Android 如何绘制视图

Android 框架会在 Activity 获得焦点时请求 Activity 绘制其布局。Android 框架会处理绘制流程,但该 Activity 必须提供其布局层次结构的根节点。

Android 框架会绘制布局的根节点,并测量和绘制布局树。它会通过遍历布局树并渲染与无效区域相交的每个 View 进行绘制。每个 ViewGroup 负责请求绘制其每个子级(使用 draw() 方法),而每个 View 负责绘制其本身。由于布局树已经过系统预先遍历,因此该框架会在子级之前(即后方)绘制父级,而其同级会按照它们在布局树中出现的顺序进行绘制。

Android 框架绘制布局包含两个遍历流程:一个测量遍历和一个布局遍历。该框架会在 measure(int, int) 中执行测量遍历,并执行 View 树的自上而下遍历。在递归过程中,每个 View 都会将维度规范下推到布局树。测量遍历结束时,每个 View 都会存储其测量值。该框架会在 layout(int, int, int, int) 中执行第二次遍历,也是自上而下遍历。在此次遍历中,每个父级负责使用测量遍历中计算的尺寸来定位其所有的子级。

以下各部分更详细地介绍了布局流程的两个遍历。

启动测量遍历

当返回 View 对象的 measure() 方法时,请设置其 getMeasuredWidth()getMeasuredHeight() 值,以及 View 对象的所有后代的值。View 对象的测量宽度值和测量高度值必须遵守 View 对象的父级所施加的限制。这有助于保证在测量遍历结束时,所有父级都会接受其子级的所有测量值。

父级 View 可以对其子级多次调用 measure()。例如,父级可以使用未指定的维度测量子级一次,以确定它们的首选尺寸。如果子级的不受限尺寸的总和过大或过小,则父级可以使用限制子级尺寸的值再次调用 measure()

测量遍历使用两个类来传达维度。View 对象使用 ViewGroup.LayoutParams 来传达其首选尺寸和位置。基本 ViewGroup.LayoutParams 类描述了 View 的首选宽度和高度。针对每个维度,它可以指定以下某一项:

  • 一个确切的尺寸。
  • MATCH_PARENT,此参数意味着 View 的首选尺寸是其父级的尺寸(负填充)。
  • WRAP_CONTENT,此参数意味着 View 的首选尺寸恰好足以容纳其内容(正填充)。

有适用于 ViewGroup 的不同子类的 ViewGroup.LayoutParams 子类。例如,RelativeLayout 有自己的 ViewGroup.LayoutParams 子类,其中包括可使子级 View 对象水平居中和垂直居中的功能。

MeasureSpec 对象用于在树中将要求从父级下推到子级。MeasureSpec 可以是下述三种模式之一:

  • UNSPECIFIED:父级使用此模式来确定子级 View 的目标维度。例如,LinearLayout 可对高度设置为 UNSPECIFIED 且宽度设置为 EXACTLY 240 的子级调用 measure(),以确定给定宽度为 240 像素的子级 View 所需的高度。
  • EXACTLY:父级使用此模式来强制子级使用某个确切尺寸。子级必须使用此尺寸,并保证其所有的后代都能放入此尺寸。
  • AT MOST:父级使用此模式来强制规定子级的最大尺寸。子级必须保证它及其所有的后代都能放入此尺寸。

启动布局遍历

如需启动布局,请调用 requestLayout()。当 View 认为自己无法再放入当前范围时,通常会调用此方法。

实现自定义测量和布局逻辑

如果您要实现自定义测量或布局逻辑,请替换实现该逻辑的方法:onMeasure(int, int)onLayout(boolean, int, int, int, int)。 这些方法分别由 measure(int, int)layout(int, int, int, int) 调用。请勿尝试替换 measure(int, int)layout(int, int) 方法 - 这两种方法都是 final,因此无法被替换。

以下示例展示了如何在 WindowManager 示例应用的“SplitLayout”类中执行此操作。如果 SplitLayout 具有两个或更多子视图,并且显示屏具有折叠边,则它会将两个子视图放置在折叠边的任一侧。以下示例展示了用于替换测量和布局的用例,但对于生产环境,请使用 SlidingPaneLayout(如果您希望出现此行为)。

Kotlin

/**
 * An example of split-layout for two views, separated by a display
 * feature that goes across the window. When both start and end views are
 * added, it checks whether there are display features that separate the area
 * in two—such as a fold or hinge—and places them side-by-side or
 * top-bottom.
 */
class SplitLayout : FrameLayout {
   private var windowLayoutInfo: WindowLayoutInfo? = null
   private var startViewId = 0
   private var endViewId = 0

   private var lastWidthMeasureSpec: Int = 0
   private var lastHeightMeasureSpec: Int = 0

   ...

   fun updateWindowLayout(windowLayoutInfo: WindowLayoutInfo) {
      this.windowLayoutInfo = windowLayoutInfo
      requestLayout()
   }

   override fun onLayout(changed: Boolean, left: Int, top: Int, right: Int, bottom: Int) {
      val startView = findStartView()
      val endView = findEndView()
      val splitPositions = splitViewPositions(startView, endView)

      if (startView != null && endView != null && splitPositions != null) {
            val startPosition = splitPositions[0]
            val startWidthSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(startPosition.width(), EXACTLY)
            val startHeightSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(startPosition.height(), EXACTLY)
            startView.measure(startWidthSpec, startHeightSpec)
            startView.layout(
               startPosition.left, startPosition.top, startPosition.right,
               startPosition.bottom
            )

            val endPosition = splitPositions[1]
            val endWidthSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(endPosition.width(), EXACTLY)
            val endHeightSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(endPosition.height(), EXACTLY)
            endView.measure(endWidthSpec, endHeightSpec)
            endView.layout(
               endPosition.left, endPosition.top, endPosition.right,
               endPosition.bottom
            )
      } else {
            super.onLayout(changed, left, top, right, bottom)
      }
   }

   /**
   * Gets the position of the split for this view.
   * @return A rect that defines of split, or {@code null} if there is no split.
   */
   private fun splitViewPositions(startView: View?, endView: View?): Array? {
      if (windowLayoutInfo == null || startView == null || endView == null) {
            return null
      }

      // Calculate the area for view's content with padding.
      val paddedWidth = width - paddingLeft - paddingRight
      val paddedHeight = height - paddingTop - paddingBottom

      windowLayoutInfo?.displayFeatures
            ?.firstOrNull { feature -> isValidFoldFeature(feature) }
            ?.let { feature ->
               getFeaturePositionInViewRect(feature, this)?.let {
                  if (feature.bounds.left == 0) { // Horizontal layout.
                        val topRect = Rect(
                           paddingLeft, paddingTop,
                           paddingLeft + paddedWidth, it.top
                        )
                        val bottomRect = Rect(
                           paddingLeft, it.bottom,
                           paddingLeft + paddedWidth, paddingTop + paddedHeight
                        )

                        if (measureAndCheckMinSize(topRect, startView) &&
                           measureAndCheckMinSize(bottomRect, endView)
                        ) {
                           return arrayOf(topRect, bottomRect)
                        }
                  } else if (feature.bounds.top == 0) { // Vertical layout.
                        val leftRect = Rect(
                           paddingLeft, paddingTop,
                           it.left, paddingTop + paddedHeight
                        )
                        val rightRect = Rect(
                           it.right, paddingTop,
                           paddingLeft + paddedWidth, paddingTop + paddedHeight
                        )

                        if (measureAndCheckMinSize(leftRect, startView) &&
                           measureAndCheckMinSize(rightRect, endView)
                        ) {
                           return arrayOf(leftRect, rightRect)
                        }
                  }
               }
            }

      // You previously tried to fit the children and measure them. Since they
      // don't fit, measure again to update the stored values.
      measure(lastWidthMeasureSpec, lastHeightMeasureSpec)
      return null
   }

   override fun onMeasure(widthMeasureSpec: Int, heightMeasureSpec: Int) {
      super.onMeasure(widthMeasureSpec, heightMeasureSpec)
      lastWidthMeasureSpec = widthMeasureSpec
      lastHeightMeasureSpec = heightMeasureSpec
   }

   /**
   * Measures a child view and sees if it fits in the provided rect.
   * This method calls [View.measure] on the child view, which updates its
   * stored values for measured width and height. If the view ends up with
   * different values, measure again.
   */
   private fun measureAndCheckMinSize(rect: Rect, childView: View): Boolean {
      val widthSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(rect.width(), AT_MOST)
      val heightSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(rect.height(), AT_MOST)
      childView.measure(widthSpec, heightSpec)
      return childView.measuredWidthAndState and MEASURED_STATE_TOO_SMALL == 0 &&
               childView.measuredHeightAndState and MEASURED_STATE_TOO_SMALL == 0
   }

   private fun isValidFoldFeature(displayFeature: DisplayFeature) =
      (displayFeature as? FoldingFeature)?.let { feature ->
            getFeaturePositionInViewRect(feature, this) != null
      } ?: false 
}

Java

/**
* An example of split-layout for two views, separated by a display feature
* that goes across the window. When both start and end views are added, it checks
* whether there are display features that separate the area in two—such as
* fold or hinge—and places them side-by-side or top-bottom.
*/
public class SplitLayout extends FrameLayout {
   @Nullable
   private WindowLayoutInfo windowLayoutInfo = null;
   private int startViewId = 0;
   private int endViewId = 0;

   private int lastWidthMeasureSpec = 0;
   private int lastHeightMeasureSpec = 0;
   
   ...

   void updateWindowLayout(WindowLayoutInfo windowLayoutInfo) {
      this.windowLayoutInfo = windowLayoutInfo;
      requestLayout();
   }

   @Override
   protected void onLayout(boolean changed, int left, int top, int right, int bottom) {
      @Nullable
      View startView = findStartView();
      @Nullable
      View endView = findEndView();
      @Nullable
      List splitPositions = splitViewPositions(startView, endView);

      if (startView != null && endView != null && splitPositions != null) {
            Rect startPosition = splitPositions.get(0);
            int startWidthSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(startPosition.width(), EXACTLY);
            int startHeightSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(startPosition.height(), EXACTLY);
            startView.measure(startWidthSpec, startHeightSpec);
            startView.layout(
                  startPosition.left,
                  startPosition.top,
                  startPosition.right,
                  startPosition.bottom
            );

            Rect endPosition = splitPositions.get(1);
            int endWidthSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(endPosition.width(), EXACTLY);
            int endHeightSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(endPosition.height(), EXACTLY);
            startView.measure(endWidthSpec, endHeightSpec);
            startView.layout(
                  endPosition.left,
                  endPosition.top,
                  endPosition.right,
                  endPosition.bottom
            );
      } else {
            super.onLayout(changed, left, top, right, bottom);
      }
   }

   /**
   * Gets the position of the split for this view.
   * @return A rect that defines of split, or {@code null} if there is no split.
   */
   @Nullable
   private List splitViewPositions(@Nullable View startView, @Nullable View endView) {
      if (windowLayoutInfo == null || startView == null || endView == null) {
            return null;
      }

      int paddedWidth = getWidth() - getPaddingLeft() - getPaddingRight();
      int paddedHeight = getHeight() - getPaddingTop() - getPaddingBottom();

      List displayFeatures = windowLayoutInfo.getDisplayFeatures();
      
      @Nullable
      DisplayFeature feature = displayFeatures
               .stream()
               .filter(item ->
                  isValidFoldFeature(item)
               )
               .findFirst()
               .orElse(null);

      if (feature != null) {
            Rect position = SampleToolsKt.getFeaturePositionInViewRect(feature, this, true);
            Rect featureBounds = feature.getBounds();
            if (featureBounds.left == 0) { // Horizontal layout.
               Rect topRect = new Rect(
                        getPaddingLeft(),
                        getPaddingTop(),
                        getPaddingLeft() + paddedWidth,
                        position.top
               );
               Rect bottomRect = new Rect(
                        getPaddingLeft(),
                        position.bottom,
                        getPaddingLeft() + paddedWidth,
                        getPaddingTop() + paddedHeight
               );
               if (measureAndCheckMinSize(topRect, startView) &&
                        measureAndCheckMinSize(bottomRect, endView)) {
                  ArrayList rects = new ArrayList();
                  rects.add(topRect);
                  rects.add(bottomRect);
                  return rects;
               }
            } else if (featureBounds.top == 0) { // Vertical layout.
               Rect leftRect = new Rect(
                        getPaddingLeft(),
                        getPaddingTop(),
                        position.left,
                        getPaddingTop() + paddedHeight
               );
               Rect rightRect = new Rect(
                        position.right,
                        getPaddingTop(),
                        getPaddingLeft() + paddedWidth,
                        getPaddingTop() + paddedHeight
               );
               if (measureAndCheckMinSize(leftRect, startView) &&
                        measureAndCheckMinSize(rightRect, endView)) {
                  ArrayList rects = new ArrayList();
                  rects.add(leftRect);
                  rects.add(rightRect);
                  return rects;
               }
            }
      }

      // You previously tried to fit the children and measure them. Since
      // they don't fit, measure again to update the stored values.
      measure(lastWidthMeasureSpec, lastHeightMeasureSpec);
      return null;
   }

   @Override
   protected void onMeasure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {
      super.onMeasure(widthMeasureSpec, heightMeasureSpec);
      lastWidthMeasureSpec = widthMeasureSpec;
      lastHeightMeasureSpec = heightMeasureSpec;
   }

   /**
   * Measures a child view and sees if it fits in the provided rect.
   * This method calls [View.measure] on the child view, which updates
   * its stored values for measured width and height. If the view ends up with
   * different values, measure again.
   */
   private boolean measureAndCheckMinSize(Rect rect, View childView) {
      int widthSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(rect.width(), AT_MOST);
      int heightSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(rect.height(), AT_MOST);
      childView.measure(widthSpec, heightSpec);
      return (childView.getMeasuredWidthAndState() & MEASURED_STATE_TOO_SMALL) == 0 &&
               (childView.getMeasuredHeightAndState() & MEASURED_STATE_TOO_SMALL) == 0;
   }

   private boolean isValidFoldFeature(DisplayFeature displayFeature) {
      if (displayFeature instanceof FoldingFeature) {
            return SampleToolsKt.getFeaturePositionInViewRect(displayFeature, this, true) != null;
      } else {
            return false;
      }
   }
}