ᚒ༽㌫㔏䈳⭘䘄എ٬DŽ VLJQU DGGOHVSђᔳؑਧ٬ BBBBVLJBUHVWRUH 㤕⋑ᴹ EORFNHG ࡉ֯⭘䘉њ UHVWRUHU ࠭ᮠ JOREOBBBBPDVNVLJBUHVWRUH JOREOBBBBVLJBUHVWRUH ᮷Ԧ˄misc/ᆀⴞᖅ˅ѝᴹᆳⲴ࠭ᮠˈᇊѹྲл˖ 䛓Ѹ sa_restorer 䘉њ࠭ᮠᱟӾଚ䟼ᶕⲴ˛ަᇎᆳᱟ⭡࠭ᮠᓃᨀⲴDŽ൘ Linux Ⲵ Libc 2.2.2 ࠭ᮠᓃ Պ䇙䈕〻ᒿ㔃ᶏ䘀㹼DŽ ਾՊᢺ SIGINT ؑਧⲴ༴⨶䗷〻䇮㖞ᡀ唈䇔ؑਧ༴⨶ਕᷴDŽഐ↔൘ㅜҼ⅑᤹л Ctrl-C 㓴ਸ䭞ᰦˈSIG_DFL ަѝˈؑਧ༴⨶࠭ᮠ handler()Պ൘ؑਧ SIGINT ࠪ⧠ᰦ㻛䈳⭘ᢗ㹼DŽ䈕࠭ᮠ俆ݸ䗃ࠪаᶑؑˈ❦ ` ` ㅹᖵ 。䫏DŽ VOHHS 6LJQDOWHVW?Q SULQWI ^ ZKLOH 䇮㖞 6,*,17 Ⲵ⭘ᡧ㠚ᇊѹؑਧ༴⨶ਕᷴDŽ 6,*,17KDQGOHU YRLG VLJQDO ^ LQWPDLQ նሩҾަԆ㌫㔏ᵚᗵྲ↔˅ˈ`㠚ࣘᚒ༽唈䇔٬ ᚒ༽ 6,*,17 ؑਧⲴ唈䇔༴⨶ਕᷴDŽ˄ᇎ䱵кṨՊ 6,*,176,*B')/ YRLG VLJQDO 7KHVLJQDOLVG?QVLJ SULQWI ^ LQWVLJ ؑਧ༴⨶ਕᷴDŽ YRLGKDQGOHU XQLVWGK! LQFOXGH VWGLRK! LQFOXGH VLJQDOK! LQFOXGH Պӗ⭏ SIGINT ؑਧDŽ л䶒ᱟѪ SIGINT ؑਧ䇮㖞㠚ᇊѹؑਧ༴⨶ਕᷴⲴањㆰঅֻᆀˈ唈䇔ᛵߥлˈ᤹л Ctrl-C 㓴ਸ䭞 signr ઼ањؑਧ༴⨶ਕᷴ handlerDŽ ѹ signal()࠭ᮠᰦਚᨀҶањؑਧ٬ ᴰਾањᱟؑਧ⍫ࣘᚒ༽࠭ᮠⲴᤷ䪸 sa_restorerDŽ䘉њᚒ༽࠭ᮠнᱟ⭡⭘ᡧ䇮ᇊⲴˈഐѪ൘⭘ᡧᇊ VLJQDOF 〻ᒿ old_eip˅ˈ䘄എ৫ᢗ㹼⭘ᡧ〻ᒿDŽ ⭘ਾᇴᆈಘ઼ CPU Ⲵ⣦ᘱDŽᴰਾ䙊䗷 sa_restorer Ⲵ ret ᤷԔᕩࠪ⭘ᡧ〻ᒿⲴ eip˄ҏণึḸкⲴ ᚒ༽Ҷ㌫㔏䈳ޘeax ઼ᇴᆈಘ ecxǃedx ԕ৺ḷᘇᇴᆈಘ eflags ᕩࠪˈᆼ signrˈᒦᢺ㌫㔏䈳⭘ਾⲴ䘄എ٬ аӋ⭘ᡧᘱึḸⲴ⨶ᐕˈҏণՊ䐣䗷ึḸкⲴؑਧ٬ڊੁⲴᚒ༽〻ᒿ৫ᢗ㹼DŽ㘼 sa_restorer 〻ᒿՊ Ⲵؑਧ༴⨶〻ᒿDŽ൘䈕ؑਧ༴⨶〻ᒿᢗ㹼ᆼਾˈ䙊䗷 ret ᤷԔˈCPU Պᢺ᧗ࡦᵳ〫Ӕ㔉 sa_restorer ᡰᤷ ᚒ༽ࡠ⭘ᡧᘱ৫ᢗ㹼〻ᒿDŽ⭡Ҿ eip ᐢ㓿㻛ᴯᦒѪᤷੁؑਧਕᷴˈഐ↔ˈ↔ণՊ・ণᢗ㹼⭘ᡧ㠚ᇊѹ Ⲵᡰᴹ٬ᕩࠪึḸDŽ൘ᢗ㹼Ҷ iret ᤷԔѻਾˈCPU ሶᢺṨᘱึḸкⲴ cs:eipǃeflags ԕ৺ ss:esp ᕩࠪˈ ᴰਾ䈤᰾алᢗ㹼Ⲵ⍱〻DŽ൘ do_signel()ᢗ㹼ᆼਾˈsystem_call.s ሶՊᢺ䘋〻ṨᘱึḸк eip ԕл ྭ䊑⋑ᴹ䘀㹼䗷ؑਧ༴⨶〻ᒿˈ㘼ᱟⴤ᧕Ӿ㌫㔏䈳⭘ѝ䘄എⲴDŽ ቡˈ sa_restorer()࠭ᮠ䍏䍓⨶൘ؑਧ༴⨶〻ᒿᢗ㹼ᆼਾᚒ༽⭘ᡧ〻ᒿⲴᇴᆈಘ٬઼㌫㔏䈳⭘䘄എ٬ ` UHWXUQ HUUQR VLJ UHWXUQ VLJ! LI ROG VD G BBIRRHE[ F BB15BVLJDFWLRQ U VLJ D LQW[ BBDVPBB VD!VDBUHVWRUHU BBBPDVNVLJBUHVWRUH HOVH VD!VDBUHVWRUHU BBBVLJBUHVWRUH 6$B120$6. 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ᤷԔᔰᢗ㹼ѻਾˈࡉॿ༴⨶ಘѝⲴᇩቡਟ㜭䴰㾱൘ᢗ㹼ᯠⲴ (6& ᤷԔѻࡽ ಘᆈ൘ḷᘇ 03 ҏ਼ᰦ㖞սⲴ䈍ˈ䛓Ѹ :$,7 ᤷԔҏՊᦅ㧧DŽഐ↔ˈྲ᷌ԫ࣑࠷ᦒਁ⭏൘а ᮠᆖॿ༴⨶ಘ˖ྲ᷌䈕ḷᘇ㖞սˈ䛓Ѹ⇿њ (6& ᤷԔ䜭Պ㻛ᦅ㧧˄ᔲᑨ ˅DŽྲ᷌ॿ༴⨶ ѝⲴԫ࣑ᐢӔᦒ˄76˅ḷᘇDŽ⇿ᖃਁ⭏ԫ࣑࠷ᦒˈ&38 䜭Պ䇮㖞䈕ḷᘇDŽ䈕ḷᘇ⭘Ҿ㇑⨶ ᆈަкл᮷DŽ≷㕆ᤷԔ FOWV ⭘Ҿ䲔᧗ࡦᇴᆈಘ &5؍ྲ᷌ᖃࡽԫ࣑֯⭘Ҷॿ༴⨶ಘˈቡ ˄儈 սᴹ᭸˅DŽ S!WVVWUDFHBELWPDS [ ԫ࣑ተ䜘㺘᧿䘠ㅖⲴ䘹ᤙㅖ˄/'7 ᧿䘠ㅖ൘ *'7 ѝ˅DŽ QU S!WVVOGW B/'7 [IIII S!WVVJV JV [IIII S!WVVIV IV [IIII S!WVVGV GV [IIII S!WVVVV VV IRUNF 〻ᒿ ᶴ task_struct ѝDŽሩᆳⲴ䈤᰾䈧৲ㅜ 4 ㄐDŽ ᆈ൘ԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃؍л䶒മ 8-14 ᱟԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥ TSS˄Task State Segment˅ⲴᇩDŽ⇿њԫ࣑Ⲵ TSS 㻛 8.10.3.1 Աࣗ⣬ᘷ⇫δTSSεؗᚥ 8.10.3 ެԌؗᚥ ` UHWXUQ($*$,1 UHWXUQL WDVN>L@ LI L ԫ࣑ 亩㻛ᧂ䲔൘ཆDŽ 15B7$6.6 L L IRU WDVN>L@!SLG ODVWBSLG JRWRUHSHDW WDVN>L@ LI L 15B7$6.6 L L IRU ODVWBSLG ODVWBSLG LI UHSHDW 䜘ঐ⭘ˈࡉ䘄എࠪ䭉⸱DŽ ޘተਈ䟿ˈн⭘䘄എDŽྲ᷌↔ᰦԫ࣑ᮠ㓴ѝ њ亩ᐢ㓿㻛ޘ䘄എ亩ਧDŽODVWBSLG ᱟањ 䐣䖜ࡠ࠭ᮠᔰ༴䟽ᯠ㧧ᗇањ SLG ਧDŽ᧕⵰൘ԫ࣑ᮠ㓴ѝѪᯠԫ࣑ራањオ䰢亩ˈᒦ ֯⭘ SLG ਧDŽ❦ਾ൘ԫ࣑ᮠ㓴ѝᩌ㍒ࡊ䇮㖞Ⲵ SLG ਧᱟᐢ㓿㻛ԫօԫ࣑֯⭘DŽྲ᷌ᱟࡉ 俆ݸ㧧ਆᯠⲴ䘋〻ਧDŽྲ᷌ ODVWBSLG ໎ ਾ䎵ࠪ䘋〻ਧⲴ↓ᮠ㺘⽪㤳തˈࡉ䟽ᯠӾ ᔰ IRUNF 〻ᒿ ⮉սˈ䇮㖞Ѫ DŽ؍ ࡽаԫ࣑䬮᧕ (63 66 (63 66 (63 66 3'%5 &5 (,3 ()/$*6 ($; (&; ('; (%; (63 (%3 (6, (', (6 &6 66 '6 )6 *6 /'7 ⇥䘹ᤙㅖ սമสൠ൰ 7 2, ] ] ] &] ] ] ] &] ] ] ] &] ] ] ] &] ] ] ] &] ] ] ] &] ] ] ٿ I/O ∄⢩սമѝⲴ⇿ 1 ∄⢩ሩᓄ 1 њ I/O ㄟਓDŽ∄ྲㄟਓ 41 Ⲵ∄⢩սቡᱟ I/O սമสൠ൰+5ˈս ᇴᆈಘѝⲴ䘹ᤙㅖ˄ԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘⲴਟ㿱䜘࠶˅DŽ ⲴDŽᖃࡽ↓൘ᢗ㹼ԫ࣑Ⲵ TSS ᱟ⭡ԫ࣑ᇴᆈಘ˄TR˅ᶕᤷ⽪ⲴDŽᤷԔ LTR ઼ STR ⭘ᶕ؞᭩઼䈫ਆԫ࣑ ԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥ਟԕᆈ᭮൘㓯ᖒオ䰤ⲴԫօൠᯩDŽоަԆ㊫⇥լˈԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥ҏᱟ⭡᧿䘠ㅖᶕᇊѹ ㅖѝ䈤᰾˅DŽ ᔲᑨⲴ T-∄⢩ս˄䈳䈅䐏䑚ս˅ǃI/O ∄⢩սമสൠ൰˄ަ䮯ᓖк䲀ቡᱟ TSS Ⲵ䮯ᓖк䲀ˈ൘ TSS ᧿䘠 ᖅสൠ൰Ⲵᇴᆈಘ˄PDBR˅ǃ⢩ᵳ㓗 0-2 ⲴึḸᤷ䪸ǃᖃԫ࣑䘋㹼࠷ᦒᰦሬ㠤 CPU ӗ⭏ањ䈳䈅(debug) 2 ㊫ᆇ⇥ᱟ CPU Պ䈫ਆնнՊᴤ᭩Ⲵ䶉ᘱؑ䳶DŽ䘉Ӌᆇ⇥ᴹ˖ԫ࣑Ⲵ LDT Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖǃਜ਼ᴹԫ࣑亥ⴞ ḷᘇᇴᆈಘ˄EFLAGS˅ǃᤷԔᤷ䪸˄EIP˅ǃࡽањᢗ㹼ԫ࣑Ⲵ TSS Ⲵ䘹ᤙㅖ˄ӵᖃ䘄എᰦᴤᯠ˅DŽㅜ ⭘ᇴᆈಘ˄EAXˈECXˈEDXˈEBXˈESPˈEBPˈESIˈEDI˅ǃ⇥ᇴᆈಘ˄ES, CS, SS, DS, FS, GS˅ǃ TSS ѝⲴᆇ⇥ਟԕ࠶Ѫє㊫˖ㅜ 1 ㊫Պ൘ CPU 䘋㹼ԫ࣑࠷ᦒᰦࣘᘱᴤᯠⲴؑ䳶DŽ䘉Ӌᆇ⇥ᴹ˖䙊 മѝᱮ⽪ࠪᢗ㹼 80386 ԫ࣑Ⲵ TSS ṬᔿDŽ CPU ㇑⨶ԫ࣑䴰㾱Ⲵᡰᴹؑ㻛ᆈۘҾањ⢩↺㊫රⲴ⇥ѝˈԫ࣑⣦ᘱ⇥(task state segment - TSS)DŽ ഴ Աࣗ⣬ᘷ⇫ 766 ѣⲺؗᚥȾ IRUNF 〻ᒿ ᆈ൘ suid ѝDŽ਼⨶ˈ᮷ԦⲴ set-group-ID ḷᘇҏᴹ؍䘉⿽ḷᘇⲴਇ䲀᮷Ԧˈ਼ᰦ䈕᮷ԦᇯѫⲴ⭘ᡧ ID 㻛 ḷᘇ㖞սᰦˈ䛓Ѹ䘋〻Ⲵᴹ᭸⭘ᡧ ID ቡՊ㻛䇮㖞ᡀ䈕᮷ԦᇯѫⲴ⭘ᡧ IDˈഐ↔䘋〻ቡਟԕ䇯䰞䇮㖞Ҷ 㜭䇯䰞䘋〻Ⲵᴹ᭸⭘ᡧǃᴹ᭸⭘ᡧ㓴㿴ᇊⲴ᮷ԦᡆަԆݱ䇨䇯䰞Ⲵ᮷ԦDŽնᱟྲ᷌ањ᮷ԦⲴ set-user-ID Ⲵ᮷ԦDŽᖃᢗ㹼ањ〻ᒿᰦˈ䘋〻Ⲵ euid 䙊ᑨቡᱟᇎ䱵⭘ᡧ IDˈegid 䙊ᑨቡᱟᇎ䱵㓴 IDDŽഐ↔䘋〻ਚ ᆈⲴ㓴 ID˄sgid˅⭘Ҿ䘋〻䇯䰞䇮㖞Ҷ set-user-ID ᡆ set-group-ID ḷᘇ؍઼˅ᆈⲴ⭘ᡧ ID˄suid؍ 䘋〻䇯䰞᮷ԦᰦⲴ䇨ਟᵳࡔᯝDŽ ID˄rgid˅DŽ䎵㓗⭘ᡧਟԕ֯⭘࠭ᮠ set_uid()઼ set_gid()ሩᆳԜ䘋㹼؞᭩DŽᴹ᭸⭘ᡧ ID ઼ᴹ᭸㓴 ID ⭘Ҿ 䘋〻Ⲵ uid ઼ gid ࠶࡛ቡᱟ䘋〻ᤕᴹ㘵Ⲵ⭘ᡧ ID ઼㓴 IDˈҏণ䘋〻Ⲵᇎ䱵⭘ᡧ ID˄ruid˅઼ᇎ䱵㓴 gidDŽࡉ sgid ㅹҾ䘋〻Ⲵ egidDŽ ᆈ⵰ᢗ㹼᮷ԦⲴ؍˄set-group-ID˅㖞սᰦˈsgid ѝ ᆈⲴ㓴 IDDŽᖃᢗ㹼᮷ԦⲴ䇮㖞㓴 ID ḷᘇ؍ - sgid ᢗ㹼᮷ԦⲴ uidDŽࡉ suid ㅹҾ䘋〻Ⲵ euidDŽ ᆈ⵰؍ID ḷᘇ˄set-user-ID˅㖞սᰦˈsuid ѝ ᆈⲴ⭘ᡧ IDDŽᖃᢗ㹼᮷ԦⲴ䇮㖞⭘ᡧ؍ - suid ᆈⲴ؍ ᴹ᭸Ⲵ euid - ᴹ᭸⭘ᡧ IDDŽᤷ᰾䇯䰞᮷ԦⲴᵳ䲀DŽ egid - ᴹ᭸㓴 IDDŽᤷ᰾䇯䰞᮷ԦⲴᵳ䲀DŽ 䘋〻Ⲵ uid - ⭘ᡧ IDDŽᤷ᰾ᤕᴹ䈕䘋〻Ⲵ⭘ᡧDŽ gid - 㓴 IDDŽᤷ᰾ᤕᴹ䈕䘋〻Ⲵ⭘ᡧ㓴DŽ ㊫࡛ ⭘ᡧ ID 㓴 ID 㺞 ̢ф䘑ぁީⲺ⭞ᡭ ,' ૂ㓺 ,' ᆈҶ 3 ⿽⭘ᡧ ID ઼㓴 IDDŽ㿱㺘 8–5 ᡰ⽪DŽ؍ањ䘋〻Ⲵԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴѝˈѪҶᇎ⧠н਼࣏㜭㘼 ઼㓴 IDˈᆳԜᤷ᰾Ҷ᮷Ԧᤕᴹ㘵઼ᡰ⭘ᡧ㓴DŽѫ㾱⭘Ҿ䇯䰞ᡆᢗ㹼᮷ԦᰦⲴᵳ䲀ࡔ࡛DŽਖཆˈ൘ ᆈ⵰ᇯѫⲴ⭘ᡧ ID؍ᑨ㻛〠Ѫᇎ䱵⭘ᡧ ID˄ruid˅઼ᇎ䱵㓴 ID˄rgid˅DŽ㘼൘⇿њ᮷ԦⲴ i 㢲⛩ؑѝ䜭 ањ⭘ᡧᴹ⭘ᡧ ID˄uid˅઼⭘ᡧ㓴 ID˄gid˅DŽ䘉єњ ID ᱟ passwd ᮷Ԧѝሩ䈕⭘ᡧ䇮㖞Ⲵ IDˈ䙊 аㆰ㾱䈤᰾DŽ ᇎ䱵⭘ᡧ ID˄ruid˅ǃᴹ᭸⭘ᡧ ID˄euid˅ԕ৺Պ䈍 ID˄session˅ㅹⲴ࠭ᮠDŽл䶒俆ݸሩ䘉Ӌ ID 䘋〻 ID˄pid˅ǃ䘋〻㓴 ID˄pgrp ᡆ pgid˅ǃ⭘ᡧ ID˄uid˅ǃ⭘ᡧ㓴 ID˄gid˅ǃޣ䈕〻ᒿѝਜ਼ᴹᖸཊᴹ ᮷Ԧ include/linux/sys.hDŽ Ṩ䘈⋑ᴹᇎ⧠䈕࣏㜭ˈਟԕ৲㘳ⴞࡽⲴԓ⸱ᶕҶ䀓ᆳԜⲴᇎ⧠ᯩ⌅DŽᡰᴹ㌫㔏䈳⭘࣏㜭䈤᰾䈧৲㿱ཤ ENOSYSˈࡉ㺘⽪ᵜ⡸ Linux- sys.c 〻ᒿਜ਼ᴹᖸཊ㌫㔏䈳⭘࣏㜭Ⲵᇎ⧠࠭ᮠDŽަѝˈ࠭ᮠ㤕ӵᴹ䘄എ٬ 8.11.1 ࣕ㜳ᨅ䘦 8.11 sys.c ぁᓅ Ḹᤷ䪸ࡍս㖞нਈˈ൷Ѫԫ࣑ᮠᦞ㔃ᶴᡰ൘亥䶒Ⲵ亦ㄟս㖞༴DŽ Ṩᘱᢗ㹼ᰦˈަṨᘱึޕᆈ൘ SS:ESP ᇴᆈಘѝDŽ⭡кᡰ䘠ਟ⸕ˈ⇿ᖃԫ࣑䘋؍ᡧᘱᰦึḸᤷ䪸ࡉ ࠶࡛ሩᓄ䘀㹼Ҿ⢩ᵳ㓗 1 ઼ 2 ᰦ֯⭘ⲴึḸᤷ䪸ˈ䘉єњ⢩ᵳ㓗൘ Linux ѝ⋑ᴹ֯⭘DŽ㘼ԫ࣑ᐕҾ⭘ ൘ Linux 0.11 ѝˈമѝ SS0:ESP0 ⭘Ҿᆈ᭮ԫ࣑൘Ṩᘱ䘀㹼ᰦⲴึḸᤷ䪸DŽSS1:ESP1 ઼ SS2:ESP2 սമส൰䇮㖞ᡀҶ 0x8000ˈᱮ❦བྷҾ TSS ⇥䲀䮯 104 ᆇ㢲ˈഐ↔ Linux 0.11 Ṩѝ⋑ᴹ I/O 䇨ਟսമDŽ ᣔDŽ൘唈䇔ᛵߥлˈLinux 0.11 Ṩѝᢺ I/O؍ᡰᴹᖃࡽ⢩ᵳቲ CPL>IOPL Ⲵ I/O ᤷԔ൷Պሬ㠤ਁ⭏ᔲᑨ ྲ᷌ I/O սമส൰㻛䇮㖞ᡀབྷҾᡆㅹҾ TSS ⇥䲀䮯ˈࡉ㺘⽪䈕 TSS ⇥⋑ᴹ I/O 䇨ਟսമˈ䛓ѸሩҾ I/O DŽ ᣔᙗᔲᑨˈࡉቡՊᢗ㹼䈕؍ՊỰḕ TSS ѝⲴ I/O ∄⢩սമDŽྲ᷌ᓄ∄⢩սᱟ㖞սⲴˈቡՊӗ⭏а㡜 ᵳ㓗ᱟሿҾḷᘇᇴᆈಘⲴ IOPLˈྲ᷌䘉њᶑԦ┑䏣ˈቡᢗ㹼䈕 I/O DŽྲ᷌н┑䏣ˈ䛓Ѹ CPU ቡ ᣔ⁑ᔿѝˈᖃ䙷ࡠ 1 њ I/O ᤷԔᰦ˄INǃINSǃOUT ઼ OUTS˅ˈCPU 俆ݸቡՊỰḕᖃࡽ⢩؍〫 1 ༴DŽ൘ V\VF 〻ᒿ ` UHWXUQ(126<6 ^ LQWV\VBVWW\ ᭩ਈᒦᢃঠ㓸ㄟ㹼䇮㖞DŽ ` UHWXUQ(126<6 ^ LQWV\VBSWUDFH GHEXJJLQJ DŽ ⭘Ҿᖃࡽ䘋〻ሩᆀ䘋〻䘋㹼䈳䈅 ` UHWXUQ(126<6 ^ LQWV\VBEUHDN ` UHWXUQ(126<6 ^ IWLPH̢)HWFKWLPH LQWV\VBIWLPH 䘄എᰕᵏ઼ᰦ䰤DŽԕл䘄എ٬ᱟ(126<6 Ⲵ㌫㔏䈳⭘࠭ᮠ൷㺘⽪൘ᵜ⡸ᵜṨѝ䘈ᵚᇎ⧠DŽ V\VXWVQDPHK!㌫㔏〠㔃ᶴཤ᮷ԦDŽ LQFOXGH ࠭ᮠරDŽ V\VWLPHVK!ᇊѹҶ䘋〻ѝ䘀㹼ᰦ䰤Ⲵ㔃ᶴ WPV ԕ৺ WLPHV LQFOXGH ᔿ≷㕆࠭ᮠDŽޕᇴᆈಘⲴ፼⇥ޣDVPVHJPHQWK!⇥ཤ᮷ԦDŽᇊѹҶᴹ LQFOXGH OLQX[NHUQHOK!Ṩཤ᮷ԦDŽਜ਼ᴹаӋṨᑨ⭘࠭ᮠⲴᖒᇊѹDŽ LQFOXGH WW\BLRˈѢ㹼䙊ؑᯩ䶒Ⲵ৲ᮠǃᑨᮠDŽ ޣOLQX[WW\K!WW\ ཤ᮷ԦˈᇊѹҶᴹ LQFOXGH ᔿ≷㕆࠭ᮠᆿ䈝ਕDŽޕ䘠ㅖ৲ᮠ䇮㖞઼㧧ਆⲴ፼᧿ޣ䘈ᴹаӋᴹ OLQX[VFKHGK!䈳ᓖ〻ᒿཤ᮷ԦˈᇊѹҶԫ࣑㔃ᶴ WDVNBVWUXFWǃࡍԫ࣑ Ⲵᮠᦞˈ LQFOXGH /LQXV Ӿ PLQL[ ѝᕅ䘋Ⲵ DŽ HUUQRK!䭉䈟ਧཤ᮷ԦDŽवਜ਼㌫㔏ѝ⿽ࠪ䭉ਧDŽ LQFOXGH /LQXV7RUYDOGV & OLQX[NHUQHOV\VF ぁᓅ 8-10 linux/kernel/sys.c ぁᓅ 8.11.2 ԙ⸷⌞䠀 DŽޣ㌫ˈо⭘ᡧ ID ઼㓴 ID ᰐޣⲴՊ䈍 ID˄session˅DŽ䘉 3 њ ID ⭘Ҿ㺘᰾䘋〻о䘋〻ѻ䰤Ⲵ ਖཆˈ䘋〻ҏᴹḷ䇶㠚ᐡᙗⲴ䘋〻 ID˄pid˅ǃᡰ䘋〻㓴Ⲵ䘋〻㓴 ID˄pgrp ᡆ pgid˅઼ᡰՊ䈍 䎵㓗⭘ᡧᴹ߉ᵳ䲀ˈഐ↔ passwd 〻ᒿቡ䴰㾱֯⭘ set-user-ID ḷᘇDŽ etc/passwd ᮷Ԧѝˈ㘼䈕᮷Ԧਚᴹ/ޕഐ↔ݱ䇨⭘ᡧ؞᭩㠚ᐡⲴਓԔDŽഐѪ䈕〻ᒿ䴰㾱ᢺ⭘ᡧⲴᯠਓԔ߉ 㓗⭘ᡧⲴᵳ䲀DŽањᇎ䱵ֻᆀቡᱟ Linux ㌫㔏Ⲵ passwd ભԔDŽ䈕ભԔᱟањ䇮㖞Ҷ set-user-Id Ⲵ〻ᒿˈ 〻䘀㹼ᰦˈࡉ䈕䘋〻Ⲵᴹ᭸⭘ᡧ ID˄euid˅ቡՊ㻛䇮㖞ᡀ䎵㓗⭘ᡧⲴ ID˄0˅DŽҾᱟ䘉њ䘋〻ቡᤕᴹҶ䎵 ֻྲˈྲ᷌ањ〻ᒿⲴᇯѫᱟ䎵㓗⭘ᡧˈն䈕〻ᒿ䇮㖞Ҷ set-user-ID ḷᘇˈ䛓Ѹᖃ䈕〻ᒿ㻛ањ䘋 ㊫լⲴ⭘ᒦ਼Ⲵ༴⨶DŽ V\VF 〻ᒿ ^ LQWV\VBDFFW 䰝䘋〻䇑ᑀ࣏㜭DŽޣᢃᔰᡆ ` JLGJLG V\VBVHWUHJLG UHWXUQ ^ LQWJLG LQWV\VBVHWJLG ⮉ JLG 䜭㻛䇮㖞ᡀ৲ᮠᤷᇊⲴ JLGDŽ؍઼ ᴹ䎵㓗⭘ᡧ⢩ᵳˈࡉᇎ䱵 JLGǃᴹ᭸ JLG UHDOJLG DŽྲ᷌ԫ࣑ VDYHGJLG ᡆަᇎ䱵 JLG ⮉ JLG؍˄HIIHFWLYHJLG˅䇮㖞Ѫᡀަ ሶަᴹ᭸ JLG JLG DŽྲ᷌ԫ࣑⋑ᴹ䎵㓗⭘ᡧ⢩ᵳˈᆳਟԕ֯⭘VHWJLG 䇮㖞䘋〻㓴ਧ ` UHWXUQ ` (3(50 UHWXUQ HOVH FXUUHQW!HJLG HJLG VXVHU FXUUHQW!VJLG HJLG __ FXUUHQW!HJLG HJLG __ FXUUHQW!JLG HJLG __ LI HJLG! ^ LI ` (3(50 UHWXUQ HOVH FXUUHQW!JLG UJLG VXVHU FXUUHQW!JLG UJLG __ LI UJLG! ^ LI ^ LQWUJLGLQWHJLG LQWV\VBVHWUHJLG ٬DŽ਼ ⮉Ⲵ JLG˄VDYHGJLG˅㻛䇮㖞ᡀоᴹ᭸ JLG؍,'DŽ ᦒަᇎ䱵㓴 ,'઼ᴹ᭸㓴,'DŽྲ᷌ԫ࣑ާᴹ䎵㓗⭘ᡧ⢩ᵳˈቡ㜭ԫ䇮㖞ᴹ᭸Ⲵ઼ᇎ䱵Ⲵ㓴 䇮㖞ᖃࡽԫ࣑Ⲵᇎ䱵ԕ৺ᡆ㘵ᴹ᭸㓴 ,'˄JLG˅DŽྲ᷌ԫ࣑⋑ᴹ䎵㓗⭘ᡧ⢩ᵳˈ䛓Ѹਚ㜭ӂ ` UHWXUQ(126<6 ^ LQWV\VBSURI ` UHWXUQ(126<6 ^ LQWV\VBUHQDPH ؞᭩᮷ԦDŽ ` UHWXUQ(126<6 ^ LQWV\VBJWW\ ਆ㓸ㄟ㹼䇮㖞ؑDŽ V\VF 〻ᒿ LQWUXLGLQWHXLG LQWV\VBVHWUHXLG ٬DŽ਼ ⮉Ⲵ XLG˄VDYHGXLG˅㻛䇮㖞ᡀоᴹ᭸ XLG؍䱵Ⲵ⭘ᡧ ,'DŽ ӂᦒަᇎ䱵Ⲵ XLG઼ᴹ᭸Ⲵ XLGDŽྲ᷌ԫ࣑ާᴹ䎵㓗⭘ᡧ⢩ᵳˈቡ㜭ԫ䇮㖞ᴹ᭸Ⲵ઼ᇎ 䇮㖞ԫ࣑Ⲵᇎ䱵ԕ৺ᡆ㘵ᴹ᭸Ⲵ⭘ᡧ ,'˄XLG˅DŽྲ᷌ԫ࣑⋑ᴹ䎵㓗⭘ᡧ⢩ᵳˈ䛓Ѹਚ㜭 HIIHFWLYHXLG ˈ৽ѻҏ❦DŽ UHDOXLG ᭩ᡀᴹ᭸Ⲵ⭘ᡧḷ䇶ㅖ ᰐ⢩ᵳⲴ⭘ᡧਟԕ㿱ᇎ䱵Ⲵ⭘ᡧḷ䇶ㅖ RUYLFHYHUVD 8QSULYLOHJHGXVHUVPD\FKDQJHWKHUHDOXVHULGWRWKHHIIHFWLYHXLG ` UHWXUQL ` ⭘ᡧᮠᦞ⇥ WORF ༴DŽޕҏ᭮ WORF XQVLJQHGORQJ L SXWBIVBORQJ 傼䇱ᆈᇩ䟿ᱟཏ˄䘉䟼ᱟ ᆇ㢲˅DŽ WORF YHULI\BDUHD WORF ^ LI L &855(17B7,0( LQWL ^ WORF ORQJ LQWV\VBWLPH ࠭ᮠቡਟ࡙⭘ IV ᶕ䇯䰞⭘ᡧオ䰤ѝⲴ٬DŽ Ṩѝ䘀㹼ᰦˈ⇥ᇴᆈಘ IV 㻛唈䇔ൠᤷੁᖃࡽ⭘ᡧᮠᦞオ䰤DŽഐ↔䈕ޕ䇯䰞䈕٬DŽ൘䘋 ᶕ ⭡Ҿ৲ᮠᱟањᤷ䪸ˈ㘼ަᡰᤷս㖞൘⭘ᡧオ䰤ˈഐ↔䴰㾱֯⭘࠭ᮠSXWBIVBORQJ ࡉᰦ䰤٬ҏᆈۘ൘䛓䟼DŽ DŽྲ᷌ WORF нѪ QXOOˈ˅。˄*07ᔰ䇑ᰦⲴᰦ䰤٬ ᒤ ᴸ ᰕ 䘄എӾ ` UHWXUQ(126<6 ^ LQWV\VBXOLPLW ` UHWXUQ(126<6 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